Metastable Systems under Pressure

This Series presents the results of scientific meetings supported under the NATO

Advanced Research Workshops (ARW) are expert meetings where an intense butinformal exchange of views at the frontiers of a subject aims at identifying directions forfuture action

re-organised. Recent volumes on topics not related to security, which result from meetingssupported under the programme earlier, may be found in the NATO Science Series.

Sub-Series

D. Information and Communication Security IOS PressIOS Press

http://www.nato.int/science

http://www.iospress.nl

Springer

Springer

E. Human and Societal Dynamics

Springer

http://www.springer.com

The Series is published by IOS Press, Amsterdam, and Springer, Dordrecht, in conjunction with the NATO Public Diplomacy Division.

A. Chemistry and Biology

C. Environmental SecurityB. Physics and Biophysics

and Mediterranean Dialogue Country Priorities. The types of meeting supported are generally "Advanced Study Institutes" and "Advanced Research Workshops". The NATOSPS Series collects together the results of these meetings. The meetings are co-organized by scientists from NATO countries and scientists from NATO's "Partner" or"Mediterranean Dialogue" countries. The observations and recommendations made at the meetings, as well as the contents of the volumes in the Series, reflect those of parti-cipants and contributors only; they should not necessarily be regarded as reflecting NATOviews or policy.

latest developments in a subject to an advanced-level audienceAdvanced Study Institutes (ASI) are high-level tutorial courses intended to convey the

Following a transformation of the programme in 2006 the Series has been re-named and

NATO Science for Peace and Security Series

Programme: Science for Peace and Security (SPS).

Defence Against Terrorism; (2) Countering other Threats to Security and (3) NATO, Partner The NATO SPS Programme supports meetings in the following Key Priority areas: (1)

Series A: Chemistry and Biology

Published in cooperation with NATO Public Diplomacy Division

edited by

and

Pressure

Sylwester Rzoska

Aleksandra Drozd-Rzoska

Victor Mazur

Metastable Systems under

Department of Biophysics and Molecular PhysicsInstitute of Physics, University of SilesiaKatowice, Poland

Department of Biophysics and Molecular PhysicsInstitute of Physics, University of SilesiaKatowice, Poland

Department of Thermodynamics Odessa State Academy of Refrigeration (OSAR)Odessa, Ukraine

Published by Springer,

Printed on acid-free paper

All Rights Reserved

No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted

www.springer.com

of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception

a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work.

Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Metastable Systems under Pressure: Platform for New Technologies and Environmental ApplicationsOdessa, Ukraine 4–8 October 2008

ISBN 978-90-481-3406-9 (HB)

P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands.

ISBN 978-90-481-3407-6 (PB)

ISBN 978-90-481-3408 -3 (e-book)

Library of Congress Control Number: 2009934350

in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming,

© Springer Science + Business Media B.V. 2010

v

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Preface: metastable systems under pressure – platform for novel fundamental, technological and environmental applications in the 21st century S. J. Rzoska, A. Drozd-Rzoska and V. Mazur..................................................... xi

Part I: Supercooled, glassy system

The nature of glass: somethings are clear K. L. Ngai, S. Capaccioli, D. Prevosto and M. Paluch ...................................... 3 The link between the pressure evolution of the glass temperature in colloidal and molecular glass formers S. J. Rzoska, A. Drozd-Rzoska and A. R. Imre ................................................. 31 Evidences of a common scaling under cooling and compression for slow and fast relaxations: relevance of local modes for the glass transition S. Capaccioli, K. Kessairi, D. Prevosto, Md. Shahin Thayyil, M. Lucchesi and P. A. Rolla.............................................................................. 39 Reorientational relaxation time at the onset of intermolecular cooperativity C. M. Roland and R. Casalini ........................................................................... 53 Neutron diffraction as a tool to explore the free energy landscape in orientationally disordered phases M. Rovira-Esteva, L. C. Pardo, J. Ll. Tamarit and F. J. Bermejo .................... 63 A procedure to quantify the short range order of disordered phase L. C. Pardo, M. Rovira-Esteva, J. L. Tamarit, N. Veglio, F. J. Bermejo and G. J. Cuello......................................................... 79 Consistency of the Vogel- Fulcher-Tammann (VFT) equations for the temperature-, pressure-, volume- and density- related evolutions of dynamic properties in supercooled and superpressed glass forming liquids systems A. Drozd-Rzoska and S. J. Rzoska..................................................................... 93

TABLE OF CONTENTS

vi

Part II: Liquid crystals Stability and metastability in nematic glasses: a computational study M. Ambrozic, T. J. Sluckin, M. Cvetko and S. Kralj........................................ 109 Phase ordering in mixtures of liquid crystals and nanoparticles B. Rožič, M. Jagodič, S. Gyergyek, G. Lahajnar, V. Popa-Nita, Z. Jagličić, M. Drofenik, Z. Kutnjak and S. Kralj ........................................... 125 Anomalous decoupling of the dc conductivity and the structural relaxation time in the isotropic phase of a rod-like liquid crystalline compound A. Drozd-Rzoska and S. J. Rzoska................................................................... 141

Part III: Near-critical mixtures An optical Brillouin study of a re-entrant binary liquid mixture F. J. Bermejo and L. Letamendia .................................................................... 153 New proposals for supercritical fluids applications S. J. Rzoska and A. Drozd-Rzoska................................................................... 167 2d and 3d quantum rotors in a crystal field: critical points, metastability, and reentrance Y. A. Freiman, B. Hetényi and S. M. Tretyak .................................................. 181

Part IV: Water and liquid- liquid transitons Metastable water under pressure

Critical lines in binary mixtures of components with multiple critical point

About the shape of the melting line as a possible precursor of a liquid-liquid phase transition

Disorder parameter, asymmetry and quasibinodal of water at negative pressures

K. Stokely, M. G. Mazza, H. E. Stanley and G. Franzese............................... 197

S. Artemenko, T. Lozovsky and V. Mazur........................................................ 217

V. B. Rogankov ................................................................................................ 237

A. R. Imre and S. J. Rzoska ............................................................................. 233

TABLE OF CONTENTS

vii

Experimental investigations of superheated and supercooled water

Estimation of the explosive boiling limit of metastable liquids

Lifetime of superheated water in a micrometric synthetic fluid inclusion M. El Mekki, C. Ramboz, L. Perdereau,

Explosive properties of superheated aqueous solutions in volcanic and hydrothermal systems

Vapour nucleation in metastable water and solutions by synthetic fluid inclusion method

Method of controlled pulse heating: applications for complex fluids and polymers

Part V: Other metastable systems Collective self-diffusion in simple liquids under pressure

Thermal conductivity of metastable states of simple alcohols A. I. Krivchikov, O. A. Korolyuk I. V. Sharapova, O. O. Romantsova,

Transformation of the strongly hydrogen bonded system into van der Waals one reflected in molecular dynamics K. Kamiński, E. Kamińska, K. Grzybowska, P. Włodarczyk, S. Pawlus,

Effects of pressure on stability of biomolecules in solutions studied by neutron scattering

Generalized Gibbs’ thermodynamics and nucleation - growth phenomena

V. G. Baidakov ................................................................................................ 253

A. R. Imre, G. Házi and T. Kraska .................................................................. 271

K. Shmulovich and L. Mercury ....................................................................... 279

R. Thiéry, S. Loock and L. Mercury................................................................ 293

K. Shmulovic and L. Mercury ......................................................................... 311

N. P. Malomuzh, K. S. Shakun and V. Yu. Bardik ........................................... 339

F. J. Bermejo, C. Cabrillo, I. Bustinduy and M. A. González ......................... 349

M. Paluch, J. Zioło, S. J. Rzoska, J. Pilch, A. Kasprzycka and W. Szeja ........ 359

P. V. Skripov.................................................................................................... 323

M.-C. Bellissent-Funel, M.-S. Appavou and G. Gibrat .................................. 377

J. W. P. Schmelzer........................................................................................... 389

TABLE OF CONTENTS

viii

Self-assembling of the metastable globular defects in superheated fluorite-like crystals

Study of metastable states of the precipitates in reactor steels under neutron irradiation

Dynamics of systems for monitoring of environment W. Nawrocki .................................................................................................... 419

A. Gokhman and F. Bergner ............................................................................ 411

L. N. Yakub and E. S. Yakub ........................................................................... 403

ix

Participants of the ARW NATO “Metastable Systems under Pressure:Platform

for New Technological and Environmental Applications”, 4 – 8 Oct. 2008, Odessa, Ukraine

In the middle: ARW NATO directors (organizers): Sylwester J. Rzoska (Poland) and Victor Mazur (Ukraine).

Foto in the patio of Hotel Londonskaya, the ARW site.

BELOW- ARW NATO “Odessa 2008 - LIVE”: (i) lecture of Prof. J. Ll. Prof. Tamarit (Spain) on orientational glasses, (ii) rainy night in the

front of the ARW site, (iii) Dr El Mekki (France) is waiting for dinner (iv). S. J. Rzoska (Poland) and Prof. K. Shmulovich (Russia) on stairs of Opera (v) lecture of Prof. Nigmatulin (Russia) on negative pressures, cavitation and cold nuclear fusion, (vi) cultural programme: “Chopeniada”

in Odessa Opera&Ballet Theatre.

PREFACE: METASTABLE SYSTEMS UNDER PRESSURE - PLATFORM FOR NOVEL FUNDAMENTAL, TECHNOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATIONS IN THE 21st CENTURY

1SYLWESTER J. RZOSKA, 1ALEKSANDRA DROZD-RZOSKA, 2VICTOR MAZUR 1Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, ul. Uniwersytecka 4, 40-007 Katowice, Poland, e-mail:rzoska@us.edu.pl 2Dept. of Thermodynamics, Academy of Refrigeration, 1/3 Dvoryanskaya Str., 65082 Odessa, Ukraine, e-mail:mazur@paco.net

Sometimes a matter can be metastable, i.e. heated, compressed obeyond the point at which it normally exhibits a phase change, but without triggering the transition. Recent decades have seen impressive advances in explaining puzzling properties of such metastable states. 1-8 The significance of these studies is supported by the myriad of possible society-relevant applications ranging from the modern material engineering through biochemistry and biotechnology, to the food and pharmaceutical industry and environment-relevant issues within bio-ecologic, atmospheric or deep Earth/planetary sciences.1-8

Inherently metastable supercooled systems transforming into the glass state are one of the most classical examples here. Surprisingly, despite enormous efforts there seems to be no ultimate models for the glass transition physics, so far.1,8,9 Hence, novel approaches are of vital importance. The last decade of investigations showed that comprehensive insight linking temperature (T) and pressure (P) measurements, including their extreme limits, can yield ultimate references for theoretical models in this field. This implies applications of high hydrostatic pressures as well as its negative pressures extension into the isotropically stretched states.8,9 The same P-T studies of complex systems can provoke discoveries of novel stable and metastable phases showing non-conformistic paths of their reaching and indicating how the often unusual properties can be recoverable to ambient conditions. This can yield a surprisingly intermediate intact with commercially relevant quantities and unusual physical properties appropriate for the aforementioned applications.3-7,10-18 In the case of the glass transition the use of the high hydrostatic pressures enabled the clarifications of fundamental theoretical expectations, for instance related to the secondary, relaxation or yielded a set of “dynamic equations of state”, so important in applications.8,9 Noteworthy are also

r stretched

xi

PREFACE xii

recently discovered advantages of amorphous forms of medicines/pharmaceutical products which focused a significant part of industry-related efforts on the GFA (Glass Forming Ability) and the glass temperature (Tg) versus pressure dependences.

-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

100

200

300

400

( ) ( ) ( )

−−

+

−+==

cPP

P

PPTPDPFPT

og

b

g

ggg exp1

1

0

00

π

( ) ( ) ( )

−−

+

−+==

cPP

P

PPTPDPFPT

og

b

g

ggg exp1

1

0

00

π

-1.2 -0.9 -0.6 -0.3 0.0

-3

-2

-1

0

1

δ=0.044 Liquid

log10

Psc

aled

log10Tscaled

glass

δ=0.12

HS

mSG

glass

T g (K

)

Pg (GPa)

Tgmax~7 GPa

Pgmax~ 304 KLiquid

Figure 1. The pressure evolution of the glass temperature in glycerol.19 The solid curve shows the parameterization of experimental data via the novel, modified Simon-Glatzel type equation, given in the Figure. Contrary to equations applied so far it is governed by pressure invariant coefficient The solid straight line portraying data at extreme pressure can be

GPaKdPdTg 2.18≈ . The extrapolations beyond the experimental domain are shown by dashed curve and the dashed line. The dotted line in the negative pressures domain shows the estimated loci of the hypothetical stability limit. The inset recalls the square-well (SW) model and the MCT based analysis of

before, Data presented here in SW model units, namely for glycerol: GPaPPP gscaled 09.3* ==

and KTTT gscaled 826* == .20

and for colloid-polymer mixtures was obtained due to the pressure data based analysis. 20 19

For instance, studies of Tg (P) evolution up to 12 GPa lead to the possible link between molecular and colloidal glasses, before often considered as separate cases for the vitrification. This issue is discussed in the inset in Fig. 19 The main part of the plot presents one more unusual behaviour – the possible maximum of Tg(P) under extreme pressures. Consequently, the sequence liquid – glass – liquid - (hard sphere) glass on pressurization can be advised in some glass forming

1.

described by the linear dependence with

the glass transition evolutions, known for their applicability only for colloidal glasses

Note that the same pattern for the molecular liquid, glycerol

PREFACE

systems. The proposal of a common description of systems characterized by dTg/dP>0 and dTg/dP<0 , described by pressure invariant coefficients, unavailable before, was also formulated.19,22,23 All these may illustrate that the application of pressure results in hardly expected phenomena which in turn may create “unifying” factors for properties already known under atmospheric pressure.

Solid curves show parameterizations via the modified, pressure invariant Simon Glatzel type

equation given in Fig. 1. Note the appearance of the maximum at 3.03.8max, ±= GPaP mg and

the strong changes of the GFA factor on compressing or isotropic stretching of the system.22

21 four decades ago, is a crucial parameter in material engineering applications. Basing on

g m2/3 as the hallmark of the “good” GFA, i.e. the temperature quench is only near Tm, next a slow cooling is possible down to Tg. The most recent analysis of high

gtheoretically, as well as hypothetical significance of negative pressure states.22,23 For the latter worth mentioning is the statement of Lev D. Landau formulated

Physics”…There is a basic difference between negative pressures and negative

nature. Negative pressure states can exist in nature, although as metastable ones…”.

x iii

Figure 2. The pressure evolution of the glass temperature and the melting temperature in selenium.

the empirical analysis of hundreds of materials Turnbull proposed the ratio T /T ≈

temperatures. The latter are in a natural way unstable hence cannot exist in

The mentioned GFA factor, since it’s introducing by Turnbull

m

already in the first edition of his famous monography “Statistical

pressure data revealed the significant pressure dependence of T /T , unexpected

-2 0 2 4 6 8 10

200

400

600

800

1000

P (GPa)

T m , T

g (K

)

Tg /Tm 1 (?)

Tg /Tm = 0.52

Glass

Supercooled liquid(s)

Liquid II Liquid I

Tg /Tm = 0.67

Selenium

PREFACE xiv

covering both the negative and the positive pressures domain.12,24

food conservation. It is shown in Fig. 3 that denaturation can be reached both o

for milk, appears. One can also imagine a new type of high pressures/negative pressures related long-term conservation of meat without freezing (!), for instance.25

launched, although they are still limited, also due to the still poor fundamental insight. It is noteworthy here that the dynamics of proteins is glass-like, what may create new and unexplored tools of monitoring the quality of products conserved in this way.

2

7

only due to the application of extreme pressures. We did not mention several other

component liquids: “ordinary” and mesomorpic (liquid crystalline).24-27

recent years investigations one may conclude that the appearance of metastable

T (0C)

P (MPa)

74

600 denatured

aggregated

Figure 3. The phase diagramme of an example protein – myoglobine in the “full” pressure space

the possibility of food conservation without the taste changes, so uncomfortable

or by much weaker isotropic stretching (negative pressures). The two latter paths

isotropically stretched proteins which may offer a qualitatively new way of the Very important for applications may appear the case of pressurized and

have a fundamental advantage that the coagulation can be almost avoided. Hence,

“clasically”, by pasteurization (heating up to ca. 80 C), or by strong compressing

In fact, first commercial applications of such technology have been already

the challenging state of amorphous, glassy “dense” water. This issue shows that

seems to explain many anomalous properties of such materials as water,

even in presumably “ordinary” single component liquid the liquid-liquid

above, where P-T studies revealed not only several forms of ice and water but also

T h e n ext important issue is the quest of water properties, i.e. “the simple but very complex” liquid. It is important for any practical application encountered

transition, at first sight beyond the Gibbs phase rule, may exist. This phenomenon

The issue which cannot be omitted are deep Earth structures which has a

germanium, silicone, phosphorus. However, this can be unambiguously revealed

phenomena. The latter can occur in multipomponent mixture but also in one

fundamental influence on human life, at least via earthquakes disasters. From

significant problems linking pressure and vitrification with critical and near critical

PREFACE xv

structures, presumably associated with the pressure induced change of the glass forming ability and the shift of the glass temperature, are important factor which understanding is still at very beginning.4,28 Also in this case the flow of the recent results obtained within the glass transition physics may be basically important.

domain.28

more complexed by the complex structure of molecules and addition of

combinations of stable and metastable phases to reach the desired qualities.

controlled selection of parameters.

first order transition, for instance: (i) the glass transition phenomenon, (ii)

particular attention towards the inherently metastable negative pressure domain (iii) metastability near a critical point, (iv) the quest for the liquid – liquid near-critical transition in one component liquid, (v) the issue of liquid crystals where

Figure 4. The P-T phase diagramme of water, including the inherently metastable negative pressure

One can imagine inherently metastable supercooled vitrifying liquids in the inherently metastable pressure induced states, for instance negative ones, influenced by metastable pretransitional fluctuations. All this can be even

nanoparticles, for instance. The smart material processing is often subjected to a variety of thermal and mechanical treatments designed to produce various

tence of the given phase well below the stability domain, bordered by the

For the mentioned multi-metastable systems one can imagine unimaginable

metastable systems studies linked to spinodals – absolute stability limits, with

implications for future smart, “intelligent materials”, with tuned and precisely

Generally, the metastability is a phenomenon associated with the persis-

PREFACE xvi

weakly discontinuous phase transitions may coexist with vitrification related phenomena and (vi) a myriad of further phenomena for which aforementioned systems can serve as a reference.

econophysics.29

New Techbological and Environmental Applications”, 4-8 Oct. 2008, Odessa,

Ukraine. The poor knowledge-flow between such groups is in our opinion one of the most important artifacts limiting the possible boost associated with metastable systems research & applications.

grant which made it possible to arrange this meeting. The editors are also very

The fundamental insight and the technological & environmental relevance of metastable systems recalled above have given a strong impetus from the last decade development of extreme pressures experimental techniques. Theultimate verification of theoretical models and reliable equations for portraying basic properties seems to be possible only when including both temper- ature and pressure paths into studies. However, the latter should contain also

of the physics of critical phenomena in

extreme limits, namely very high pressures (GPa) and negative pressures. The emerging possibility of the fast implementation of the fundamental research

the pressure related research of metastable systems. One may speculate that

communication/informatics analysis. This can be supported by the great success

“environmental” researchers could focus on metastability & pressure/negative

universal patterns discovered in studies on metastable condensed matter/soft

findings into technological and environment applications stress the importance of

economy, leading to setting up of

matter systems may also serve as a reference for social sciences, economics or

pressures issues during brainstorming discussions in the inspiring surrounding

In the interdisciplinary brainstorming discussion took part 37 researchers

Russia, Slovenia, Spain, UK, Ukraine and USA, specializing in following

Mazur (Ukraine), are very grateful to the NATO Science Programme for the

of milestone new results. This volume contains both review materials, to facilitate reding, as well as saset

from 11 countries, namely: France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Poland,

The ARW NATO directors, Sylwester J. Rzoska (Poland) and Victor

(iii) biophysics (iv) environmental protection engineering (v) polymer

The ARW NATO “Metastable Systems under Pressure: Platform for

Ukraine created a unique Forum at which “fundamental”, “technological” and

physics (vi) modern material engineering (vii) telecommunication engineering.

areas: (i) solid state and soft matter physics (ii) earth sci. & geophysics

of XIX century empirial style surrounding of Hotel Londonskaya in Odessa,

grateful to Mr. Will Bruins from Springer Verlag for his patience and help.

PREFACE xvii

1.

(Springer Verlag, Berlin) 2. Debenedetti, P. G. (1996) Metastable liquids, (Springer Verlag, Berlin) 3. Bower, D. I. (2002) An introduction to polymer physics (Cambridge

Univ. Press, Cambridge,) 4. Poirier, J.-P. (2000) Introduction to the physics of the earth’s interior

(Cambridge Univ. Press., Cambridge) 5. Gruner, S. M. (2004) Soft materials and biomaterials under pressure.

Putting the squeeze on Biology, in A. Katrusiak and P. McMillan (eds.), High-Pressure Crystallography, p. 543 (Kluwer, Dordrecht)

6. Jonas, J. (2000) High pressure in bioscience. in. M. H. Manghnani, W. J.

Universities Press, Hyderabad, India, p. 29 7. McMillan, P. F. (2002) New Materials from high pressure experiments,

Nature Materials 1, 19 8.

hydrostatic pressure, Rep. Prog. Phys. 68, 1405 9.

order, Prog. Polym. Sci. 29, 1143

the drying process, Lait 82, 485

Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1595, 4217

dependence of dynamic yield stress in amorphous polymers as indicator

in the condensed-matter sciences, Physics Today 51, 26 16. Mishima, O., Calvert, L. D., and Whalley, E. (1984) Melting Ice I at 77 K

Donth, E. (1998) The glass transition. Relaxation dynamics in liquids

Supercooled dynamics of glass-forming liquids and polymers under

and disordered material, Springer, Series in Material Sci. II, vol. 48

Floudas, G. (2004) Effect of pressure on systems with orientational

for the dynamic glass transition at negative pressures, Polymer 40, 1481

and 10 kbar: a new method of making amorphous solids, Nature 310, 393

Solid State Comm. 115, 665

References

15. Hemley R. J., and Ashcroft, N. W. (1998) The revealing role of pressure

11. Gorovits, B., and Horovits, P. M. (2002) High hydrostatic pressure can

13. Arora, A. K. (2000) Pressure-induced amorphization versus decomposition,

acquisition of native structure, Biochemistry 37, 6132 reverse aggregation of protein folding intermediates and facilitate

12. Smeller, L. (1999) Pressure-temperature phase diagrams of biomolecules,

Roland, C. M., Hensel-Bielowka, S., Paluch M., and Casalini, R. (2005)

Nellis, M. F. Nicol (eds.) Science and Technology of high pressure,

temperature and pressure on the glass transition of plastic bonded

10. Vuataz, G. (2002) The phase diagram of milk: a new tool for optimizing

17. Stinecipher M., Campbell, D., Garcia, D., and Idar, D. (2002) Effects of

14. Lach, R., Grellmann, W., Schroeter K., and Donth, E. (1999) Temperature

PREFACE xviii

explosives, in jttp://lib.-www.lanl.gov/la-pubs/00412990.pdf (Los Alamos Nat. Lab.)

planetary interiors, Mineral. Mag. 66, 791

Phys. 126, 165505 20. Voigtmann, Th., and Poon, W. C. K. (2006) Glass transition under

L465

Contemp. Phys. 10, 437

Phys.: Condens. Matt. 20, 244103

Phys. Rev. E 62, 6968

28. Courtessy of Prof. K. Shmulovich 29. Mantegna, R. N., and Stanley, H. E. (2000) An Introduction to

econophysics: correlation and complexity in finance (Cambridge Univ. Press., Cambridge)

M. (2007) On the glass temperature under extreme pressures, J. Chem.

evolution of the melting temperature and the glass transition temper- ature, J. Non-Cryst. Solids 353, 391

for a liquid – liquid transition, Physica A 304, 23

pressure evolution of dynamic properties of supercooled liquids, J.

25. Buldyrev, S. V., Franzese, G., Giovanbattista, N., Malescio, G., Sadr-

polymers systems studies under extreme conditions: high pressures and

Negative Pressures, NATO Sci. Series II, vol. 84 (Kluwer, Dordrecht)

23. Drozd-Rzoska, A., Rzoska, S. J., and Roland, C. M. (2008) On the

24. Imre, A. R., Maris, H. J., and Williams, P. R. (eds.) (2002) Liquids under

Lahijany, M. R., Scala, A., Skibinski, A., and Stanley, H. E. (2002) Models

27. Mathot, V. B. F., Goderis, B., and Renaers, H. (2003) Metastability in

26. Tanaka, H. (2000) General view of a liquid-liquid phase transitions,

scan-iso-T-t ramps, Fibres & Textiles 11, 20

18. Mao, H. K., and Hemley, R. J. (2002) New windows on earth and

21. Turnbull, D. (1969) Under what condition can a glass be formed,

19. Drozd-Rzoska, A., Rzoska, S. J., Paluch, M., Imre, A. R., and Roland, C.

pressure – the link to colloidal science, J. Phys. Condens.: Matt. 18,

22. Drozd-Rzoska, A., Rzoska, S. J., and Imre, A. R. (2007) On the pressure