mergers and acquisitions presentation 2 li
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Mergers And Acquisitions PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Acquisitions: Three Types
• Asset Purchase
• Stock Purchase
• Merger
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Asset Purchase
STOCKHOLDERS
TARGET
STOCKHOLDERS
BUYER
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Asset Purchase
• Buyer acquires only assets and liabilities of the company
• Buyer can negotiate which outstanding or contingent liabilities to assume and not to assume
• Buyer can select which of the seller’s assets to acquire
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Asset Purchase (cont’d)
• Buyers prefer to buy assets
• Sellers prefer to sell stock
• The tax disadvantages of an asset deal to stockholders of the seller lead to a stock or merger transaction
• Asset purchases are most common in the acquisition of divisions of companies
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STOCKHOLDERS
TARGET
STOCKHOLDERSSTOCKHOLDERS
TARGET
STOCKHOLDERS
BUYER
Stock Purchase
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Stock Purchase
• Purchaser buys the outstanding stock of a corporation directly from the corporation’s shareholders
• The corporation need not be a party to the transaction and remains unchanged after the closing
• Preferred by sellers because:
– all liabilities are transferred along with the company
– no double taxation
– no need to liquidate the company after the transaction
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Merger
• One corporation merges with another to become a single ongoing corporation
• One company is designated the surviving and the other the disappearing
• The surviving corporation acquires all of the assets and succeeds to all of the liabilities of the disappearing corporation, and the disappearing corporation ceases to exist as a separate legal entity
• Stockholders of acquired corporation typically receive cash, stock of the surviving corporation, or some combination of stock and cash
• A merger may be taxable or non-taxable to the acquired corporation’s stockholders, depending on the mix of consideration received by such stockholders
• In most cases, merger must be approved by the boards of directors and stockholders of both corporations
• Stockholders of the acquired corporation who formally oppose merger may perfect dissenters rights to have the value of their stock determined by judicial procedure involving an appraisal.
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Variations
• Reverse Triangular merger in which a buyer incorporates a subsidiary that merges into the target company
• Two-step transactions, in which a buyer acquires a controlling interest in the target by a stock purchase and follows that transaction with a merger in order to eliminate remaining minority shareholders
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• TARGET BECOMES A WHOLLY OWNED SUB OF BUYER AND CHANGES NAME TO BUYER’S NAME
Reverse Triangular Merger
STOCKHOLDERS
TARGET
STOCKHOLDERS
BUYER
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• BY LAW, “SURVIVING” CORPORATION SUCCEEDS TO ALL ASSETS, RIGHTS, LIABILITIES OF “DISAPPEARING” CORPORATION
• UNWILLING TARGET STOCKHOLDERS MAY “PERFECT” DISSENTERS RIGHTS
Forward Triangular Merger
STOCKHOLDERS
TARGET
STOCKHOLDERS
Buyer
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M&A Transaction Stages
• Stage 1: Through the letter of intent
• Stage 2: Through the definitive purchase agreement
• Stage 3: To the closing
• Stage 4: After the closing
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M&A Overview: Stage 1 LETTER OF INTENT LETTER OF INTENT DEFINITIVE AGREEMENT DEFINITIVE AGREEMENT CLOSING CLOSING
Stage 1Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 3
Find Target
Engage Ibanker
Financial Analysis
Preliminary Due Diligence
Negotiate Basic Terms
Target NDA
IBanker Engage-ment Letter
Due Diligence List
Regulatory Strategy
Bu
sin
ess
Dea
lD
ocu
men
ts
Reg
ula
tor
y
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Stage 1: Through the Letter of Intent
• Buyer and seller define respective goals in transaction and find one another
• Non-disclosure agreement (NDA) is signed
• Investment banker is engaged
• Buyer undertakes due diligence investigation of seller
• Terms of transaction are agreed to by signing a letter of intent
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Stage 1: The Letter of Intent
• Describes the most important elements of a transaction:
– type of transaction
– price and form of consideration, with a clear understanding of business, tax and legal ramifications of transaction
– payment terms and key contingencies (such as buyer financing)
– Sets fundamental transaction structure and terms
• Sets expectations by both parties on how the transaction will be managed
• Does not obligate the parties to complete the transaction
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Stage 1: Letter of Intent-Other Considerations
• Parties will be unlikely to agree to the modification or amendments to the letter of intent
• Courts have held that even non-binding letters of intent create a binding obligation to negotiate in good faith based on the terms set forth in the letter
• Psychological impact should not be ignored
– Both parties tend to be committed to the conclusions outlined and provides a roadmap to envisioning the transaction through to completion
– It assists in maintaining the parties’ commitment during the ensuing detailed negotiations and established the broad context in which the details can be put in perspective.
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Stage 1: The Letter of Intent – Binding Terms
• Exclusivity agreements in which seller agrees not to negotiate a sale with third parties for an agreed period of time
• Confidentiality agreements
• Expense agreements
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Stage 1: The Letter of Intent
• May require buyer to pay the seller a nonrefundable deposit for:
– granting an exclusivity period to the purchaser, during which person the seller will not negotiate with any other potential buyer
– the purposes of covering some of the seller’s costs in the transaction if the seller is in a particularly strong bargaining position
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Stage 1: Due Diligence
• Identify risks material to Buyer’s decision whether or not to do the deal
• Identify risks/issues to be addressed in transaction documents
• Identify any third-party consents needed
• Identify post-closing transition issues
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Stage 1: Initial Questions for Buyer’s Legal Due Diligence Team
• What are client’s basic assumptions about target?
– Company profile (scope of business/nature of assets)
• Structure of transaction?
• Bargain price or premium?
• Budget for due diligence?
• Timing of transaction/due diligence?
• Client’s relative aversion to risk?
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Stage 1: Initial Issues for Seller’s Legal Team
• How much does legal team know about it own client and risks?
• What major risks need to be disclosed and how?
• Structure of transaction
• Level of Client’s organization of documents/information?
• Identify appropriate point person(s)
• Have all Buyer parties signed NDA?
• What type of access should be provided (data room/respond to document requests/provide general access to files)?
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Stage 1: Regulatory Matters
• Affirmative
– Require agency approval prior to closing
• Negative
– Filing with the relevant agency with closing permitted if the agency does not act to delay or stop the transaction within a specified time period
• Informational
– Example: Filing of notices of the issuance of unregistered securities with the SEC
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Regulatory Approvals – When to Begin the Process?
• Seek after the letter of intent (stage 1) or definitive agreement (stage 2) is signed
• Establish an approval strategy for difficult regulatory approvals
• Consider starting approval process after letter of intent to exhaust some of the waiting period, if applicable
• Sellers resist public filings until the definitive agreement is signed in order to avoid publicity that can impact the transaction
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M&A Overview: Stage 2 LETTER OF INTENT LETTER OF INTENT DEFINITIVE AGREEMENT DEFINITIVE AGREEMENT CLOSING CLOSING
Stage 1Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 3
Find Target
Engage Ibanker
Financial Analysis
Preliminary Due Diligence
Negotiate Basic Terms
Target NDA
IBanker Engage-ment Letter
Due Diligence List
Due Diligence
Negotiate Detailed Terms
Negotiate Ancillary Agreements, e.g., Employment Agreements
Purchase Agreement
Ancillary Agreements
Press Release
Regulatory Strategy/ Applications
Do
cum
ents
Bu
sin
ess
Dea
lR
egu
lato
ry
Regulatory Strategy
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Stage 2: Through the Definitive Purchase Agreement
• Due Diligence
• Definitive Agreement
• Regulatory Approvals
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Stage 2: Due Diligence
• Business
• Legal
• Accounting
• Other key areas of interest (environmental etc)
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Stage 2: Due Diligence – Legal Review
• Minute books and charter documents
• Issuance of securities
• Key contracts and loan documentation
• Governmental permits
• Employment matters
• Pending litigation
• Environmental proceedings
• Other fundamental legal matters affecting the seller’s business
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Stage 2: Due Diligence – Accounting Review
• Financial statements
• Accounting practices
• Tax compliance
• Inventories
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Stage 2: Due Diligence – Specialists
• Environmental engineers
• Technical specialists
• Others, depending on nature of transaction and business
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Due Diligence: Data Room
• Often used in large deals with multiple bidders
• Also used when transaction is very confidential (offsite data room)
• Keeps document disclosure organized
• Often limited time frames for access/puts pressure on Buyer’s team
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Due Diligence: Buyer’s Approach to Data Room Review
• Obtain document index
• What specialists are needed?
• Learn data room ground rules, e.g., – Number of reviewers allowed
– Access times
– Copy/recording capabilities
– Accommodations
– Need for translators
• What is end product (report/determine bid price)
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Due Diligence: How to Conduct Review
• Appoint team leader for due diligence
• Discuss objectives/materiality with transaction team leader
• What will be end deliverable?
• Does client want complete inventory of documents or just summary?
• Keep leaders apprised
• Consider using uniform review forms
• Eyes open for material risk/contract issues/transition issues
• Don’t assume leaders/client know about material liabilities
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Stage 2: The Definitive Agreement• Specific identities of the parties
• Exact description of what is being sold
• Exact description of price and terms
• Lengthy and detailed representations and warranties of the parties
• Each party’s agreements as to its conduct up to and beyond the closing
• Conditions that must be filled before either party is obligated to close
• Details on the time and mechanics of closing
• Indemnities related to breaches of the agreement or the representations and warranties
• Dispute resolution provisions
• Miscellaneous clauses relating to any other aspects of the sale
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Stage 2: Definitive Agreement- Representations and Warranties
• Provide disclosure
• Provide foundation for other party to terminate acquisition prior to closing
• Provide basis for other party’s right to indemnification and other remedies
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Stage 2: Definitive Agreement: Standard Reps and Warranties• Corporate organization
• Capitalization
• Authority, consents
• Regulatory matters
• Finances, accounting
• Litigation
• Taxes
• Employee matters
• Contracts
• Environmental matters
• Assets
• Catch-all (e.g., no material adverse effect/change)
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Disclosure Schedule(a.k.a. Schedule of Exceptions)
• State exceptions to R&Ws
• List specified items
– Material contracts
– Insurance policies
– Employees, officers and directors information
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Considerations Regarding R&Ws
• Party wants other party’s R&Ws to be broad, but its own R&Ws to be narrow
• Qualifiers
– Knowledge
– Materiality
– Limited time period
• Timing
– Date of agreement
– Date of closing (“bring down”)
– Other date
• Survival
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Stage 2: The Definitive Agreement
• Parties are obligated to complete the transaction when definitive agreement is signed
• Completion subject to various conditions to closing
– stockholder approval
– regulatory approval
– third party approvals
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Stage 2: The Definitive Agreement –Ancillary Documents
• Signed at closing:
– promissory notes
– security agreements
– bills of sale
– non-competition and employment agreements
– escrow instructions
– officers’ certificates
– legal opinions
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Stage 2: Regulatory Approvals
• Apply for approvals if process has not yet begun
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M&A Overview: Stage 3 LETTER OF INTENT LETTER OF INTENT DEFINITIVE AGREEMENT DEFINITIVE AGREEMENT CLOSING CLOSING
Stage 1Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 3
Find Target
Engage Ibanker
Financial Analysis
Preliminary Due Diligence
Negotiate Basic Terms
Target NDA
IBanker Engage-ment Letter
Due Diligence List
Due Diligence
Negotiate Detailed Terms
Negotiate Ancillary Agreements, e.g., Employment Agreements
Purchase Agreement
Ancillary Agreements
Press Release
Proxy Statement
Transition Preparation
Closing Preparation
Final Due Diligence
Third Party Consents
Closing Certificates
Press Release
Regulatory Applications/ Approvals
Do
cum
ents
Bu
sin
ess
Dea
lR
egu
lato
ry
Regulatory Strategy Regulatory Strategy/ Applications
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Stage 3: To the Closing
• Final due diligence
• Verify no change to the representations and warranties
– If buyer discovers a material change, the buyer may have an out and refuse to close or threatens to abandon the transaction
• Buyer prepares for management transitions by becoming more familiar with operations of company
• Final financing arrangements made
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Stage 3: The Closing
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Stage 3: The Closing Documentation
• Title documents and officers certificates
• Final director and stockholder approval
• Any necessary third-party consents
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Stage 3: Closing: Exchange of Documents
• Parties will exchange all cash, stock, and documents required under the agreement such as
– notes
– stock certificates
– financing statements
– bills of sale
– deeds
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Stage 3: Regulatory Matters
• Need to be finalized before final closing can occur
• Push for any needed consent
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M&A Overview: After the Closing LETTER OF INTENT LETTER OF INTENT DEFINITIVE AGREEMENT DEFINITIVE AGREEMENT CLOSING CLOSING
Stage 1Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 3
Find Target
Engage Ibanker
Financial Analysis
Preliminary Due Diligence
Negotiate Basic Terms
Due Diligence
Negotiate Detailed Terms
Negotiate Ancillary Agreements, e.g., Employment Agreements
Proxy Statement
Transition Preparation
Closing Preparation
Final Due Diligence
Complete Transition
Deal with any problems
Target NDA
IBanker Engage-ment Letter
Due Diligence List
Purchase Agreement
Ancillary Agreements
Press Release
Third Party Consents
Closing Certificates
Press Release
Closing Filings Certificates
Regulatory Strategy
Do
cum
ents
Bu
sin
ess
Dea
lR
egu
lato
ry
Regulatory Strategy/ Applications
Regulatory Applications/ Approvals
Regulatory Approval
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Stage 4: After the Closing
• Security interests perfected
– Filings with Department of Commerce and SEC
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Disclaimer
This information has been prepared for general informational purposes only. It does not constitute legal advice, and is presented without any representation or warranty whatsoever as to the accuracy or completeness of the information.
No one should, or is entitled to, rely in any manner on any of this information. Parties seeking advice should consult with legal counsel familiar with their particular circumstances.
C. Craig Lilly650.843.3232 [email protected]
This presentation is intended only as a general discussion and should
not be regarded as legal advice. For more information, please
contact Craig Lilly at 650.843.3232.