metabolism chapter 25. essential nutrients 45 – 50 molecules must be ingested. this includes...
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![Page 1: Metabolism Chapter 25. Essential Nutrients 45 – 50 molecules must be ingested. This includes representatives from the 4 major organic molecule groups,](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d445503460f94a20579/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Metabolism
Chapter 25
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Essential Nutrients
45 – 50 molecules must be ingested.
This includes representatives from the 4 major organic molecule groups, plus a number of inorganic substances such as including water, vitamins and minerals (Na, Fe, etc.)
The USDA Food Pyramid
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Nutrient –A substance in food used by the body for growth,
maintenance, energy and repair.
• Carbohydrates: 55 – 60 % of daily calories. 125 – 175 g.
• Lipid: < 30% of daily calories. 80 – 100 g.
• Protein: 0.8g/kg body weight.
• Nucleic acids: not established
• Water: 1500 ml (average) per day.
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Uses of nutrients
• Carbohydrate: Primary energy molecule. Also found on cell membranes and as part of structure of connective tissue matrix molecules
• Lipid: Energy storage, plasma membrane structure, cushioning, steroid hormones.
• Proteins: Enzymes, receptors, hormones, structures of all kinds. Must be “complete” or “complimentary” in order to supply essential amino acids.
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Essential amino acids
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Energy Metabolism
• Metabolism = catabolism + anabolism
• Cellular respiration is a series of catabolic reactions that provide energy for the production of
• This energy is used to generate ATP from phosphorylation of ADP.
• It is a series of Redox reactions.
ATP
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Summary of steps of energy
metabolism
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Generation of ATP by “substrate-level phosphorylation”
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Oxidative phosphorylation
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Overview of cellular respiration
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Carbohydrate Metabolism
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 36 ATP + Heat
Oxidation of Glucose
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Glycolysis: an Anaerobic process.It is the first stage in cellular respiration
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Krebs cycle
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The Electron Transport Chain
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The ETC energy gradient
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Summary of ATP synthesisGains & losses
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Glycogenesis/Glycogenolysis
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Summary of lipid
metabolism:oxidation
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Metabolism of Triglycerides
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Protein metabolism in the Liver
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Carbohydrate/fat & amino acid pools
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Interconversion of carbohydrate, lipid and protein
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Pathways of the Absorptive state
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The effects of insulin on
metabolism
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Major Events of the Postabsorptive state
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Influences of
Glucagon on blood glucose levels
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Pathways of the Postabsorptive state
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Composition of
Lipoproteins
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Hypothetical feeding control mechanism
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Heat Balance
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Temperature regulation mechanisms
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Maynard or Hans?