methods common species are collected in most localities in a park. more than one species per...
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Methods• Common species are collected in most localities in a
park.• More than one species per locality.• Thalli are collected from multiple hosts and aggregated.• Up to 20 g dry weight• Lichens are manually cleaned of debris, but not washed.• 4 g are ground to a powder and wet acid digested.• Tissues are analyzed by ICP-OES and ICP-MS.• Ash content determined if enough material.
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Park Year Species Collection date Locality Region Lat Lon Al AsYELL 1998 BRFR 7/15/1998 Divide L N 44.9136 -111.0511 150 0.69YELL 1998 BRFR 7/15/1998 Divide L N 44.9136 -111.0511 139 0.55YELL 1998 BRFR 7/15/1998 Divide L N 44.9136 -111.0511 163 0.61YELL 1998 BRFR 7/24/1998 Dunraven N 44.7653 -110.4694 139 0.63YELL 1998 BRFR 7/24/1998 Dunraven N 44.7653 -110.4694 124 0.61YELL 1998 BRFR 7/24/1998 Dunraven N 44.7653 -110.4694 105 0.49YELL 1998 BRFR 8/6/1998 Lake Butte S 44.5114 -110.2747 165 0.88YELL 1998 BRFR 8/6/1998 Lake Butte S 44.5114 -110.2747 132 0.84YELL 1998 BRFR 8/6/1998 Lake Butte S 44.5114 -110.2747 143 0.81YELL 1998 BRFR 7/27/1998 Pebble Crk N 44.9597 -110.1194 112 0.50YELL 1998 BRFR 7/27/1998 Pebble Crk N 44.9597 -110.1194 111 0.41YELL 1998 BRFR 7/27/1998 Pebble Crk N 44.9597 -110.1194 110 0.56YELL 1998 BRFR 8/12/1998 Snake R S 44.1400 -110.6653 188 0.55YELL 1998 BRFR 8/12/1998 Snake R S 44.1400 -110.6653 225 0.70YELL 1998 BRFR 8/12/1998 Snake R S 44.1400 -110.6653 169 0.47YELL 1998 BRFR 8/6/1998 Yellowstone L S 44.4681 -110.4672 146 1.17YELL 1998 BRFR 8/6/1998 Yellowstone L S 44.4681 -110.4672 119 0.91YELL 1998 BRFR 8/6/1998 Yellowstone L S 44.4681 -110.4672 145 1.03YELL 1998 CLMI 8/4/1998 Biscuit Basin S 44.4853 -110.8561 1492 0.88YELL 1998 CLMI 8/4/1998 Biscuit Basin S 44.4853 -110.8561 1083 0.82YELL 1998 CLMI 8/4/1998 Biscuit Basin S 44.4853 -110.8561 1225 0.86YELL 1998 LEVU 7/15/1998 Divide L N 44.9136 -111.0511 380 0.71YELL 1998 LEVU 7/15/1998 Divide L N 44.9136 -111.0511 329 0.57YELL 1998 LEVU 7/15/1998 Divide L N 44.9136 -111.0511 259 0.62
Typical Spreadsheet
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Aluminum Chromium Manganese Selenium
Arsenic Cobalt Mercury Sodium
Boron Copper Molybdenum Sulfur
Bromine Iron Nickel Titanium
Cadmium Lead Phosphorus Vanadium
Calcium Magnesium Potassium Zinc
Ash
Elements Studied
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Summary of NPS Lichen DataNumber of Parks 28
Number of Localities 335
Number of Species/Locality Combinations
89
Number of Species 55
Number of Collections 2,159
Number of Years Sampled 18
Theoretical Number of Data Points
54,000
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Species/locality combinations over time
y = 8.4011x - 16634
R2 = 0.9881
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
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Resampled Parks
• Acadia• Apostle Islands• George Washington Carver• Indiana Dunes• Isle Royale• Redwood• Sleeping Bear Dunes• Theodore Roosevelt• Voyageurs
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Ten Most Collected SpeciesSpecies Number of
LocalitiesHypogymnia physodes 24
Cladina rangiferina 23
Evernia mesomorpha 21
Parmelia sulcata 17
Punctelia rudecta 7
Hypogymnia enteromorpha 6
Cladina stellaris 4
Cladina subtenuis 4
Letharia vulpina 4
Platismatia glauca 4
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Uses of NPS Lichen Data
• Spatial and temporal patterns and trends
• Large-scale patterns of elements
• Differences between species
• Establishment of elemental baselines
• Determinations of possible sources
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S and Hg are related at Yellowstone
600700
800900
100011
001200
13001400
Sulfur
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3M
ercu
ry
LethariaBryoria
Species
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Chemical Baselines for Hypogymnia physodes
2
4
12
25
110
225
400
890
920
1,060
1,400
2,600
3,340
16,500
21,000
1 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000
Cd
As
Ni
Cu
Pb
Mn
Zn
Mg
Al
P
S
Fe
K
Ca
N
Concentration (ppm)
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Element patterns are different in 4 species at Boundary Waters
-2 -1 0 1 2FACTOR(1)
-2
-1
0
1
2
3F
AC
TO
R(2
)
ParmeliaHypogymniaEverniaCladina
Species
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Pb & Mn in Evernia mesomorpha through time
PbRank 1 Eqn 8002 Exponential(a,b,c)
r^2=0.72166733 DF Adj r^2=0.62888977 FitStdErr=2.3658021 Fstat=12.964114a=1.9942252 b=1.1009371e+109
c=7.9764389
1982.5 1987.5 1992.5 1997.5
Year
2.5
5
7.5
10
12.5
15
17.5
2.5
5
7.5
10
12.5
15
17.5
MnRank 20 Eqn 8002 Exponential(a,b,c)
r^2=0.42861629 DF Adj r^2=0.25720118 FitStdErr=6.7754471 Fstat=4.1257558a=-24.413935 b=3.0612786e-67
c=-12.773841
1982.5 1987.5 1992.5 1997.5
Year
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
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Selected Publications
1995. Bennett, J. P. Abnormal chemical element concentrations in lichens of Isle Royale National Park. Environ. Exper. Botany. 35: 259-277.
1996. Bennett, J. P., Dibben, M. J. & Lyman, K. J. Element concentrations in Hypogymnia physodes after three years of transplanting along Lake Michigan. Environ. Exper. Bot. 36: 255-270.
1997. Bennett, J. P. & Wetmore, C. M. Chemical element concentrations in four lichens on a transect entering Voyageurs National Park. Environ. Exp. Bot. 37: 173-185.
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1999. Bennett, J. P. and C. M. Wetmore. Changes in element contents of selected lichens over 11 years in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness, northern Minnesota, USA. Environ. Exper. Bot. 41: 75-82.
1999.Bennett, J. P. Statistical Baseline Values for Chemical Elements in the Lichen Hypogymnia physodes. Chapter 19 in “Environmental Pollution and Plant Responses”, S. B. Agrawal & M. Agrawal, Eds., CRC Press/Lewis Publishers. PP. 343-353.
1999. Bennett, J. P. and C. M. Wetmore. Geothermal chemical elements in lichens of Yellowstone National Park. Environ. Exp. Bot. 42: 191-200.
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NPLICHEN
• Lichen checklists available
• www.ies.wisc.edu/brd
• Specimen x locality data available
• Rare or sensitive species monitoring