metabolism of substances and...

METABOLISM OF

SUBSTANCES AND ENERGY

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• Metabolism of substances and energy

• Metabolism of proteins

• Metabolism of carbohydrates

• Metabolism of fats

• Metabolism of water

• Metabolism of mineral substances

• Metabolism of vitamins

• Metabolism of energy

• The basal metabolism

Metabolism of substances and energy

The whole complex of biochemical transformations of substances and energies of live organisms which provide vital activity and an exchange with the environment

Parts of the metabolic process are transformations of the macronutrients, carbohydrates, fats, and proteins of the food to energy and other physiological processes.

ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the major form of energy used for cellular metabolism. 3

Metabolism

Catabolism

Dissimilation, energy exchange –disintegration, splitting of organic compounds

Anabolism

Assimilation, plastic exchange – synthesis of organic compounds

energy accumulating (АТP)releasing

The thermal Chemical bonds It is used on vital processes

Metabolism consists of anabolism (the constructive phase) and catabolism (the destructive phase, in which complex materials are broken down).

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Catabolism

Receiving О2

(at breath)Receiving Н2О, carbohydrates, fats, and proteins (with meal)

BREAKING DOWN, DISINTEGRATION

Receiving low molecular weight

substances

(breaking down products, СО2, Н2О – to the

environment)

excretion of energy

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Anabolism

Synthesis of organic substances which are inherent

to the person

production high molecular substances

Construction and organism growth

Energy absorption

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Metabolism of proteins

Proteins – high-molecular bonds which consist of amino acids

Functions of proteins:

Structural (plastic)

Catalytic (enzymatic)

Protective – formation of antibodies

The transport (Hb – O2)

Transfer of the hereditary(strain) information

Control – maintenance of biological constants

Energetic (during oxidation 1 g the proteins excreted 4,1 kcal of heat)

Daily requirement 100-120 g

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Metabolism of proteinsdestruction 1 g of proteins give 17,6 kdg (4,1 kcal)

Proteins of meal

Peptides

Amino acids Myosin, casein and

etc.

СО2 + Н2О+ urea +

ammonia, etc.

Pepsin in stomach

Tripsin inintestine

Synthesis in organism cells

Destruction with energy formation

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PROTEINS

Vegetable

PROTEINS

complete (proper)

incomplete improper

Contain a full set of essential amino acids (aren't formed in an

organism)

Insufficiency at least one amino

acid

Proteins of milk, eggs, fishes, meat

Proteins of corn, wheat, barley

Essential amino acids: histidine, leucine, isoleucine, valine, methionine, lysine, threonine, phenylalanine, tryptophan

NB! 9

Animal

The nitric balanceis a correlation of quantity of nitrogen which has

arrived in an organism with meal and was left from it

• Nitric balance – quantity of the nitrogen entered into an organism it is equally to quantity of the nitrogen released from an organism.

• The positive nitric balance – quantity of the released nitrogen is less, than has entered with meal (organism growth, pregnancy, recover after a serious illness, at augmentation of mass of a body)

• Negative nitric balance - the quantity of the released nitrogen more than has etered with meal (albuminous starvation, a fever) 10

Control of proteins` metabolism

• nervous • humoral

Influence on formation of hormones

•The somatotropic hormone – stimulates protein synthesis

•Thyroxine, triiodtironine -stimulate protein synthesis

•Glucocorticoids – stimulate decomposition of proteins in tissues, protein synthesis in a liver

•Insulin –stimulate protein synthesis in tissues

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Metabolism of carbohydrates

Carbohydrates - bonds which consist of monosaccharides.

Functions of carbohydrates:• The plastic• Energy (at oxidation 1 g

carbohydrates it is releasing 4,1 kcal of heat)

70% is oxidized in tissues to СО2 and Н2О

25-30% - is transformed into fat

2-5% - is synthesized in a glycogen


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Metabolism of carbohydrates

destruction 1 g of glucose give 17,6 kdg (4,1 kcal)

Carbohydrates of meal

(starch)

Maltose, glucose

Glucose

Glycocalyx, glycogen

СО2 + Н2О

Amylase and maltase in an oral cavity

Amylase in intestine

Synthesis in body and liver cells

Disintegration with energy formation

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Control of carbohydrates` metabolism


VNS Insulin

Hormones which operate opposite to insulin

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Metabolism of fatsUnequal bonds on a chemical structure.

fats

Simple lipids

Complex lipids

Steroids

Neutral fats(The basic part of

an organism)

Waxes

phospholipids glycolipids

Cholesterol

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Metabolism of fats

Functions of fats:• Source of endogenous water (at

oxidation 100 g - 107 ml of water arereleased)

• The plastic

• Thermoregulations

• The protective

• Energic (at oxidation 1 g fats 9,3 kcalof heat are released)


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Metabolism of fatsdestruction 1 g of fat give 38,9 kilojoule (9,3 kcal)

Fats of meal

Particulary Glycerol +

fat acid

glycerol + fat acid

Lipoids

СО2 + Н2ОLipase in duodenum

Lecitinase, lipasein intestin

Synthesis in body cells

Destruction with energy formation

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Control of fats` metabolism


Sympathetic division of

VNS(destruction of

fat)

Syntesis

Decomposition

Parasympathetic division of VNS(synthesis of fat)

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Metabolism of water(70-75% from body mass)

Water functions:Dissolvent of foodstuff and

metabolism

Environment for all chemical-physicalprocesses

Reduces a friction between adjoiningsurfaces

Regulates body temperature byevaporation

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Water in organismDaily requirement

1,5-2,0 L

30%

70%

The extracellular water

The intracellular

water•Plasma

•Intercellular liquid

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Metabolism of mineral substances

• Macroelements (g)

Ca, S, P, Na, K, Cl, Mg

• Microelements (mkg)

Fe, Cu, Mn, F, Br, Al, I, Zn

Are a part some enzymes, vitamins, hormones, hemoglobin

Provide osmotic pressure, the acid-basic balance, ionic structure of tissues, excitability, a plastic exchange

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• Vitamins are organic substances,which one needs to provide theorganism’s life activity.• They are biologically active evenin small quantities.• More than 30 vitamins andvitamin-like substances are known.Some of them can be formed in thehuman body from the vitaminprecursors (pro-vitamins) or can besynthesized by the intestinalmicroflora. Humans receivevitamins mainly with food products.22

• Depending on the extent ofthe vitamin deficiency in anorganism avitaminosis orhypovitaminosis may develop.Hypovitaminoses may be both: absolute (the lack of vitamins infood, disorders in vitaminabsorption, diseases of thegastrointestinal tract and liver) relative (a daily need forvitamins increases duringpregnancy, lactation, fever) ones.23

Classification of Vitamins

Water-soluble vitamins

Fat-soluble vitamins and their water-soluble analogues

Retinol (A)

Ergocalciferol (D)

Tocoferol acetate (E)

Menadion (K)

Thiamine chloride (B1)

Riboflavin (B2)

Pantothenic acid (B5) Pyridoxine hydrochloride(B6)

Cyanocobalamine (B12)

Pangamic acid (B15)

Folic acid (Bc)

Ascorbic acid (C)

Nicotinic acid (PP)

Rutin (P)

Pyridoxalphosphate

Lipoic acid24

Water-soluble vitamins Very good soluble in water and easy excreted from organism Safe (just using hight doses of nicotinic acid and pyridoxine h/chl can touch off overdose) Necessary use this group of vitamins every day Unstable Prepare food on vapour or microwave

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Thiamine chloride (Vitamin B1)

(antineuritic)Contain in: beer yeast, bread, liver,

eggs yelk, meat, fish

• Not syntetize in human body

• Action: participates in process of conduction of excitation in CNS,metabolism of proteins and nucleinic acids synthesis

• Insufficiency: violation of carbohydrates, heart failure, nevritis, anorexia, “beri-beri “(polyneuritis)

• Daily requirement: 1,5 mg (children), 2-3 mg (elderly)

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Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)• Contain in: liver, kidney, milk products, meat, eggs, vegetables, fish, beer yeast, bread


• Action: participates in oxidation-reduction reactions; as co-enzyme for different enzymes

• Insufficiency: crack in corner of mouth, stomatitis, anemia, dermatitis

• Daily requirement: 2,5-3 mg

• Minimum toxic (from all B group vitamins)

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Pantothenic acid (Vitamin B3)

•Contain in: beer yeast, liver, kidney, eggs yelk, meat, bread, grain, pea, milk, caviar of fish

•Insignificantly syntetize in human body (by microflora of intestine)

•Action: as a part of co-enzyme A, that participate in metabolism

•Insufficiency: saldom neuritis

•Daily requirement: 5-20 mg28

Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6)• Contain in: beer yeast, carrot, pea, maize,

pepper, bread, potatoes, less - in liver, eggs yelk, milk

• Insignificantly synthesize in human body (by microflora of intestine)

• Action: participates in metabolism and synthesis of amino acids, their transport through cell membrane; metabolism of fats and carbohydrates

• Insufficiency: neuritis, conjunctivites, stomatitis, anemia

• Daily requirement: 2-2,5 mg29

Cyanocobalamine (Vitamin B12)

(anti-anaemic, hemopoietic)

• Contain in: meat, liver, kidney, oysters, fish, milk, yelk of egg

• Insignificantly synthesize in human body (by microflora of intestine)

• Action: participates in the process of hemopoesis (red blood cells)

• Insufficiency: anemia, anorexia, constipations, diarhea, neuritis

• Daily requirement: 1,5-5 mkg

• Contraindications: hypercoagulation, thrombosis 30

Folic acid (Vitamin Bc)

• Contain in: fresh fruits, vegetables, greens, mashrooms, liver, kidney, beer yeast

• Insignificantly is synthesized by human body (by microflora of intestine)

• Action: increases amount of hemoglobin, erythrocytes, leucocytes and thrombocytes in blood

• Insufficiency: anemia, decrease of immunity

• Daily requirement: 180 - 200 mkg31

Nicotinic acid (Vitamin PP, B5) (antipellagric)

• Contain in: rice bran, seed-oil, liver, milk, eggs, meat, mashrooms, beer yeast, less – in potatoes and vegetables

• Not syntetize in human body • Action: part of co-enzymes NAD and

NADPh; participates in metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, fat acids, phospholipids and amino acids

• Insufficiency: pellagra, gastritis

• Daily requirement: 15-30 mg• Side effects: hepatotoxity• Contraindications: Peptic (stomach and

duodenal) ulcer, hepatitis, hyperuricemia, gout

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Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) (antiscorbutic)

• Contain in: needles, citrus, fruts of briar, currant, fruits, spinech, cranberry, leaf vegetables

• Not syntetize in human body• Action: component of the oxidation-

reduction systems; it is necessary for collagen formation; activates enzymes

• Insufficiency:• Daily requirement: 60-100 mg• Side effects: in high doses• exacerbation of hyperuricemia, gout• Contraindications: Peptic (stomach

and duodenal) ulcer, hyperglicemia, hypercoagulation 33

Rutin (Vitamin P)

• Contain in: citrus, fruits of briar, berry of currant, rowan berry, green leaves of tea

• Not synthesize in human body

• Action: decreases permeability of capillaries, increases action of vitamin C

• Insufficiency:

• Daily requirement: 0,06-0,15 g34

Fat-soluble vitamins (A,D,E,K)

• Agglomeration in fat depo

• Slowly eliminate

• Conservation in body for a long time

• Can provocate hypervitaminosis

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Retinol (Vitamin A) (antixerophthalmic)

• Contain in: liver, fish fat, yelk of egg cheese, milk, sour cream, butter. Like provitamin (carotinoids) in green vegetables, carrot, yellow and red fruits, pea, goose-grass

• Syntetize in human body from β-carotin in thin intestin and in the liver

• Action: necessary for growth and vision; participates in metabolism of phosphorus, cholesterin formation

• Insufficiency: skin problems, gemeralopia

• Daily requirement: 10 000 – 20 000 mkg36

Ergocalciferol (Vitamin D) (antirachitic)

• Contain in: liver, fish fat, caviar, milk products, yelk of egg

• Syntetize in human skin uner influence of sun rays

• Action: regulates absorption of calcium in digestive system and kidneys, it is important for bone formation

• Insufficiency: Rickets, osteoporosis

• Daily requirement: 5 mg37

Tocoferol (Vitamin E) (antisterile)

• Contain in: seed-oil, milk, nuts, pear, yelk of egg, groats


• Action: tissue respiration, inhibits lipid peroxydation, regulates reproductive processes

• Insufficiency: dysfunction of sexual glands, hemolysis of red cells, edemas, neurosis

• Daily requirement: 30-100 mg38

Vitamin K (antihemorrhagic) Menadion, Vikasol

• Contain in: spinach, color cabbage, fruits of briar, green tomatoes, neddls. In small amount – in milk, green vegetables, eggs, meat, fruits, pig‘s liver

• Syntetize in thin intestin

• Action: increases biosynthesis of proteins that participate in process of blood coagulation, promotes muscle activity

• Insufficiency: Hemorrhagic diathesis (bleedings)

• Daily requirement: 30-80 mkg 39

Metabolism of energy

Energy formation = Energy of work+ Energy of heat loss + Energy of stock

Levels of intensity of a cell`s power exchange :

1. Level of support of cell`s integrity – 15 %

2. Level of a cell`s functional readiness – 5 %

3. Level of a cell`s functional activity – 100 %

Metabolism of energy• Power value or caloric factor of substance is

a quantity of heat which is formed at combustion 1 g substances in atmosphere of pure oxygen

• Fats – 9,3 kcal;

• Proteins and carbohydrates – 4,1 kcal

• Caloric equivalent of oxygen – quantity of heat which is liberated in an organism at combustion 1 g substances at consumption of 1 l oxygen:– Fats – 4,69 kcal/l;

– Proteins – 4,46 kcal/l;

- Carbohydrates – 5,05 kcal/l.

Metabolism of energy

1 calory – Quantity of thermal energy which is necessary for rise in temperature 1 г waters on 10С.

1 cal = 4,19 kJoule

Methods of determination of an organism`s power

inputs

Direct calorimetry

Indirect calorimetry

Determination of quantity of heat which was

liberated by an organism for 1 hour or days

Calculation of quantity of the consumed oxygen and carbon dioxide which was allocated,

calculation of respiratory factor and caloric factor of oxygen

Estimation of size of warming of water which circulates in a floor, walls and a roof of the special chamber

The relation used О2 to allocated СО2 in a definite time – respiratory factor –displays character of the oxidized substances. Under tables define caloric equivalent О2 - quantity of energy which is liberated at combustion 1 g substances at the use of oxygen of 1 l.

Direct calorimetry

Indirect calorimetry

The basal metabolism

The minimum power losses of an organism which are necessary for maintenance of its vital activity.

Conditions determination of basal

metabolism:In the morning after a dream

In rest, lying

On an empty stomach (in 10-12 hours after meal takes)

Temperature comfort (Environment`s temperature 180С)

Emotional rest

Quantity :

1 kcal/h/kg

Depends on:

Age (children - have more)

Growth (at high - it is more)

Body masses (at thin - it ismore)

Sex (women – have lessbecause the mass and bodysurfaces is less)

The basal metabolism

Control of metabolism

nervous humoral

Hypothalamus

Control of metabolism of proteins, fats, carbohydrates, waters, salts, metabolism of heat and meal consumption

Endocrine glands

Hormones take part in metabolism and energy regulation, influencing permeability of membranes, activating fermental systems of an organism

Thermoregulation

Association of processes thermogenesis and heat loss which are regulated by neuroendocrinal mechanisms.

Thermoregulation

chemical physical

Exchange of thermogenesis level,

intensifying or weakening of intensity of a

metabolism in organism cells.

Exchange of intensity of return

of heat

Thermoregulation

• Thermogenesis (Heat formation)

1. Basic

2. Regulatory

– Contraction

• Muscular tremor

• Muscle tone

• Consensual reduction

– Uncontraction

• Oxidation activation

• Dissociation of oxidation and phosphorylation

Thermoregulation

Thermolysis

• Wet (evaporation)– The noticeable

– The imperceptible

• The dry– Thermal radiation

– Thermal conductivity

– Convection• The forced

• The natural

NUTRITION

Main principles of a separate food

Determination of a daily metabolic cost

In a daily ration there should be enough of proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, mineral substances and water

It is necessary to adhere to a certain regimen of nutrition, correctly to organize it

Balanced diet theories

Vegetarianism

Uncooked

plants diet

A separate

food

Literature

• Anatomy and physiology. - The McGraw−Hill, Companies, 2003

• www.mhhe.com/seeley6

•Thank you!

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