methodology of research - assumptions and the research hypothesis
TRANSCRIPT
Methodology of Research
Topic IV: The Research Title and Statement of the Problem
Topic IV: The Research Title and Statement of the Problem
Christian Paul Peligro
Assumptions and the Research Hypothesis
Assumption defined
Assumption defined (meriam-webster) Origin of ASSUMPTION
Middle English, from Late Latin assumption-, assumptio taking up, from Latin assumereFirst Known Use: 13th century
Assumption defined (meriam-webster)
an assuming that something is true
Assumption defined
a realistic expectation which is something we believe to be true
Assumption defined
However, no adequate evidence exists to support this belief
Assumption defined
In other words, it is an act of faith which does not have empirical evidence to support it
Assumption defined
Provides a basis to develop theories and research instruments and, therefore, influences the development of the research process
Assumption defined
statements that are considered true without being scientifically tested
Assumption in Research
Assumption in Research
research is built upon assumptions since a foundation is needed to move forward.
Assumption in Research
One must assume something to discover something
Assumption in Research
Assumptions are good sources of research topics
Assumption in Research
provides basis in conducting a research studies
Assumption in Research
tested assumptions through research expands the professional’s body of knowledge
Assumption
ASSUMPTION
ASSUMPTION
Universal Assumptio
ns
ASSUMPTION
Universal Assumptio
nsAssumptio
nsBased onTheories
ASSUMPTION
Universal Assumptio
nsAssumptio
nsBased onTheories
Assumptions
Needed toConduct a Research
ASSUMPTION
Universal Assumptio
nsAssumptio
nsBased onTheories
Assumptions
Needed toConduct a Research
WarrantedAssumptio
ns
ASSUMPTION
Universal Assumptio
nsAssumptio
nsBased onTheories
Assumptions
Needed toConduct a Research
WarrantedAssumptio
ns
Unwarranted
Assumptions
Universal Assumption
Universal Assumption
beliefs that are assumed to be true by a large part of society, albeit testing such is not always possible
Universal Assumption
i.e. people either go to heaven or hell right after they die;
people go to purgatory if they die without baptism
Assumptions Based on Theories
Assumptions Based on Theories
assumptions may be drawn from theories
Assumptions Based on Theories
When used in a research study, an assumption based on a theory may become the assumption of the research study
Assumptions Based on Theories
assumptions may be drawn from theories
Assumptions Needed to Conduct a Research
Assumptions Needed to Conduct a Research
some “common-sense” assumptions may be developed to conduct a particular study
Assumptions Needed to Conduct a Research
i.e. people in urban cities have higher risk of lung cancer (due to air pollution) than those in rural areas
Warranted Assumptions
Warranted Assumptions
stated with evidence that supports it
Warranted Assumptions
i.e. praying regularly brings success because they boost morale
Unwarranted Assumptions
Unwarranted Assumptions
stated without evidence supporting it
Unwarranted Assumptions
i.e. God is everywhere
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Hypothesis Defined
Hypothesis Defined
a formal tentative statement of the expected relationship between two or more variables under study
Hypothesis Defined
helps translate the research problem and objectives into a clear explanation or prediction of the expected results or outcomes of the research study
Hypothesis Defined
includes the variables to be manipulated or measured, identifies the population to be examined, and indicates the proposed outcome of the study
Hypothesis Defined
implies that there is a systematic relationship between an independent and a dependent variable
Hypothesis Defined
a shrewd guess or inference that is formulated and provisionally adopted to explained observed facts or conditions, and to guide in further investigation
Importance of Hypothesis in Research
Importance of Hypothesis in Research
enables the researcher to objectively investigate new areas of discovery, thus providing a powerful tool for the advancement of knowledge
Importance of Hypothesis in Research
provides objectivity to the research activity
Importance of Hypothesis in Research
provides direction to conduct a research such as defining the sources and relevance of data
Importance of Hypothesis in Research
provides clear and specific goals to the researchers which, in turn, will give basis for selecting sample and research procedures to meet these goals
Importance of Hypothesis in Research
provides link between theories and actual practical research
Importance of Hypothesis in Research
provides a bridge between theory and reality
Importance of Hypothesis in Research
suggests which type of research is likely to be most appropriate
Importance of Hypothesis in Research
stimulates the cognitive skills of the researcher
Importance of Hypothesis in Research
determines the most appropriate research designs and techniques of data analysis
Importance of Hypothesis in Research
serves as framework for drawing conclusions of a research study
Characteristics of a Good Hypothesis
Characteristics of a Good Hypothesis
Conceptual Clarity
Characteristics of a Good Hypothesis
Conceptual Clarityshould consist of clearly defined and understandable concepts. It should be stated in very simple terms, the meaning & implication of which cannot be doubted. To facilitate the conceptual clarity, hypothesis can be stated in a declarative statement, in present tense.
Characteristics of a Good Hypothesis
Empirical referents
Characteristics of a Good Hypothesis
Empirical referentsResearch must have an ultimate empirical referent. No usable hypothesis can embody moral judgments. A good hypothesis must have empirical basis from the area of inquiry
Characteristics of a Good Hypothesis
Objectivity
Characteristics of a Good Hypothesis
ObjectivityHypothesis must be objective, which facilitates objectivity in data collection & keeps the research activity free from researcher-value judgment
Characteristics of a Good Hypothesis
Specificity
Characteristics of a Good Hypothesis
SpecificityIt should be specific, not general, & should explain the expected relations between variables.
i.e. regular yoga reduces stress
Characteristics of a Good Hypothesis
Relevant
Characteristics of a Good Hypothesis
RelevantThe hypothesis should be relevant to the problem being studied, as well as the objectives of the study. Hypothesis must have relevance with theory under test in a research process
Characteristics of a Good Hypothesis
Testability
Characteristics of a Good Hypothesis
TestabilityHypothesis should be testable and should not be a moral judgment. It must be directly/indirectly observable & measurable.
The researcher can set up a situation that permits one to assess if it is true or false. It must be verifiable.
Characteristics of a Good Hypothesis
Testability
i.e. a statement such as ‘bad partners produce bad children’. This sort of hypothesis cannot be tested
Characteristics of a Good Hypothesis
Consistency
Characteristics of a Good Hypothesis
ConsistencyA hypothesis should be consistent with an existing body of theories, research findings, and other hypotheses. It should correspond with existing knowledge
Characteristics of a Good Hypothesis
Simplicity
Characteristics of a Good Hypothesis
SimplicityA hypothesis should be formulated in simple and understandable terms. It should require fewer conditions & assumptions
Characteristics of a Good Hypothesis
Availability of techniques
Characteristics of a Good Hypothesis
Availability of techniquesThe researchers must make sure that methods are available for testing their proposed hypotheses
Characteristics of a Good Hypothesis
Purposiveness
Characteristics of a Good Hypothesis
PurposivenessThe researcher must formulate only purposeful hypotheses, which has relevance with research problem and objectives
Characteristics of a Good Hypothesis
Verifiability
Characteristics of a Good Hypothesis
VerifiabilityA good hypothesis can be actually verified in practical terms
Characteristics of a Good Hypothesis
Profundity of effect
Characteristics of a Good Hypothesis
Profundity of effectA good hypothesis should have profound effect upon a variety of research variables
Characteristics of a Good Hypothesis
Economical
Characteristics of a Good Hypothesis
EconomicalThe expenditure of money and the time can be controlled if the hypotheses underlying the research undertaken is good
Characteristics of a Good Hypothesis
EconomicalThe expenditure of money and the time can be controlled if the hypotheses underlying the research undertaken is good
Sources of Hypothesis
Sources of
Hypothesis
Sources of
Hypothesis
Theoretical or
Conceptual
Frameworks
Sources of
Hypothesis
Theoretical or
Conceptual
Frameworks
Previous Research
Sources of
Hypothesis
Theoretical or
Conceptual
Frameworks
Previous Research
Real-life Experience
s
Sources of
Hypothesis
Theoretical or
Conceptual
Frameworks
Previous Research
Real-life Experience
s
Academic Literature
Theoretical or Conceptual Frameworks
Theoretical or Conceptual Frameworks
The most important sources of hypotheses are theoretical or conceptual frameworks developed for the study
Theoretical or Conceptual Frameworks
Through a deductive approach, these hypotheses are drawn from theoretical or conceptual frameworks for testing them
Previous Research
Previous Research
Findings of the previous studies may be used for framing the hypotheses for another study
Previous Research
i.e. in a small sample descriptive study, are searcher found that a number of patients admitted with coronary artery disease had increased body mass index. In another research study, a researcher may use this finding to formulate a hypothesis as ‘Obese patients have increased risk for development of coronary artery disease’
Real-Life Experiences
Real-Life Experiences
Real-life experiences also contribute in the formulation of hypotheses for research studies
Real-Life Experiences
i.e. Newton had a life-changing experience of the falling of an apple and formulated a hypothesis that earth attracts all the mass towards its centre, through several researchers were conducted before generating a law of central gravity
Academic Literature
Academic Literature
based on formal theories, empirical evidences, experiences, observation, and conceptualizations of academicians
These literatures may serve as good sources for formulating hypotheses for research studies
Academic Literature
These literatures may serve as good sources for formulating hypotheses for research studies
Types of Hypothesis
Types ofHypothe
sis
Types ofHypothe
sis
Simple and Complex
Hypothesis
Types ofHypothe
sis
Simple and Complex
Hypothesis
Associative and Casual
Hypothesis
Types ofHypothe
sis
Simple and Complex
Hypothesis
Associative and Casual
Hypothesis
Directional and Non-
Directional Hypothesi
s
Types ofHypothe
sis
Simple and Complex
Hypothesis
Associative and Casual
Hypothesis
Directional and Non-
Directional Hypothesi
s
Null and Research Hypothesi
s
Simple and Complex Hypothesis
Simple and Complex HypothesisSimple hypothesis
It is a statement which reflects the relationship between two variables.
Simple and Complex HypothesisSimple hypothesis
i.e. ‘the lower the level of hemoglobin, the higher is the risk of infection among post partum women’
Simple and Complex HypothesisComplex hypothesis
It is a statement which reflects the relationship between more than two variables
Simple and Complex HypothesisComplex hypothesis
i.e. ‘satisfaction is higher among patients who are older and dwelling in rural area than those who are younger and dwelling in urban area’
Associative and Casual Hypothesis
Associative and Casual Hypothesis
Associative Hypothesis
It reflects a relationship between variables that occurs or exists in natural settings without manipulation. This hypothesis is used in correlational research studies
Associative and Casual Hypothesis
Casual Hypothesis
predicts the cause-and-effect relationship between two or more dependent & independent variables in experimental or interventional setting, wherein dependent variable is manipulated by research to examine the effect on the dependent variable.
Associative and Casual Hypothesis
Casual Hypothesis
The causal hypothesis reflects the measurement of dependent variable to examine the effect of dependent variable, which is manipulated by the researcher(s)
Directional and Non-Directional Hypothesis
Directional and Non-Directional Hypothesis
Directional hypothesis
It specifies not only the existence, but also the expected direction of the relationship between variables
Directional and Non-Directional Hypothesis
Directional hypothesis
states the nature of the relationship between two or more variables such as positive, negative, or no relationship
Directional and Non-Directional Hypothesis
Directional hypothesis
To express the direction of relationship between variables, the directional terms are used to state the hypothesis, such as positive, negative, less, more, increased, decreased, greater, higher, lower, etc.
Directional and Non-Directional Hypothesis
Directional hypothesis
‘there is a positive relationship between years of nursing experience & job satisfaction among nurses
Directional and Non-Directional Hypothesis
Non-Directional hypothesis
reflects the relationship between two or more variables, but it does not specify the anticipated direction and nature of relationship such as positive or negative
Directional and Non-Directional Hypothesis
Non-Directional hypothesis
indicates the existence of relationship between the variables
Directional and Non-Directional Hypothesis
Non-Directional hypothesis
i.e. ‘there is relationship between years of nursing experience and job satisfaction among nurses
Null and Research Hypothesis
Null and Research HypothesisNull Hypothesis
also known as statistical hypothesis
Null and Research HypothesisNull Hypothesis
used for statistical testing & interpretation of statistical outcomes
Null and Research HypothesisNull Hypothesis
states the existence of no relationship between the independent & dependent variables
Null and Research HypothesisNull Hypothesis
i.e. ‘there is no relationship between smoking and the incidence of coronary artery disease’
Null and Research HypothesisResearch Hypothesis
It states the existence of relationship between two or more variables
Null and Research HypothesisResearch Hypothesis
‘there is relationship between smoking and the incidence of lung cancer.
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Sources- Merriam-Webster- drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com
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