meteorology and air-sea fluxes from ocean reference stations al plueddemann and bob weller, whoi,...
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Meteorology and Air-Sea Fluxes from Ocean Reference StationsAl Plueddemann and Bob Weller, WHOI, Woods Hole, MA
ORS provide accurate surface meteorology and air-sea fluxes at key sites
The goals are to:
• Quantify air-sea exchanges of heat, freshwater and momentum
• Describe the local oceanic response to atmospheric forcing
• Assess and motivate improvements to NWP and satellite products
• Provide anchor points for the development of new, basin scale flux fields
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Geographic Distribution
Three ORS are presently operational:
• STRATUS (initiated Oct 2000)• NTAS (initiated March 2001)• WHOTS (initiated August 2004)
UOP is also operating ASIMET meteorological systems on three VOS lines (see Weller, Bahr and Hosom poster)
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Stratus
First long-term, high quality surface flux measurements beneath the Peru/Chile stratus deck
Key issues:
• Cooling influence of stratus clouds on local and global heat balance
• Role of stratus clouds in maintaining the equatorial asymmetry of sea surface temperatures and winds
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NTAS
Long-term surface flux record in NE trade wind region of tropical Atlantic
Key issues:
• Air-sea interaction processes controlling local SST variability and the cross-equatorial SST gradient
• Modulation of the annual cycle of ITCZ migration and its role in regional climate dynamics
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WHOI-HOT Site (WHOTS)
• Deployment of HOT site ORS accelerated as a result of cooperation between NOAA/OCO and NSF
• First 9 months of meteorological data available on UOP web site, mooring turnaround scheduled for July 2005
• Key addition to a long-standing, interdisciplinary ocean observatory
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Partnerships/Collaborations
• WHOTS: Fluxes for HOT; Ocean sensors from R. Lukas, UH (NSF)
• Stratus: Chilean Universities; Chilean and Ecuadorian Naval Hydrographic Offices; DART buoy servicing; Focal point for CLIVAR VOCALS process study
• NTAS: Co-located with GAGE/ MOVE transport array; Dialog with NHC/TPC for data exchange
• ECMWF: Data Exchange
• ORS Concept: Expansion to be proposed to NSF/ORION
• NCEP: Routinely acquire and examine reanalysis products.
• ETL: Field intercomparisons
• Argo: Drifter and float deployments
• Participation in international planning and management activities through: CLIVAR, CCSP, OOCP, GOOS, GWEX, SOLAS, ORION, OceanSITES
• With links to: NRC, WCRP, JCOMM, POGO, SURFA, CPT-Clouds, CPT-EMILIE, …
• Radiometer data: Instruments on NDBC buoys, Chesapeak Light Tower (BSRN); Data to PCMDI; CERES-ARM Validation Exp; Establishment of GEWEX Radiation Panel - Ocean Subgroup
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Sensor Calibration
• Pre- and post-calibration at WHOI and by sensor manufacturers
• Field intercomparisons: buoy vs. ship and buoy vs. buoy
• Adjustment of bias and drift prior to flux calculation by bulk formulas
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Sensor Accuracy
• First-generation IMET systems evaluated by Hosom et al., 1995
• Second-generation ASIMET presently being evaluated (Colbo, et al.)
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The Seasonal Cycle of Surface Heating
NTAS
Stratus
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Seasonal Cycle: NTAS
Comparison with NWP products and climatology
Qnet: NWP biased low, 2 yr means are <0 whereas buoy shows +40 W/m2
Timing of zero-crossings differ by 1-2 months
Climatology better than any of the model products
: NWP typically within 0.01 of buoy and clearly better than climatology
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Seasonal Cycle: Stratus
Comparison with NWP products and climatology
Heat flux components:
Qsw: NCEP1 biased low, NCEP2 seasonal high-bias
Qlw: NCEP2 biased low
Qlat: Both NCEP1 and 2 show low bias
Qsen: NCEP1 low bias
Qnet: NCEP1 low, NCEP2 high
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Annual Mean Heat Flux
Comparison with NWP and reanalysis products
NTAS
Stratus
• ECMWF Qnet disagrees with buoy by ~25 W/m2 in both years
• Interannual variability at buoy not reflected in ECMWF
• ECMWF agrees well with climatology
• NWP products under-estimate buoy Qnet by 40-50 W/m2
• Latent and shortwave fluxes are the primary contributors to discrepancy
• NWP products do not agree well with climatology
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Improved Regional Flux Fields
• Evaluation of in-situ data vs. NWP products (Sun, Yu and Weller, 2003)
• Improved fluxes using NWP and satellite data: Synthesis using objective analysis, Validation with in-situ data (North Atlantic: Yu, Weller and Sun, 2004)
• Diagnosis of climate trends in the synthesized fluxes(Yu, Weller, and Jin, in progress)
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Heat Budget Estimates
Annual mean heat budget estimated at the Stratus site(Colbo and Weller, in progress)
• Non-local cooling is required to balance the surface fluxes
• Upwelled coastal water has little impact at the mooring site
• Eddy flux divergence is important even though overall eddy KE is relatively low
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Synergy with the global observing system
Colbo and Weller heat budget estimate uses a combination of:
• ORS mooring fluxes and heat content
• Satellite SST (Reynolds, TRMM/TMI)
• Satellite winds (QuikSCAT SeaWinds scatterometer)
• Surface drifter trajectories (Pazan and Niiler, MEDS/AOML)
• Climatology (World Ocean Atlas)
• Satellite altimetry (TOPEX/Poseidon)
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Recommendations
Improvements to ORS
• Portable shipboard met standard
• High latitude sites
• Direct covariance fluxes and motion packages on buoys
• Near real-time heat content from moorings
Improved regional and global flux fields
• Continued validation, assessment and synthesis studies