methodologies, tools and languages for building ontologies. where is their meeting point? oscar...
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Methodologies, tools and languages for building ontologies. Where is their meeting point?
Oscar CorchoMariano Fernandez-Lopez Asuncion Gomez-Perez
Presenter: Yihong Ding
Ontology
Ontological Engineering: Methodologies
Ontological Engineering: Tools
Ontological Engineering: Languages
Meeting Point
Outline
Ontology: a fashionable word in the last decade
Ontology
Building
Translation
Evolution
Reuse
Evaluation
Learning
Mapping
Merging
Management
Tools Tools
Methodologies
Methodologies
Languages
Languages
Ontology: many definitions
from Philosophy: “a systematic explanation of being”
Neches gives some guidelines: “…defines the basic terms and relations compromising the vocabulary of a topic area as well as the rules for combining terms and relations to define extensions to the vocabulary.”
Gruber, the most quoted: “…an explicit specification of a conceptualization”
Borst, slightly modified:“…a formal specification of a shared conceptualization”
Guarino: “…a logical theory which gives an explicit, partial account of a conceptualization”
Ontology: two types
Lightweight ontologies Mainly taxonomies Include
Concepts Concept taxonomies Relationships between concepts Properties that describe concepts
Heavyweight ontologies Model the domain in a deeper way Provide more restrictions on domain semantics Include
Everything for lightweight ontologies Axioms and constraints
Outline
Ontology
Ontological Engineering: Methodologies
Ontological Engineering: Tools
Ontological Engineering: Languages
Meeting Point
Methodologies for Ontology Building
Ontology building Cyc
Manual tool aided manual mainly performed by tools
Uschold and King Identify the purpose, build, evaluate, document
Gruniger and Fox Identify the main scenarios, identify the competency questions,
extract relevant concepts and relations, formalize in FOL
KACTUS Ontology built on the basis of an application KB, by abstraction
SENSUS Extract ontologies by reusing huge ontologies
Other methodologies
CO4 Ontology cooperative construction A protocol to reach consensus between several
KBs Leaves:
user KB No consensual knowledge
Intermediate nodes: group KB Have knowledge consensuated among all its children and
siblings Knowledge consensus is achieved by the exchange
of message between users
Outline
Ontology
Ontological Engineering: Methodologies
Ontological Engineering: Tools
Ontological Engineering: Languages
Meeting Point
Types of Ontology Tools
Ontology development tools Editors and browsers Graphical editors Translators Ontology library management Ontology documentation Ontology population Evaluation Evolution
Merge and alignement tools Ontology-based annotation tools Querying tools and inference engines Ontology learning tools
Some tools
OilEd from University of Manchester http://oiled.man.ac.uk/ Ontolingua from KSL (Stanford University)
http://www-ksl.stanford.edu OntoSaurus from ISI (USA)
http://www.isi .edu/isd/ontosaurus.html OntoEdit from Karlsrhue Univ.
http://ontoserver.aifb.unikarlsruhe.de/ontoedit/ Protégé 2000 from SMI (Stanford University)
http://protege.stanford.edu / WebOnto from KMI (Open University)
http://kmi.open.ac.uk/projects/webonto/ WebODE from UPM http://webode.dia.fi.upm.es/webODE/ KAON from AIFB and FZI at the University of Karlsruhe
http://kaon.semanticweb.org/ SymOntoX from LEKS http://www.symontox.org/
Tools for Ontological Engineering
Ontolingua Ontology editor: remote browse and edit OKBC (Open Knowledge Based Connectivity) protocol: access to ontologies
from remote or local applications Translation of ontologies into typical application environments Support for distributed, collaborative development of consensus ontologies Webster: an equation solver Chimaera: an ontology merging tool
OntoSaurus Ontology Server
• Knowledge Representation Language based on DL: LOOM• Reasoning capabilities associated to LOOM• Ontology: SENSUS
Ontology Browser dynamically creates HTML pages• Edit the ontology• Display the ontology content
Translators: from LOOM to Ontolingua, KIF, KRSS, and C++
Tools for Ontological Engineering
WebOnto Ontology editor for OCML ontologies Support editing ontologies collaboratively Allow synchronous and asynchronous discussions
Protégé2000 Technology: Java standalone application; plug-in architecture Knowledge model features:
OKBC compliant: classes and slots. Also metaclassesAxioms in KIF and PALKnowledge acquisition forms automatically generated for capturing
instances Merge tools: protégéPrompt Imports: RDF, DAML+OIL, XML Exports: RDF, DAML+OIL, XML
Tools for Ontological Engineering
WebODE Technology: Java workbench. Knowledge model features:
Support to Methontology; OCML; axioms in Prolog Imports: RDF(S), OIL, DAML+OIL, FLogic, Prolog Exports: RDF(S), DAML+OIL, OWL , FLogic, Prolog
OntoEdit Technology: Java standalone application Knowledge model features:
Support to OTK methodology Multilingual development of ontologies, Multiple inheritance Basic Axioms: disjoint concepts, symmetric relations, transitive relations.
Imports: RDF, DAML+OIL, XML, FLogic Exports: RDF, DAML+OIL, XML, FLogic Inference engine: OntoBroker
Tools for Ontological Engineering
OILed Technology: Java standalone application. Backends can be added easily. Knowledge model features:
SHIQ: classes organized in class taxonomies, properties, property restrictions and individuals. Disjoint and exhaustive subclass decompositions.
Imports: RDF(S), OIL, DAML+OIL, SHIQ Exports: RDF(S), DAML+OIL, OWL, SHIQ Inference engine: FaCT, RACER
DUET Technology: A plug-in in the Rational Rose suite. Knowledge model features:
Core DAML+OIL concepts are mapped into UML Offer UML visualization
Imports: DAML+OIL Exports: UML
Other Tools
Ontology merging Chimaera, Protégé-PROMPT
Ontology translation between languages Ontomorph
Ontology-based Web page annotation COHSE, OntoMat, SHOE Knowledge Annotator
Ontology evaluation OntoAnalyser, ONE-T, ODEClean
RDF query engine RDFSuite, Sesame, Inkling, Jena
Outline
Ontology
Ontological Engineering: Methodologies
Ontological Engineering: Tools
Ontological Engineering: Languages
Meeting Point
Ontology Implementation Languages
KIF First-order logic Interchange format for diverse KR systems
Ontolingua KIF + frames Highly expressive Difficult in reasoning (no reasoning support)
Loom Description logic Provide automatic classification of concepts No procedures w.r.t. Ontolingua
Ontology Implementation Languages
OCML Add to Ontolingua
deductive and production rules Operational definitions for functions
Develop executable ontologies
FLogic (Frame Logic) Frame + First-order logic Allow deductive rules but prohibit n-ary relations Do not use Lisp-like syntax Inference engine: Ontobroker
Web-based Ontology Languages
XMLSHOE
Allow the insertion of ontologies in HTML documents
RDFDAML+OILOWL
Outline
Ontology
Ontological Engineering: Methodologies
Ontological Engineering: Tools
Ontological Engineering: Languages
Meeting Point
Conclusion
Nowadays, many ontology tools support to generate ontologies in many different ontology languages.
In general, there is no correspondence between ontology building methodologies and tools.
Many tools, but they are not usually able to be interoperate.
Ontology markup languages are still under development.