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Metal Artefact Reduction in CT DANIEL MARRINER

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Page 1: Metal Artefact Reduction in CT - Canon Medical Systems … ·  · 2016-08-11Metal Artefact Reduction in CT • Metal Artefact ... The Essential Physics of Medical Imaging

Metal Artefact Reduction in CT DANIEL  MARRINER

Page 2: Metal Artefact Reduction in CT - Canon Medical Systems … ·  · 2016-08-11Metal Artefact Reduction in CT • Metal Artefact ... The Essential Physics of Medical Imaging

Metal Artefact Reduction in CT• Metal Artefact 

• Clinical Indications for MAR

• SEMAR and How It Works

• Technical Considerations

• Case Studies utilising SEMAR

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Metal Artefact in CT• Polychromatic Beam 

‐Wide spectrum of energies, linear attenuation coefficient very dependent on energy of x‐ray beam

• Beam Hardening Artefact

‐Attenuation on lower energy photons, increased effective energy of beam and tissue reflected by lower value of µ

‐Violation of linear superimposition of attenuation values once  back projected

• Photon Starvation

‐ Statistical error of low photon counts

‐ Dark and bright streaks preferably in direction of greatest attenuation

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Figure 1: Beam hardening artefact from bilateral hip replacements

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Figure 2: SEMAR applied to reveal anatomy normally obscured by beam hardening

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Clinical Indications for MAR

• Diagnosis of Post Operative Complications

‐ Prosthetic Loosening

‐ Polyethylene Wearing

‐ Periprosthetic Fractures

‐ Post Operative soft tissue masses/lesions

‐Aneurysm Clips, Lumbar fusions, Billiary clips, anywhere metal will impede surrounding structures and accurate diagnosis. 

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SEMAR (Single Energy Metal Artefact Reduction)

• Toshiba based MAR technique 

• Uses Data Segmentation, Forward Projection, and Interpolation

• Can uncover bone and soft tissue structures normally obscured by beam hardening effects

• I know what it is but how does it work!?

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Figure 3: SEMAR algorithm. BPJ; Back Projection. FPJ; Forward Projection.

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• A sinogram of a lemon with a metal rod inserted. 

• The horizontal direction of the sinogramcorresponds to the ray data in each projection. 

• The vertical axis represents the projections acquired at different angles through the lemon. 

• The bright region corresponds to the high attenuation of the metal rod and shows as an obvious sine wave. 

Figure 4: Sinogram of lemon with metal rod and FBJ image

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Figure 5: A complete 360 degree sonogram of an abdominal cross section is compared with the reconstructed image using FBP. 

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SEMAR • Raw data is forward projected to create a sinogram

‐ Same data is reconstructed using filtered back projection (FPB)

• Metal is segmented in this image and then forward projected creating a metal only sinogram

• Metal only sinogram subtracted from original sonogram

• Linear interpolation used to calculate missing data

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Original Projection Data Metal Only Sinogram Extraction of Metal from Sinogram and Interpolation

Original Image Segmentation of Metal

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SEMAR• Interpolated sinogram reconstructed using FBP

• Image segmented again to further exclude residual metal artefacts

• This data is again forward projected into a sinogram and linear interpolation used to fill in the gaps

• Image volume is reconstructed and original metal segmentation is reintroduced 

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BPJ after first pass interpolation

Further elimination of metal objects and corrected sinogram

BPJ of corrected sinogram

Final Image

Original Metal Segmentation Reintroduced

AIDR

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Technical Considerations• Toshiba 160 Slice

• 40mm detector width with .5mm slices (ability to do .25mm)

• Version 6 Software ‐ 10 volume blocks of 40mm making total scan coverage of 400mm (40cm)

• Most recent software (Version 7) and scanners have 16cm detector coverage and can be applied retrospectively to any region

• Version 7 can be applied prospectively and retrospectively to region of interest – can be applied to longer scan ranges

• 120kv and AIDR standard protocol ‐ how can we change technical parameters?

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Figure 6: SEMAR 6 block volume acquisition scout of bone with metal hardware

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Figure 7: Axial .5mm slice through bone demonstrates beam hardening artefact and associated photon starvation. The acquisition protocol used 120kv, max of 250 mA (modulating), and AIDR standard. 

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Figure 8: Demonstration of how increasing kv decreases metal artefact in addition with SEMAR

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80kv 100kv

120kv 135kv

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Figure 9: Demonstration of how increasing AIDR from standard to strong decreases noise associated with metal artefact with SEMAR 

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Figure 10: Demonstration of how lowering the standard deviation and increasing mA values can reduce metal artefact. 

135kv250mA

135kv266mA

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Case Study 1 Clinical History 

• Periprosthetic fracture right knee post mechanical fall? Assess position and extension. (1st presentation)

• Right TKR periprosthetic fracture? Please perform fine slice CT with artefact reduction and 3D recons? stable vs unstable prosthesis. May require long stem TKR revision if unstable. (2nd presentation)

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CONVENTIONAL  AXIAL SEMAR  AXIAL

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CONVENTIONAL  AXIAL SEMAR AXIAL

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CORONAL  BONE  SEMAR CORONAL  SOFT  SEMAR

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Conclusion• Study of better diagnostic quality than CT performed a day prior

• Periprosthetic fracture of the lateral femoral condyle

• Vertical fracture line extending from supracondylar region to lateral margin of prosthesis

• Approximately 5mm of lateral and superior displacement 

• Moderate sized lipohaemarthrosis noted

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Case Study 2Clinical History

66F L3 pathological fracture D3 post posterior instrumented fusion. For CT lumber spine on 21/4/15 for picture of bony morphology ?residual tumour. 

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Conclusion• Pedicle screws been placed at L1‐L2 and L4‐L5 with posterior rods

• L3 laminectomy has been performed with resection of most of the posterior aspect of the L3 vertebral body

• L3 body demonstrates extensive bone destruction extending into both pedicles.

• Soft tissue density material extending posteriorly in the spinal canal is identified at the L3 level 

• Most likely represents residual soft tissue tumour or haematoma

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Summary• SEMAR plays a critical role in reducing metal artefact to diagnose post operative complications

• Should be used for a range of anatomy where metal may affect an accurate diagnosis

• Important to understand how relevant technical parameters can influence a SEMAR image

• Applying SEMAR can be vital to a patient’s diagnosis and future management

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1. Boas, F.E & Fleischmann, D. (2012). CT artifacts: Causes and reduction techniques. Imaging Med, 4(2), 229‐240.

2. Bushberg, J.T., Seibert, J.A, Leidholdt jr, E.M & Boone, J.M (1994). The Essential Physics of Medical Imaging. Davis, CA: University of California.  

3. Teixeira, P., Meyer, J. & Blum, A. (2014). Single energy metal artefact reduction algorithm for CT evaluation    of periprosthetic soft tissues: Clinical applications.ViSIONS, 23, 43‐45

4. Toshiba Medical Systems  (2014). CT Clinical Case Study – Bilateral Hip Replacement Evaluation with SEMAR. Toshiba Leading Innovation.

5. Sofue, K.,  Yoshikawa, T., Negi, N., Ohno, Y., Sugihara, N., Murakami, T., Koyama, H., Nishio, M., Sugimura., K, Kobe, JP. & Ohtawara, JP. (2014). Abdominal CT with Single‐Energy Metal Artifact Reduction (SEMAR): Initial Experiences, European Society of Radiology, 3‐5.