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Meteorite Times MagazineNogoya: Cosmic Coal? ” – it must be admitted that there is a largearray of arguments in favor of the existence of extraterrestrial life.”by Martin Horejsi

A June 1879 Witnessed Fall: Nogoya, Argentina

Nogoya: Cosmic Coal?" - it must be admitted that there is a large array of

arguments in favor of the existence of extraterrestrial life."

Black gold!

While beauty is in the eye of the educated, Nogoya's ancestors may haveseeded the earth with the chemicals needed to speed the evolution of lifeinto something that could appreciate the beauty in a black lump of rockfrom space.

Many years ago, I fell in love with a picture of a meteorite. The stone was highlighted in the collectioncatalog of Robert Haag, and came from an exchange he did with the National Museum in Argentina. At thetime, the stone was so exotic in its rarity, class, age, and size that I never imagined such a piece wouldever be in my collection. Or in anyone's collection for that matter.

Pictured below is the cover of the 10th anniversary catalog of the meteorite collection of Robert A. Haag.

Published in 1992, it was a portal into another collecting universe that seemed surreal if not a fantasy landfor the budding meteorite collector. One of the specimens Robert highlighted was his piece of Nogoya,Argentina.

As dark as Nogoya looks, it is actually filled with brightness. Millions ofcosmic inclusions dot the cut face exposing to daylight what could havebeen the precursors of life on earth.

The Natural History Museum (London) online database lists 193 CM meteorites known. Refining thesearch to only witnessed falls, 16 emerge. Nogoya is the second witnessed CM fall after the ColdBokkeveld, a CM2 that fell in 1838. The namesake of the CM stones is Mighei, a Ukrainian meteorite thatfell a decade after Nogoya in 1889. One other CM fell in the 1800s and that was Nawapali, India.

Interestingly, of the 16 CM meteorites witnessed to fall, half of them fell in the two months of June andSeptember, and and almost three quarters of the total known CM falls are accounted for if you add April tothis calendar.

Gazing into a polished face of Nogoya is like staring into space through atelescope. Everywhere you look there are interesting features. Littlegalaxies, nebulas, constellations, planets, suns and moons orbit the stone.

Moons? Yes. Notice the "strings" of tiny dots visible here, and above in thelower right of the larger image.

An inverted image of Nogoya turns a dark carbonaceous chondrite into apotential Aubrite.

In an 1965 article titled Free Organic Radicals in the Mighei and Nogoya Meteorites, by Duchesne, et. al.,the scientists "studied electronic paramagnetic resonance signals, linked to the free organic radicals."

You can enjoy the details here by reading the article yourself, but what struck me most was thesuggestion that the similarity of carbonaceous chondrites to coal "gives a supplementary proof for theassumption that an extra-terrestrial biogenic activity exists."

Crust from Heaven!

Every time I view the crust on Nogoya, it takes my breath away.

As fresh as the day it fell, the thick flow lines are a stunning reminder of theviolent temperatures meteorites must endure in order to reach us.

The specimen number from the Robert A. Haag meteorite collection isalmost blindly bright given the extreme contrast between the matrix ofNogoya and the paint Bob used.

A specimen card from Robert A. Haag, who traded this out of the NationalMuseum in Argentina-something that will probably never happen again.

Entering this specimen of Nogoya into my collection was an honor that I take seriously. Given that Nogoyaappears from time to time for sale in small sizes for upwards of $700/g, sometimes I let my mind wander..Not that the market could absorb 50-75 one-gram or multi-gram pieces of Nogoya at that price--nor wouldI ever let that happen, but it's always fun to run the calculations. In this case the theoretical value of thisspecimen lands a little shy of $80,000. Rediculous, I know. But if you want to offer $50k for it, give me acall.

Until next time….

The Accretion Desk welcomes all comments and feedback. accretiondesk@gmail.com

Meteorite Times MagazineGarage Make Overby Jim Tobin

This month I undertake a long postponed task of getting my lapidary workshop organized. I had to movethe large saw from my father’s garage to my garage. It seemed like a great time to begin getting the otherequipment set up and placed permanently. The last time the vibrating lap was up and running was aboutfive years ago. It finds its use in the near optically perfect surfaces we put on large Muong Nong layeredtektites. We have a lot of really large individuals of Thailand tektite to use it on. We also have some slicesthat were taken off for research by Darryl Futrell. They should be really wonderful when lapped andpolished. However, it is a very long process involving an extremely clean environment. Something I havenot had . Hopefully I will after this makeover.

So I unbolted the Highland Park combination saw that had been at my father’s for nearly fifty years and willclear some bench space at my garage for it. But, I decided that I would plumb the water to it and put in abetter drain then dad had. So a water purification system is now getting set up in the garage. I haveneeded a source of chlorine free water for a long time. This will set me free from using distilled andpurified water in bottles.

Well, it is not very clean in this photo from before it was moved. But, it is being cleaned and repainted andreadied for another fifty years of service. Highland park was a well made machine.

I have been a little concerned that soon I would be having trouble keeping all the material we have to cutorganized and together as its going through all the stages of work. I am sure there are dealers with literallytons of material stored to cut. They must have a real problem with keeping it all separated and labeled.We are at the point that I need to think seriously about keeping things organized. I am going to take alesson from Paul’s pharmacy work and set up processing areas where the material can move from stageto stage in plastic containers.

At the end of the workflow will be an area now for weighing and bagging the final product. There will be anarea for cleaning and preparation at the front end. I am thinking that rather then set up an area in myalready crowded home office for photography I should convert my defunct darkroom into a digital photostudio. I have already given away the two enlargers and all the developing trays and grain focusers andalmost everything else. I actually only kept the antique contact printer and the glass negatives I hadcollected. It is a nice little room built in my garage with a counter that I can put a photo booth on with great

lighting. It has been our goal to move some of the specimen photograph responsibilities to me. When Ihave finished with the lapidary work I can immediately take the photos for the online store. I am going toweight them and bag them anyway. I think I’ll put a computer out there to do all the image work on.

It is inevitable when you are cutting that you will generate some pieces that are just too small to really domuch with. And many of the NWA meteorites are quite cracked and fall into pieces that are small as theyare being sliced. They are not high value meteorites so I have been thinking that when I retire I would getback into making silver jewelry using some of those meteorite pieces. All my childhood cab makingequipment will be over at my garage now so I can do that. I have stayed in practice with silversmithingover the years doing a few contract pieces and making some items for fun each year. I am lookingforward to doing meteorite jewelry. I moved from jewelry to antique clock repair about thirty years ago andhave a few clocks out in the garage that I have never gotten around to. I may just put them away for a fewmore years. We have plenty of clocks in the house already and I have given away enough for a while. TheTucson Gem and Mineral Show conflicts with the big Los Angeles antique clock show every year. As aresult I have been out of the clock club loop for years anyway.

Its interesting how lives twist and turn around and how decisions we make lead down new avenues whicheventually determine the place we end up. I could easily have stayed a jeweler/silversmith, or been acollege professor. But, either of those directions would have taken me somewhere else entirely. It wastough being in business with all its difficulties. Yet I have my family and my friends of today that I wouldnever have had.

The Highland Park combination saw is only 10 inches and it uses a full thickness 0.040 blade. But, I onlymake the initial cuts on large meteorites with it. All the rest of the cutting is done with thin blades. Thegrinders and sanders will not find much use in specimen preparation. All of that will be done on thediamond laps. But, the grinders and sanders will be invaluable in the making of the stones for jewelry. Imight even break done and get an actual dop wax melting pot and give up using a candle after fifty years. Iknow there are individuals that consider the use of meteorites in jewelry somehow disrespectful to thematerial’s origin and rarity. Yet, much of the NWA material that has totally lost its iron to weathering and is

cracked up and falling apart would be unappreciated. It can be enjoyed as jewelry and used to promotemeteorite understanding in the public sector, preserving material that would otherwise never be seen orenjoyed at all.

I have a few pieces of meteorite jewelry that I have made. I wear them occasionally. I think I am interestedin making items to sell more right now. I have casting equipment and a kiln in addition to all the regularjewelry tools. So I might expand the work to some other things I have wanted to do. I think it is going to begreat fun working will gold and silver again. I will leave some room in the garage for my wife to do her stainglass and jewelry work as well. Now, all I have to do is make it to retirement with enough energy left to dothese things.

Until next month enjoy.

Meteorite-Times MagazineMeteorite Market Trendsby Michael Blood

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Meteorite Times MagazinePennsylvania Meteoritesby Robert Verish

Pennsylvania Meteorites in the mineral collection at the Carnegie Museum of Natural History inPittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

Since 1941 there have been a total of eight Pennsylvania (PA) meteorites - five irons (all finds)and three L-chondrites (all falls), according to the Meteoritical Bulletin Database. Three (3) of these "PA meteorites"are in the in the mineral collection at the Carnegie Museum of Natural History (CMNH)in Pittsburgh, PA:

The Bradford Woods (L-chondrite) - the 762g main mass of the 1886 "fall",The Shrewsbury (Iron, IAB-sLL) - a 200g etched slice from the 12kg mass of the 1907 find,The Bald Eagle (Iron, IIIAB) - actually, not the 3.2kg mass, but a resin-cast replica of the 1891 "foot-shaped" find.So, technically there are two (2) "PA meteorite" specimens physically present in the CMNH Collection,plus one (1) cast and mold of a third.

Recently I had the opportunity to visit the Carnegie Museum while on a trip to Pittsburgh. Although thedinosaur exhibits are world renowned, the main attraction for me was the Hillman Hall of Minerals andGems. Ever since the early 1980's this continually evolving mineral display has been regarded as one ofthe finest exhibits in the United States. And it is quite extensive in size. So, if you ever get the opportunityto visit this display, give yourself plenty of time to see everything.

This image of the Hillman Hall of Mineralsand Gems is of the entrance and was taken October 2010. (You can click on the above image for moreinformation about the Hillman Hall of Minerals and Gems.)

But I didn't see even one meteorite in the entire exhibit. Although I didn't look at every mineral in thenumerous display cases, I'm sure that I didn't see any meteorites.I know that the Carnegie Museum has meteorites. I can still remember when I was a child there was thishuge iron meteorite that all us kids could touch and make us wonder about outer space. (Later, I was tolearn that the "huge iron" was a Canyon Diablo, and that it was relegated to the basement storage roomyears ago. I was granted access to see it, and after all of these decades, I was reunited with the firstmeteorite that I ever touched [See IMAGE] - my shoes [at the bottom of the image] gives some idea of thisiron's size.)

What makes the lack of meteorites on display more confounding is that back in 1987 thru 1988 theHillman Foundation funded a special exhibition titled "Pennsylvania Meteorites" in their Mineral & Gem Hallat the Carnegie Museum. The current curator went to great lengths to get all 6 of the other PA meteorites"on-loan" from various museums and universities. Those funds also provided for that curator to publish aninformational handout. I still have a copy of that well-written, educational brochure from that exhibition. I'mstill trying to get permission to publish a ".PDF" file version of that handout, but in the meantime, here is alink to a web page that has all of the images and information that was contained in the original brochure.

In one of the current displays that was titled "Native Element Minerals", I thought I had finally found somemeteorites when I saw specimens labeled as "Iron-Greenland" and "Iron-Russia". But these turned-out tobe terrestrial native iron specimens from Disko Island Greenland, and from Ozervoe Intrusion, Sibera,Russia. I wonder how many other people mistakenly thought these rare mineral locality specimens weremeteorites?

This image taken in the Hillman Hall of Minerals and Gemsdepicts a specimen of "native iron", and is NOT a meteorite. (You can click on the above image in order toENLARGE.)

I stopped a "Staff" person and asked if there were any meteorites on display, and they very apologeticallytold me, "No." They must get this question asked of them very often, because they appeared to begenuinely apologetic to give me this bad news. They informed me that the Museum does, indeed, havemeteorites, but they were stored down in the basement. I was given directions as how to contact thecurator.

According to the World Directory of Mineral Collections (Third Edition)there are 20,743 specimens in theCMNH collection. This number has definitely increased, because on the day that I visited the Museum, thetables in the curator's office were covered with donated mineral specimens that were in the process ofbeing cataloged, and another donated collection was waiting to be accessioned.

The CMNH Mineral Collection is blessed by having a husband and wife team as curators, Marc L. Wilsonand his wife Deb. Although they were very busy cataloging new mineral specimens, they were veryobliging when I requested an appointment to view the meteorites in their mineral collection. They invitedme immediately into their collection room and took time to bring-out from their cabinets any meteorite thatI desired to take images.Including the two PA Meteorites, there were a total of thirty-two (32) meteorite specimens:ten (10) irons, and two (2) stony-irons, and ten (10) stonys [seven (7) O.C., two (2) Allende (CV3), andone (1) Zagami (shergottite)].

Marc Wilson, and his wife Deb, are the curators of thismineral collection. Here is Marc bringing out from the storage cabinet a cut Allende individual for me totake a picture. (You can click on the above image in order to ENLARGE.)

I took images of the two PA meteorites, and the mold & cast of The Bald Eagle, and any other meteorite inthe collection that had a mass of more than 100grams. [See Image Gallery below.] The lighting conditionsin the basement storage area were very poor for photographic purposes, so I had to devise a "light-box"out of two desk lamps, a plastic crate, and a white garbage bag. I apologize to Marc and the CarnegieMuseum, if the image quality is below standards.

While taking images, I casually broached the subject of "why there were no meteorites on display in themuseum?" And Marc replied that "no one person gets to decide unilaterally which mineral specimens getto be displayed. It's done more by committee." He had to admit, somewhat apologetically, that there mayhave been a perception developed over the years, rightly or wrongly, that the "public wasn't all thatinterested in meteorites"! He couldn't justify this "perception" but he thought that it went all the way back to1988 and the "Pennsylvania Meteorite" Exhibition, and possibly the attendance figures at that time mayhave been below expectations. I assured Marc that would not be the case now, and that the public'sinterest in meteorites has been at an all-time high, probably ever since 1996. And I offered to Marc the loanof my Los Angeles Mars-rock meteorite, should he want to exhibit some "Rocks from Mars and the Moon",and I assured him there would be many other collector/dealers that could match my offer. (Almostguaranteed there would be an increase in museum attendance, if the exhibit were to coincide with NASA'snext announcement about Mars.)

Time went by quickly and I didn't get to photograph every meteorite in the Carnegie Museum collection, butI did accomplish my mission.

Plan well your visit to the CMNH and giveadequate time to view all of the many great displays and exhibits. (You can click on the above image inorder to ENLARGE.)

In conclusion, I would like to thank the Carnegie Museum of Natural History mineral collection curators,Deb and Marc Wilson, for taking time from their busy schedule and in helping me take images of themeteorites stored in their collection. Hopefully the time will soon come again when the general public cansee these "visitors from space" first-hand.

Bob's Findings Article for June 2011 - Gallery of Images: Pennsylvania Meteorites - in the CarnegieMuseum of Natural History

The Bradford Woods Meteorite. (You canclick on the above image in order to ENLARGE.)

More images of "The Bradford Woods" stone in the CMNH Collection:The side showing ?"19330"?The side showing the "21333" CM No.A view of the "bottom"-sideA view of the cut corner showing fresh interiorAnother view of the "top"-sidemis-labeled as "Achondrite"Actually an L-chondrite from Marshall Township in "Allegheny County"

The Shrewsbury Iron Meteorite. (You can click on theabove image in order to ENLARGE.)

More images of "The Shrewsbury" slice in the CMNH Collection:The "label"-sideThe "top"-sideAnother view of the "top"-sideA close-up view of the labelA close-up view of the kamacite-bandsAnother view of the "bottom"-side

The mold from which The Bald Eagle IronMeteorite "replica" was cast. (You can click on the above image in order to ENLARGE.)

More images of "The Bald Eagle" replica in the CMNH Collection:A resin-cast replica of the "foot"-shaped iron meteoriteA great "side-view" of the resin-cast replicaAnother view of the"top"-side of the resin-cast replicaA close-up view of the "mold" from which the replica was castAnother view in incandescent light of the "top"-side of the resin-cast replica

References:

Link to the Meteoritics & Planetary Science (M&PS) website for their:Meteoritical Bulletin Database with a great search engine for formally-named meteorites...

Wikipedia - image of:Hillman Hall of Minerals and Gems

List of all "Pennsylvania" meteorites in the Meteoritical Bulletin Database:http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meteor/metbull.php

Name Status Fall Year Place Type MassBald Eagle Official 1891 Pennsylvania, USA Iron, IIIAB 3.2 kg

Black Moshannan Park Official Y 1941 Pennsylvania, USA L5 705 g

Bradford Woods Official Y 1886 Pennsylvania, USA L 762 g

Chicora Official Y 1938 Pennsylvania, USA LL6 303 g

Mount Joy Official 1887 Pennsylvania, USA Iron, IIAB 384 kg

New Baltimore Official 1922 Pennsylvania, USA Iron, ungrouped 20 kg

Pittsburg Official 1850 Pennsylvania, USA Iron, IAB-MG 600 g

Shrewsbury Official 1907 Pennsylvania, USA Iron, IAB-sLL 12 kg

Direct link to this table

Link to the Open Library website - an initiative of the Internet Archive:Meteorites found in Pennsylvania — General Geology Report G-2. (1967) Harrisburg: PennsylvaniaGeological Survey. (552.6 S87)

Another link to Report for subscribers to DCNR:Meteorites found in Pennsylvania - General Geology Report G-2. (1967) Harrisburg: PennsylvaniaGeological Survey. (552.6 S87).Stone, Ralph W., Eileen, M. Starr.

My previous articles can be found *HERE*

For for more information, please contact me by email: Bolide*chaser

Meteorite Times MagazineIMCA Insights – June 2011by IMCA TEAM

IMCA Insights – June 2011A recent meteorite fall in the village of Sołtmany, Polandby Andrzej S. Pilski

In a farm along a picturesque lake in the Mazurkas region of Poland, the owner woke up and opened awindow, then suddenly she heard a whistling noise followed by a loud bang and crash as if the house hadbeen crashed into. She ran out to the yard followed by her son. They saw fragments of the roof from anearby shed hanging over the shed's door and pieces lying on the ground in front of the door. Then theynoticed a hole in one of roof boards over the door.

A hole in the roof (Photo by Roman Rzepka)

Looking around, the farmer spotted a black stone and picked it up. The stone felt slightly warmer than acommon stone. She held it for a while, then put it back onto the ground and went back home. She lookedat the clock and saw that the local time was 6:06 am; it was the morning of April 30, 2011.

The black, broken stone (Photo by Roman Rzepka)

Later her daughter said that it must be a meteorite. They went back to the spot, picked up the stone, tookit home and collected other fragments they found in the yard. Then the farmer called a local newspaper inthe nearby town of Giżycko. The editor contacted his friend meteorite collector, Mr. Roman Rzepka, whowas asked to go to the farm and see if it was really a meteorite. He did so the next day and confirmed themeteoritic origin of the stone. He also took some photos and after returning home he called the author.

Nearly all the fragments of the stone (Photo by Roman Rzepka)

Unfortunately I could not leave my work at the Planetarium because of the crowd of visitors during theholidays. I called my friends known to the meteorite community as Wadi and Woreczko and asked fortheir help. They were visiting their family at the opposite end of Poland, however they decided to riskbecoming unpopular with their family and crossed the whole country to go examine the fall. On their waythey visited me and I gave them a copy of my book on meteorites signed for the finder. As the book startedwith the story of the Baszkówka fall, I hoped the finder would learn about the importance of the fall she hadwitnessed. Later it turned out however she drew a different conclusion than what I had hoped for.

Determining the direction of the fall (Photo by Jan Woreczko)

In the afternoon of May 2 Wadi and Woreczko arrived in the town of Giżycko, met Mr. Rzepka and thentogether they visited the farm to gather more detailed information and get some samples for examinationin laboratories. The owner was not willing to give any piece for scientific examination. Instead she kindlyagreed to sell some fragments at a relatively low price. In the following days she changed her mind and Ireceived a rude call from her. She said she was cheated by the people I recommended, and demandedan additional payment to match her new updated price, a price that had gone up to about 20 times theoriginal price during the last few days. That is why I never visited the farm and do not mention her namehere. The detailed report by Wadi and Woreczko (in Polish) may be seen here.

The samples were sent to Dr. Tadeusz Przylibski, professor in the Technical University in Wrocław,Poland, known for his papers on Baszkówka and Zakłodzie published in M&PS. He asked Marcin Cimałato cut samples for thin sections and this is why Marcin had the opportunity to send detailed images of thenew fall to the Meteorite mailing list.

A slice of the new fall - close-up view (Photo by Marcin Cimała)

Just by looking at the pictures, it should be clear to every experienced collector that this was mostprobably an L6 chondrite. However a classification by experienced eye method is not accepted by theNomenclature Committee of the Meteoritical Society. So thin sections were prepared and Dr. ŁukaszKarwowski, professor in the University of Silesia, known for having classified the previous Polish meteoritefind, Święcany, took the thin sections to a microprobe, and his findings confirmed the experienced eyeclassification, but it was not all that obvious.

The new fall on a diagram Fa versus Fs

An ordinary chondrite group may be determined with the help of the fayalite (Fa) content in olivine and theferrosilite (Fs) content in pyroxene; one can see on the diagram to which group an ordinary chondritebelongs. However this recent fall is situated on edge of the L field, close to the LL area. So there remaineda possibility that it could belong to the L/LL group just like Holbrook, the cobalt content in the kamacite wasmeasured to resolve that. The content was much lower than in Holbrook, and is typical for L chondrites.So the new fall was submitted to the NomCom of the Meteoritical Society as an L chondrite with thesuggested name of Sołtmany like the village where the farm hit by the meteorite is located.

A barred olivine chondrule - thin section view (Photo by ŁukaszKarwowski)

A petrographic type may be determined after detailed examination of a thin-section under a petrographicmicroscope. On the photo one can see that a barred olivine chondrule is still visible, but it is hard todetermine the boundary between the chondrule and the matrix, as it is diffuse. The boundary is evenharder to see on the next photo. This suggests a petrographic type 6, and that is confirmed by the wellrecrystallized matrix containing relatively large plagioclase grains.

A 2 mm olivine chondrule seems to be rimmed (Photo byŁukasz Karwowski)

For a fresh fall, measuring the short-lived cosmogenic isotopes is one of most important things to do. Tofind quickly a good laboratory I asked Norbert Classen for advice. Norbert directed me to professor AddiBischoff, who had examined the recent Jesenice fall in Slovenia, and he suggested that I asked the GranSasso laboratory (Italy), where a piece of Jesenice had been examined. They kindly agreed and a sizablefragment of the Sołtmany fall is already there under examination. Results of the ongoing examinations willbe displayed in form of a poster during this year's meeting of the Meteoritical Society in Greenwich (UK).

If an English speaking person would like to pronounce correctly the name Sołtmany, which was submittedto the NomCom as the suggested name for this new meteorite, please try to say "salt" and "money" withno pause in between. Or just ask Marcin Cimała during the upcoming Ensisheim Show.

This article has been edited by Anne Black and Norbert Classen

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Meteorite Times MagazineNWA 6704 – A New Ungrouped Achondriteby John Kashuba

Greg Hupé tells about his new ungrouped achondrite in this issue of Meteorite-Times so this is a goodtime to show close up pictures of it. Dr. Tony Irving did the classification and we learned about this stonefrom his Meteoritical Bulletin writeup, an abstract and phone conversations. NWA 6704 and, evidently, atleast one pairing are from a previously unknown parent body. Oxygen isotope values place it well awayfrom the howardite - eucrite - diogenites and with the acapulcoite - lodranites. Mineral compositionsdistinguish it from this latter group.

It is a cumulate, the product of a magma in which solid mineral grains have settled in the melt. Here thegrains are relatively large crystals of pyroxene (specifically orthopyroxene) which enclose small crystals ofolivine, chromite and metal. These are surrounded by a plagioclase groundmass (specifically albite, thesodium end member of the plagioclase solid solution).

The beauty of this meteorite to the thin section hobbyist is in the bold mineral grains that show few signsof recent shock. Abundant trails of bubbles add interest. These appear to be the remnants of partiallyhealed fractures. With a little luck the collector will find large bubbles and small, spherical and elongated,in simple trails and in undulating curtains. With the correct lighting they can appear quite intriguing.

The cut face of this sample is 36 mm across.

The large grains are orthopyroxene. They surround smaller grains of olivine and opaqueminerals. The large dark area at the top is an orthopyroxene grain in optical extinction. Fieldof view is 8.1 mm wide.

This is a closer view of the same area. The white is albite, a plagioclase, which surroundsthe large orthopyroxene grains. FOV is 3 mm wide.

Transmitted white light shows a few opaque minerals.

This view is in reflected light. The bright white mineral is awaruite, a nickel – iron alloy. Herethe nickel content is very high at about 75%. The grey blebs are chromite. FOV is 2 mmwide.

The large tan orthopyroxene grain is crossed by numerous wavy ribbons of bubbles. FOV is3 mm wide.

A closer view of trails of bubbles in transmitted light. FOV is 0.3 mm wide.

The same view in a different light.

Meteorite Times MagazineNorthwest Africa 6704……a ‘most intriguing’ New UngroupedMeteoriteby Greg Hupé

“Is this a meteorite?” This is the first thought I silently spoke to myself as I examined a particulargreenish stone that was devoid of any apparent crust or other telltale signs of being meteoritic. Other thana 2cm ‘patch’ of what appeared to be remnant fusion crust, I could not be certain this rock was ameteorite. It resembled a diogenite, but a very strange one if it was indeed a meteorite. Always on thelookout for the strangest of new meteorites, I took a gamble and purchased the nearly half kilo stone andplaced it in a bag and headed out the door.

Let me rewind a couple of days…

It was once again time to make plans to attend the yearly Tucson Mineral Show, in this case, 2011. Idecided to arrive early this year so I could be among the first to examine material that a variety of dealerswould have to offer. Upon arriving at the show and making the rounds, it seemed that it was not meant tobe as I would find out that I was the second, third or even fourth person to pick through the boxes of newarrivals. Aside from purchasing a few known meteorites, I was beginning to feel discouraged. I had onelast chance to score something interesting; a Moroccan friend of mine had not received his shipment ofmaterial due to some unknown customs concerns. He assured me that he would let me be the first toopen the boxes when they were due to arrive the next day. We made arrangements for him to call me thenext afternoon when the shipment arrived.

The next day seemed to start off at a snail’s pace. The morning was bitter cold and as the hours cameand went, I received no calls from my friend so I drove by his hotel showroom several times throughoutthe day. No activity, no one there, just an empty room. I was beginning to think he was somehowapprehended along with his material and was being held somewhere -- customs concerns I mused?Returning to my own hotel room later that night, I made one last call at 10:30 PM and was delighted whenhe answered. He said he received his shipment late that afternoon and that we could meet early the nextmorning so I could be the first to open the boxes with him. I hung up and went to bed anticipating an earlystart.

Sleep wasn’t meant to last and I was awake at 5:00 AM thinking of what I might discover in my friend’sshipment. Getting anxious, I called him at 7:00 AM. He answered in a sleepy voice and was surprised thatI called so early. We made arrangements to meet at 8:30. Not wanting to chance anyone getting to theboxes before I did, I drove over to his room to stake out my claim like a guard dog. As I walked towards hisroom, I spotted him in another room with a group of Moroccans sipping their morning tea. He waved meover and said lets go over and start opening some boxes. I suggested he finish his breakfast since I notonly woke him up early, I was now interrupting his tea. He reassured me it was OK so we went to hisroom.

We dug into the boxes on the floor that were still sealed and I was presented with a number of stones thatI quickly examined and put in separate groups -- some I was interested in, some not so much. Only 20minutes into my examination of this material, a fellow meteorite collector appeared in the doorway andsaid he was there for his 9:00 AM “meeting” to look at the meteorites. I said I would be a little while andthat he should go have some breakfast and come back in about an hour. It didn’t work and he continued tostand there hoping to jump in and start examining anything I was not interested in. Since he was a friendof mine, I reassured him that he would be the next to check out the stones and that I wanted to continueunpressured. He understood that I was politely asking him to leave and said he would be back in about anhour. My Moroccan friend then closed and locked the door and shut the curtains so I could continuewithout interruption. Sometime later I could hear that he was back at the door and talking with someone

else who must also have been waiting to gain entry into the room. Undaunted, I continued to examineevery stone, picking out anything I knew to be a rare meteorite or a suspect one worth gambling on.

Finished, I opened the door three hours later to find a small line of patient friends waiting. I felt a little guiltyabout using so much time, but at least I was the first to go through the boxes and purchase anything Ithought was interesting. I would later find out just how special one of them would be!

Not wanting to wait until I returned home two weeks later to send a sample for analysis, I immediatelyshipped a piece of the odd greenish rock to Dr. Tony Irving at the University of Washington. He said hewould be able to examine it as soon as he received it since his workload was light at that moment. In thetwo weeks that I was still in Arizona, Tony had received the sample and made a thin section to examine inthe electron microprobe lab. Initial analysis could not confirm one way or another what this stone might be,not even if it was actually a meteorite or not. He said it would require oxygen isotope analysis to determinewhat it was. I was having a feeling I may have purchased a terrestrial mantle xenolith and was not feelinggood about my expensive decision to acquire it. He said that the regular scientist who performs thisspecialized analysis in Washington DC was out of the country for three months. He was referred toanother lab in Japan that could study the sample within a week of receiving it. “Wow, that is amazing!” isall I could say and was extremely impressed with Dr. Irving’s network of specialists who are able andwilling to study strange material at a moment’s notice. As it turns out, it was just very lucky timing --normally it takes months or years to get this type of work accomplished! As promised, within a week ofreceiving the sample, the Japanese specialist confirmed the stone was indeed a meteorite… but NOT adiogenite!!

Two days after returning home in Florida, I received a package of samples from a different Moroccanpartner. To my amazement, one of the samples looked similar to the odd green stone I had sent to Dr.Irving while I was in Tucson. I sent the sample by overnight express to Tony and he said he believed thesample was the same. I called my Moroccan friend and was told there was a 2-kilo stone in Algeria. Aftera day of back-and-forth negotiating a price with the Algerian owner, he drove three days to a meeting placealong the southern borders of Morocco and Algeria. He told me the Algerian did not keep his promise tosell him the stone and in turn sold it to a different Moroccan dealer in northern Morocco for a few extrabucks. “Crap!” was all I could say out loud -- well, in reality it was the more extreme version of the phrase Ichoose not to use here!

Knowing there was precious little time to try and find the new ‘owner’ of the 2-kilo piece in northernMorocco, I called the same friend who I purchased the 490-gram piece from in Tucson since he lived inthe northern region. Luckily he was back in Morocco and agreed to ask around about the stone trying notto draw too much attention to it. It is all too often that word gets out and it becomes impossible to get whatyou are after at a fair price, or ever at all. A few hours later he called back and said he had actually foundthe person who had it and made arrangements to meet and possibly buy the stone. Two days later, wewere able to agree on an acceptable price. Prize in hand, he shipped it to me the next day. I received itthree days later, it was definitely the same!

And then there was more…

After a few days, my friend called again and said he heard that a single, broken stone weighing aroundeight kilos had been distributed by the Algerian finders. He went on to say that some of the larger piecesand been purposely broken just to see what was ‘inside’ the stone. Over the next few weeks afterreceiving the 2-kilo stone, I was called several times with “more” and then “even more” pieces. I wasbeginning to think I got totally suckered as I was purchasing more and more of this material, every timebeing told it was all from a single stone. I was reassured at each shipment that there was one stone thathad been broken apart and distributed to a few dealers in Morocco. After the first three shipments, I wasfinally able to start putting the ‘puzzle’ stone back together, or as I started to say, “I am starting to putHumpty Dumpty back together!” I was feeling better about buying all pieces that surfaced.

It took four months of secrecy among a small group of friends, a lot of stress and a small fortune toacquire this material on my part, and the expertise of several dedicated scientists, but the pieces finally fellin place. Thinking back at the time of purchasing the original 490-gram piece in Tucson with just 20minutes to spare, I feel this meteorite was meant for me to help discover and put back together after beingseparated in Algeria. While there has been a substantial amount of scientific discovery already made onNorthwest Africa 6704 (NWA 6704), there is so much more that specialists around the world will bring tolight in the coming months and years. Stay tuned…

Without attempting to describe the work performed by the dedicated scientists, I present here a summaryof analysis that have been performed as of the writing of this article (June 1, 2011):

Reassembled mass of the NWA 6704 ‘puzzle’ meteorite (measures 27cm x 16cm x14cm)

NWA 6704 assembled mass with carefully collected smaller fragments

Close-up image of the NWA 6704 matrix

Bubble trains and cleavages in orthopyroxene (width of field 0.593 mm) (image courtesyTony Irving and Nick Castle)

Close-up #2 of bubble trains within NWA 6704 (width of field 0.237mm) (image courtesyTony Irving and Nick Castle)

Close-up image of only fusion crust ‘patch’ on NWA 6704 (measures 1.2cm x 2cm)

Optical thin section image of NWA 6704 taken in cross-polarized light. Large grains(brown, blue, and black along top) are orthopyroxene; smaller grains (mostly green andpurple) are olivine; small opaque (black) grains are chromite and awaruite; and pale graymaterial between other grains is albite. Width of field of view is 5 mm. (photo courtesyJohn Kashuba)

"Oxygen isotopic compositions of various achondrites relative to the terrestrial fractionationline (TFL). NWA 6704 plots well below the TFL within the broad field for members of the

acapulcoite-lodranite clan, and far from the fields for eucrites, diogenites andmesosiderites.

Abstract submitted for the Meteoritical Society Meeting in London 2011:

NORTHWEST AFRICA 6704: A UNIQUE CUMULATE PERMAFIC ACHONDRITE CONTAININGSODIC FELDSPAR, AWARUITE AND “FLUID” INCLUSIONS, WITH AN OXYGEN ISOTOPICCOMPOSITION IN THE ACAPULCOITE-LODRANITE FIELD.

A. J. Irving1, R. Tanaka2, A. Steele3, S. M. Kuehner1, T. E. Bunch4, J. H. Wittke4 and G. M. Hupé. 1Dept.of Earth & Space Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, irving@ess.washington.edu;2Institute for Study of Earth's Interior, Okayama University, Misasa, Japan; 3Geophysical Laboratory,Carnegie Institution, Washington, DC; 4Geology Program, SESES, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff,AZ.

Petrography: A very fresh, dense, yellowish-green stone with rounded, shiny exterior surfaces and smallpatches of remnant black fusion crust found in Algeria is a unique, medium grained (gs 0.3-1.5 mm),unshocked achondrite with an igneous cumulate texture. Smaller grains of olivine (Fa51.6-53.2; FeO/MnO= 120-140; NiO = 0.9-1.0 wt.%) and chromite [Cr/(Cr+Al) = 89.0) are enclosed within large (up to 1.5 mm)orthopyroxene oikocrysts (Fs41.6-42.4Wo2.8-3.6, FeO/MnO = 81-106), which are surrounded byintercumulus indistinctly-twinned, very sodic plagioclase (Ab92An4Or4) and tiny grains of awaruite (Ni =75 wt.%). Orthopyroxene grains contain curvilinear trains of tiny rounded to irregularly-shaped, clear topinkish inclusions (<2-30 m), which appear on polished surfaces to be empty bubbles with smoothrounded walls. Confocal Raman spectroscopy of inclusions below thin section surfaces did not reveal anyfluid species.

Oxygen Isotopes: Replicate analyses of acid-washed bulk material by laser fluorination gave: 17O1.015, 0.880; 18O 3.922, 3.613; 17O -1.048, -1.020 per mil, respectively. These results plot in the fieldfor acapulcoites and lodranites [1].

Discussion: This specimen is unlike any other known achondrite in its combined mineralogical features:mafic silicate minerals with elevated FeO/MnO ratios, extremely sodic plagioclase, trapped bubble trainsand very Ni-rich metal. Despite its oxygen isotopic composition, NWA 6704 bears no mineralogicalresemblance to members of the acapulcoite-lodranite clan. It appears to be a cumulate igneous rockrelated to an unknown “planetary” parent body, which evidently was capable of interior melting and crystalaccumulation. The relatively ferroan silicates, very sodic plagioclase and now empty (?)fluid inclusions(see below) suggest a somewhat “Earth-like”, differentiated parent body.

References: [1] Clayton R. and Mayeda T. (1996) Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 60, 1999-2017; Irving A. etal. (2007) Lunar Planet. Sci. XXXVIII, #1338.

Officially accepted classification of NWA 6704 as entered in the Meteoritical Bulletin:Northwest Africa 6704 (NWA 6704)AlgeriaPurchased: 2011 Feb-MayClassification: Ungrouped achondrite

View NWA 6704 in the Meteoritical Bulletin

History: A single, dense, yellowish-green stone was found in pieces in Algeria, and was purchased inFebruary 2011 at the Tucson Gem and Mineral Show and over subsequent weeks from Moroccan dealersby Greg Hupé.

Physical characteristics: Forty two pieces fit together as a single ovoid mass (8387 g) with rounded, shinyexterior and small patches of remnant black fusion crust. The interior is mostly pale yellowish green withrare darker brownish grains and sparsely distributed small grains of opaque oxide and metal.

Petrography: (A. Irving and S. Kuehner, UWS): Overall medium grained with an igneous cumulatetexture. Small grains of olivine (0.5-0.8 mm) and chromite (0.1-0.6 mm) enclosed within large (to 4 mm)orthopyroxene oikocrysts, which are in turn surrounded by large optically continuous, intercumulus grains

of untwinned albite and <0.1 mm awaruite. The silicates contain curvilinear trains of tiny roundedinclusions (2-20 μm), which appear on polished surfaces to be empty bubbles with smooth rounded walls.

Geochemistry: Olivine (Fa51.6-53.2; FeO/MnO=120-140; NiO=0.9-1.0 wt.%), orthopyroxene (Fs41.6-42.4Wo2.8-3.6, FeO/MnO=81-82; Cr2O3=0.3 wt.%), plagioclase (Ab92-93An4-3Or4). Oxygen isotopes(R. Tanaka, OkaU): replicate analyses of acid-washed material by laser fluorination gave: δ17O 1.015,0.880; δ18O 3.922, 3.613; Δ17O -1.048, -1.020 per mil.

Classification: Achondrite (ungrouped). This specimen is unlike other achondrites in its combinedfeatures: relatively ferroan mafic silicate minerals with elevated FeO/MnO ratios and anomalous Nicontents, extremely sodic plagioclase, very Ni-rich metal, and oxygen isotopic composition that plotswithin the field for acapulcoites-lodranites. Weathering is low and limited to minor coatings of pale orangedesert dust on broken surfaces. Unshocked.

Specimens: A total of 20.5 g of type material and two polished thin sections are on deposit at UWS. Theremaining material is held by GHupé.

NWA 6704 is a most intriguing meteorite unlike any others known to man! Not only does it havetremendous scientific value, it is one of the most visually appealing meteorites with its dazzling display ofyellowish-green orthopyroxene crystals containing small grains of olivine and chromite surrounded bylarge intercumulus grains of albite enclosing small grains of awaruite (a rare very nickel-rich alloy).Oxygen isotope results plot this achondrite within the field for acapulcoites-lodranites, but that is whereany comparison stops. NWA 6704 is unlike any other meteorite! If that isn’t enough, this incrediblemeteorite contains an abundance of ‘bubble trains’ within the orthopyroxene which appear to be void offluid upon initial inspection. Ongoing analysis are currently being performed to measure the cosmogenicnoble gases to determine its CRE age (time spent in space) and to possibly detect trapped gases or evenatmosphere from the NWA 6704 parent body!

NWA 6704 has a Total Known Weight of 8387 grams in a single, naturally fractured stone that wasdiscovered in Northwest Africa in 2010. In their eagerness to see what was ‘inside’ the stone, the Algerianfinders unfortunately broke the largest pieces as can be seen in the image of the reassembled stoneabove. Also visible are the natural breaks along extended grain boundaries which have been sandblastedover time in the Sahara, smoothing the edges on the largest pieces and a more ‘rounding’ of the smallerfragments. Oddly, NWA 6704 is almost entirely devoid of visible fusion crust; only a single 1.5cm x 2cmpatch exists, raising questions as to how this can be. Through a determined effort over a four monthperiod, the distributed parts were purchased by the author and reassembled into a single stoneresembling a ‘puzzle’. It is remarkable that the finders were able to collect even the smallest of fragmentsas can be seen in the image above! I thought it would be a great way to emphasize the diligent recoveryeffort the Algerian finders did to save practically every grain of this material... and to illustrate what it couldhave possibly looked like in the wind swept Sahara when first viewed by human eyes!

Photos courtesy Greg Hupé unless otherwise noted.

gmhupe@centurylink.net © Gregory M. Hupé – The Hupé Collection

Meteorite Times MagazineMeteorite Calendar – June 2011by Anne Black

Meteorite Times MagazineNadiabondi Meteorite H5by Editor

Nadiabondi Individual, H5 Ordinary Chondrite, 8.5 Grams, Gourma, Burkina Faso, Date offall, July 27, 1956

Nadiabondi Individual, H5 Ordinary Chondrite, 8.5 Grams, Gourma, Burkina Faso, Date offall, July 27, 1956

Meteorite Times MagazineMoldavites As Foundby Editor

Collected on surface of a field near Nesmen.

Uncleaned pieces coming out of mining.

Collected on surface of a field near Nesmen.

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