Merrill: CDT Merrill: CDT

Knowledge Components Knowledge Components (Content)(Content)

• Fact: e.g., five horses, a new buildingFact: e.g., five horses, a new building

• Concept: e.g., animal, vehicle Concept: e.g., animal, vehicle

• Procedure: e.g., move the lever to Procedure: e.g., move the lever to the middle pointthe middle point

• Principle: e.g., the rate of force is Principle: e.g., the rate of force is independent of the object’s massindependent of the object’s mass

PerformancePerformance

• RememberRemember

• Use Use

• Find Find

Fact Concept Procedure

Principle

Remember

Use

Find

Knowledge Components (Content)

Perf

orm

an

ce

Gagne (1965) Conditions of Learning: different outcomes require different conditions of learning.

Rememberfact:

Behavior

recall

Conditions

DrawingsPictures Diagrams

Criterion

95% correct

UseProcedure demonstrate

Word Materials EquipmentDevice

3 trials

How to Operationally How to Operationally Represent the Knowledge Represent the Knowledge Components?Components?The theoretical framework for The theoretical framework for

knowledge representation:knowledge representation:

1) Subject-matter taxonomy1) Subject-matter taxonomy

2) Performance taxonomy2) Performance taxonomy

Subject-Matter TaxonomySubject-Matter Taxonomy

• Theory consists of constructs which Theory consists of constructs which are collectively operationalized to are collectively operationalized to define/explain a phenomenon. define/explain a phenomenon.

• What is a construct?What is a construct?Construct

Domain Operation Range

Polar bearGrizzly bearBlack bearBrown bear

Bear Include (facts) (concept)

Subject-Matter TaxonomySubject-Matter Taxonomy

• Fact:Fact: IdentityIdentity is represented byis represented by

• Subset:Subset: IncludeInclude are kinds ofare kinds of

• Concept: Concept: IntersectionIntersection if both are presentif both are present

• Step: Step: OrderOrder do 1 before 2do 1 before 2

• Principle:Principle: CausalCausal causes causes

Operation Example

Descriptive operation

Identity operation

Productive operation

CONSTRUCTCONSTRUCT

Performance TaxonomyPerformance Taxonomy

Various kinds of memorizationVarious kinds of memorization

• associative associative

• episodicepisodic

• imageimage

• algorithmic algorithmic

associativeassociative

algorithmicalgorithmic

Performance TaxonomyPerformance Taxonomy

• Associative Memory (static by Associative Memory (static by nature)nature)

•Remember-verbatimRemember-verbatim

•Remember-paraphraseRemember-paraphrase

Literal retrieval of information (e.g., is represented by)

Integrative retrieval of information (e.g., is similar to)

Performance TaxonomyPerformance Taxonomy

• Algorithmic Memory (dynamic by Algorithmic Memory (dynamic by nature)nature)

•Adaptive/integratingAdaptive/integrating– Occur at the Use level. The schema is called to Occur at the Use level. The schema is called to

accommodate the new informationaccommodate the new information

•ReorganizationReorganization– Occur at Find level. Use inductive skills to create Occur at Find level. Use inductive skills to create

a new schema to account for differences, a new schema to account for differences, similarities or changes between the existing similarities or changes between the existing schema and new materials schema and new materials