metabolic diseases in reptiles - vfu · anorexia (reptiles : birds : mammals) x postprandial values...
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Metabolic diseases in reptilesMetabolic diseases in reptiles
univ. prof. univ. prof. ZZdenek denek KnotekKnotek, DVM, PhD, DVM, PhDUniversity of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno
Czech Republic
Common diseasesCommon diseases
3.3. disorders related to disorders related to managementmanagement
5.5. disorders related to disorders related to nutritionnutrition
Selected diseasesSelected diseases
Physiology - metabolism
Energypoikilotherms (fishes, amphibians)ectotherms (reptiles)homeotherms (birds, mammals)
reptilesPOTZenergy 1/8 (of mammals), anaerobic glycolysisperiferal gluconeogenesis
Reptilian physiologyEnergy
ektotherm speciesprefered optimum for temperaturehyperthemia and behavioral hyperthermiaenergy - 1/8 (in comparison with mammals), anaerobic glycolysisperipheral gluconeogenesis
Respiration and oxygen consumptionlungs, skin, special organs (turtles)tolerance to limited oxygen in tissues
Food, nutrition, metabolismherbivores, insectivores, carnivores
Excretionurea, amonium, uric acidkidney x urinary bladder
Reproductionoviparous reptiles, viviparous reptiles
Reptilian physiologyEnergy
ektotherm speciesprefered optimum for temperaturehyperthemia and behavioral hyperthermiaenergy - 1/8 (in comparison with mammals), anaerobic glycolysisperipheral gluconeogenesis
Respiration and oxygen consumptionlungs, skin, special organs (turtles)tolerance to limited oxygen in tissues
Food, nutrition, metabolismherbivores, insectivores, carnivores
Excretionurea, amonium, uric acidkidney x urinary bladder
Reproductionoviparous reptiles, viviparous reptiles
Reptilian physiologyEnergy
ektotherm speciesprefered optimum for temperaturehyperthemia and behavioral hyperthermiaenergy - 1/8 (in comparison with mammals), anaerobic glycolysisperipheral gluconeogenesis
Respiration and oxygen consumptionlungs, skin, special organs (turtles)tolerance to limited oxygen in tissues
Food, nutrition, metabolismherbivores, insectivores, carnivores
Excretionurea, amonium, uric acidkidney x urinary bladder
Reproductionoviparous reptiles, viviparous reptiles
Reptilian physiologyEnergy
ektotherm speciesprefered optimum for temperaturehyperthemia and behavioral hyperthermiaenergy - 1/8 (in comparison with mammals), anaerobic glycolysisperipheral gluconeogenesis
Respiration and oxygen consumptionlungs, skin, special organs (turtles)tolerance to limited oxygen in tissues
Food, nutrition, metabolismherbivores, insectivores, carnivores
Excretionurea, amonium, uric acidkidney x urinary bladder
Reproductionoviparous reptiles, viviparous reptiles
Reptilian physiologyEnergy
ektotherm speciesprefered optimum for temperaturehyperthemia and behavioral hyperthermiaenergy - 1/8 (in comparison with mammals), anaerobic glycolysisperipheral gluconeogenesis
Respiration and oxygen consumptionlungs, skin, special organs (turtles)tolerance to limited oxygen in tissues
Food, nutrition, metabolismherbivores, insectivores, carnivores
Excretionurea, amonium, uric acidkidney x urinary bladder
Reproductionoviparous reptiles, viviparous reptiles
Blood biochemistry Plasma x serum ???
Biochemistry of urinepH, SG, minerals, proteins
Biochemistry of different tissues enzymes – liver, kidney,muscles
Blood biochemistry Plasma x serum
Plasma- volume of the fluid for analyses- short time, quicker – no time necessary for clothing- in comparison with the serum the concentration of
plasma proteins could be higher (fibrinogen)
Plasma biochemistry – external and internal factors venipuncturehemolysis, low K concentration, high concentration of heparinanorexia (reptiles : birds : mammals) x postprandial valuesuric acid, bile acidscircadian x circanual differencesgender (hormones, reproduction)CB, cholesterol, TAG, Camethods used in the laboratoryTP: biurett method x refractometry
standards used (specific for human medicine)electrophoresis (albumin, α,β,γ globulins)
clinical use of results obtained – only very different values
HEALTH PROBLEMS THAT HAVE EMERGED DURING KEEPING CROCODILES IN CAPTIVITY
Caiman spp., Crocodylus spp., Tomistoma schlegelii, insufficient nutrition overfeeding
chronic metabolic problems
renal disease traumatic lesions poor husbandry
Symptoms limited movement, general weakness, lethargy, anorexiahind legs paresis
Laboratory TP, BUN, uric acid, ALT, AST Ca, P,
Metabolic diseases
Young crocodiles
hypovitaminosesvit A, vit B, vit D3
mineral deficit - Ca
Adult crocodilesobesitas
bad nutrition, overfeeding !!!!hypovitaminoses of the vit B complex
suboptimal feeding, diseases of the GIT
HEALTH PROBLEMS THAT HAVE EMERGED DURING KEEPING CHELONIANS IN CAPTIVITY
Testudo spp., Agrionemys spp., Trachemys scripta elegansinsufficient nutrition poor husbandry
chronic metabolic problems PHA syndrome
hibernation POFS POES pre-ovulatory follicle stasis post-ovulatory egg stasis
Symptoms limited movement, general weakness, lethargy, anorexiacolon constipation, runny nose syndrome,hind legs paresis
Laboratory TP, uric acid, ALT, AST, BA, Ca, P,
Metabolic diseases Young tortoises
hypovitaminosisvit A, vit B, vit D3
Calcium defficiency
Adult tortoisesobesitas, bad nutritionPHA syndromhypovitaminoses of the vit B complexsuboptimal feeding, diseases of the GIT complications related to reproduction – egg retention SGS syndrom (after ATB treatment ?)
MANAGEMENT nad TREATMENT of METABOLIC PROBLEMSMANAGEMENT nad TREATMENT of METABOLIC PROBLEMS
Management– temperature– air humidity– fotoperiode– internal architecture– type and form of feeding
Rehydratation (minimum 20 ml/kg )Energy
– per os– probe– parenteral forms
• SC• IPP
9 year old female Marginated tortoise (T. marginata)
HistoryProblem - blepharospasmTreatment - vitamin B12 - antibiotics (amoxycillin) 5 days
Tortoise presented to AEAC - anorexia - upper respiratory tract disease - lethargy
The blood profile was characterised by extremely low values for TP, haemoglobin concentration, PCV and total number of RBCs and WBCs.
Ref.UnitsValues
30 - 604.8g/lTP6 - 162.00G/lWBCs
0.50 – 1.300.16T/lRBCs0.25 – 0.400. 07l/lPCV
40 - 8015g/lHaemoglobin
Intensive treatment
antibiotics (cephalosporin)tube feeding – powder (Milupa) + water + vitaminsvitamin C, calcium inj.Duphalyte inj.
The tortoise died after nine days.
Conclusion
chronic metabolic bone disease (MBD) breakdown of the liver and kidneys function secondary inflammation with hemorrhages in the skin.
HEALTH PROBLEMS THAT HAVE EMERGED DURING KEEPING LIZARDS IN CAPTIVITY
Iguana iguanainsufficient nutrition poor husbandry
chronic metabolic problems secondary hyperparathyroidism
renal disease POFS POES pre-ovulatory follicle stasis post-ovulatory egg stasis
Symptoms limited movement, general weakness, lethargy, anorexialarge swelling of the hind legs, colon constipationtremor and hind legs paresis
Laboratory TP, Ca, P, uric acid, ALT, AST
1.5 year old male bearded dragon (P. vitticeps)
Patient presented to AEAC
-green spots on the dorsal part of the body (+ head, legs)
-lethargy, anorexia
1.5 year old male bearded dragon (P. vitticeps)
Patient presented to AEAC
-green spots on the dorsal part of the body (+ head, legs)
-lethargy, anorexia
Bacteriology (skin sample)
Anaerobic bacteria – 0
Fungi - 0
Aerobic bacteria Enterococcus faecalis
Enterobacter aerogenes
Parasitology (faeces sample)Oxyurids - ++++
Haematology
II.I.UnitsValues
1.271.20G/lLymphocytes1.270.20G/lAzurophils1.210.10G/lMonocytes0.060.20G/lBasophils
00G/lEosinophils1.710.30G/lHeterophils5.522.00G/lWBCs1.061.25T/lRBCs0.330.37l/lPCV97115g/lHaemoglobin
Plasma chemistry
II.I.UnitsValues
1.61.3mmol/lP2.72.6mmol/lCa78.3125.8μmol/lUric acid
742.934.11μkat/lCK2.950.15μkat/lAST3.290.92μkat/lALT4.435.21μkat/lALP22.1312.64mmol/lGlucose50.245.1g/lTP
Intensive treatment
antibiotics (enrofloxacin inj.)tube feeding (Feline Concentration Instant Diet)Duphalac p.o.
The lizard was euthanasied after 14 days (T61 – i.v.)
Metabolic diseases
Herbivorous reptiles
MBD - Ca and vitamin D3
rachitis, osteodystrophy, X acute hypocalcemia
complications related to reproduction – egg retention
SGS syndrom
Nutrition
Young leavesflowers insects (worms, crickets ……)?
Adult leavesflowersfruit (insects, small vertebrates ?)
Iguanas – renal disease Healthy iguanasBoyer et al. (1996) Knotek et al.
(2002)Knotek et al. (1999)
TP g/l 63,00 53,51 22,0 – 78,2
Gluco mmol/l
9,55 10,07 8,3 – 16,5
Uricacid
µmol/l
428,26 306,70 70,2 – 145,3
Creat µmol/l
52,20 61,07 8,8 – 66,3ALT µkat/l 3,52 0,74 0,1 – 1,2AST µkat/l 3,11 5,02 0,1 – 1,6K mmol
/l6,10 4,18 1,3 – 5,2
Ca mmol/l
1,95 2,06 2,2 – 3,5
P mmol/l
7,69 5,95 1,4 – 3,1
Females (POFS + POOS) Healthy iguanasKnotek et al.
(2003)Knotek et al.
(1999)
TP g/l 38,2 - 72,2 22,0 – 78,2
Gluk mmol/l
6,2 - 24,6 8,3 – 16,5
UA µmol/l
61,4 - 815,6 70,2 – 145,3
ALT µkat/l 0,5 - 4,5 0,1 – 1,2AST µkat/l 0,8 - 17,8 0,1 – 1,6ALP µkat/l 0,0 - 0,3 0,7 – 4,9
Ca mmol/l
2,1 - 7,1 2,2 – 3,5
P mmol/l
1,6 - 11,9 1,4 – 3,1
FEMALES
POOS
TP g/l 59,3
Gluco mmol/l
12,7
Uric acid
µmol/l
151,1
CHOL µmol/l
8,2ALT µkat/l 0,4AST µkat/l 0,8
Ca mmol/l 2,1
P mmol/l 3,7
FEMALES
POOS
MALES
TP g/l 59,3 49,3
Gluko mmol/l
12,7 12,7
Uric acid
µmol/l
151,1 90,5
CHOL µmol/l
8,2 5,1ALT µkat/l 0,4 0,5AST µkat/l 0,8 0,3
Ca mmol/l 2,1 2,8
P mmol/l 3,7 2,1
FEMALES
POFS
MALES
TP g/l 56,8 49,3
Gluko mmol/l
12,3 12,7
Uric acid
µmol/l
320,6 90,5
CHOL µmol/l
9,1 5,1ALT µkat/l 0,3 0,5AST µkat/l 0,8 0,3
Ca mmol/l 6,9 2,8
P mmol/l 3,5 2,1
FEMALES
POOS POFS
MALES
TP g/l 59,3 56,8 49,3
Gluko mmol/l
12,7 12,3 12,7
UA µmol/l
151,1 320,6 90,5
CHOL µmol/l
8,2 9,1 5,1ALT µkat/l 0,4 0,3 0,5AST µkat/l 0,8 0,8 0,3
Ca mmol/l 2,1 6,9 2,8
P mmol/l 3,7 3,5 2,1
1 year old female veiled chameleon (Chamaeleo calyptratus) showing very limited activity and a visible colour change was presented for “skin disease”. Both eyes were closed and the mouth mucose was pale.
The blood profile was characterised by leukocytosis due to increased number of azurophils and monocytes, very high plasma concentrations of uric acid and phosphorus.
Ref.UnitsValues
1 - 25.71mmol/lP80 - 2504 549.0μmol/lUric acid
0 – 16.10G/lMonocytes0 – 115.60G/lAzurophils3 - 1230.50G/lWBCs
Radiographically a number of follicles and deformation on the long bones was demonstrated.
Conclusion: chronic metabolic bone disease (MBD) with preovulatory follicle stasis (POFS)
HEALTH PROBLEMS THAT HAVE EMERGED DURING KEEPING SNAKES IN CAPTIVITY
Python spp., Boa spp., Epicrates spp., Sanzinia spp., Morelia spp.infections overfeeding
chronic metabolic problems
renal disease traumatic lesions poor husbandry
Symptoms anorexiadysecdysis
Laboratory TP, uric acid, ALT, AST (Ca, P)