mercury:
DESCRIPTION
Mercury:. Mean Distance from Sun. 57,909,175 km (35,983.1 miles) or 0.387 astronomical units. Diameter. 4,879.4 km (3,031.92 miles). Volume (Earth = 1). 0.054. Mass. 3.3 x 10 23 kg (0.012 x 10 27 ounces) or 0.055 (Earth = 1). Density. 5.43 gm/cm 3. Surface gravity. 0.376 (Earth = 1). - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Mercury:
Mean Distance from Sun
57,909,175 km (35,983.1 miles) or 0.387 astronomical units
Diameter 4,879.4 km (3,031.92 miles) Volume (Earth = 1)
0.054
Mass 3.3 x 1023 kg (0.012 x 1027
ounces) or 0.055 (Earth = 1) Density 5.43 gm/cm3
Surface gravity 0.376 (Earth = 1) Rotation period (length of day in Earth days)
58.65
Revolution period (length of year in Earth days)
87.97
Mean surface temperature
116.86 C (332.33° F)
Natural satellites
None
Venus:
Mean Distance from Sun
108,208,930 km. (6.72 x 107 miles) or 0.723 astronomical units
Diameter 12,103.6 km (7,520.83) miles
Volume (Earth = 1) 0.88
Mass 4.87 x 1024 kg (0.17 x 1027
ounces) or 0.814 (Earth = 1) Density 5.24 gm/cm3
Surface gravity 0.903 (Earth = 1)
Rotation period (length of day in Earth days)
243 Earth days (spins backwards compared to most other planets)
Revolution period (length of year in Earth days)
224.7 Earth days
Mean surface temperature
456.85 C (854.33° F)
Natural satellites None
Venus has few craters indicating relatively young surfaces.
Its atmosphere is composed mostly of carbon dioxide. There are several layers of clouds many kilometers thick composed of sulfuric acid.
These clouds completely obscure our view of the surface. This dense atmosphere produces a run-away greenhouse effect
that raises Venus' surface temperature by about 400 degrees to over 740 K (hot enough to melt lead).
Mars EarthAverage Distance
from Sun142 million miles 93 million miles
Average Speed in Orbiting Sun
14.5 miles per second 18.5 miles per second
Diameter 4,220 miles 7,926 miles
Tilt of Axis 25 degrees 23.5 degrees
Length of Year 687 Earth Days 365.25 Days
Length of Day 24 hours 37 minutes 23 hours 56 minutes
Gravity .375 that of Earth 2.66 times that of Mars
Temperature Average -81 degrees F Average 57 degrees F
Atmosphere mostly carbon dioxide some water vapor
nitrogen, oxygen, argon, others
# of Moons 2 1
Evidence for Large Water Flows on Mars
Layered Sedimentary Rock
Possible water Channels
Mean Distance from Sun
778,412,010 km (4.84 x 108 miles) or 5.20 astronomical units
Diameter 142,984 km (88,846.1 miles) Volume (Earth = 1) 1,316
Mass 1.90 x 1027 (66.97 x 1027 ounces)
or 317.8 (Earth = 1) Density 1.33 gm/cm3
Surface gravity 2.34 (Earth = 1) Rotation period (length of day in Earth days)
0.41 Earth day (9.8 Earth hours)
Revolution period (length of year)
11.86 Earth years
Mean surface temperature
14.85 - 19.85 C (58.73 - 67.73° F)
Natural satellites Four largest are Ganymede,
Callisto, Io, Europa. Two of next largest are Amalthea and Himalia. Twenty-two others had been discovered before 2001.
Jupiter
Io
Orbit: 422,000 km from Jupiter (5.9 RJ)Diameter: 3630 km
Voyager 1 discoveries hundreds of volcanic calderas, many are still active.
First real proof that the interiors of other "terrestrial" bodies are actually hot and active.
The material erupting from Io's vents appears to be some form of sulfur or sulfur dioxide.
Io’s Interior: Mantle of Rock, with Metallic Core
Distance from Jupiter: 671,000 km 9.3 RJ
Radius: 1,565 km
Europa
Europa has almost a complete absence of craters as well as almost no vertical relief.
Major Atmospheric Constituent: Oxygen
A warm, convecting ice layer, located several kilometers below a cold, brittle surface ice crust (top model),
or
a layer of liquid water with a possible depth of more than 100 kilometers (bottom model).
These artist's drawings depict two proposed models of the subsurface structure of Europa,
If a 100 kilometer (60 mile) deep ocean existed below a 15 kilometer (10 mile) thick Europan ice crust, it would be 10 times deeper than any ocean on Earth and would contain twice as much water as Earth's oceans and rivers combined.
Major salt would be magnesium sulfate while the Earth's oceans are salty due to sodium chloride (common salt).
Europa has an atmosphere
From Plasma Sputtering
Distance from Jupiter: 1,070,000 km 14.95 RJ
Radius: 2,634 km
Ganymede
Ganymede is most likely composed of a rocky core with a water/ice mantle and a crust of rock and ice.
Major Atmospheric Constituent: Oxygen
It is heavily cratered, especially in the dark regions, implying ancient origin.
Ganymede Interior : Rock/Ice CrustWater/Ice mantle Rock Outer Core Metallic Core
Ganymede: Plasma Wind Erosion/ Mid-Latitude Projection via Global Magnetic Field
Distance from Jupiter: 1,883,000 km 26.3 RJ
Radius: 2,403 km
Callisto
It orbits just beyond Jupiter's main radiation belt.
Major Atmospheric Constituent: Carbon Dioxide
Callisto is the most heavily cratered satellite in the solar system. Its crust is very ancient and dates back 4 billion years, just shortly after the solar system was formed.
Callisto’s Interior : a relatively uniform mixture of comparable amounts of ice and rock.
Mean Distance from Sun
1,426,725,400 km (8.87 x 108 miles) or 9.54 astronomical units
Diameter 120,536 km (74,897.6 miles) Volume (Earth = 1) 755
Mass 5.69 x 1026 kg (2.01 x 1028 ounces)
or 95.2 (Earth = 1) Density 0.70 gm/cm3
Surface gravity (896 cm/s (2))
1.16 (Earth = 1)
Rotation period (length of day in Earth days)
0.44 (10.2 Earth hours)
Revolution period (length of year)
29.46 Earth years
Mean surface temperature
-139.15 C (-218.47° F)
Natural satellites Titan is the largest, and the next
six in size are Rhea, Iapetus, Dione, Tethys, Enceladus, Mimas. Twenty-three others had been discovered before 2001.
Saturn
Like Jupiter, Saturn is about 75% hydrogen and 25% helium with traces of water, methane, ammonia and "rock", similar to the composition of the primordial solar system
Both planets also generate more energy than they absorb from the Sun – Brown Dwarfs
The rings are actually composed of innumerable small particles, ranging in size from a centimeter or so to several meters.
A few kilometer-sized objects are also likely.
Saturn's rings are extraordinarily thin: though they're 250,000 km or more in diameter they're less than one kilometer thick.
Titan
Distance from Saturn: 1,221,830 km, 10 RS
Radius: 2,575 km
An impenetrable layer of atmosphere and clouds.
Liquid seas or pools of methane or ethane; water would be frozen due to Titan's low surface temperature.
Kuiper Belt is a disk-shaped region past the orbit of Neptune roughly 30 to 100 AU from the Sun containing many small icy bodies.
It is now considered to be the source of the short-period comets.
Mean Distance from Sun
2,870,972,200 km (1.78 x 109 miles) or 19.19 astronomical units
Diameter 51,118 km (31,763.3 miles)
Volume (Earth = 1) 52
Mass 8.68 x 1025 kg (3.06 x 1027 ounces)
or 14.48 (Earth = 1) Density 1.30 gm/cm3
Surface gravity 1.15 (Earth = 1)
Rotation period (length of day in Earth hours)
0.72 or 17.9 Earth hours (spins backwards compared to most other planets)
Revolution period (length of year in Earth years)
83.75
Mean surface temperature
-197.15 C (-322.87° F)
Natural satellites Five of largest are Miranda, Titania,
Oberon, Umbriel, Ariel. Sixteen others had been discovered before 2001.
Uranus
Mean Distance from Sun
4,498,252,900 km (2.80 x 109 miles) or 30.07 astronomical units
Diameter 55,528 km (34,503.5 miles) Volume (Earth = 1) 44
Mass 1.02 x 1026 kg (3.61 x 1027 ounces)
or 17.2 (Earth = 1) Density 1.76 gm/cm3
Surface gravity tba (1100 cm/s (2)
1.19 (Earth = 1)
Rotation period (length of day in Earth days)
0.67 (19.1 Earth hours)
Revolution period (length of year)
163.72 Earth years
Mean surface temperature tba
-200.15 C (-328.27° F)
Natural satellites Naiad, Thalassa, Despina, Galatea,
Larissa, Proteus, Triton, Nereid
Neptune
Mean Distance from Sun
5,906,376,200 km (3.67 x 109 miles) or 39.48 astronomical units
Diameter 2,390 km (1,485.08 miles) Volume (Earth = 1) 0.005
Mass 1.29 x 1022 kg (0.00046 x 1027
ounces) or 0.0025 (Earth = 1)
Density 1.1 gm/cm3
Surface gravity 0.066 (Earth = 1) Rotation period (length of day in Earth days)
6.39 (spins backwards compared to most other planets)
Revolution period (length of year)
248 Earth Years
Mean surface temperature
-215.35 C (-355.63° F)
Natural satellites Charon
Pluto