mendelian genetics - illinois institute of technology
TRANSCRIPT
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Mendelian Genetics ARC Workshop for Biology
by: Miriam Schmid
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Agenda
• Mendel's Experiments
• Mendel's Conclusions
• Dominance and Recessiveness
• Principle of Segregation
• Independent Assortment • Terms to Know
• Genotype vs Phenotype
• Homozygous vs Heterozygous
• Gamete Formation
• Punnett Squares
o Single Trait Crosses
o Dihybrid Crosses
• References
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Mendel’s Experiments
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Mendel’s Conclusions
• Dominance and Recessiveness
• Principle of Segregation
• Principle of Independent Assortment
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Dominance and Recessiveness • One “factor” or allele masks the other
o Called dominant o Ex. Brown eyes (B)
• The “factor” or allele is masked or not evident o Called recessive
o Ex. Blue eyes (b)
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Principle of Segregation • Each reproductive cell
(gamete) has only
one “factor” for each characteristics. • The two factors or
alleles segregate or separate during
the gamete formation.
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Independent Assortment • Factors for different characteristics are distributed to
reproductive cells independently. o Ex. Pea color inheritance is independent from height
and pod color and flower position. o Exception: traits on same chromosome
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Terms: • Chromosomes: • Genes: • Allele:
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Genotype vs. Phenotype • Genotype= exact gene makeup
o Ex. AaBBCCDd, TtPP, Bb
• Phenotype= how a trait is expressed o Ex. Tall, purple, short, round, pink, etc
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Homozygous/Heterozygous
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Gamete formation • Each gamete formed receives one copy of each
chromosome with one copy of each allele. o Ex. TtPp
Can make 4 different gametes: TP, Tp, tP, tp
o What gametes can an individual with the genotype AaBB make?
o What gametes can an individual with the genotype PpttMm make?
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Punnett Square Setup
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Single Trait Crosses • In pea plants, yellow seeds are dominant over green
seeds. 1. Cross a pure breeding yellow plant with a green
plant. 2. Cross a heterozygous yellow plant with a
heterozygous yellow plant. 3. Cross a heterozygous yellow plant with a green
plant.
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1. YY x yy
Y Y
y
y
All offspring are yellow. 1. Yy x Yy
Y y
Y
y
Phenotypic ratio- 3 Yellow: 1 Green
1. Yy x yy y y
Y
y
Phenotypic ratio- 2 Yellow: 2 Green
Single Trait Crosses
Yy Yy
Yy Yy
YY Yy
Yy yy
Yy Yy
yy yy
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Dihybrid Cross: Two trait cross
AaBb x AaBb
A-attached earlobe a-free earlobes
B-Brown eyes b-blue eyes
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Types of Mutations
• Deletion
• Duplication
• Inversion
• Insertion
• Translocation
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References
• Some basic resources: o http://www.biology-
online.org/2/5_mendelian_genetics.htm
o http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dOs6tLAYcUQ
o http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7ETkwTicSVk&feature=related
• Punnett squares: o http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d4izVAkhMPQ
• ARC Website: o iit.edu/arc
• ARC Biology Schedule: o http://www.iit.edu/arc/tutoring_schedule/biology.shtml
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Questions?