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Practice QuizChapter 4WISDOM

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1. Prudence or moral wisdom is BEST defined as a. a consistent desire for the right thing. b. the ability to consistently choose those actions

which result in good moral outcomes. c. proper moral vision. d. temperance.

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Rationale: Wisdom has more to do withdecision-making than motivation.

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Rationale: although having a strong moralvision is part of Wisdom, it is not the wholeof it. Good deliberation and judgment are alsopart of wisdom.


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Rationale: Although wise people are temperate,temperance is a virtue, and not part of wisdom per se.


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2. All of the following are required for the acquisition of moral wisdom EXCEPT:

a. good character; prudence seems unlikely if one

is intemperate, easily angered, lustful, and otherwise lacking in

virtue. b. experience; the ability to learn from mistakes

and practice judgments. c. certain intellectual talents, such as insight,

discernment, and good observation, all of which help one gain something worthwhile from

experience. d. high IQ, and special academic talent.

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Rationale: good character is essential formoral wisdom.


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Rationale: experience is essential for acquiringwisdom; the inexperienced seldom have sucha characteristic.


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Rationale: these are necessary for acquiringwisdom; one cannot learn from experiencewithout these talents.


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3. Moral vision is BEST defined as: a. the cumulative affect of good decisions and

outcomes, leading to a habit of continuing moral success. b. a relatively well-defined sense of the good life,

understood cosmically, communally, and in terms of one's own plans for life.

c. one's knowledge concerning the nature of the

world and the nature of human life. d. a particular end or goal of an action.

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Rationale: This is the definition of moralcompetence; moral vision is one aspect of wisdom.

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Rationale: although such knowledge contributesto a moral vision, it does not fully define it.


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Rationale: particular goals may be a part ofa moral vision, but not the whole of it.


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4. Which of the following would BEST describe someone with a Romantic vision:

a. people who do the wrong thing are simply misguided and need to

be shown the error of their ways; rather than destroy your opponent, you must learn to love them, and hope that you can transform them. There is hope that in the future those who oppose one another will be reconciled.

b. There are evil forces and vicious people in the world; but you can

be hopeful that good will prevail in the end. What a good person has to do is find the right path, avoid false "prophets", and work to defeat those darker forces. It will not be an easy struggle, but if you stick to the right path and prove yourself worthy, you will be rewarded and victorious in the end.

c. In the end the only thing you have is your own sense of worth

and self-respect. Death is the great equalizer-both virtuous or vicious will die, and there is probably nothing beyond death, or at least nothing better than life. The cosmos is not an especially friendly or hopeful place, so you cannot expect much help from those quarters. Thus, what you do in this life must be done for its own sake, must be its own reward, since there will probably be no other reward for it. Your goal in life, then, should be to prove your worth simply to prove it, and to embrace the way the world is.

d. humans are weak and flawed beings-and this certainly applies to

yourself as well. They are quite capable of the most atrocious things even if they are quite capable of good acts. To eke out a decent life for ourselves we must band together in such a way as to constantly check and balance one another.

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Rationale: this is a good description of a comedicor thalian vision.


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Rationale: this is a good description of a tragic vision.


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Rationale: this is a good description of an ironicvision.


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5. As argued by Aristotle, and argued in the textbook, flourishing is BEST defined as:

a. a psychological state characterized by

contentment or sanguine temperament. b. the emotion of joy. c. a condition realized in the virtuous exercise of a

number of valuable and important practices and activities in one's life.

d. the achievement of status, power and wealth in

one's life.

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Rationale: this is more precisely a definition ofhappiness, which is contrasted with flourishing.

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Rationale: flourishing is the result of doing, andnot an emotional state.


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Rationale: this may be one form of what isconsidered to be the good life, but may notinclude all the activities necessary for flourishing.


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6. Which of the following BEST reflects the comedic or thanlian vision:

a. the view of Thoreau, which suggests that there is a

simple, more honest and earthy life that lies behind the striving,

hypocrisy, and workaholism of most people's lives. b. the view of Martin Luther King, who envisioned a society

in which division between the races was eventually overcome. This would be done not by one race conquering the other, but by the ability of both races to reach an inner sense of goodness and decency, join together in forming a better society.

c. the view of Paul, the Christian apostle, who argued that

Christians must strengthen themselves by means of their faith in order to combat and win against the forces of evil.

d. the view of Jonathan Edwards, Puritan preacher and

philosopher, who argued that human beings are not worthy of God, and it is only through his mercy that we are sustained. Without strong hand and guidance of God, human beings would fail and destroy themselves.

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Rationale: Thoreau expresses a satirical vision.


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Rationale: Paul expresses a romantic vision.


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Rationale: Edwards expresses an ironic vision.


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7. Happiness, as argued in the text, is BEST defined as:

a. flow. b. a psychological state characterized by

contentment, joy, and/or sanguine temperament.

c. a condition realized in the virtuous exercise of a

number of valuable and important practices and activities

in one's life. d. the achievement of status, power and wealth in

one's life.

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Rationale: flow is a peak experience, and maynot entirely describe happiness as a psychological state.


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Rationale: this is more correctly the definitionof flourishing.


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Rationale: this is one sense of the good life;happiness is more of a psychological state.


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8. The research done on happiness by Lykken, Tellegen, Edward and Carol Diener, Frank Fujita, among others, comes to which of the following

conclusions: a. happiness--understood as a psychological state--is

dependent upon one's successes in life, relative to income, status and marital

harmony. b. happiness-understood as a psychological state-is

relatively independent of education, income, professional achievement or marital status; it seems to be a genetically based (though not inheritable) neuro-chemical stochastic and thermostatic)process, that is not permanently affected by life's events.

c. the happiest people are those in live in the most

industrially advanced countries. d. on a whole, the wealthiest people in a society will be the

happiest.

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Rationale: these studies show no significantcorrelation between these and happiness.


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Rationale: these studies show no evidence forthis.


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Rationale: these studies show no evidence forthis claim.


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9. According to Aristotle which of the following BEST defines the good life for an individual, that is, constitutes flourishing: a. a life that is successful at achieving honor and recognition. b. the pursuit of pleasure that is constrained by temperance. c. a life that involves friendship. d. a life that uses virtue as a constraint and framework for the pursuit of pleasure, comfort, wealth, emotional attachment and recognition.

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Rationale: for Aristotle these do not constitutethe essence of a flourishing life.


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Rationale: this more correctly describes thevirtue of temperance rather than the good life.


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Rationale: although friendship is essential forthe good life, it does not define the whole of it.


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10. Which of the following is the LEAST problematic in the pursuit of the American dream:

a. such a pursuit involves an inherent

contradiction, so that the pursuit of one goal may lead to the failure at

another; in order to create comfort, one must work harder, which leaves less time for family relations, leading to a diminished relationship with loved ones.

b. the focus on family comfort and security often

diminishes the role that family members play in community affairs.

c. the very things that bring enjoyment, such as

electronics, may also diminish the quality of family life.

d. the pursuit of the American dream causes

families to become less connected with one another precisely because they are often too involved in community affairs.

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Rationale: this is one of the more serious problems.


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11. Which of the following is the BEST description of deliberation: a. it determines the best moral means to a morally good end. b. it concerns the most efficient means to an end. c. it is another word for calculation. d. it is another word for cunning.

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Rationale: deliberation is not the same ascalculation.

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Rationale: this is more correctly the definitionof calculation.


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Rationale: deliberation and cunning are notthe same thing.


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12. Machiavelli's The Prince and Sun Tzu's The Art of War are good examples of: a. cunning or cleverness b. calculation c. deliberation d. good judgment

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Rationale: the writings of these authors areconsidered to be models of cunning.

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Rationale: the writings of these authors areconsidered to be models of cunning.

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13. Which of the following is NOT true of Cicero's model of deliberation: a. the advantageous should always outweigh the honorable. b. of things that are possible one should choose the most efficient, unless it violates the honorable. c. the honorable action should be preferred to one that merely secures advantage. d. assuming that all choices are honorable, select the one that is the most advantageous to you.

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Rationale: this is a claim which Cicero makes.

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Rationale: this is a claim which Cicero makes.


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14. Discernment is BEST described as , a. that part of deliberation which uses past

experience, and the recollection of cultural wisdom, to sort out the

best thing to do in a certain situation. b. that part of deliberation which involves a

cognitive, affective and valuative discrimination of a particular situation, which is then used to compare and contrast this situation with others, so as to make the best decision about what to do.

c. a decision to act on what one considers the best

among various courses of action deliberated about.

d. good moral taste.

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Rationale: this is more correctly a definition ofmemory.

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Rationale: this is more correctly a definition ofjudgment.


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Rationale: this confuses “discerning” with“discernment.”


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15. Foresight is BEST described as, a. that part of deliberation concerned with the possible

consequences of an action that might be taken, and using an estimation of

these consequences in order to determine whether the plan in

mind is the best one. b. that part of deliberation which uses past experience, and

the recollection of cultural wisdom, to sort out the best thing to do in a certain situation.

c. that part of deliberation which involves a cognitive,

affective and valuative discrimination of a particular situation, which is then used to compare and contrast this situation with others, so as to make the best decision about what to do.

d. a decision to act on what one considers the best among

various courses of action deliberated at a certain time.

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Rationale: this is more correctly the descriptionof memory.

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Rationale: this is more correctly the descriptionof discernment.


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Rationale: this is more correctly the descriptionof judgment.


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16. In the context of judgment, moral dilemmas are cases where:

a. one must choose between two goods, such as

truth vs. loyalty, short term vs. long term pleasures, individual

vs. community, or justice vs. mercy. b. one must choose between the lesser of two

evils. c. one must choose between what is the right

thing to do, and what is the wrong, but tempting thing to do.

d. you have a "Sophie's Choice."

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Rationale: this is an example of a tragic choice.

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Rationale: this is an example of a moraltemptation.


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Rationale: this is an example of a tragic choice.


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17. Assuming you believe that lying is wrong, choosing between a plan than includes lying as a way of shirking responsibility and blame for an action and avoiding its consequences, and, choosing to be honest in the situation despite those consequences, would be an example of which of the following types of judgment, according to Kidder: a. moral dilemma b. moral temptation c. tragic choice d. a choice between the lesser of two evils.

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Rationale: this is the case of choosing betweenright and wrong, not between two rights.


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Rationale: this is the case of choosing betweenright and wrong, not between two wrongs.


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