REDROSID LAURTSNEM TELTA ADAP

KARTSBA

ardnI ativoN akE :helO

oK isgnuf ikilimem halada atinaw gnaroes tard gnay iskudorper utiay ,skelpmok.nakrihalem nad nalimahek T lamron naadaek malad atinaw paites ,airp itrepes kadi naka

,isaurtsnem asam imalagnem nad isasinredom are iD .telta gnaroes ilaucekret kadit ’telta‘ idajnem kutnu hilimem gnay atinaw kaynab nikames ,isapisname iseforp iagabes . hiarid tapad gnay isatserp naiapacnep atres isapisitrap kilabid ,ipatet nakA telta helo atinaw

esnok tapadret .fitagen nupuam ,fitisop gnay uti kiab ,nakhasipid tapad kadit gnay isneukimotana isis irad uajnitiD - ts ikilimem utnet atinaw ,sigoloisif nagned adebreb gnay rutkur

.airp inid aisu kajes fisnetni nahital ialumem hadus gnay atinaw teltA ikilimem gnurednec atinaw nagned nakgnidnabid hadner hibel hubut kamel isatnesrep nad hubut assam skedni

dnunep nialeS .amas gnay aisu adap lamron 5.1( isaurtsnem lawa utkaw naa - ,)nuhat 2isneukesnok agit tapadret gnay ,nial amas utas nagnubuhreb gnilas aguj aynasaib gnay

,atinaw telta gnaroes helo imalaid ‘ halada deredrosid gnitae ilimem patet nigni anerak ,’ ik.laedi nadab tareb nad rutsop ‘O ’sisoropoets .isirtun taz nagnarukek anerak , ‘M laurtsne

seitluciffid ’ isgnuf nad kamel nagniraj nagned aynnatiak , nomroh .

,nahitaL :icnuk ataK m ,atinaw telta .redrosid laurtsne

REDROSID LAURTSNEM ETELHTA NI

CARTSBA T ardnI ativoN akE :yB

W dna ycnangerp yleman ,noitcnuf evitcudorper xelpmoc a evah ot si erutan s'namo .htribdlihc namow yreve ,nam a ekilnU laurtsnem eht evah dluow secnatsmucric lamron ni

etelhta na ,doirep erom eht ,noitapicname dna noitazinredom fo are eht nI .noitpecxe on si noitapicitrap eht dniheb ,revewoH .noisseforp a sa 'etelhta' emoceb ot esoohc ohw nemow

eb nac taht tnemeveihca dna ton nac taht secneuqesnoc era ereht setelhta elamef yb deveihca .evitagen ro evitisop rehtie ,detarapes eb morf deweiV lacimotana eht fo edis eht -

tnereffid a evah ylniatrec nemow ,lacigoloisyhp erutcurts ohw setelhta elameF .nem morfni rieht detrats evah ega ylrae na morf gniniart evisnet , dna xedni ssam ydob a evah ot dnet

emit laitini eht ot noitidda nI .ega emas eht fo nemow lamron naht rewol egatnecrep taf ydob 5.1( doirep yaled - hcihw ,rehto hcae ot etaler taht secneuqesnoc eerht era ereht ,)sraey 2 si

peek ot detnaw ti esuaceb ,'deredrosid gnitae' si ,etelhta elamef a yb decneirepxe osla yllausuropoetsO' .thgiew ydob dna erutsop laedi eht laurtsnem‘ dna ,stneirtun fo kcal ot eud ,'siso

.noitcnuf lanomroh dna egatnecrep taf ot detaler ’seitluciffid

.redrosid laurtsnem ,setelhta elamef ,esicrexe :sdrow yeK

NAULUHADNEP

imotana araceS - hibel gmay emsinakem ikilimem atinaw iskudorper metsis ,sigoloisif

napahat aud idajnem igabid mumu araces atinaw iskudorper isgnuF .airp nakgnidnabid timur

uti nalimahek asam nad ,nalimahek nad nahaubmep amirenem kutnu napaisrep :utiay ,amatu

nagrO .iridnes - ,ipollaf abut ,muiravo halada atinaw iskudorper sutkart irad amatu nagro

( anigav nad suretu 7991 ,llaH nad notyuG .)

sigoloisif nahaburep halada isaurtsneM aynada nagned iadnatid ,atinaw hubut malad

araces idajret nad )muirtemodne( mihar gnidnid nasapelep helo naktabikaid gnay naharadnep

taas adap ilaucek ,iskudorper nomroh halo ihuragnepid gnay aynnalub paites alakreb

uret idajret gnay isaurtsneM .nalimahek sulkis iagabes tubesid aynnalub paites surenem s

11 aisu adap idajret aynasaib isaurtsnem .isaurtsnem - 61 adna aggnih gnusgnalreb nad nuhat

ib( esuaponem 54 aisu ratikes idajret aynasa - m ,aynlamroN .)nuhat 55 gnusgnalreb isaurtsne

3 amales - .irah 7 ulkiS ripmah nad atinaw pait adap isairavreb isaurtsnem s atinaw %09

52 sulkis ikilimem - 01 aynah nad irah 53 - ,irah 82 sulkis gnajnap ikilimem gnay %51

rutaret kadit gnay sulkis ikilimem atinaw aparebeb numan gnem nikgnum gnay isakidni nak

ubusek halasam aynada h irad gnutihid isaurtsnem sulkis gnajnaP .nar edoirep amatrep ira

isaurtsnem - naidumek gnay amatrep irah iagabes tubesid ialumid naharadnep anamid irah

utihid utas utiay rihkaret irah nagned iapmas gn nalub isaurtsnem naharadrep mulebes irah

mid ayntukireb ialu )3002 ,lhadoR nad dnartsA( .

.1 rabmaG atinaw iskudorper nagrO

telta tikides kadiT atinaw ,adum aisu id fisnetni nahital margorp malad tabilret gnay

amatu usi agit tapadret tubesret lah nagned tiakret nagned nakgnubuhid ilakgnires gnay

‘ utiaY .naitahrep idajnem nagnakaleb utkaw aparebeb gnay atinaw telta natahesek gnitae

’redrosid isnetopreb gnay mordnis iagabes paggnaid ,sisoropoetso nad ,isaurtsnem isgnufsid ,

kisif araces fitka gnay atinaw gnaroes adap idajret .telta itrepes id gnitaE redros ucagnem

iapacnem uata nadab tareb naknurunem kutnu nakukalid gnay nakam ukalirep nad alop adap

laedi gnay hubut kutneb P . isaurtsnem alo n kadit gnay kefe ikilimem itkubret halet lamro

ok nakirebmem naikimed nagned gnalut isasilarenim padahret fitagen akgnaj kutnu isneukesn

nanaket tabika gnalut hatap nedisni natakgninep kusamret ,gnajnap akgnaj nupuam kednep

nad nahubmutrep malad natabmalretek nagned naktiakid aguj izig rotkaF .sisoropoetso nad

simtir manesep nakhab nad lauskes satilitrefni nagnatamep nagned nahital satisnetni iggnit

hibel hubut kamel esatnesrep nad hubut assam skedni ikilimem kana nakgnidnabid hadner

non naupmerep - telta naktiakid tubesret snetni gnay kisif nahitaleP .amas gnay aisu adap

ned ,lamron isaurtsnem sulkis aynuggnagret nagned 5,1 amales ehcranem naadnunep nag - 0,2

nuhat )3002 :yelylP .M dna uortnelK .P( .

ATINAW ADAP ISKUDORPER NOMROH

:utiay nomroh ikrareih agit irad iridret ,atinaw nomroh metsiS

.a ,sumalatopih nakraulekid gnay nomroH ,)HRnG( niportodanog sapelep nomroh gnay

besid iagabes aguj tu sapelep nomroh - .nietul nomroh

.b isifopih nomroH s ,roiretna lof l elci )HSF( nomroh gnitalumits nad nomroh nietiul

,)HL( irad HRnG nomroh nasapelep padahret snopser iagabes iserkesid aynaudek

.sumalatopih

.c nomroH - ,muiravo nomroh nad negortse ,noretsegorp muiravo helo iserkesid gnay

roiretna sisifopih rajnelek irad nomroh audek padahret snopser iagabes nad notyuG(

)6991 ,llaH .

,1 rabmag adap ahilret gnay itrepeS gnay muiravo aud ikilimem atinaw gnaroeS gnisam -

ratikes napmiynem gnisam ih 000,002 lekilof/gnatam muleb gnay rulet 000,004 aggn

edoirep paites hubmut gnay rulet les aparebeb uata utas aynah ,aynlamroN .)selcillof(

tubesret rulet les akitek ,ayntukireb isaurtsnem mulebes 41 ek irah ratikes nad isaurtsnem

besret rulet les akam gnatam halet nalajreb naidumek nad muiravo irad naksapelid naka tu

“ nagned tubesid ini nasapelep sesorP .ihaubid naidumek kutnu ipolaf abut ujunem isaluvo .”

sulkis naalumrep adaP isaurtsnem nomroh naksapelem kato maladid rajnelek haubes ,

tubesid gnay elcilloF enomroH gnitalumitS taubmem aggnihes harad narila maladek )HSF(

les - naidumek rulet les aparebeb uata utas halaS .muiravo maladid hubmut tubesret rulet les

et les adapirad tapec hibel hubmut nanimod idajnem nad aynnial rul ialum naidumek aggnih

nomroH .harad narila maladek naksapelid gnay negortse tubesid gnay nomroh iskudorpmem

tubesret nanimod gnay rulet les utnabmem HSF nomroh nagned amasajrekeb negortse

nakpaisrepmem raga mihar adapek langis irebmem naidumek nad hubmut kutnu irid

hibel gnay ridnel naklisahgnem aguj tubesret negortse nomroH .tubesret rulet les amirenem

.mitni nagnubuhreb haletes amreps pudih nagnusgnalek utnabmem kutnu anigav id kaynab

ato malad irad naksapelid nomroh haubes ,gnatam halet rulet les akiteK tubesid gnay k

L nagned nomroH .)HL( enomroH gnizinietu ucimem nad kaynab halmuj malad sapelid ini

akiJ .ipolaf abut ujunem muiravo malad irad gnatam halet gnay rulet les nasapelep aynidajret

besret ipolaf abut maladek kusam tahes gnay amreps ,ini taas adap ikilimem rulet les akam ,tu

irah aparebeb nakulremem ihaubid halet gnay rulet leS .ihaubid kutnu raseb gnay natapmesek

”irid nakmananem“ aynrihka adap nad mihar iapacnem ,ipollaf abut ujunem nalajreb kutnu

m naka tubesret rulet les ,naidumeK .mihar maladid nomroh iskudorpmem nad irid halebme

nihportodanoG cinoirohC namuH oirbme nahubmutrep utnabmem tubesret nomroH .)GCH(

muirtemodne akam ,ihaubid kadit tubesret naksapelid halet gnay rulet les akiJ .mihar maladid

isaurtsnem sesorp aynidajret nad hurulem naka ayntukireb )7991 ,llaH nad notyuG( .

isautkulf ,naklisahid gnay nomroh ,sitameks araces nakrapapid tukireb rabmag adaP

:isaurtsnem sulkis utaus aynidajret padahret aynhuragnep nad ,nomroh

rabmaG 2. isaurtsnem sulkis amales nomroh level nahabureP

T ,gnaroeses lanomroh emsinakem padahret kisif sativitka huragnep tiakre

susnesnok utaus gnabmekreb :muiravo nomroh awhab oretsegorp nad negortse ikilimem ,n

malad gnitnep narep emsilobatem rutagnem igrene .nahital amales ni naitilenep utaus adaP

aboc naweh kejbus nagned oviv , nomroh awhab nakkujnunem aynlisah negortse tapad

naktakgninem nad sisilopil naaidesretek kamel masa ujal nanurunep idajret aggnihes ,

sisenegoenokulg oto nekokilg naanuggnep gniraps nad itah nad t igrene rebmus iagabes kutnu

kisif sativitka natakgnineP . noretsegorp malad nakilabekreb gnay narep ikilimem nakropalid

sisilopil kefe gnem nad negortse kamel masa naaidesretek ignaru . P ne takgni noretsegorp na

aguj nakkujnunem emsinakem aynada utaus iulalem tardihobrak naanuggnep natamehgnep

emsinakem gnay itah sisilonegokilg naknurunem ( M araT ,noE’D ., ,kkd .)2002

ISAURTSNEM SULKIS

nakapurem isaurtsnem sulkiS sesorp lanretni isaluger imalagnem hubut anamid

ep lanomroh nad sigoloisif nahabur . s ,aynmulebes nakrapap id hadus gnay itrepeS sulki

,sisifopih rajnelek irad iserkesid gnay nomroh aud helo rutaid isaurtsnem elcillof - gnitalumits

enomroh nad )HSF( enomroh gnizinietul ,)HL( gnay iskudorp nakiladnegnem nomroh

noretsegorp nad negortse id gnay S .muiravo id iskudorp em atinaw gnaroe sulkis ialum

les isaurtsnem uata ehcranem lawa adap satrebup ama .akerem amatrep isaurtsnem malaD

w lamron isidnok suret atina naktapadnem esuaponem iapmas pudih gnajnapes isaurtsnem

gnay 06 iapmas 04 aisu aratna idajret nuhat atar isaurtsnem sulkiS . - ratikes gnusgnalreb atar

42 gnusgnalreb tapad numan ,irah 82 - esaf :diah sulkis irad amatu pahat agit adA .irah 24

esaf ,isaurtsnem fitarefilorp ( ralucillof ) iroterkes esaf nad , )laetul( ,lhadoR nad dnartsA(

)3002 .

esaF isaurtsneM

nasipal anamid esaf halada isaurtsnem esaF mihar gnidnid ,muirtemodne tubesid gnay

naigab naksapelem utaus iagabes aynirad isaurtsnem narila gnay nad skivres irad raulek

ini sesorP .anigav id imala isaurtsnem edoirep amales atinaw irad iridret isaurtsnem narila ,

isaurtsnem amatrep iraH .nagniraj nad ,ridnel ,harad aguj irah iagabes nakisinifedid amatrep

nupiksem ,irah 7 iapmas 3 ratikes amales gnusgnalreb isaurtsneM .ayntukireb diah sulkis irad

edoirep ikilimem atinaw aparebeb gnay hibel uata kednep hibel ucipid isaurtsneM .gnajnap

noretsegorp nad negortse nomroh takgnit aynnurunem helo , isaurtsnem sulkis rihka adap

.limah kadit atinaw awhab nakkujnunem urab isaurtsnem edoirep naalumreP .aynmulebes

naw awhab itrareb kadit ini ,numaN dit ati tubesret edoirep amales limah tapad ka asib atinaw ;

.akerem isaurtsnem sulkis gnajnapes utkaw paites adap limah S ,isaurtsnem esaf amale

nakraulegnem ialum iratiutip rajnelek elcillof - enomroh gnitalumits ayntakgnineM .)HSF(

ales pahat lawa ucimem HSF .isarefilorp esaf tubesid ,ayntujn

esaF fitarefilorP )ralucilloF(

j uata fitarefilorp esaF sulkis irad naigab halada ,relukilof esaf iagabes tubesid agu

kutnu napaisrep malad gnatam nad gnabmekreb muiravo malad id lekilof amales isaurtsnem

akgniT .isaluvo gnasgnarem ,fitarefilorp esaf amales harad narila malad HSF nakianek t

tapad lekilof kaynab nupikseM .rulet uata ,rulet les isireb lekilof paiteS .lekilof nagnatamep

nahubmutrep iapacnem naka gnay utas aynah ,ini esaf amales raseb habmatreb nad hubmut

gnel lem nad pak S .isaluvo taas adap muvo naksape muiravo ,fitarefilorp esaf amale aguj

emulov natakgnineP .negortse iskudorpmem nakbabeynem negortse nalabenep aynidajret

mihar gnidnid adap . takgnit haleteS kacnup id adareb negortse ayn iratiutip rajnelek ,

.)HL( gnizinietul nomroh nakraulegnem ialum aynkilabes nad ,HSF iserkes tabmalrepmem

lekilof ,HL natakgninep irad tabika iagabeS hadus gnay gnatam muvo naksapelem nad hacep

ek rulet les ,rulet gnudni irad naksapelid haleteS .malad irad aidum nakukalem naka n

ek nanalajrep abut ipollaf .isaluvo tubesid ini lekilof irad gnatam gnay rulet nasapeleP .

utkaw halada isaluvO .ayntukireb isaurtsnem edoirep lawa mulebes irah 41 idajret isaluvO

bus gnilap gnay .isaurtsnem sulkis amales ru

esaF erceS )laetuL( yrot

lekilof nakbabeynem HL ,isaluvo idajret haleteS hacep idajnem gnabmekreb kutnu

muetul suproC .muetul suprok tubesid gnay rutkurts adap licek gninuk rutkurts halada

tse nad noretsegorP .noretsegorp nad negortse nomroh nakraulegnem gnay muiravo negor

muirtemodne nakpaiynem utnabmem nad ,iserkes esaf amales iggnit takgnit adap adareb

ispesnok akiJ .ihaubid rulet akij ispesnok arahilemem naka gnay isirtun nakiserkesnem kutnu

iskudorp ignarugnem naka iratiutip rajnelek ,idajret kadit isatnalpmi nad apnaT .HSF nad HL

muetul suprok ,HL naridahek isadargedret naidumek idajret nad negortse radak nanurunep

ep ucimem noretsegorp nad negortse radak nanuruneP .noretsegorp nasapel ,muritemodne

sulkis ialumem kutnu isaurtsnem nakbabeynem ilabmek urab .

NAUGGNAG ADAP ISAURTSNEM SESORP

lawa kajeS isaurtsnem edoirep nad satrebup taas , edoirep iapmas tujnalreb

,esuaponem idajret nanikgnumek aynitnehret isaurtsnem esuaponem asam mulebes kaynab

idajret atinaw adap kutnU . naigabes ,gnaro isaurtsnem sulkis awhab akerem naktagnignem

ikilimem atinaw gnaroes kana nakrihalem kutnu naupmamek , aynah nial gnay aratnemes

iagabes tubesret lah paggnagnem haubes naklekgnejnem gnay hubut emsinakem lreT . sape

atik idabirp nagnadnap irad anemonef adap nay tiakret idajret g ,atinaw iskudorper metsis

patet asaret naka hubuT .halas gnay utauses ada alib isartsurf taubmem nad nakgnugnibmem

,hupar tagnas gnay rutkurts nakapurem atinaw iskudorper metsis nad ,tacac apnat nakub atik

nad .halasam padahret natner reB sam nakrapapid tuki hala - lubmit gnires gnay halasam tiakret

atinaw isaurtsnem sulkis G( 991 ,WJ eneer )3 .

)SMP( emordnyS laurtsnemerP

SMP aynrasad adap kadit paggnaid ,itrareb gnay nahalasamrep utaus iagabes

hisam aynnaadarebek iagabes naktabedrepid ”isaurtsnem nauggnag“ lubmit gnay kiab

ajnitid iges irad u nupuam sigolokisp diah sulkis sigoloisif . ,awhab nakkujnunem iduts utauS

airp gnaroes nakhab nup ret sisongaid tapad imalagnem nakasarid gnay itrepes mordnis

SMP taas atinaw .)2991 ,sirvaT( elO rak h ,aynane SMP helo nakhulekid kaynab aynah kadit

gnaro nagned laisos nagnubuh padahret huragnepreb gnadakret aguj ipat ,atinaw arap - gnaro

.aynratikes

nikgnum SMP nakapurem nakarikrepiD .mumu gnilap gnay diah halasam halmujes

03 % imalagnem atinaw %09 iapmas taas adap nagnir nanamaynkaditek nad isaurtsnemarp

nakhaB .SMP alajeg imalagnem kadit naupmerep %5 aynah iduts satnil - ,ayadub

akkujnunem n taas awhab isaurtsnem aynasaib atinaw gnaroes nad isome nauggnag ikilimem

gnay sigolokisp pukuc .suires ibel ratfadreT malaid gnires gnay nahulek macam 002 irad h i

adap taas SMP irad ialum , alajeg gnay ,haram sakel ,kakgneb araduyap ,gnubmek( sahk

)lld ,nagnagetek isgnuf nagnabmiesek uggnaggnem tapad gnay tareb hibel gnay alajeg iapmas

hubut isanidrook ayngnaruk ,ispelipe( amem natnops , iserped , r) igal kaynab hisam nad

aynnial alajeg . ,SMP aynidajret babeynep gnatnet iroet haubes tapadreT nakarikrepid anerak

idajret gnem gnay noretsegorp iskudorp malad nakasurek ,sulkis irad lamron ajrek uggnag

naka t ipatet ini iroe nakapurem isalukeps .isrevortnok idajnem hisam itsap babeynep ,ajas

)DDMP( redrosiD cirohpsyD laurtsnemerP

,SMP itrepes kadiT DDMP nad kifiseps hibel gnay alajeg ikilimem nauggnag ini

ret tapad alajeg imalagnem naupmerep %5 aynaH .sisongaid - uc gnay alajeg tareb puk nad

irahes sativitka aynuggnagret - .DDMP sisongaid kutnu irah DDMP nauggnaG kifiseps araces

kisif alajeg ikilimem iserped nauggnag irad adebreb gnay , alajeg utaus igabes paggnaid

DDMP idajret hadus akitek ,atinaw adap gnalureb ayntikides 11 irad 5 amales alajeg

mulebes uggnimes alajeG .isaurtsnem - sret alajeg halada tube asa sutup uata hides naasarep )1 :

gnaget )2 )3 samec naasarep uata doom nahaburep fitautkulf gnay )4 haram hadum nad

idajret )5 lanosrepretni kilfnok natakgninep isavitom )6 nurunem )7 isartnesnok gnaruk

igrene nagnarukek usel / )8 reb uata ainmosni )9 nakam usfan ayngnaruk hadum ,aynkilabes

ahalawek idajnem fitkeybus naasarep )01 kutnagnem )11 iladnek raul id uata n alajeg kisif

,aynnial itrepes : ,toto ireyn ,alapek tikas ,kakgneb araduyap uata gnubmek ”isasnes“ aynada

ayntakgninem DDMP itsap babeynep ,SMP itrepes amaS .nadab tareb muleb iuhatekid nad

revortnok idajnem hisam si.

eronemA /aehrronemA

eronemA aynitnehret uata aynranebes ,isaurtsnem nakapurem aguj gnay halasam

rasad epit aud adA .naupmerep igab mumu pukuc eronema : eronema gnaroes akitek ,remirp

satrebup adap isaurtsnem lagag sidag 61 aisu haletes isaurtsnem tesno imalagnem muleb(

)nuhat nad , eronema m rednukes re mumu hibel gnay sinej nakapu , iagabes sulkis nauggnag

isaurtsnem gnay id aynridah kadit nagned iadnat nalub 3 amales isaurtsnem hibel uata .

eronemA ,nomroh nagnabmieskaditek itrepes ,rotkaf iagabreb helo nakbabesid remirp

uata ,kurub gnay natahesek tapadret adap halasam .iskudorper nagro eronemA rednukes

( nalimahek haletes nad amales lamron isidnok nakapurem aynranebes eronemA mutraptsop )

( iusuynem amales nad eronemA l isatka .) ehrronemA gnay atinaw igab mumu aguj rednukes

gnadaK .esuaponem gnalejnem uata isaurtsnem ialum urab - gnadak eronema rednukes tapad

paggnaid iagabes alajeg utaus sigolotap . tapadret aguj ,rednukes nad remirp eronema nialeS

kisinifedid ,eronemogilo isaurtsnem nauggnag gnay isaurtsnem isarud aynidajret iagabes na

.irah 63 irad hibel

gnay atinaw telta helo imalaid gnires gnay nahulek nakapurem rednukes eronemA

aynanerak helo ,tareb pukuc gnay satisnetni nagned fisnetni nahital margorp naknalajnem

tubesid aguj gnires a elt it c ronema hr ea %44 adap idajret nakropalid yevrus utaus malad gnay

.atinaw telta ,aynmulebes tapadnep nagned adaneS aynnaitilenep malad )1891( kkd hcsirF

rgorp ialumem gnay iggnit naurugrep takgnites atinaw telta awhab nakropalem nahital ma

tesno mulebes hcranem aynidajret nad ehcranem aynadnutret padahret natner hibel e

utigeB .ehcranem haletes nahital margorp ialumem gnay akerem adapirad rednukes aeronema

kkd suluopogroeG iduts lisah alup )9991( , nakkujnunem ahital ialumem gnay telta mulebes n

eb ,ehcranem adnunem itrar nagned nagnatnetreb ,nuhat utas ripmah amales isaurtsnem tesno

ini naumeT .nahitalep ialum akerem akitek isaurtsnem edoirep ikilimem hadus gnay telta

ehcranem mulebes fisnetni agarhalo nahital awhab nakkujnunem naadnunep nakbabeynem

tesno nem nasala nanikgnumeK .ehcra halada ayn telta adap nagniraj isisopmok nad oisar

hadner tagnas gnay kamel atres , aynada serts kiab kisif nupuam gnay latnem gnay telta

telta helo imalaid .

,sata id narapamep tiakreT rotkaf gnitnep tiakret gnay tesno nagned nad ehcranem

rumu halada gnaroeses isaurtsnem sulkis narutaretek . iasu gnatneR isaurtsnem atinaw adap

adap halada aisu hawab id 91 iapmas nuhat nuhat 05 napukucek rotkaf ,rumu rotkaf nialeS .

j izig natahesek kutnu gnitnep tagnas agu atinaw iskudorper . K ruke izig nagna mirtske gnay ,

nagnukgnil irad tabika iagabes uata nakam nauggnag helo iridnes naklubmitid kiab

( narapalek ) naklisahgnem tapad , eronema es rednuk ,igrene napusa naktakgninem haleteS .

kutnu isnetop ikilimem naupmerep hubut ilabmek ek irad hilup aada n A .kurub izig ipatet nak

,idajret tapad gnay irah naidumek adap isnetop tapadret sesorp ,natnops isroba itrepes

.ytidnucefbus nad ,amal hibel mutraptsop eronema ,tilus gnay nakrihalem

tikaynep rotkaF aguj isaurtsnem sulkis edoirep nakitnehgnem tapad aparebeB .atinaw

tikaynep skes nagnubuh iulalem nakralutid kadit gnay apad gnay isaurtsnem nakitnehgnem t

aynaratnaid solukrebut si , sisairalif , sisaimosotsihcs itrepes latnem tikaynep , ainerfoziks nad

sisokisp cinam - evisserped setebaid nakhab nad , isidnok ,uti nialeS .sutilem sigolokisp

atinaw gnaroes ihuragnepmem aguj isaurtsnem sulkis , s aud halada natukatek nad sert

amatu babeynep gnaroeses adap isaurtsnem aynitnehret nauggnag takgnit iagabreB .

amuart irad ialum ,sigolokisp nupuata sikisp k serts sinor gnay nagnaget licek fitaler ayn

ipadahgnem naka taas serts itrepes sulkis adap nauggnag nakbabeynem tapad ,naiju

isaurtsnem nakkujnunem naitilenep aparebeb ,uti nialeS .atinaw aguj eronema aynidajret asib

nakbabesid helo nem kutnu nanigniek" iradnihg "nalimahek nad asawed atinaw lauskes narep .

kadit gnaroeses natukatek halada eronema tiakret amatu naitahrep idajnem gnay aynasaiB

.)limah( nanurutek ikilimem upmam eronemA nagned isalerokreb gnusgnal araces kadit

k adap kapmadreb uti lah numaN .naludnamek aynhunepes muleb naitilenep ipatet ,narubuse

.aynaudek aratnaid nagnubuh naksalejnem

tiakret gnitnep halak kadit gnay aynnial rotkaF ada rednukes eronema sativitka hal

T .kisif hubu atinaw gnay fitpada emsinakem ikilimem sulkis padahret huragnepreb tapad

isidnok malad isaurtsnem serts telta kutnu mumu naidajek nakapurem gnay ,tareb gnay kisif

.atinaw citelhtA ronema hr ea ikilimem nagnubuh nakifingis gnay sativitka nagned kisif

iggnit satisnetni lanoisome serts , aynada padahret b tareb nanurunep ,nagniasrep nad ,nada

takgnit .hadner gnay negortse kešuD aniT )1002( nakakumegnem ,aynnaitilenep malad

a susak awhab hibel rednukes eronem telta adap idajret kaynab adapirad huaj karaj iralep

dek aratna nahitalep nabeb naadebrep ada kadit nupiksem ,kednep karaj iralep bus au

kopmolek nakifingis gnay . l margorP nahita ikilimem kednep karaj iralep helo nakukalid gnay

:utiay kitsiretkarak aparebeb ,fisnetni nahital ,tapec tafisreb kednep isarud )pal( kiboreana

ratna gnajnap gnay lavretni nad nagnalugnep kaynab nagned p ,nahital ises nad toto nagnagere

nahital nabeb .akerem nahitalep irad gnitnep nenopmok halada nial l margorP nahita kutnu

nagned iadnatid huaj karaj iralep kiborea nahital ,uynitnok ,gnajnap hibel gnay nahital isarud

.hadner hibel satisnetni nagned araceS p ,aynaudek aratna nakgnidnabid akij larutsop irale

kednep karaj kapmat aynasaib totoreb hibel huaj karaj iralep nakgnades ,tareb hibel nad

ikilimem toto rutkurts nad iadnal hibel gnay nadab tareb hadner hibel gnay . naadebreP

isutitsnok lano , isar naadebrep o nad ,nadab tareb margorp naadebrep nahital , tapad

naadebrep naksalejnem isnelaverp malad eronema rednukes iralep adap karaj nad huaj karaj

kednep .

aehrronemsyD eronemsiD /

d ,eronema aynlah itrepeS eronemsi igab id aguj diah ireyn tubes atik gnires gnay uata

idajnem halada aynaudek aratna amatu naadebreP .rednukes nad remirp ,epit aud babeynep

aynidajret . D utaus ,nidnalgatsorp irad hibel iskudorp helo nakbabesid remirp eronemsi

toto nakbabeynem gnay nomroh -o iskartnokreb mihar tot , g alaje halada tahilret gnay mark

eronemsiD .haram sakel nad ,nahalelek ,gnisup ,alapek tikas ,eraid ,hatnum ,laum ,turep

romut ,DIP ,DUI gnalahgnep aynada itrepes ,rotkaf iagabreb helo nakbabesid rednukes

a ,skivres naakubmep ,mihar hubmut mihar nagniraj anamid isidnok utaus( sisoirtemodne uat

mulebeS .)turep aggnor naigab iagabreb id sid ,isaurtsnem amales nad eronem rednukes

aparebeb nakkujnunem alajeg mumu : asar tikas adap turep )mark itrepes( hawab naigab ,

hap nad gnuggnup id ireyn .naktikaynem gnay lauskes nagnubuh nad ,a eronemsid aynidajreT

iagabes paggnaid haubes isalukeps , kutnu iggnit hibel gnay isnarelot ikilimem atinaw awhab

asar airp adapirad tikas atinaw arap anerak idajret uti laH . kutnu bawaj gnuggnatreb

areneg nakrihalem p nakapurem gnay ,naped asam is igab tareb gnilap gnay namalagne hubut

atinaw gnaroes .

sulkis kutnu idajret gnay emsinakem rutagnem hadus hubut sigoloisif araces nupikseM

hibel utnabmem kutnu nakukalid tapad gnay lah aparebeb ada ipatet naka ,isaurtsnem

.tubesret edoirep adap idajret gnay nanamaynkaditek naknagnirem nad nagnir agarhalO

tapet gnay nahital ,narikip nad hubut kiab utnabmem marag ismusnok ignarugnem utnabmem

nad ,gnubmek nad ria isneter ismusnokgnem im nad nimativ kaynab ilakgnires laren

abmem aynidajret hagecnem utn .mark lisah tapadreT WJ eneerG helo nakukalid gnay iduts

rotkaf isaulavegnem ,)3991( eronemsid ( diah ireyn ) naitilenep kejbuS .retemarap iagabes

audek kopmolek nad atinaw telta halada amatrep kopmolek ,kopmolek aud sata iridret lada ha

kopmolek non - lortnok kopmolek adap atinaw nakaynabeK .lortnok iagabes telta non( - )telta

gnay ,telta kopmolek nagned adebreB .diah ireyn nagned halasam imalagnem nakropalid

eyn isaulave nupikseM .amas gnay isidnok atirednem aynagitrepes irad gnaruk aynah diah ir

nakkujnunem iduts lisah ,tikides tagnas sinilk araces aynhuragnep nad fitkeybus paggnaid

nikgnum gnay arac utas halas iagabes rutaret araces kisif nahital irad nagnutnuek

.atinaw nakaynabek ihuragnepmem gnay diah ireyn anemonef nakgnalihgnem

kiabeS iuhatekid tapad aggnihes ,isaurtsnem edoirep natatac ikilimem atik paites ayn

.ignirignem gnay nial alajeg nad ,idajret gnay serts ,sulkis gnajnap ,alajeg M nikgnu naka

etid alop nakum tiakret gnay aratna nauggnag isaurtsnem idajret gnay nad napudihek kepsa .

sulkis akiJ diah asar nakbabeynem nanamaynkaditek kiab hibel nikgnum raseb pukuc gnay

kutnu adapek isatlusnok nakukalem tkod ,re nakulrepid alib anerak utnabid tapad kutnu

sulkis rutagnem nad diah ireyn ignarugnem utnabmem tabo nagned - kifiseps natabo . idaJ

ini kipot nupiksem ubat paggnaid gnadakret ibid kutnu namayn kadit kaga nad kadit ,nakarac

aynhalas ada .adnA retkod nagned isatlusnokreb kutnu

NALUPMISEK

tesno nagned nahalasamrep imalagnem nagnurednecek ikilimem atinaw teltA

ulkis isaluger nad isaurtsnem margorp itukignem gnay teltA .lamron kadit gnay isaurtsnem s

,ehcranem tesno ayngnatad mulebes inid aisu adap iggnit satisnetni nagned fisnetni nahital

atar ehcranem tesno aynadnutret nagnurednecek ikilimem - .nuhat 2 iapmas 5,1 amales atar

naadnunep nialeS .isaurtsnem nauggnag ikilimem aynasaib aguj atinaw telta ,ehcranem tesno

nay rotkaf aparebeb helo nakbabesid ,rednukes eronema halada idajret mumu gnaY gnilas g

babes narakgnil utaus iagabes nial amas utas tiakret - tabika ,lamitpo isatserp hiarem kutnu .

roes laedi hubut rutsop nad isisopmok ,iauses gnay nahital margorp itukignem surah telta gna

m ,uti anerak helO .nahital margorp naanaskalep nalisahrebek gnukudnep rotkaf nakapure

aggnihes tatek tagnas gnay teid nakukalem ayntelta ,agarhalo gnabac aparebeb adap

aynidajret nanikgnumem ekatni tareb iapacnem imed nahutubek ipukucnem kadit gnay isirtun

,naknalajid suret nahital margorp nakgnadeS .laedi gnay hubut kutneb uata nadab

ihuragnepmem kamel naaidesreteK .satabret tagnas idajnem hubut kamel oisar nakbabeynem

,nomroh kaynab naktabilem gnay emsinakem kutnu amaturet ,hubut sigoloisif ajrenik

usamret gnay isaurtsnem sulkis idajret ,ayntabika iagabeS .atinaw telta adap isaurtsnem k

lamron kadit telta helo imalaid gnay kisif nupuam sikisp sserts aynada nagned hibelret , . P alo

isaurtsnem n kadit gnay lamro aguj arenim padahret fitagen kefe ikilimem itkubret gnalut isasil

gnay eukesnok nakirebmem isn natakgninep kusamret ,gnajnap akgnaj nupuam kednep akgnaj

sisoropoetso nad nanaket tabika gnalut hatap nedisni . nagnir kisif sativitka ipatet nakA gnay

araces nakukalid tapad nagnutnuek nakirebmem rutaret gnem gnaru i diah ireyn anemonef

gnay adap idajret atinaw nakaynabek .

D AKATSUP RATFA

.lhadoR eraaK & O.P ,dnartsA .3002 fo sesaB lacigoloisyhP ,ygoloisyhP kroW fo koobtxeTesicrexE warG.cM :kroY weN . - lliH .

yrraB dna ,ybuR .C tnerB ,worG naD ,nikpihC .R trautS ,fforahS eirraC ,.M araT ,noE’D .nuarB noitalugeR o xE f b msilobateM etardyhobraC esicre negortsE y a enoretsegorP dn

i .nemoW n bateM lonircodnE loisyhP J mA 6401E :382 – 2002 ,5501E .

ztoG ,R hcsirF - deyaleD .WJ ruhtrAcM ,VA negrebleW a ehcraneM dn egelloC fo eronemAo egA ot noitaleR ni setelhtA tesnO f o .gniniarT f AMAJ 9551:642;1891 – 36 .

,Z iztnazaK ,L ikaraV ,P uoluopoveksaraP ,A uoluoporodoehT ,K uokraM ,N soluopogroeG htworG .la te na i tnempoleveD latrebuP d stsanmyG cimhtyhR elameF etilE n nilC J .

5254:48 ;9991 lobateM lonircodnE - 03 .

esicrexE .WJ eneerG - seitiralugerrI laurtsneM decudnI 611:91;3991 rehT rpmoC . - 02 .

.7991 .E nhoJ ,llaH & C ruhtrA ,notyuG naretkodeK igoloisiF rajA ukuB . :rotidE .9 isidECGE :atrakaJ .nawaiteS itawarI

nad ,.P ,uortnelK M. yelylP . etilE ni taF ydoB dna ,ycneuqerF laurtsneM ,ytrebuP fo tesnOlortnoC lamroN htiW derapmoC stsanmyG cimhtyhR . .deM stropS .J .rB 094;73;3002 -

494 .

kešuD aniT nI hgiH fo ecneulfnI . .setelhtA ni sredrosiD elcyC laurtsneM no gniniarT ytisnet .lanruoJ lacideM naitaorC ,bergaZ ,enicideM fo loohcS ytisrevinU bergaZ 97:)1(24 - ,28

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