metolong dam environmental an social impact assessment€¦ · metolong dam esla final resettlement...
TRANSCRIPT
RP736 VOL. 1
GOVERNMENT OF LESOTHO
DEPARTMENT OF WATER AFFAIRS LOWLANDS WATER SUPPLY UNIT
METOLONG DAM ENVIRONMENTAL AN SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
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Metolong Dam ESlA Final Resettlement Plan
LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................................... Ill
LIST OF FIGURES ......................................................................................................................... IV
APPENDICES ................................................................................................................................ IV
APPENDIX 1: LIST OF POTENTIALLY AFFECTED HOUSEHOLDS ....................................... IV
................................................................ VOLUME 2: ANNEX TO THE RESETTLEMENT PLAN IV
ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ............................................................................................. V
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .............................................................................................................. VI
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY (ENGLISH) ............................................................................................ Vll
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY (SESOTHO) ......................................................................................... XVI
..................................................................................................................... 1 INTRODUCTION 1
2 METHODOLOGY .................................................................................................................... 4
................................................ 2.1.1 Consultations with Interested and Affected Parties 4 ................................................... 2.1.2 Census of Households in Broader Reservoir Area 4
2.1.3 Socio-Economic Survey ........................................................................................... 4 ................................................................................................. 2.1.4 Recording of Assets 5
................................................ 2.1.5 Survey of Movement Across the Phuthiatsana River 6 .......................................... 2.1.6 Mapping and Database of Affected Persons and Assets 6
2.1.7 Review of Secondaty Data ....................................................................................... 6
3 PROJECT DESCRIPTION ....................................................................................................... 7
....................................................................................................................... 3.1 OVERVIEW 7 3.2 DESCRIPTION OF PROPOSED WORKS ................................................................................... 7 3.2.1 Dam ......................................................................................................................... 7 3.2.2 Water Supply Transmission ...................................................................................... 8 3.2.3 Pumping Stations ..................................................................................................... 8 3.2.4 Treatment Plant ........................................................................................................ 8
3.3 ANCILLARY FACILITIES AND SERVICES .................................................................................. 9 3.4 PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION ................................................................................................. 9
4 THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT .......................................................................... 10
4.1 GEOGRAPHICAL CONTEXT ............................................................................................... 10 4.2 DEVELOPMENT CONTEXT .................................................................................................. I 0
.............................................................................................. 4.3 ADMINISTRATIVE CONTEXT 11 4.4 DEMOGRAPHY .................................................................................................................. 12
4.4. I Population and Settlement Patterns ....................................................................... 12 .................................................................................. 4.4.2 Age and Gender Distribution 15
4.4.3 Housing ................................................................................................................ 20 4.4.4 Water and Sanitation ............................................................................................ 21 4.4.5 Land Use ................................................................................................................ 22 4.4.6 Livelihoods ............................................................................................................. 25
................................................... 4.4.7 Infrastructure, Services and Movement Patterns 27 ......................................... 4.4.8 Use of the Phuthiatsana River and Riverine Resources 29
5 LAND ACQUISITION AND RELATED IMPACTS ................................................................. 32
5.1 LAND ACQUISITION REQUIREMENTS ................................................................................... 32 5.2 AFFECTED HOUSEHOLDS .................................................................................................. 33 5.3 LIVELIHOOD IMPACTS ........................................................................................................ 34
Metolong Dam ESlA Final Reseltlc~nenl Plan Feb 2OD: "* '(jbiE" iil ASSOilatlon vntl: b M Assoc~ales iLeSolho1 and Southern inialers (South Africa)
5.3.1 Income Sources of Affected Households ............................................................. 34 5.3.2 Loss of Land and Natural Resources ..................................................................... 35
......................................................................................................... 5.3.3 Loss of Trees 37 ................................................................................ 5.3.4 Impacts on Livestock Farming 37
5.4 Loss OF GRAVES ............................................................................................................. 37 ...................................................................................... 5.5 SEVERED/CONSTRA~NED ACCESS 37
.............................................................................................. 5.6 POPULATION RELOCATION 38 ............................................................... 5.7 VULNERABLE HOUSEHOLDS~SOCIAL CATEGORIES 38
6 LEGAL AND POLICY FRAMEWORK ................................................................................... 39
6.1 CONSTITUTION OF LESOTHO ................... .. ..................................................................... 39 ................................................................................................... 6.2 THE LAND ACT, 1979 39
.............................................. 6.3 COMPENSATION PRACTICES ON THE LHWP .................... .. 40 ....... ............. 6.4 WSlP POLICY FRAMEWORK FOR LAND ACQUISITION AND COMPENSATION .. 41
6.5 WORLD BANK POLICIES ................................................................................................ 41 6.6 PROJECT POLICY GUIDELINES FOR [AND ACQUISITION, COMPENSATION AND RESETTLEMENT 42
7 CONSULTATION AND PLlBLlC DISCLOSURE ................................................................... 44
......................... 7.1 OBJECT~VES OF PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND INFORMATION DISSEMINATION 44 .......................................................... 7.2 PREVIOUS PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND DISCLOSURE 44
............................................................................................................... 7.3 STAKEHOLDERS 45 .......... 7.4 CONSULTATION ACTIVITIES FOR PREPARATION OF THE EIA AND RESETTLEMENT PLAN 46
7.5 ATTITUDES TOWARDS THE PROJECT .................................................................................. 48 7.6 KEY ISSUES RAISED ......................................................................................................... 48 7.7 FUTURE CONSULTATION AND DISCLOSURE PROGRAMME ................................................... 50 7.8 GRIEVANCE REDRESS ...................................................................................................... 51
8 COMPENSATION AND RELOCATION FRAMEWORK ........................................................ 52
8.1 RELOCATION FRAMEWORK ................................................................................................ 52 8.2 ENTITLEMENTS ................................................................................................................. 52
8.2. 1 Buildings and Improvements .................................................................................. 52 8.2.2 Cultivation Land ..................................................................................................... 53
...................................................................................................... 8.2.3 Standing Crops 53 8.2.4 Trees ..................................................................................................................... 53 8.2.5 Graves ................................................................................................................. 54 8.2.6 Natural Resources .................................................................................................. 54
......................................... 8.2.7 Community and Government Buildings/lnfrastructure 54 8.2.8 Restoration of Access ............................................................................................ 54 8.2.9 Downstream Impacts ............................................................................................. 55 8.2. 10 Rehabilitation Assistance .................................................................................... 55
8.3 CUT-OFF DATES TO ENTITLEMENTS ............................................................................... 56 8.4 COMPENSATION DETERMINATION ................................................................................. 56 8.5 NOTIFICATION OF ACQUISITION AND PAYMENT OF COMPENSATION ................................... .... 56
9 IMPLEMENTATION AND MANAGEMENT ........................................................................... 57
9.1 ORGANISATIONAL ARRANGEMENTS .................................................................................... 57 9.1.1 Project Steering Committee ................................................................................... 57 9.1.2 Project Implementation Unit ................................................................................... 57 9.1.3 Coordination ........................................................................................................... 58
9.2 CONSULTATION AND PARTICIPATION ................................................................................. 60 9.3 INFORMATION OFFICE ....................................................................................................... 60 9.4 GRIEVANCE REDRESS ...................................................................................................... 60 9.5 IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE ............................................................................................. 61
10 MONITORING AND EVALUATION ................................................................................... 63
10.1 PARAMETERS ................................................................................................................. 63 10.2 MONITORING FRAMEWORK ................................................................................................ 63
10.2.1 Performance Monitoring ......................................................................................... 63 10.2.2 Impact Monitoring ................................................................................................... 64 10.2.3 Completion Audit .................................................................................................... 65
10.3 REPORTING ..................................................................................................................... 65
11 COST ESTIMATES ........................................................................................................... 66
Melolong Dan1 tSlA Flnal Reseltlsmen! Plan l e l l 2007 8/~SMFJc jn As s ~ ~ z i l l l o n .% l t l l F M A S S O C ~ I ~ ! ~ C il-esotno! o?d Southern >ir'a!ers (?iou!h A! i ca i
12 REFERENCES .................................................................................................................. 68
FIGURES ....................................................................................................................................... 70
Table 1 . Table 2 . Table 3 . Table 4 . Table 5 . Table 6 . Table 7 . Table 8 . Table 9 . Table 10 .
Table 1 1 . Table 12 . Table 13 .
Table 14 .
Table 15 .
Table 16 . Table 17 . Table 18 . Table 19 . Table 20 . Table 2 1 . Table 22 . Table 23 . Table 24 . Table 25 .
Table 26 . Table 27 . Table 28 . Table 29 . Table 30 . Table 3 1 . Table 32 .
Table 33 . Table 34 . Table 35 .
List of Tables ......................................................................................... Key Socio-Economic Impacts 2
.................................................................. Details of Water Supply Transmission Lines 8
............................................................................................ Details of Pumping Stations 8
................................................................. Population Distribution by Ecological Zone 13
............................... Population Distribution and Density in the Project Area Districts 13
........................................................ Population in the Metolong Reservoir Area, 1996 14
.................................. Households Enumerated in the Metolong Reservoir Area, 2006 14
........... Age-Sex Distribution of the Household Population, Metolong Reservoir Area 15
.............. Educational Attainment of Persons 5 Years and Older in the Metolong Area 16
................... Residential Status of the Surveyed Population, Metolong Reservoir Area 18
.............. Main DemographicFeatures of Household Heads, Metolong Reservoir Area 19
............................ Educational Levels of Household Heads, Metolong Reservoir Area 19
........................... Employment Status of Household Heads, Metolong Reservoir Area 20
....................................................... Homestead Ownership, Metolong Reservoir Area 20
............................. Length of Residence at Homestead Site, Metolong Reservoir Area 21
.................................................. Household Water Sources, Metolong Reservoir Area 21
........................................... Household Sanitation Facilities, Metolong Reservoir Area 22
....................................... Ownership of Agricultural Fields, Metolong Reservoir Area 23
....................................................................................... Size of Agricultural Holdings 23
.......................................................... Livestock Ownership, Metolong Reservoir Area 24
............................................................ Ownership of Trees, Metolong Reservoir Area 24
................ Employment Status of Members in Male- and Female-Headed Households 25
................................................ Household Income Sources, Metolong Reservoir Area 26
Location of Services Accessed by Surveyed Households, Metolong Reservoir Area .. 28
............................... Survey of Crossing Points on Phuthiatsana River and Tributaries 29
Frequency of Eating Fish from the Phuthiatsana River, Metolong Reservoir Area ...... 30
Important Riverine Resources, Metolong Reservoir Area ............................................ 30
Impact of Natural Resource Loss on Livelihoods ......................................................... 31
Households Potentially Affected by the Metolong Reservoir ...................................... 33
Households Potentially Affected by the Water Treatment Plant and Access Road ...... 33
Summary of Affected Households ................................................................................ 34
Affected Population: Metolong Reservoir, Water Treatment Plant and Access Road .. 34
Affected Households by Gender of Household Head ................................................... 34
Income Sources of Affected Households ...................................................................... 35
Estimate of Permanent Land Losses ............................................................................. 36 Metolorlg Dam ESIA Final Resettlomenl Plan FeD 2001
'4"""2. '"IEC I" Assoclailon \crlh FM Assoc~atcs (Lesotho) and Southern flalers (South A08ca)
6. Survey of Movement Across the Phuthiatsana River
7. Summary Socio-Economic Information on Households Potentially Affected by the Metolong Reservoir, Treatment Plant and Access Road to Dam Wall
Abbreviations and Acronyms
ACL
AIDS
BP
CDC
EIA
FSL
GDP
GNI
ha
HIV
km
LEC
LHD A
LHWP
LSPP
LWSU
M
m
ML
MoHSW
NES
OP
PFLAC
PIU
PSC
RCC
RP
SDA
TRC
WSIP
Anglican Church of Lesotho
Acquired Irnrnuno-Deficiency Syndrome
Bank Procedure of the World Bank
Compensation Determination Committee
Environmental Impact Assessment
Full Supply Level
Gross Domestic Product
Gross National Income
hectare
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
kilometre
Lesotho Evangelical Church
Lesotho Highlands Development Authority
Lesotho Highlands Water Project
Department of Land, Surveys and Physical Planning
Lowlands Water Supply Unit
Maloti
metre
Mega Litre
Ministry of Health and Social Welfare
National Environment Secretariat, Lesotho
Operational Policy of the World Bank
Policy Framework for Land Acquisition and Compensation (WSIP)
Project Implementation Unit
Project Steering Committee
Roman Catholic Church (of Lesotho)
Resettlement Plan
Selected Development Area
Transformation Resource Centre for Intervention (Lesotho NGO)
Water Sector Improvement Project
Me:olong [ l am CSl;, Flrral Resettlt?rnent Plart I eb 2001 ffbSMFX: ,n Assoc~at~on w t , FM Assnc,ate, ( 1 es,,tho) on, S!x,thern ,,?lers (South All:?.!
Acknowledgements
SMEC International and FM Associates (Lesotho) acknowledge the assistance provided by numerous individuals in Maseru and elsewhere in Lesotho, and especially the following.
Lowlands Water Supply Unit (LWSU) including Ms Lintle Maliehe, Director, Mr Seboka Tharnae, Chief Environment Officer, Mr Maieane Khaketla, Chief Public Relations Officer and Ms Lisebo Mahlatsi, Chief Development Officer.
Ms B. Khoachele of the National Environment Secretariat (NES) of Lesotho, EIA and Pollution Control Division.
The EA team appreciates the helpful interest of Mr. E. Lesoma, Commissioner of Water.
Mr M. Lenka from Transformation Resource Center, Lesotho.
Mr. B. van Tonder from the Lesotho Environmental Justice Advocacy Centre.
Mr M. Ntsihlele, Director Ntsihlele Land Surveyors, Maseru.
The Councillors, Village Chiefs and affected communities, and the Metolong Dam Committee, who provided much of their time and effort at meetings and participated in the socio-economic and affected asset surveys for the Project.
Metolong Dam E S A Final Resettlement Plan Feb 2007 ''k snrEc 1" Assouat~on w t h F M Assocla,er (Lesolho) and Southern PJaters (South Al!~ca)
Executive Summary (English)
Project Background and Description
Maseru has experienced substantial population growth over the past five years, due in large part to immigration from other parts of the country. This increase has had a significant effect on water supply and demand, with domestic connections increasing by 270% between 1991 and 2001. Industrial developments, especially within the growing textile sector, also require increasing amounts of water.
Water demand has outstripped the available supply, leading to water shortages, an increase in the proportion of the city's population without water supply services and the curtailing of planned new connections (Government of Lesotho 2004; Molapo 2005). The situation will deteriorate unless immediate steps are taken to procure additional supplies.
The Metolong Dam Project, which entails a dam and reservoir on the Phuthiatsana River some 35 km east of Maseru, will pennit the Government of Lesotho to meet Maseru's domestic and industrial water requirements up to the year 2020 and possibly beyond. The Project involves construction of a roller compacted concrete dam. Two storage options are under consideration:
Option 1 (providing a water supply of 70MLIday) involves a dam 60 m in height with a crest length of approximately 210 m and an estimated reach upstream of approximately 14 km. Option 2, the larger of the two dams (providing a water supply of 80 MLIday), would be 68 m high (from a base level at 1605 m to crest level at 167 1 m) with a crest length greater than 2 10 m and an estimated reach upstream of approximately 16 km.
The dam site is located in Maseru District, adjacent to the villages of Ha Seeiso and Metolong Ha Makotoko on the South Phuthiatsana River some 35 km from Maseru. The storage area extends upstream to the village of Ha Tsoaleli in Berea District, approximately 16 km from the dam site. Ancillary works include construction of approximately 1 10 km of transmission mains, associated pumping stations and holding reservoirs, and a water treatment plant adjacent to the Dam.
Socio-Economic lmpacts
One of the most important Project impacts is the long-term benefits associated with an improved water supply to Maseru and other urban areas such as Teyateyaneng, Mazenod and Roma. However, the Project will also have adverse impacts, of which the acquisition of privately-owned trees and cultivation land and the loss of a range of communal natural resources for the creation of the Metolong Reservoir are the most important. A summary of the key social impacts associated with the Project, for which a Resettlement Plan (RP) is required, is detailed below:
Project Component Metolong Dam and Reservoir
Treatment Plant
Water Supply Transmission
Impacts Acquisition of an area of 21 0 ha to 260 ha at Full Supply Level (FSL), depending on storage option. Permanent loss of -64 ha cultivation land, -1,414 individual trees and -60 ha of poplar grovesithickets (Option 2). Permanent loss of natural resources such as thatching grass, medicinal plants and grazing land. Impeded access between villages. No involuntary relocation, although for the larger storage option up to -10 households may being given the option of relocating upslope further away from the water level. Permanent loss of -1 5 ha land, including cultivation land, for the Treatment Plant and Drying Beds. No involuntary relocation. - Temporary occupation of land, mostly within existing road reserves, with possible temporary occupation of - 15 ha of communal and private land where transmission lines are outside road reserves. Possibility of limited temporary relocation of operators within road reserves while pipelines are being laid.
I No involuntary relocation. I
Ancillarv Facilities/Services I I Permanent acauisition of - 6 ha of mainlv cultivation land for new
Project Component Pumping Stations and Reservoir
access road to the Dam Wall. Upgrading of existing gravel roads around the Reservoir not anticipated to lead to significant acquisition of private land.
Impacts Permanent acquisition of - 4 ha land, including some cultivation land, for two new Pump Stations.
Temporary occupation of communal and private land for a quarry, construction areas and offices, with some of this land converted to a permanent operational office site. Temporary occupation estimated at 25 ha and permanent acquisition at 20 ha. An alternative quarry site, identified at the end of the EIA study, is located close to the village of Ha Seeiso and may require relocation of two to three households. This site is not recommended.
Aim'and Scope of the Resettlement Plan
The Resettlement Plan (RP) has been prepared with reference to Government legislation and to international best practice, as embodied in the involuntary resettlement safeguard policies and guidelines of the World Bank. The power of eminent domain is recognised in Lesotho: Government may acquire private property for public use, provided that compensation is paid for such acquisition. International best practice emphasises the need to avoid or rninimise involuntary resettlement on development projects. The acquisition of private property, if unavoidable, should be conceptualised as an integral part of project design, preparation and implementation.
The overall aim of the RP is to ensure that the following Project impacts are addressed:
= loss of land and other privately-owned assets; loss of community assets; impacts on subsistencellivelihoods and income-earning capacity; impacts on movement across the Phuthiatsana River at the site of the proposed Metolong Reservoir; collective adverse impacts on groupslsocial categories who because of their social position may be vulnerable to changes brought about by Project activities, or who may be excluded from its associated benefits.
The RP presents estimates of asset losses; compensation principles and the legal framework applicable for mitigation of losses; an Entitlement Matrix; and an institutional framework and budget for the implementation and monitoring of the resettlement programme.
The final configurationslalignments and land acquisition requirements of project components such as the Water Treatment Plant, the access road to the Dam Wall and the transmission pipelines are still to be confirmed. The policy guidelines and measures detailed in the RP and the Entitlement Mat~ix will apply to all project components.
Socio-Economic Context
Settlement patterns at the Metolong Reservoir site reflect the historically rural nature of the area, with scattered villages surrounded by rangeland and agricultural fields. However, because of its topography and proximity to Maseru (approximately one hour by taxilbus) the area is substantially more populated than the higher mountain areas. In 1996, an estimated 1,819 households (with a population of 9,130) lived in the 15 Enumeration Areas adjoining and immediately downstream of the proposed Metolong Reservoir site. These households were located in 48 villages, which ranged in size from as small as five households to villages with more than 100 households.
25 villages adjoining the Metolong Reservoir area were surveyed for the preparation of the ESIA and Resettlement Plan. The surveyed villages are located in four Community Councils: Ratau A02 (Maseru District), which accounts for 19 of the surveyed villages, all part of the Thaba Bosiu Chiefdom; and Senekane D02, Senekane DO8 and Motanasele DO7 (Berea District) which account for six of the surveyed villages, all within the Mamathe Chiefdom.
Metolong Clam t S l A Final Resettlc?nlent Plan re[, : 'OOi '' ;I) ShlEC: tn Ass~~c~a i lon with FM Assoclales (Lesotho) an:l Southern Walers (South Alnca)
Key socio-economic characteristics of the population in the Reservoir periphery, obtained from a socio-economic survey of a sample of 570 households and a basic census of 1,502 households in the 25 villages, are given below:
The socio-economic survey enumerated 3,205 people in 570 households. An average household size of 5.6 was recorded for the sample as a whole, 5.7 for male-headed households and 5.4 for female-headed households. 35.9% of the surveyed population were in the 0-14 age group, 58.0% in the 15-64 age group and 6.1% in the 65 years and older age group. Just over 22% were in the 0-9 age group. The four biggest household relationship categories were the household head (1 8.1% of the surveyed population) and hislher spouse (10.2%), children (40.3%) and grandchildren (17.4%). These four categories together accounted for 86% of the surveyed population.
= The reported educational attainment of a sample of 2,449 persons aged five years and older shows that 13.9% had never attended school, with the percentage of non-attendance increasing across the age groups, except for the 5-14 age group which had the highest percentage of non- attendance. This is mainly attributed to the influence of the 5 years old age group, most of whom were not yet enrolled at school. In the 6-14 years age group, more than 90% were recorded as students, with only 8.5% not attending school.
= More than 3 1% of the surveyed population were classified as students and another 12.1% as pre-school children. Nearly 28% were recorded as unemployed (defined as actively seeking any kind of employment at least once of the past three months) and a further 11.80/0 as housewives, homemakers or aged. Only 12.6% of the surveyed population were recorded as regular salarylwage earners and a further 3.3% as involved in informal sector economic activities; only 1.5% were receiving government pensions. A large majority (70.8%) of the surveyed households obtained their water from public standpipes. The only other significant sources of water were springs (17.8% from unprotected springs and 10.4% from protected springs). With regard to sanitation facilities, 53.1% reported using the bushiopen field and 46.9% that they had their own pitNIP latrine or access to another person's latrine. Ownership of agricultural fields is high, with 83.9% of the surveyed households reporting that they owned fields. Because of the deeply incised gorge area, agricultural fields are mostly situated on the plateau areas (away from the Phuthiatsana River) in the vicinity of the villages. Livestock ownership details obtained in the household census recorded 3,281 cattle, 1,167 sheep, 1,627 goats, 389 horses and 731 donkeys amongst 1,489 households. More than 53% of the households in the census survey owned no cattle, while ownership of other livestock was even lower - 92.4% owned no sheep, 88.9% no goats, 84.2% no horses and 72.7% not sheep. Furthermore, herd sizes were small, with few households owning more than six head of any of the five livestock types. Income resources reported most often were salaries (36.6% of male-headed and 25.3% of female-headed households), remittances from South Africa (32.3% and 18.1% respectively), income from the sale of beer (2 1.3% and 34.1%) income from the sale of own vegetable produce (25.1% and 18.7%), remittances from workers in Lesotho (1 7.3% and 14.8%) and pensions (1 1.5% and 20.3%). The sale of timber resources was reported by 10.4% of male- headed households and 9.3% of female-headed households, the sale of fish by 2.9% of male- headed households and 1.1% of female-headed households, while income from the sale of handicrafts was reported by respectively 11.2% and 9.9% of male-headed female-headed households. The importance of subsistence agriculture in the livelihoods of households in the Metolong Reservoir area is underscored by the low reported incomes. Many households (58.6%) had monthly incomes of M300 or less. As many as 70% reported monthly household incomes of M500 or less. Only 11.6% had reported monthly incomes above M1,lOO. The reported incomes of households headed by women are consistently lower than those of male-headed households. Nearly 86% of female-headed households had monthly household incomes of M5OO or less, compared to 62% of male-headed households. Only 3.6% of female-headed households had monthly incomes in excess of M 1,100, as opposed to 15.6% of male-headed households.
Melolong Dam ESlP Final Reseltltrnlenl Plan Feb 2007 6 I,? Essooal~on wlh FM issnclates (lesolho! ard Sobrthem ~Wa'ers (South Alxlca)
Since the Metolong socio-economic survey established broadlindicative household monthly incomes only, it is not possible to make direct correlations with the poverty line income of M703 per household/month established by the Government's Poverty Reduction Strategy (based on M146/person/month and an average household size of 5). Nevertheless, it is clear that a substantial number of households in the Metolong Reservoir fall below the defined poverty line and therefore be classified as poor.
Land Acquisition Requirements
The Project will require both permanent land acquisition and temporary land occupation. Permanent land acquisition will occur for the construction of the Dam Wall, the creation of the Metolong Reservoir, as well as for other permanent infrastructure such as the access road to the Dam Wall, the Water Treatment Plant and Drying Bed, a permanent operations office, pump stations and new concrete reservoirs at Ha Nchela, Sefikeng (both in the vicinity of the Metolong Reservoir), and in Maseru. Temporary land occupation will be required for the construction of eight transmission pipelines, temporary access roads, the operation of a quany and for construction camps and offices.
The Metolong Reservoir area is under consideration for declaration as a Selected Development Area (SDA), in terms of Section 44 of the Land Act, 1979. A Metolong SDA Master Plan has been commissioned, which will determine the most appropriate location/alignment of infrastructure such as the Water Treatment Plant, construction camps, offices and the access road to the Dam Wall. With the exception of the Reservoir footprint, it is therefore not possible to give the final location of the associated infrastructure at the Reservoir site, although provisional areas for the Water Treatment Plant and access road to the Dam Wall have been identified.
The Project's anticipated land requirements are summarised below:
Metolong Dam and Reservoir. Both storage options will require the permanent acquisition of land, inundation of communal resources and activities, and improvements on this land (agricultural fields, privately-owned trees and a small number of graves in the case of Option 2). Land acquisition is estimated at 210 ha for Option I and 260 ha for Option 2.
Treatment Plant and Drying Beds. The Treatment Plant and Drying Beds will require the permanent acquisition of land in the vicinity of the Reservoir, anticipated to consist mainly of agricultural fields, rangeland and communal forest areas. Land acquisition is estimated at 14 ha.
1 Access Road to Dam Wall. The new access road to the Dam Wall, which will veer off the current road to Ha Seeiso and link up with the existing Ha Makotoko-Nazareth gravel road after crossing the Dam Wall, will require the permanent acquisition of land, anticipated to consist mainly of agricultural fields and rangeland. Land acquisition is estimated at 6 ha.
Associated Infrastructure. T h s Project component includes the quarry, works areas, temporary roads, construction camps, offices that will be required during the construction period. Most of the land will be occupied on a temporary basis, although some permanent land acquisition will be necessary for an operational office complex in the vicinity of the Dam Wall. The Feasibility Study identified a potential quarry site south of the Reservoir, on rangeland along the Ha Makotoko-Nazareth road. A new site has recently been identified during the Feasibility update studies, located immediately to the west of Ha Seeiso. This site is considered to be unsuitable, since it will require relocation of two to three households and will be located close to other households on the western edge of Ha Seeiso. Land required for the associated infrastructure is anticipated to consist of agricultural fields and rangeland. Land acquisition requirements are still to be determined, with permanent land acquisition estimated at 20 ha and temporary occupation at 25 ha.
Pumping Stations and Reservoirs. The four new pump stations and three new reservoirs will require permanent acquisition of land, ranging in size from approximately 0.1 ha to 0.5 ha. This infrastructure will as far as possible be located on public land, although some impacts on private property are anticipated. Land acquisition requirements are still to be determined but are estimated at 4 ha.
Transmission Pipelines. Four transmission lines will be placed entirely within the reserves of existing roads and temporary occupation of private land is therefore not anticipated. These lines are Line 3 (Junction A in the vicinity of Thaba Bosiu to Junction B at Ha Makhalanyane), Line 4 (Junction B to Mazenod), Line 6 (Sefikeng to Teyateyaneng) and Line 7 (Junction B to Roma). A further line (Line 8 from Mazenod to Morija) currently under consideration will also be entirely within an existing road reserve. The transmission lines that are likely to cross private or communal land are Line 1 (Dam site to Ha Nchela), Line 2 (Ha Nchela to the High South Reservoir in Maseru) and Line 5 (Dam site to the new reservoir at Sefikeng). The estimated lengths of pipeline to be laid outside existing road reserves on private and communal land are as follows: Line 1 - 5 km, Line 2 - 1 km and Line 5 - 8.7 km. Temporary land occupation outside public road reserves, to be confirmed duringfinal design, is currently estimated at 15 ha.
In addition to land losses, an estimated 1,143 individual trees could be affected by Storage Option 1 and a further 27 1 by Storage Option 2. Relatively large areas of poplar thicketsigroves will also be affected, estimated at approximately 60 ha for Option 1 and a further 5 ha for Option 2. These broad estimates will be confirmed during the detailed asset verification and valuation exercise.
A range of natural resources that are useful to local communities will also be inundated by the Metolong Reservoir. These include thatching grass, medicinal plants, grazing land and building sand. These resources play an important role in the livelihoods of households and other resource user groups such as herbalistsltraditional healers. Construction of the Reservoir is also expected to lead to a reduction in the volume of river sand downstream of the Dam Wall, where a number of sand miners are operating. The loss of useful natural resources will affect households in the vicinity of the Reservoir who rely on these resources, since their primary resource harvesting areas will be inundated. Harvesting of similar resources in other areas will create an added economic burden. Furthermore, the inundation of natural resources will lead to increased pressure on the surrounding natural resources.
The loss of cultivation land, trees and useful natural resources for the creation of the Metolong Dam and Reservoir is the most significant social impact of the Project. Measures have been included in the Project's Entitlement Matrix to ensure that these losses are prompty addressed.
Population Displacement and Relocation
There will be no involuntary resettlement for any of the Project components, with the possible exception of the temporary relocation from existing road reserves of moveable facilities such as market stalls and informal taxi ranks while the transmission pipelines are laid. Any temporary relocation will be undertaken as specified in the Project's Entitlement Matrix. Optimization of the routing for the mains could possibly require infrequent infringement onto sites occupied by houses. Such cases could be dealt with on a "willing seller - willing buyer" basis with purchase of the site(s) at negotiated rates.
The larger storage option for the Metolong Reservoir may result in up to -10 households (mainly in Ha Tlele and Ha Masakale) being given the option of relocating upslope within their existing villages, further away from the water level. The identification of households qualifying for voluntary relocation will be jointly undertaken and confirmed by the implementing agency, the Metolong Dam Committee, Community Councillors and Chiefs. Households who qualify for voluntary relocation and who choose to exercise their choice will be fully compensated for the move and receive reestablishment assistance as detailed in the Entitlement Matrix.
As indicated above, a possible alternative quany site was identified at the end of the EIA study, located immediately to the west of Ha Seeiso. This site is considered to be unsuitable, since it will require relocation of two to three households and will be located close to other households on the western edge of Ha Seeiso.
Metolong Dam ESlA Final Reset t l t~ms~~l Plan Feb 2007 ' '4'~sSh'D(: In Hssoclatlon wth FM Hssoclates (Lesotho! and Southern 'Wdlers (South A f~ t rn )
Guiding Principles for Compensation and Relocation
The following guiding principles will apply to all Project components. They are consistent with international involuntary resettlement safeguards, while also incorporating local legislation and practices.
Principle 1 : Relocation and land acquisition will be avoided or rninirnised.
Principle 2: All Project impacts will be identified and all losses properly recorded
Principle 3: Ongoing and meaningful consultation will occur with project-affected persons and communities.
Principle 4: Affected persons will be assisted to improve their livelihoods.
Principle 5: Vulnerable groups and severely project-affected persons will be specifically catered for.
Principle 6: Land acquisitionirelocation planning, budgeting and implementation will be an integral part of the project.
Principle 7: Grievance and monitoring procedures will be in place.
Principle 8: Legal obligations will be complied with.
Entitlement Matrix
1 / o Loss of graves 1 Household rehabilitation measures 1 o Cultivation disru~tion allowance
An Entitlement Matrix has been prepared as part of the Project's Resettlement Plan, in accordance with local legislation, the compensation frameworks of the LHWP and the Water Sector Improvement Project (WSIP) and international best practice. The Entitlement Matrix (Section 8.2 and Appendix 2) covers the following impacts, entitlements and support measures:
o Household displacement allowance o Evacuation allowance o Vulnerable social categories (e.g. landless sharecroppers
and female-headed households)
Cultivation land
= Residential and business land
Crops and trees
Public/communal resources and facilities
Buildings, structures and other private Property
Restoration of Access
o Permanent loss of land o Temporary land occupation o Loss of access to public land o Permanent loss of residential and business land o Temporary land occupation
Loss of non-perennial crops o Loss of perennial crops and privately-owned trees o Loss of natural resources o Loss of or damage to structures o Impeded/constrained access to facilities, services and
social networks o Loss of residential or business structures o Damage to residential or business structures o Loss of rented accommodation
As a natural feature of the physical landscape, the Phuthiatsana River has always conskained the movement of people to some degree, and the location of social services such as schools (with children mainly attending schools on the same side of the River) partly reflects this reality. Nevertheless, the Reservoir will be a permanent barrier, as opposed to the River, which is crossed on a regular basis. Impeded access resulting from Reservoir inundation relate principally to the inundation of crossing points used to access services, facilities (e.g. schools, churches, mills) and kinship, social and support networks.
me to lo^^^ Dan1 ESIA Final Resettlrment Plan Feb 2007 sh'Ec fn Assuoatii:n w t h FM Associates (Lasotho) and Southern haters (South Africa!
In addition to a vehicular access road across the Dam Wall, four footbridges are recommended in the middle and upper reaches of the Reservoir to restore access tohetween villages. A number of gravel roadsltracks in the Reservoir periphery have also been identified for upgrading.
Organisational Arrangements
A Project Steering Committee (PSC) will be created at the onset of the Project to ensure proper coordination of compensation, mitigation and (where required) relocation activities. The PSC will have representation from:
the affected communities as the Metolong Dam site; the Thaba Bosiu and Mamathe Chiefdoms; the Community Councils of Ratau A02 Senekane D02, Senekane DO8 and Motanasele DO7 concerned government departments; the Transformation Resource Centre; and
a the implementing agency.
The PSC will have the following key functions:
acting as a mechanism for information exchange, complementary planning and coordination of implementation activities; ensuring adherence to the Project's compensation and resettlement policies; assessing the progress and efficacy of the programme and suggesting modifications where necessary; identifying issueslareas of concern and suggesting corrective measures; and assisting with the identification of socio-economic development opportunities in the Metolong Reservoir area.
Specific issues requiring further assessment may occur during the implementation of the Project. Where necessary, special PSC Task Groups will be established to investigate these issues and make recommendations for resolution or further action.
A Project Implementation Unit (PIU) will be established within the implementing agency to oversee all aspects of Project implementation. The PlU will ensure that compensation, mitigation and relocation actions such as those listed below are implemented:
procedures to minimise adverse social impacts (acquisition of land and buildings) throughout the planning, design and implementation phases; procedures for the recording of all project-affected persons, by means of census and asset verification and quantification exercises; procedures for the co-ordination of compensation activities at the various project sites; and initiatives to promotelenhance community participation and information dissemination.
Upon their appointment, the PIU staff will be given extensive induction and compensation/ relocation training. Focus areas will include:
international resettlement/compensation best practices; the Project's compensation and relocation objectives, principles and procedures; land acquisition procedures; the Project's various socio-economic databases; livelihood restoration and diversification; and community participation and development, with specific focus on the requirements of vulnerable social categories.
The success of the Project will largely depend on the ability of the implementing agency and affected communities to create and maintain a supportive relationship. Building on the work undertaken during the Feasibility Study and the ESIAIRP, a structured process of community liaison and participation will be initiated and managed by the PIU. A collaborative (partnership) approach will be adopted so as to build trust, to improve the quality of decisions and to promote sustainable development.
Metolong Del l E S A Final Reselrlf~menl Plan Vet 2;C: .'~*'ij3i'C: r Ar,so:.allon wlh FMAISOCIB~OS ('.es~lhci J r g Sal1ihem KaIer5 (Soutn Afl.i;t!
The existing Dam Committee, which was established during the Feasibility Study to represent potentially affected villages, will form the basis for interaction between the PIU and the communities. An officer within the PIU will assume overall responsibility for community liaison and participation activities.
A small Information Office will also be established in the Metolong Reservoir area. The Office would have the following available:
a library of available information (in digital and non-digital form) - e.g. reports and other articles of interest, and GIs information such as maps; presentation of promotional material on the Project, alternative livelihoods and income- generating activities, and other topics of interest; information pertaining to compensation, relocation and livelihood restoration procedures; and a "suggestion box" function, allowing people to record their concerns and suggestions.
Priority Actions
The following key activities will be initiated immediately upon approval of the Project:
= finalising the detailed configurations of the various project components so that land acquisition requirements and recording exercises can be undertaken; appointing staff within the implementing agency to commence with preparatory activities, including ongoing consultation with affected communities; updating the socio-economic baseline, including completing socio-economic questionnaires for all affected households not surveyed during the preparation of the EIAIRP; establishing a Compensation Determination Committee to finalise compensation principles, norms and rate; and - contracting suitable NGOs to assist with the preparation of the social environment, including preparation of capacity building and skills enhancement programmes.
Cost Estimate
The costs for the payment of compensation and the implementation of other measures detailed in the RP are estimated at M36,384,029, and detailed in the table below. The costs are based on the higher Metolong storage option and mainly on the rates used for the Lesotho Highland Water Project (LHWP). The following rates have been adjusted based on the recommendation of the country's Chief Valuation Officer: (a) arable land (applied the average of LHWP's 2005106 and 2006107 lump sum rates; (b) trees (increased by 12%); (c) buildings (increased by 3-5%).
Poplar groves are based on average of 50 trees per hectare at the same cost as for individual timber trees.
The costs for the construction of footbridges, the upgrading of gravel roadsltracks in the Reservoir periphery, the construction of cattle watering points and the implementation of water improvements in affected villages are not included in this estimate, since the their design and configuration are yet to be determined.
Metolong Oanl ESlA Final Resettlement Plan Feb 2007 * sn'Fx: 11: Assr~ciatlon w t h FM A~EoClateS (Lesotho) and Southern '~Valers (South Afrca!
Compensation and Livelihood Restoration Cost Estimate
Total Cost
(MI
5,265,000
60,000
200,500
120,360
26,320
56,000
5,728,180
6,034.1 76
144,440
6,178,616
55,900
5 10,400
3,575,000
4,141,300
1,392,000
182,280
165,680
33 1,400
2,071,360
852,000
240,000
40,000
1,132,000
1,000,000
5,000,000
2,000,000
500,000
1,800,000
2,500,000
12,800,000
2,600,000
34,651,456
1,732,573
36,384,029
Cost per Unit (M)
5,265
60
40 1
12,036
2,632
8,000
55,872
3,611
1,300
464
44,000
23,200
4,557
4,142
8,285
12,000
12,000
2,000
400
Item
1 Private Buildings and Structures (Metolong Voluntary Relocation)
Houseslstructures (assume 10 voluntary reloc.)
Kraals
Outbuildings
Fences
VIP
Graves
Sub-Total
2 Land
Permanent (mainly arable land) - all components
Temporary occupation - all components
Sub-Total
3 Trees
Fruit trees
Timber trees
Poplar thickets
Sub-Total
4 Natural Resources
Rangeland
Useful grasses
Medicinal plants
Wild vegetables
Sub-Total
5 Allowances
Cultivation disruption allowance
Displacement allowance
Evacuation allowance
Sub-Total
6 Livelihood Res., Management and Monitoring
Organisational development and training
Capacity building, alternative livelihoods
Contracted NGOs
Community participation
Information office (dam site) - O&M
Monitoring (incl. NGOs and PoE)
Sub-Total
7 Fencing of Village Areas
8 Total (Item 1-7)
9 Contingencies (5%)
10 GRAND TOTAL
Unit
mZ
sqm
Sqm hihold
number
number
ha
ha
number
number
ha
ha
ha
ha
ha
household
household
household
lump sum
lump sum
lump sum
lump sum
lump sum
m
Number1 Size
1000
1000
500
10
10
7
108
40
43
1100
65
60
40
40
40
71
20
20
6,500
Executive Summary (Sesotho)
Se Tsoetseng Morero le Tlhaloso
Lilemong tse hlano tse fetileng motse-moholo oa Maseru ha e sa le o imetsoe ke kholo ea sechaba ka lebaka la phallo e holimo ea batho ho tloha libakeng tse ling tsa naha. Keketseho ena e amme phepelo le tlhokeho ea metsi ka tsela e holimo 'me likhokahanyo tsa metsi malapeng li nyolohetse ho liphesente tse 270(ho tloha ho 6500 ho ea ho 17500) pakeng tsa 1991 le 2001. Ntlafatso ea mesebetsi ea khoebo, haholo-holo ka hare ho lefapheng la ho etsa liaparo le ntseng le hola e hloka metsi a mangata haholo. Tlhokeho ea metsi e fetile hole phepelo e teng 'me e tsoetse khaello ea metsi, e leng keketseho e fetang sechaba sa toropo hlokang metsi hammoho le litiebeletso le phokotso ea likhokahanyo tsa naha tse neng li reriloe ('Muso oa Lesotho 2004; Molapo 2005). Boemo bona bo tla mpefala ha eba ho sa nkoe mehato e potlakileng ho fumana phepelo tse ling. Morero oa Letamo la Metolong, o nang le letamo le Poke110 ea Metsi nokeng ea Phuthiatsana lik'hilomithara tse ka bang 35 bochabela ho Maseru, o tla thusa 'Muso oa Lesotho katlehisong ea ho fenya tlhokahalo ea metsi rnalapeng le mesebetsing ea khoebo ho fihlela selemo sa 2020 mohlomong le ho feta moo.
Morero o sebetsana le ho aha letamo la samente le botebo ba limithara tse 68 le bolelele bo holimo- limo ba limithara tse 210. Mothati o kaholimo oa metsi e tla ba limithara tse 1 673. Sebaka seo letamo le leng ho sona se seterekeng sa Maseru, haufi le metse ea Ha Seeiso le Metolong Ha Makotoko boroa ho noka ea Phuthiatsana, lik'hilomithara tse 35 ho tloha Maseru. Sebaka sa poke110 se ho nyolosa le noka ho ea motseng oa Ha Tsolaleli, seterekeng sa Berea bohole bo ka bang lik'hilomithara tse 16 ho tloha sebakeng sa letamo. Mesebetsi ea tlatsetso e kenyeletsa khaho ea lipompo tse kholo tsa phepelo ea metsi tsa bolele ba lik'hilomithara tse 89, hammoho le liteishene tsa ho pompa metsi le matamo le sebaka sa tlhoekiso ea ona haufi le letamo.
Kuno Sechabeng le Moruong
Ntho ea bohlokoa-hlokoa ea melemo Morerong-kathoko ho letamo la Metolong le sebaka sa tlhoekiso ea metsi, likhokahanyo tsa lipompo tsa metsi le liteishene tse peli tse ncha tsa ho pompa metsi ke melemo ea nako e telele e amanang le ntlafatso ea phepelo ea metsi Maseru le libaka tse ling tsa litorotsoana tse kang Teyateyaneng, Mazenod le Roma. Leha ho le joalo, Morero le oona o tla ba le litla-morao tse seng monate tse tla ama phumantSo ea lifate tsa batho ka bo mong le temo ea masirno bakeng sa khaho ea letamo la Metolong le khakeletso ea metsi. Kakaretso ea melemo ea sechaba e ka sehlohong e amanang le Morero, eo Moralo oa Phalliso o hlokahalang e bontSitsoe ka botlalo tlaase mona:
Meroorg Oanl ESIA Flnal Resettlcnlent Plan Feb 2007 * u:s''Ec: in Assoclallon ~ l f h FM Assoclalrc (Lesnlho) drla Southern Walprs ('3ourh Hlr ca)
Sepheo le Boholo ba Moralo oa Phalliso
Moralo oa Phalliso o raliloe ho ipapisoa le molao oa 'Muso le se etsoang ke machaba ho kenyelelitsoe ka har'a maano a sireletsang Phalliso eo e seng ea boithaopo le litataiso tsa Banka ea LefatSe. Matla a ho hapa a amoheleha Lesotho: 'Muso o ka fumana thepa ea motho ka mong bakeng sa tiebeliso ea sechaba, ha feela matSeliso a lefshoa bakeng sa phumantSo e joalo. Tiebeliso e ntle ea machaba e hatella hore ho qojoe kapa ho fokotsoe phalliso e tlamang mererong ea ntlafatso. Ho nka thepa ea motho ka mong, ha eba ke nth0 e ka qojoang, e kenyelletsoe ka hare ho moralo, tlhophlso le phethahatso ea morero.
Sepheo sohle sa Moralo sa Phalliso ke ho bona hore likameho tsa morero tse latelang li eloa hloko:
tahlehelo ea mobu le thepa ea motho ka mong; tahlelo ea thepa ea sechaba; kameho holim'a boipheliso le mekhoa ea ho tlisa che1ete;le likameho tse mpehali tse kopanetsoeng ke lihlopha tseo ka lebaka la boemo ba tsona sechabeng li ka bang tsietsing ea liphetoho tse tlisoang ke 1itSebetso tsa Morero, kapa ba ke keng ba fumana molemo morerong.
Moralo oa Phalliso o fana ka likhakanyo tsa tahlehelo ea thepa; tsela tsa matSeliso le molao o sebelisoang bakeng sa bebofatsa litahlehelo; litokelo; le moralo oa Litokelo ka Tatellano; likhakanyo bakeng sa phethahatso le tSalo- morao ea lenaneo le Phalliso.
Metolong Darn ESIA Flnal Reseltlsnlent Plan Feb 2007 :n irsso!:latln~ nrth FM aisaclales (8..esrlihu) and Suuthern Waters (!jouth Afl-lea)
Litlhoko tsa PhumantSo ea Mobu
Morero o tla hloka phumantso ea mobu ea nako eohle le ea tiebeliso ea mobu nakoana. Phumantio ea mobu ea nako eohle e tla hlokahala bakeng sa khaho ea lebopo la Letamo, sebaka sa pokello ea metsi ea Metolong, le bakeng sa meaho le litiebeletso tsa nako eohle tse kang litsela tsa ho ea letamong, sebaka sa tlhoekiso ea metsi le liofisi tsa nako eohle tsa litiebeletso, liteishene tsa ho pompa metsi le Lipokello tsa Metsi tsa samente tse ncha Ha Nchela, Sefikeng (bobeli ba tsona li sebakeng sa Pokello ea Metsi Metolong), le Maseru. TSebeliso ea nakoana ea mobu e tla hlokahala bakeng sa khaho ea lipompo tse tsamaisang metsi, litsela tsa nakoana, tSebeliso ea koari le khaho ea likampo le liofisi.
Sebaka sa Pokello ea Metsi Metolong se ntse se hopoleloa ho lokisetsoa e le Sebaka se Khethehileng sa Ntlafatso, ho latela Karolo ea 44 ea Molao oa Mobu oa 1979. Moralo o moholo oa Metolong (Metolong SDA Master Plan) o laetsoe, 'me o tsebahatsa hore na ke sebaka sefe se lokelang bakeng sa litiebeletso tse kang sebaka sa Tlhoekiso ea Metsi, khaho ea likampo, liofisi le tsela e lebang letamong. Ka ntle le sebaka sa pokello, ha ho so fanoe ka qeto ea sebaka se amanang le litSebeletso sebakeng Pokello ea Metsi, le ha ho se ho tioailoe sebaka moo ho ka nnang ha etsetsoa tlhoekiso ea metsi se tla ba teng.
Litlhoko tsa mobu tseo ho seng ho nahamoe ka tsona li akarelitsoe ka tlaase:
Letamo la Metolong le Pokello ea Metsi. Khetho tsa poloko bobeli li tla hloka phumantSo ea nako eohle ea mobu le koahelo ka metsi ea lihlahisoa le 1itSebeletso tsa sechaba, ntlafatso mobung ona (mobu oa temo, lifate tsa motho ka mong le mabitla a seng makae ha eba khetho e le ea bobeli). PhumantSo ea mobu e hakahanyetsoa ho lihekethara tse 210 bakeng sa khetho ea pele le tse 260 bakeng sa khetho ea bobeli. Sebaka sa Tlhoekiso ea Metsi le Lehlabathe le Omisang. Sebaka sa Tlhoekiso ea Metsi le Lehlabathe le Omisang li tla hloka phumantSo ea mobu ea nako eohle haufi le Pokello ea Metsi , ho lebeletsoe hore sebaka sena se tla etsoa ka masimo, makhulo le meru ea sechaba. PhumantSo ea mobu e hakanyetsoa lihekethara tse 14. Tsela e lebang Lebopong la Letamo. Tsela e ncha e eang lebopong la letamo e tla kheloha tseleng ea hajoale Ha Seeiso 'me e kopane le ea kerabole e ntseng e le teng Ha Makotoko- Nazareta kamora' ho tSela Lebopo la Letamo, e tla hloka phumantSo ea mobu oa nako eohle, e hopoletsoeng hore e tla etsoa ka masimo le makhulo.PhumantSo ea mobu e hakanyelitsoe lihekethara tse 6. LitSebetso tse Amanang le Morero. Likarolo tse ling tsa morero li kenyeletsa koari, moo ho sebeletsoang, litsela tsa nakoana, khaho ea likampo, liofisi tse tla hlokahala nakong eo ho ntseng ho hahoa. Boholo ba mobu bo tla hlokahala nakao e khutSoanyane le ha phumantio e 'ngoe ea mobu e tla ba ea nako eohle bakeng sa liofisi tsa tSebetso tse ngata sebakeng se haufi le Lebopo la Letamo. Liphuphutso tsa Boitokisetso li supile sebaka se boroa ho Pokello ea Metsi e le se lokelang koari sebakeng sa lekhulo se iphaphathileng ka tsela ea Ha Matokoto- Nazareta. Sebaka se secha se tsoa suptjoa haufinyane nakong ea liphuphutso tsa boitokisetso tse 'nileng tsa etsoa nako le nako 'me se bophirimela haufi le Ha Seeiso. Sebaka sena ho shebehala se ke ke sa loka kaha ho tla lokela hore ho fallisoe malapa a mabeli kapa a mararo ho a isa haufi le a mang a bophirimela ho Ha Seeiso. Mobu o hlokahalang bakeng sa litiebeletso o hakanyetsoa hore e tla ba oa masimo le makhulo. Tse hlokahalang tsa phurnantio ea mobu ke hona li ntseng li lohothoa Liteishene tsa ho Pompa le Pokello ea Metsi. Liteishene tse ncha tse 'ne le libaka tse tharo tsa pokello ea metsi li tla hloka phumantio ea nako eohle ea mobu, li fapana ka boholo ho tloha lihekethareng tse ka bang 0.1 ho isa ho 0.5. Litiebeletso tsena li tla lokela ho ba mobung oa sechaba leha ho lebeletsoe hore ho tla ba le litla-morao thepeng ea motho ka mong. PhumantSo ea mobu o hlokahalang e hakanyetsoa ho lihekethara tse 4. Lipompo tse Tsamaisang Metsi. Tse 'ne tsa tse supileng tsa lipompo tse tsamaisang metsi li tla beoa ka har'a sebaka sa litsela tse ntseng li le teng 'me tSebeliso ea nakoana mobung oa motho ka mong ha e na ho ba teng kapa e tla ba ka tsela e fokolang. Lipompo tsena ke tsa mocha oa 3 (Mateanong a sebakeng sa Thaba-Bosiu ho ea Mateanong a B Ha Makhalanyane),
Vrlolnny !::in: ESlA Ftnel Rescltllsment Plan I-r:o ?(lil; " ' ' f / ; S h ~ l ~ C i~isoc.lr7110n~h~lh FM Aisoc!ates ( L e ~ o l h o i aflb S0~11Llern Vvar:s (,So:lth Qlt.ca)
mocha oa 4 ( Mateanong a B ho ea Mazenod), mocha oa 6 ( Sefikeng ho ea Teyateyaneng) 'me mocha oa 7 (Mateanong a B ho ea Roma). Ho ntse ho lohothoa ka mocha (ho tloha Mazenod ho ea Morija) o tlang ho ba ka har'a sebaka sa tsela e siiloeng. Mecha ea lipompo e ka bang mobung oa motho ka mong kapa oa sechaba e tla ba mocha oa 1 (sebakeng sa Letamo Ha Nchela), mocha oa 2 ( Ha Nchala ho ea Pokellong e holimo Boroa ba Maseru) le mocha oa 5 (sebakeng sa Letamo ho ea Pokellong e ncha Sefikeng). Khakanyo ea bolelele ba lipompo tse tla ba mobung oa sechaba li ka tsela e latelang: Mocha oa 1 e tla ba likilomithara tse 5, oa 2 e tla ba lulomithara e le 'ngoe (1) 'me oa bohlano e tla ba likilomithara tse 8.7. PhumantSo ea mobu ea nakoana mobu o siiloeng ka thoko ho litsela e tla tiisoa ha ho se ho entsoe moralo oa ho qetela, ha joale li hakanyetsoa lihekethareng tse 12.
Ka holimo ho tahlehelo ea mobu, ho hakahangoa hore e ka ba lifate tse 1,143 tse tla angoa ke poloko ea khetho ea pele le tse 271 khethong ea bobeli. Kaholimo ho mona libaka tse kholo tsa lipapoliri li tla ameha, khakanyo e ka ba lihekethara tse 60 bakeng sa khetho ea pele le tse 5 bakeng sa khetho ea bobeli. Likhakanyo tsena li tla tiisoa ha ho se ho netefalitsoe le ho hlahlojoa ka botebo lisebelisuoa tsohle empa, lipalo li ke ke tsa fokotseha ho feta lipalo tse bontiitsoeng ka tlase.
Lihlahisoa tsa tlhaho tse molemo sechabeng sa metse li tla koaheloa ka metsi a Pokello ea Metolong. Tsena li kenyeletsa joang bo rulelang, limela tsa meriana, lekhulo le lehlabathe le ahang. Lihlahisoa tsena ke lintho tsa bohlokoa bophelong ba malapa le lihlopha tse ling tse li sebelisang tse kang lingaka tsa meetlo. Khaho ea Pokello ea Metsi e boetse e lebeletsoe ho tlisa phokotseho ea lehlabathe la noka ho theosa le lebopo la letamo moo bacheki ba le hlabathe ba sebetsang. Tahlehelo ea lihlahisoa e tla ama malapa a itietlehang holim'a lihlahisoa tsena kaha libaka tseo ba kotulang lihlahisoa tsa mantlha li tla be li koahetsoe ke metsi. Kotulo ea lihlahisoa libakeng tse ling e tla baka boima moruong. Hape-hape, ho koahela lihlahisoa tsa tlhaho ka metsi ho tla baka keketseho ea khatello holim'a lihlahisoa tsa tlhaho tse sebakeng seo.
Ho Falatsa le ho Fallisa Sechaba
Ha ho na ho ba le Phalliso eo e seng ea boikhethelo bakeng sa makala a Morero, mokhelo e ka ba Phalliso ea nakoana ho tloha libakeng tse siiloeng ka thoko ho tsela hoa lintho tse kang meaho ea lirnrnaraka, boemelo ba makoloi a manyenyane ka nako eo lipompo tsa tsamaiso li ntseng li kenngoa. Phalliso efe kapa efe ea nakoana e tla etsoa joalo ka ha ho bontSitso tlaasa Boemo ba Litokelo ka ho Latellana hoa Morero. Hore morero o fihlele maemo a holimo-limo, ho chekoa ha 1itSebetso ho kanna ka hloka hore ho kenelloe ka hare ho litSa tse nang le matlo ho sa lebelloang. Moo ho leng joalo, ho tla sebelisoa leano la "morekisi ea ratang-moreki ea ratang" ka litumelano tsa ho reka litSa tse amehileng.
Sebakeng se holingoana sa polokelo ea metsi e Metolong se ka nna sa ama malapa a ka isang palong ea leshome (haholo libakeng tsa Ha Tlele le Ha Masakale) a tla fuoa boikhethelo ba ho fallisetsoa holingoana ho libaka tseo ba leng ho tsona thokoana le boemo ba metsi. Ho suptjoa ha malapa a tioanelang ho fallisoa ka boikhethelo ho tla etsoa ho be ho tiisoe ke lefapha le phethahatsang Morero, Komiti ea Letamo la Metolong, Makhotla a Libaka, le Marena. Malapa a tioaneloang ke phalliso ka boikhethelo 'me a ikhethela ho sebelisa tokelo ea ona a tla tielisoa bakeng sa phallo e joalo ho ipapisitsoe le Boemo ba Litokelo ka ho latellana.
Tataiso tsa Metheo ea MatSeliso le ho Fallisoa
Tataiso tsa metheo tse latelang li tla sebelisoa sebakeng sa Morero. Metheo ena e ipapisitse le litaba tsa machaba tsa ho fallisoa ho e seng ka boikhethelo, e bile e hapelletse le melao le litloaelo tsa tiebetso tsa naha.
Motheo 1 : Ho fallisetsoa sebakeng se seng le phurnantio ea mobu li tla fokotsoa, le ho qojoa ka litsela tsohle. Motheo 2: Litherisano tse ahang li tla sebelisoa le sechaba se anngoeng ke Morero. Motheo 3: Batho ba anngoeng ke Morero ba tla thusoa ho ntlafatsa mokhoa oa bona oa bophelo. Motheo 4: Lihlopha tse tsietsing le batho ba anngoeng haholohali ke Morero ba tla sebeletsoa ka mokhoa o khethehileng.
Metolong Dan? ESlA Final Reseltlsmenl Plan FeD 2007 ~n kSSOCia t lOn w l h FM Z ~ s O c ~ a l e S (i ~ s a t h o ) and Southern Waters (South Ah8c;l)
Motheo 5: PhumantSo ea mobu 1 moralo oa phalliso, ho rala le ho phethahatsa e tla ba karolo ea Morero. Motheo 6: Pokello e nepahetseng ea lintlha tsa batho ba anngoeng ke morero e tla etsoa bakeng sa tsarnaiso le tSalo-morao. Motheo 7: Litsela tsa ho beha ho se khotsofale le tsalo-morao li tla etsoa.
= Motheo 8: Tsohle tse tlamang molaong li tla phethahatsoa.
Boemo ba Litokelo Ka ho Latellana
Boemo ba Litokelo ka ho Latellana bo lokisitsoe bakeng sa Morero e le karolo ea boitokisetso ba Moralo oa Phalliso oa Morero, ho ipapisitsoe le melao ea naha, mekhoa ea matielis0 ea Morero oa Lesotho oa Metsi a Lihlaba (LHWP) le litloaelo tse nepahetseng tsa machaba. Mekhoa ea matielis0 ea LHWP e akaretsa tse latelang, kameho, litokelo le litsela tsa tSebetso:
' rn Tahlehelo ea mobu ea nako eohle Mobu oa Temo (Masirno)
I 1 TSebeliso ea mobu nakoana 1 1 Tahlehelo ea ho fihla mobung oa sechaba 1
Libaka tsa Bolulo le tsa Khoebo
- Tahlehelo ea nako e telele ea mobu oa libaka tsa bolulo le tsa khoebo
Lijalo le Lifate
Meaho
Ho sebelisoa ha mobu nakoana Tahlehelo ea lijalo tseo e seng tsa selemo kaofela Tahlelo ea lijalo tsa selemo kaofela le lifate tsa motho ka mong Tahlehelo ea meaho le libaka tsa bolulo le tsa khoebo TSenyeho ea libaka tsa bolulo le tsa khoebo
Libaka tsa TSebeliso ea Sechaba
I 1 - Litsieeane tsa ho falatsa I
Tahleho ea libaka tse hiriloeng Tahlehelo kapa tienyeho ea meaho Mobu le lihlahisoa tse ling tsa tlhaho
Mehato ea ho Lokisa Malapa a Amehileng
Batho ba boemo bo tsietsing (mohlala batho ba se nang mobu feela ba lema seahlolo le malapa a
Tsetiso ea likhokahanyo le IitSebeletso tsa sechaba 1 Litseane tsa temo e sitisitsoeng
1 1 okaietsoeng ke bo-'me) 1
, Litsieane tsa ho fallisa rnalapa
Pusetso ea Mokhoa oa ho Fihlela Libaka
E le e 'ngoe ea boemo ba tlhaho, noka ea Phuthiatsana e sa le e sitisa sechaba ho tsamaea, 'me ho fumaneha hore libaka tsa litiebeletso tsa sechaba tse kang likolo (moo bana ba kenang sekolo ka lehlakoreng le le leng la noka) li supa boemo bona. Leha ho le joalo, Pokello ea Metsi e tla ba tSetiso ea nako tsohle, ho fapana le noka, oe batho ba e tSelang nako le nako. TSitiso ea ho tSela e bakoang ke ho koahela hoa Pokello ea Metsi e bakoa haholo-holo ke ho koaheloa ha libaka tseo ho tSeloang ha ho uoa 1itSebeletsong le libakeng tse kang (likolo, llkereke, maloala) le likhokahanyo tsa malapa, le tsa sechaba.
Kathoko ho tsela ea likoloi ho khaohanya le lebopo la letamo, ho khothalelitsoe marokho a maoto a mane bohareng le holimo ho sebaka sa Pokello ea Metsi. Litsela tsa karabole tse seng kae mathokong a Pokello ea Metsi li supiloe li lokeloa ho ntlafatsoa.
Metolong Dsm t:SI,\ Final Reseltlt?ment Plan FeD 2 0 0 i ti* I" iiss05?at10n will FM k r r o c ~ a ~ e s i, esotho) nna Snulhem WaLers (Saul11 A~I ICA)
Tlhophiso ea Tsebetso
Komiti ea Tataiso ea Morero (PSC) e tla boptjoa hang ha ho thakhotsoe Morero e le ho netefatsa khokahanyo ea matgeliso, pebofatso (moo ho hlokahalang phalliso). Komiti ea Tataiso ea Morero e tla ba le boemeli ho tsoa ho:
Baahi ba libaka tse anngoeng ke Letamo la Metolong; Marena a Thaba-Bosiu le Mamathe; Makhotla a metse a Ratau A02, Senekane D02, Senekane DO8 le Matanasele D07; Mafapha a 'Muso a ikarabellang;
a Transformation Resource Centre; le Lefapha la phethahatso la Morero.
Komiti ea Tataiso ea Morero (PSC) e tla ba le matla a latelang:
E tla sebetsa le mokhoa oa neheletsano ea litaba, e rale le maphafa a mang e be e e hokahanye litsela tsa phethahatso; ho bona hore ho ipapisoa le maano a Morero a matSeliso le a phalliso; ho hlahloba tsoelopele le katleho ea lenane le ho hlahisa liphetoho moo hp hlokahalang; ho supa linthoilibaka tse amehang le ho eletsa ka mekhoa ea tokiso; le ho thusa ka ho supa menyetla ea sechaba ea ntlafatso sebakeng sa Pokello ea Metsi Metolong.
Litaba tse ikhethang tse ka hlokang ho shejoa bocha li ka nna tsa hlaha ka nako ea phethahatso ea Morero. Ha ho hlokahala, Lihlopha tsa tSebetso tse ikhethileng li tla thehoa ho batlisisa litaba tsena 'me li etse likhothaletso bakeng sa tharollo kapa bohato bo ka nkoang.
Khakanyo ea Lichelete
LitSenyehelo bakeng sa ho patala matSeliso le ho phethahatsa mekhoa e meng ea tSebeletso bakeng sa Moralo oa Phalliso li hakanyetsoa ho M36,384,029. LitSenyehelo tsa ho aha marokho a maoto, ho phahamisa boemo ba litsela tseo e seng tsa sekontiri libakeng tse bapelaneng le Pokello ea Metsi le phethahatso ea ntlafatso ea metsi metseng e amehileng ha lia kenyeletsoa khakanyong ena.
.,-.,~ ble I~ Icng Dan? t S A Final Resettlsment Plan I e b 2:;0? ' f / b >n Assoclat~an .wth F M Assoc1ate3 (I.esolho) sqd S,,uthern Watels (Svijth A r m !
I Introduction
I I Project Background The water sector plays a dominant role in Lesotho's economy. The Lesotho Highlands Water Project (LHWP) contributes 5% of Lesotho's GDP; however, the emphasis on water for export from the Highlands is counter-balanced by the lack of action in regard to development of water resources and supplies for the Lowlands region.
The critical situation of the Lowlands' water resources and its expected effects on the wellbeing of the people of Lesotho has been well documented through numerous studies undertaken since the mid-1990s. One of the most comprehensive studies is the 1996 Water Resources Management Policy and Strategy Study undertaken by the Ministry of Natural Resources. Predictions in this study for rapid urbanization of the lowlands and increased industrial development are now apparent. The most dramatic demonstration of these developments includes sustained water supply shortages in Maseru. The lack of security of supply has manifested itself in the limited service coverage, in the unreliability of supply to existing consumers and an inability to meet demand of new consumers.
Maseru has experienced substantial population growth over the past five years, due in large part to immigration from other parts of the country. This increase has had a significant effect on water supply and demand and domestic connections increased by 270% (from 6,500 to 17,500 connections) between 1991 and 2001. Industrial developments, especially within the growing textile sector, also require increasing amounts of water. Water demand has outstripped the available supply, leading to water shortages, an increase in the proportion of the city's population without water supply services and the curtailing of planned new connections (Government of Lesotho 2004; Molapo 2005). The situation will deteriorate unless immediate effective steps are taken to procure additional supplies.
The Metolong Dam Project, which entails a dam and reservoir on the Phuthiatsana River some 35 km east of Maseru (see Figure lo), will permit the Government of Lesotho to meet Maseru's domestic and industrial water requirements up to the year 2020 and possibly beyond.
I .2 Project Impacts One of the most important Project impacts - which apart from the Metolong Reservoir consists of a water treatment plant, a network of transmission pipelines and new pumping stations - is the long- term benefits associated with an improved water supply to the Maseru and other urban areas such as Teyateyaneng, Mazenod and Roma.
However, the Project will also have a number of adverse impacts, of which the acquisition of privately-owned trees and cultivation land for the creation of Metolong Reservoir is the most important. A summary of the key social impacts associated with the Project, for which a Resettlement Plan (RP) is required, is provided in Table 1.
hletolorlg Dam ESlA Final Reseltlernerlt Plan Feb 2GG7 ('* ShlE(: ( 1 1 AiSoUallor~ wtll F M hsso~atcs ~Cesolhoi arm Soutllern vl'alers (Soull, Alr~caj
TABLE 1. KEY SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACTS
Project Component Metolong Dam and Reservoir
Impacts Acquisition of an area of 210 ha to 260 ha at Full Supply Level (FSL), depending on storage option. Permanent loss of -64 ha cultivation land, -1,414 individual trees and -60 ha of poplar groves/thickets (Option 2).
8 Permanent loss of natural resources such as thatching grass, medicinal plants and grazing land.
I No involuntary relocation. Water Supply Transmission Temporary occupation of land, mostly within existing road reserves,
Treatment Plant
i 1 with possible temporary occupation of - 15 ha of communal and
Impeded access between villages. No involuntary relocation, although for the larger storage option up to -10 households may being given the option of relocating upslope further away from the water level. Permanent loss of -1 5 ha land, including cultivation land, for the Treatment Plant and Drying Beds.
private land where transmission lines are outside road reserves. Possibility of limited temporary relocation of operators within road reserves while pipelines are being laid.
Pumping Stations and / rn Permanent acquisition of - 4 ha land, including some cultivation land, Reservoir I for two new Pump Stations.
I No involuntary relocation. Ancillary Facilities/Services I Permanent acquisition of - 6 ha of mainly cultivation land for new
access road tothe Dam Wall. upgradingof existing gravel roads around the Reservoir not anticipated to lead to significant acquisition of private land. Temporary occupation of communal and private land for a quarry, construction areas and offices, with some of this land converted to a permanent operational office site. Temporary occupation estimated at 25 ha and permanent acquisition at 20 ha. An alternative quarry site, identified at the end of the EIA study, is located close to the village of Ha Seeiso and may require relocation of hvo to three households. This site is not recommended.
1.3 Aim and Scope of the Resettlement Plan The Resettlement Plan has been prepared with reference to Government legislation and to international best practice, as embodied in the involuntary resettlement safeguard policies and guidelines of the World Bank. The power of eminent domain is recognised in Lesotho: Government may acquire private property for public use, provided that compensation is paid for such acquisition. International best practice emphasises the need to avoid or minimise involuntary resettlement on development projects. The acquisition of private property, if unavoidable, should be conceptualised as an integral part of project design, preparation and implementation.
The overall aim of the RP is to ensure that the following Project impacts are addressed:
loss of land and other privately-owned assets; loss of community assets; impacts on subsistence/livelihoods and income-earning capacity; and collective adverse impacts on groups/social categories who because of their social position may be vulnerable to changes brought about by Project activities, or who may be excluded from its associated benefits.
The RP presents estimates of asset losses; compensation principles and the legal framework applicable for mitigation of losses; an Entitlement Matrix; and an institutional framework and budget for the implementation and monitoring of the resettlement programme.
?.fi."c?~~lo!'g :a111 ESIA FlnaI Reseltlstnenf Plan ;'et 2OC7 ' fr'k 11 , A iscoal ion i?llil FM Associates (Leaulhoj arid Snul!lt!in 'i.;dte!s (Sn.lllr ~'1fr8caI
The final configurations/alignments and land acquisition requirements of project components such as the Water Treatment Plant, the access road to the Dam Wall and the transmission pipelines are still to be confirmed. The policy guidelines and measures detailed in the RP and the Entitlement Matrix will apply to all project components.
1.4 Report Layout The RP is organised around the following topics:
Section 2 summarises research and data gathering methods and data limitations; Section 3 provides a brief project description; Section 4 describes the main features of the socio-economic environment; Section 5 presents the land acquisition estimates in more detail; Section 6 summarises the legal and policy framework; Section 7 details the Project's public consultation and disclosure activities; Section 8 discusses the Project's compensation and relocation framework, as well as procedures for the final verification and valuation of affected assets; Section 9 provides an implementation schedule, as well as an outline of institutional and organisational arrangements for the implementation of the RP; Section 10 discusses recommendations for monitoring and evaluation; and Section 1 lgives a breakdown of compensation, resettlement and rehabilitation cost estimates.
The following appendices are attached to the report:
Appendix 1: List of Households Potentially Affected by the Metolong Reservoir. - Appendix 2: Entitlement Matrix. - Appendix 3: Compensation Statements by Communities at the Metolong Dam Site.
Volume 2 of the Resettlement Plan contains the following supporting documents:
Survey Questionnaires. = Profile of Villages Surrounding the Metolong Reservoir Area. - Examples of Monitoring Indicators.
Survey of Movement Across the Phuthiatsana River. Summary Socio-Economic Information on Households Potentially Affected by the Metolong Reservoir.
Mulo lo~~o Ddlll ESIA Flrial Resettlement Plan Fob 2007 ' riSh'E(: 11, i55oual ,on mrh FM Assoclalc% (Lesotho) and Sou-hsrn Waters (South i i f i~ca,
2 Methodology
Information collected for the ESIA was acquired through qualitative and quantitative methods. The Resettlement Plan, in particular, obtained information through the sources described below.
2.1.1 Consultations with Interested and Affected Parties
Discussions were held with a range of interested and affected parties during the course of the study. The consultations entailed:
22 community meetings (pitsos) and group discussions in villages around the Reservoir site, as well as in selected villages that may be affected (through temporary land occupation) by the transmission pipelines. This included attendance of the monthly meetings of the Metolong Dam Committee, organised by communities in the Reservoir area to represent their interests;
= discussions with sand miners and irrigators downstream of the Reservoir who may be affected by reduced river flows; consultations with national, district and community authorities; and consultations with NGOs.
2.1.2 Census of Households in Broader Reservoir Area
A one-page census questionnaire was completed for the households resident in 25 villages in the immediate vicinity of the Metolong Reservoir. These villages were selected because of their proximity to the Reservoir site and the potential for direct Project impacts on villagers and social activities (see Figure 11). The census questionnaire gathered the following summary household information: ' = name and gender of household head;
number of males and females in the households; = number of household members in formal employment and receiving government pensions;
number of fields along the Phuthiatsana River and around the village areas; and = number of livestock.
The census enumerated 7,841 persons in 1,502 households.
2.1.3 Socio-Economic Survey
A socio-economic survey was planned for a 30% sample of the households enumerated in the household census. The survey also included households that will be directly affected through the permanent loss of land, trees and graves. A total of 586 households (amounting to a sample of approximately 39%) were finally interviewed, consisting of:
200 (79%) of an estimated 253 households potentially affected by the Metolong Reservoir, the area required for the Treatment PlantJDrying Beds and the access road to the Dam Wall; and 386 non-affected household^.^
Most respondents (86.4%) were either the household head (61.6%) or hisher spouse (24.8%); 60.9% were female and 39.1% male.
The questionnaire covered the following topics3:
= household composition (age, gender, educational status, residential status and employment status for each household member);
= ownership of agricultural fields, livestock and trees;
I A copy of the questionnaire is included in Volume 2: Annex to the Resettlement Plan.
At the time of reporting, 569 of the questionnaires had been processed for analysis.
' See Volume 2: Annex to the Resettlement Plan.
Merolong Uam ESIA Flnal Resettlernerrt Plan Feo 2007 s''E': 11' i . s ~ ~ u i i t ~ , r l ..~t11 [Fr l A S S O C I ~ ~ ~ O , ~ i ~ 8 5 0 1 h c ~ 1 J i r l Slu:,luin Waters (Soul17 Afrlcn)
agricultural and other economic activities; income and expenditure patterns; access to and use of community serviceslfacilities and natural resources; health and nutrition; viewslconcernslsuggestions on the proposed development; and for directly affected households, compensation preferences for the loss of private assets.
It was agreed with the local communities that the enumerators would be drawn from residents of the 25 Reservoir area villages who had completed their secondary education. A large number of persons applied to work on the survey and following recruitment interviews, twelve young persons (between the ages of 20 and 30 years) were picked by a selection committee that included community representatives. Ten of the enumerators worked on the socio-economic survey (supervised by two experienced supervisors who had worked on the recent national census) and two were deployed to work with the asset recording team.
The enumerators participated in an intensive training programme prior to commencing with the fieldwork. The programme was conducted from 13 - 18 July 2006 and included the following activities:
principles of quantitative and qualitative research; database requirements for quantitative research and data gathering; - interviewing techniques; interviewing exercises and role-playing; pre-testing of the draft household questionnaire; finalisation of the household questionnaire, including assistance with the translation of the questionnaire into Sesotho.
The main survey was completed on 6 September, with a small number of enumerators retained up to 6 November to conduct interviews with as many affected households as possible.
2.1.4 Recording of Assets Two storage options are being considered for the Metolong Reservoir, with full supply levels (FSLs) at 1663 m (Option 1) and 1671 m (Option 2) respectively. A basic inventory was undertaken, together with the concerned ownersls and local authorities, of fixed assets that may be affected by Option 1 and Option 2.
For the Metolong Reservoir, beacons (painted rocks) for the two FSLs were set up at regular intervals. The beacons formed the basis for the identification and recording of potentially affected assets. The approximate FSLs were also drawn on the available aerial photography for use in the field. Although not a completely accurate exercise, the recording exercise gives a good picture of the assets and owners potentially affected by the Reservoir.
The same exercise was also undertaken at the approximate areas proposed for the Water Plant and Drying Beds and the new access road to the Dam Wall. It should be noted that the results are indicative only, as the location and alignment of these Project components are still under investigation and yet to be f inal i~ed.~
It should be emphasised that the asset recording exercise was purely undertaken for planning and costing purposes. Once the project has been approvedJgazetted, a formal valuation exercise will be undertaken (prior to the commencement of the civil works) by qualified surveyors to accurately identify assets and losses as the basis for the determination of final compensation packages.5
The asset recording sheet provides for the identification of the range of potentially affected assets, as well as for confirmation signatures of the concerned ownerls and other representatives. A copy is included in Volume 2: Annex to the Resettlement Plan.
The LWSU is in the process of finalising a TOR for a full asset verification and valuation exercise.
hl!elolo~?g Dar,: ESIS Final Reseltletne8,t Plan Feb 2311: ' fj,SME(: 11: i isoclal ior l w>.rtl~ Fbl Assoc~ater (Lesl!hnj arid :iau!'>e~n Walsrs (bourh Ai.,ca)
2.1.5 Survey of Movement Across the Phuthiatsana River
In order to gain insights into the movement of people across the Phuthiatsana River and tributaries a movement survey was conducted at 12 crossing points, most of which would be inundated by the Reservoir. Each crossing point was surveyed once, from Friday to Monday, the days when people are most likely to cross the River. The 12 crossing points (shown on Figure 12) are:
1 Ha Makhale - Ha Seeiso; 2 Ha Makotoko - Ha Seeiso; 3 Ha Seeiso - Ha Ramakhabda Makirita; 4 Ha Maimane - Ha Matjeke; 5 Ha Matjeke - Ha Mosotho;
= 6 Ha Masakale - Ha Tlele; 7 Ha MasakaleIHa Tlele - Ha Mosotho; 8 Ha Letela - Ha Ntsane; 9 Ha Monamoleli - Ha Ntsane; 10 Ha Monamoleli - Ha Ramatlama; 11 Ha Monamoleli - Ha Tsoaleli; and 12 Ha Mothomotsoana - Ha Ntsane.
The results of the survey are surnrnarised in Section 4.4.7 and further detailed in Volume 2 of the Resettlement Plan.
2.1.6 Mapping and Database of Affected Persons and Assets
The information obtained from the household census, socio-economic survey and asset recording exercise has been entered into three (MS Access) databases. The databases are kept by the Client and will be a useful resettlement planning tool in subsequent project phases, and for monitoring over the long term.
The assets identified as potentially affected by the Metolong Reservoir, as well as those located in the areas where the Water Plant and Drying Beds and the new access road to the Dam Wall could potentially be located, have been numbered on the available aerial photography. The asset numbers are referenced to the asset database.
2.1.7 Review of Secondary Data
Secondary information has been sourced from a range of printed and electronic reportsldocuments, including:
the Government's Poverty Reduction Strategy (2004105 - 2006107); the World Bank's Growth and Employment Options Study of 2005; the 2005 report of the FAOIWFP Crop and Food Supply Assessment Mission to Lesotho; the Lesotho Demographic and Health Survey of 2004; the Lesotho UNGASS report on HIVIAIDS for the period 2003 - 2005; the Welfare Indicator Survey of 2002; the Lesotho Demographic Survey of 2001; LHWP policies and reports; and country and poverty reports prepared for Lesotho by Sechaba Consultants.
These sources were reviewed so as to assist with the contextual interpretation of the primary data collected through the various household surveys and field activities.
. . .
Metolong Dam ESlA Final Resettlelnent Plan Feb 2007 '(4 1 8 I:SEOCIBIIUII i ~ t l l FlA k s ~ o ~ i a t e s il0501hoj and Southern \Yalers (South Alrca)
3 Project Description
3.1 Overview There is an urgent need to expand Maseru's water supply to both meet the present shortfalls in domestic supplies particularly to enable the expansion of wet industries. These are vital to provide employment opportunities needed in the country. The Project is aimed at augmenting the water supply system in Maseru to enable it to meet domestic and industrial requirements up to the year 2020 and possibly beyond. The present Maseru Water Supply System has the capacity to deliver 45 MLIday. The Metolong Scheme will provide up to a further 80 MLIday to give a total available for Maseru and contingent urban areas of some 125 MLIday.
Metolong is some 35 km from Maseru and will be accessed from existing asphalt roads plus a new asphalt road to be constructed as part of the associated infrastructure. Access to South Africa and main suppliers will be via the Border Post at Maseru Bridge which is less than 5 km from the centre of Maseru.
The Metolong Dam site is on the South Phuthiatsana River, which flows through the Lowlands of central western Lesotho. The storage area spans the districts of Maseru and Berea. The Project area itself is much larger, since it will supply water to the capital city of Maseru and the towns of Teyateyanang and Roma, while the indirect effects from water abstraction from the South Phuthiatsana River may affect downstream water users as far as the confluence with the Mohokare (Caledon) River. The area is situated between 2 7 ' ~ and 2 8 ' ~ longitude and 29% and 30% latitude.
3.2 Description of Proposed Works The following description is based on the Feasibility Study of 2003 and has been revised on the basis of the Feasibility Update currently being undertaken by Consultants of the Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC).
3.2.1 Dam
The preliminary design for the Dam prepared by the Feasibility Study Consultant in 2003 recommended a Roller Compacted Concrete (RCC) wall with a spillway consisting of 3 radial gates. A variable level intake structure was also proposed which allows draw off of water down to 1627 m. There is a bottom outlet culvert at 161 2 m which can be used for instream flow releases and sediment flushing.
Two storage options are under consideration in the present investigation:
Option 1 (providing a water supply of 70MLIday) involves a dam 60 m in height with a crest length of approximately 210 m and an estimated reach upstream of approximately 14 km. The full storage level (FSL) is at 1663 masl with a top water elvel (TWL) at 1665 masl allowing for flodd surcharge. Option 2, the larger of the two dams (providing a water supply of 80 MLIday) would be 68 m high (from a base level at 1605 m to crest level at 167 1 m) with a crest length greater than 2 10 m and an estimated reach upstream of approximately 16 km.6 The full storage level (FSL) is at 167 1 masl with a top wate level (TWL) at 1673 masl allowing for flood surcharge.
Depending on the adopted reservoir storage size (3 1 or 52 million m3) the flooded area is 2 10 ha to 260 ha respectively. The flooded area is entirely within the incised valley gorge and several side tributaries.
The Dam Wall design will allow for vehicle access across the wall. The Dam site is located in Maseru District, adjacent to the villages of Ha Seeiso and Metolong Ha Makotoko on the South
The spillway consists of 3 radial gates. A variable level intake structure is proposed which allows draw off of water down to 1627 m. Blow this there is a bottom outlet culvert at 1612 m which can be used for instream flow releases and sediment flushing.
Phuthiatsana River. The storage area for the smaller dam option extends upstream to the village of Ha Monamoleli in Berea District while the larger dam would extend to the village of Ha Tsoaleli, also in Berea District.
3.2.2 Water Supply Transmission
There are some 1 12 km of Transmission Mains ran ing in size from 200 mm ND to 700 mm ND. B These are designated as Transmission Lines 1 to 8. There is also a short 700 mm ND pumping main (of approximately 300 m in length) from the Dam to the Treatment Works. The pipelines will be buried with a minimum 1 m of overburden placed above. Periodic placement of access hatches will be required for maintenance purposes.
The pipelines will as far as possible be laid in existing road reserves. Where this is not possible, the lines will be laid across country. The routing of these lines is shown in Table 2, updated in consultation with the current Feasibility Update Consultant. The exact location of the pipelines will be confirmed during final design. Provisionally, an estimated 15 km of pipeline will need to be laid on private and publicicommunal land, outside of current road reserves.
TABLE 2. DETAILS OF WATER SUPPLY TRANSMISSION LINES
i 1 1 I 1 1 1 Approx. 1 From 1 Length duiside / Type 1 (krn) 1 Road I
As indicated above, two new reservoirs in the form of above ground storage tanks are required, one at Ha Nchela a few kilometres from the Dam site and one in Maseru. Each will require a land area of approximately 0.5 ha.
3.2.3 Pumping Stations
There are four pumping stations as shown in Table 3.
TABLE 3. DETAILS OF PUMPING STATIONS
/ Station No. ( Location I Total Flow (11s) I Pumping Head (m) 1
These pumping stations will take up a minimal amount of space. On-site accommodation for operators and their families is not required.
I Dam S l t e ( t o e e % + a % L .- ..... . - .
3.2.4 Treatment Plant
r.-.- -
It is expected that the water from the Metolong Dam will require standard full treatment; i.e. Screening, Chemical Dosing, Flocculation and Clarification, Rapid Gravity Filtration, Chlorination, pH Adjustment, Clear Water Storage and Sludge DryingIDisposal.
i.-----..---p Treatment Plant (to Sefikeng) I
' The Project originally had seven transmission pipelines. Line 8 (Mazenod to Morija) has been included during the current feasibility update work.
Votulolg Dam LSlA Fwal Reseltle~nerlt Plan Frb :OO/ ' firSM1'(' 10 assaz~aton mtll FM Aisoc~a!ss iLess,lho, 8r.d Soulhe~n i4"lalers ( C i l ~ t h A,rca\
Treatment p&Y&HaNcheN
4 Near Roma L- --
The proposed site for the Treatment Plant and ancillary works is close to the dam right abutment at an elevation of some 1,690 m, c.f. the maximum water level in the dam of 1,673 m. According to the Feasibility Study the area required for the Treatment Plant is 4 ha and the proposed area for the sludge drying beds was estimated at 11 ha. Details of the Treatment Plant are currently under review by the Feasibility update investigation. It is likely that the area required for the sludge drying beds will be smaller than the original estimate.
The area set aside for the Treatment Plant will be large enough to allow for the construction of permanent living quarters, storage and the like.
3.3 Ancillary Facilities and Services The infrastructure required to implement the Project and facilitate the operation and maintenance of the facilities will include access roads, electricity supply, telecommunications as well as staff and labour quarters, health and education facilities, workshops and storage areas, a quarry site and sand and aggregate sources.
The main requirement will be to construct some 4 km of asphalt surface road from the site of the works to the existing Thaba-Bosiu to Sefikeng Road, in the vicinity of the village of Meeling. There will also be the need to upgrade andlor construct some 25 km of gravel access roads to areas around the Dam which will be affected by the Reservoir.
Temporary infrastructure such as construction camps, workshops and general storage areas will be placed in the proximity of the works areas and will be removed after commissioning of the Project.
Any required fixed infrastructure (e.g. health facilities) will be constructed adjacent to the Treatment Works. The location of these areas is yet to be fmalised.
3.3.1.1 Quarry Site
The original quarry site recommended by the Feasibility Study in 2003 was located in the general area around the Liphiring River near where the road to Ha Makatoko crosses the River (the southern side of the Phuthiatsana River). The location is being reviewed in the current Feasibility update and an alternative site has been identified. This site is located closer to the Dam site on the northern side of the Phuthiatsana River but has social implications as it is near the village of Ha Seeiso and may require the relocation of two to three households.
3.3.1.2 Water supply
Similarly, a water supply for the main works camp at the Dam site and for the permanent operations complex is under investigation in the current Feasibility update. A tributary flowing into the Phuthiatsana River from the north immediately upstream of the dam wall site will be used for the water supply.
3.4 Project Implementation The implementation schedule prepared during the Feasibility Study in 2003 indicated a final design and construction period for the Project to be some 40 months to when supply would commence. The ideal would be to have the dam completed by the start of the 2009l2010 rainy season, but this is however dependent on final designltender process and the EA process. There a number of key environmental mitigation measures which would need to be in place prior to the commencement of construction.
bJetolong Oarit E S A Flrral Resettlelne~it Plan Feb 2007 " 4',S'1E(: 111 Asso:::bl,on v,l!ll F M Assoaalcs iicsothoj and Southeln Waters !Soulrr Rfrlcai
4 The Socio-Economic Environment
This section provides a brief contextual overview of the Project, after which it focuses on the Metolong Reservoir area, where the Project's key socio-economic impacts will occur.
4.1 Geographical Context Lesotho is a mountainous country located in the Drakensburg-Maluti escarpment in south-eastern Africa. A landlocked country (being completed surrounded by the Republic of South Africa), it has a surface area of approximately 30,355 square k m 8 The country is divided into four ecological regions, based on elevation and agro-climatology:
Mountains: comprising 59% of the country (at altitudes of between approximately 2000 masl and 3,384 masl); Senqu River Valley: comprising 9% of the country (1000 - 2000 m a ~ l ) ; ~ Foothills: comprising 15% of the country (1 800 - 2000 masl); and Lowlands: comprising 17% of the country (less than 1800 masl) (Ranthamane, undated).
The high Maluti Mountains, which occupy most of the central and eastern parts of the country, descend westwards to the narrow Foothills zone and the Lowlands area. The Project Area lies within the Lowlands region, with the Metolong Dam site located on the edge of the Foothills.
4.2 Development Context International fundingldevelopment agencies classify Lesotho as a least developed country. The UNDP's Human Development Index (HDI), for instance, ranks Lesotho 149" out of 177 countries, with a HDI value of 0.497, while its Human Poverty Index (UPI-1) ranks the country 9 1" out of 103 developing countries for which the index has been developed.1° However, notwithstanding its status as a least developed country, Lesotho achieved real annual average GDP growth of 4.2% between 1980 and 2002, principally because of factors such as the country's strong linkages with the South African economy (particularly the mining industry), the development of the Lesotho Highlands Water Project (LHWP) in partnership with South Africa, and the development of the textile industry in urban areas such as Maseru and Maputsoe (Government of Lesotho 2006). The remittances of migrant mine workers has been a key characteristic of the Lesotho economy and contributed nearly 50% of the country's GNI until the decline in mine employment in the mid- 1990s (ibid). More recently, the textile industry has become an important source of employment.
Lesotho's Poverty Reduction Strategy (PRS) is a three-year medium term development framework (2004105 - 2006107) for Lesotho. The PRS aims to "provide a broad based improvement in the standard of welfare for the current generation of Basotho, without compromising opportunities for future generations" (ibid: ix). It outlines national priorities and strategies for promoting economic growth and reducing poverty, and focusses on (a) job creation through private-sector economic growth, (b) empowerment of the poor and vulnerable so that their access to education and health care is improved, and (c) the deepening of democracy and improved public performance to ensure that human development and poverty eradication priorities are met (IDA & IMF 2005).
Only approximately 10% of Lesotho's land area is classified as arable land (GOL 2005; Ranthamane, undated).
The Senqu River (which becomes the Orange River in South Africa) drains about two-thirds of Lesotho and forms the basis of the Lesotho Highlands Water Project. 10 The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite index measuring average achievement in three basic dimensions of human development: (a) a long and healthy life, (b) knowledge and (c) a decent standard of living. The HDI rank is determined using HDI values to the sixth decimal point. Performance in each dimension is expressed as a value between 0 and I, the higher the number the better the result. The UPI-1 focuses on the proportion of people below a threshold level in basic dimensions of human development - living a long and healthy life, having access to education, and a decent standard of living.
Met010,lg Dalr ES14 Flrlal Reseltletnent Plan Feb 2C01 ' I i'b ShlE(: 111 Asscclal~on wll!? FM Assooates ;I rsotho, ntld Sotnhetri W a l e r iSoutlr *ir~r.ai
4.3 Administrative Context Lesotho is a parliamentary constitutional monarchy with ten adrmnistrative districts: Berea, Butha- Buthe, Leribe, Mafeteng, Maseru, Mohale's Hoek, Mokhotlong, Qacha's Nek, Quthing and Thaba- Tseka. The Project Area is located in the districts of Maseru and Berea. The Metolong Dam site, where the most significant Project impacts will occur, is located in the Thaba Bosiu and Mamathe Chiefdoms.
The Traditional (Chiefdom) Authority system has historically been the dominant local government institution - chiefs controlled the allocation and use of land and communal resources, adrmnistered local justice and performed a range of administrative duties (such as authorising the passport applications of subjects) (Turner 2006). The management of land and communal resources reverted to Village Development Committees1 Councils (VDCs) in 1986 but it was not until 1994 that the position of chiefs as ex officio chairpersons of VDCs was rescinded, a move that reportedly led to confusion and acrimony at community level (Government of Lesotho 2000a; Tuner 2006). The Local Government Act of 1997 introduced a restructured form of local government with democratically elected Community Councils as the central institution in all aspects of local government, including land and natural resource management. However, local government elections were only held in 2005 and VDCs continued to operate up to 200 1 after which a system of interim local authorities was established to fill the institutional void (Tuner 2006).
Following the local government elections of 30 April 2005, 128 Community Councils and one Municipal Council were formed. District Councils, under which the Community Councils resort, were also established. The Councils are underpinned by a coordinating structure consisting of District Development Co-ordinating Committees, District Administrators, District Planning Units and a Local Government Service Commission and Local Government Service Tribunal (Commonwealth Expert Team 2005).
Schedules One and Two of the Local Government Act (1997) confer wide-ranging responsibilities to District and Community Councils, which are expected to be fully devolved to the Councils by the end of 201 1. Amongst others, these responsibilities include:
control of natural resources, environmental protection and preservation and control of designated forests in local authority areas; physical planning and landlsite allocation; grazing control and services for agriculture improvement; and water supply in villages (maintenance).
The Traditional Authority (Chiefdom) system has a strong historical basis and continues to play an important role in local matters." Villagers commonly confer with their local and area chiefs on many issues affecting their lives and livelihoods. Furthermore, in accordance with the local government legislation, each Community Council includes two chiefs elected by the gazetted chiefs in the Council's area of jurisdiction. The legislation also stipulates that at least one third of the elected Community Councillors should be women.
A diagrammatic presentation of local government structures at the site of the Metolong Dam is shown in Figure 1. The villages surrounding the proposed reservoir are located in four Community Councils: Ratau A02 (Maseru District), which accounts for 19 of the surveyed villages, all part of the Thaba Bosiu Chiefdom; and Senekane D02, Senekane DO8 and Motanasele DO7 (Berea District) which account for six of the surveyed villages, all within the Mamathe Chiefdom.
" There are 22 Prlnclpal Chlefs, two independent Ch~efs, 282 Area Chlefs, 235 Chlefs and 692 Headmen In Lesotho (gazetted chlefs recelve government allowances) The roles and responslb~l~t~es of chlefs are set out In the Chleftalnshlp Act, 1968 Mbetu and Tshabalala (2006, 27) report that although "the law IS qulte clear on the roles and respons~b~ht~es of chlefs and counclls . there IS st111 some confusion on who IS responsible for allocating land or for collect~ng revenue [from] pounded hvestock sales "
Motolong Dam C514 Final Reseltlelne~lt Plan Feb 2007 fj* S'lF(. 17 !)so~ldt 11, ~11111 i M ASFOCIOIC~ ( L c L ~ ~ ~ D \ and Soufh~ ln vlidters [South Afr LA)
Ministry o f Local Government
: District Maseru Dlstrlct Counc l l 1 Admin~strator ( 1 5 Community Caunctls, I
Communtty Counctl 2
Ha Kapa Ha Maimane Ha Makhale Ha Makirita Ha Makotoko
...............
(10 Community Councils) Adm~nistralor I
Ha Letela Ha Khabele Ha Ntsane Ha Monamoleli Ha Ramatlama
Ha Tsoaleli
Mamathe Chiefdom
Ha Masakale Ha Matjeke Ha Mosotha Ha Mothomotsoana Ha Nqasa Ha Ramakabatane Ha Ramakhaba Ha Ramoselinyane Ha Seeiso Ha Sekantsi Ha Tlele Meeling Nkokomohi Sefikeng
Thaba Bosiu Chiefdom
The Project's community participation and institutional arrangements need to accommodate these new local government arrangements. The Metolong Dam Committee, an existing structure set up during the Feasibility Study to represents villages in the broader Metolong Reservoir area, includes Chiefs, Community Councillors and representatives from the concerned villages. This Committee will form the nucleus of the Project's institutional arrangements for Project implementation, and will be augmented as required to include District-level development and planning representatives and participating NGOs.
4.4 Demography
4.4.1 Population and Settlement Patterns
Lesotho had a population of 1.96 million in 1996, which increased to an estimated 2.1 million in 2001 and around 2.2 million in 2005 (Government of Lesotho 2001; 2005)." 1nter-censal (exponential) growth rates for the periods 1976-86 and 1986-96 were 3.1% and 2.6% respectively (Mba 2003). The 1998 revision of the United Nation's World Population Prospects projected Lesotho's population to be 3.2 million in 2020 but recent projections for the country by the UN's Population Division are substantially lower."
12 A population and housing census is conducted in Lesotho every ten years but the results from the most recent census (2006) are not yet available. An inter-censal survey of a representative sample of households is conducted five years after each census to update demographic data. The most recent demographic survey was undertaken in 2001 for a sample of 16,390 households. 13 For instance, the Division's projections for the years 2000 and 2005 show Lesotho's population at 1.788 million and 1.795 million respectively (low, medium and high variant). By 2020, the country's population is projected to decrease to 1.635 million (low variant) or 1.718 million (medium variant), or to increase only slightly to 1.801 million (high variant). Amongst others, these estimates reflect the Division's projections of the impact of HIVIAIDS on population growth in Lesotho (h t t~> : ! c sa .~~n .o rg ' uw) .
Metolong Darn F:ilr? Final Reseltlomenl Plan Feb 2OU' (4 S'ic'(' ,I? i;SSociat19rl ihl!!, FM I , S S O C B ~ ~ S iLesi l !ho~ err;, Si lu l I~a~n Waters rS:,uth A!.caj
In 2001, 72% of the country's population lived in the Lowlands and Foothills regions (Table 4). The rugged mountain region, which comprises about two-thirds of the country, is sparsely populated, with people living in scattered villages and in a few regional centres. This region has more or less maintained its share (about one-fifth) of the national population over the last 30 years, while that of the Lowlands region increased by 9%. Of interest is the fact that between 1986 and 1996 the Foothills region experienced a drop of more than 10% in its share of the national population, pointing to relatively high levels of out-migration, mainly to the Lowlands, during this period.
TABLE 4. POPULATION DISTRIBUTION BY ECOLOGICAL ZONE
Ecological Zone 1 1976
Source: ~overnrnent of ~esotho 2001
Foothills Mountains Senqu River Valley
The distribution of the country's population by district confirms the concentration of the country's population in the western, Lowlands Districts in general, and in Maseru District in particular. In 2001, two-thirds of Lesotho's population were living in Berea, Leribe, Mafeteng and Maseru Disricts, the four districts occupying most of the Lowlands and Foothills regions. More than one- third (36%) of the country's population were living in Maseru and Berea Districts (the two Project Districts), with Maseru District alone accounting for over one in five of the country's population.
1986
The four predominantly Lowlands districts (Berea, Leribe, Mafeteng and Maseru) also had the highest population densities in 2001, ranging from 135 persons/km2 in Berea District to 112 persons/krn2 in Maseru ~ i s t r i c t . ' ~
Lowlands 22.5 20.7 10.6
TABLE 5. POPULATION DISTRIBUTION AND DENSITY IN THE PROJECT AREA DISTRICTS
1996 2001 46.6
22.7 16.8 11.5
Settlement patterns at the Metolong Reservoir site reflect the historically rural nature of the area, with scattered villages surrounded by rangeland and agricultural fields. However, because of its topography and proximity to Maseru (approximately one hour by taxihus) the area is substantially more populated than the higher mountain areas. In 1996, an estimated 1,819 households, with a population of 9,130, lived in the 15 Enumeration Areas adjoining and immediately downstream of the proposed Metolong Reservoir site (see Table 6) . These households were located in 48 villages, which ranged in size from as small as five households to villages with more than 100 households.
~is t r ic t
Berea Maseru
14 Overall, Lesotho's population density increased from 61 persons/km2 in 1996 to 71 persons/km2 in 2001 (Government of Lesotho 2001).
12.4 22.8 6.2
Melolong l j a rn t S ! A Flr~sl Reseltlernerlt Plarl Feb 200: ''f~*Sh'['(: 111 A S S O C ~ ~ ~ ~ O ~ , wlh FM Associafe!; ii.aralho) and Sautllrln ;lpalorr ( S o ~ r h Afr>i:a)
55.5 49.0 16.5- 21.3 6.7
Source: Government of Lesotho 2001.
~ r e a - (Km2)
2,222 4,279
58.6
Percentage of Total
Area 7.3 14.2
% of Population
1996 13.1 20.9
% of Population
2001 13.9 22.1
Density (per ~ m ' )
1996 108 90
Density (per ~ m ' )
2001 135 112
TABLE 6 POPULATION IN THE METOLONG RESERVOIR AREA, 1996
Villages
The Metolong household census, which was conducted in 25 of these villages (see Figure 1 I), enumerated 7,84 1 persons in 1,502 households (Table 7).
Metolorq Datn ES14 Flrlal Resettle,~nent Plan . Feb 2C07 SM'-(' P~ssoc~a fon with FM Associates il.esltho) and Southern 'aalera isaulh Afrca,
Nearly 32% of the households enumerated in the census were headed by women. The socio- economic survey recorded a similar percentage of female-headed households (35%).15
4.4.2 Age and Gender Distribution The age-sex distribution obtained in the socio-economic survey conducted at the site of the proposed Metolong Reservoir broadly corresponds to the national figures (Table 8 and Figure 2): 35.9% of the household population were in the 0-14 age group, 58.0% in the 15-64 age group and 6.1% in the 65 years and older age group. Just over 22% of population were in the 0-9 age group.
According to Lesotho's 2001 Demographic Survey, the proportion of the population that was age dependent (i.e. in the 0-14 and 65 and older age groups) was nearly 42%, giving an age-dependency ratio of 0.72. This means that for every 100 persons in the non-dependent age group (15-64 years) there were an additional 72 persons dependent on them (Government of Lesotho 2001). The socio- economic survey recorded the same age-dependency ratio, with 42% of the household population in the age-dependent group.
TABLE 8. AGE-SEX DISTRIBUTION OF THE HOUSEHOLD POPULATION, METOLONG RESERVOIR AREA
The socio-economic survey recorded slightly more males (50.1%) than females (49.9%), as opposed to the 2001 Demographic Survey, which recorded 49.4% males and 50.6% females for the country as a whole. Amongst households at the Metolong site, males are slightly more than females in the 15-64 age group, but slightly less in the 0-4 and 65 and older age groups.
55: 59 60: 64 65: 69 70: 74 75 and older
Total
IS The socio-economic survey recorded an average household size of 5.6 for the sample as a whole, 5.7 for male-headed households and 5.4 for female-headed households.
hfistc.lli~.g Dam ESIA FlnnI Raseltlement Plan I eb 200 ' ff* 11, hasocialon *nl!. f M 4sscc1alus (. rsolnv) anrf S7ul:lelrn Waters i i i c i ~ t r ' it.i.tca,
Source: SMEC Socio-Economic Survey 2006. The survey enumerated 3,205 persons but age information was unknown for 219 persons.
83 6 1 51 67 66
2986
2.8 2.0 1.7 2.2 2.2
100.0
37 24 24 29 27
1496
1.2 0.8 0.8 1 .O 0.9 50.1
46 3 7 27 3 8 39
1490
1.5 1.2 0.9 1.3 1.3
49.9
Population Pyramid, Metolong Area
10.0 -8.0 -6.0 -4.0 -2.0 0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0
Percentage
4.4.2.1 Educational Attainment
The reported educational attainment of a sample of 2,449 persons five years and older enumerated in the socio-economic survey is summarised in Table 9. Overall, 13.9% had never attended school, with the percentage of non-attendance increasing across the age groups, except for the 5- 14 age group which had the highest percentage of non-attendance. This is mainly attributed to the influence of the 5 years old age group, most of whom were not yet enrolled at school (46 of the 64 children enumerated in this age group were recorded as pre-school children, i.e. not yet attending school). In the 6-14 years age group, more than 90% were recorded as students, with only 8.5% not attending school.
Across all age categories, 53.3% had attained some form of primary education (Std 1-6), 15.5% had completed primary school, 13.1% had attained some form of secondary education (Form 1-4) and 3.2% had completed their secondary education (Form 5).
TABLE 9. EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT OF PERSONS 5 YEARS AND OLDER IN THE METOLONG AREA
Source: SMEC Socio-Economic Survey 2006. For a sample of 2,449 persons 5 years and older; 13 children in the 5-14 age group who had completed pre-school education were allocated to the no education category.
The results from the socio-survey underscore the observation of the 2001 Demographic Survey that "although school attendance was high, the level of education completed was low." For instance, in the 25-34 age group (i.e. young people who would have completed their education), approximately two-thirds had attended primary school but only 27.9% completed their primary education. Furthermore, only 20.9% proceeded to secondary school and only 7.8% completed their secondary education.
Metolong Darn FSlA Final Resettlalnellt Plan Feo 2U07 fi*SME'' 111 Assoclaticn mth FM AsscL#ates (Lesothc, and Snuflrcin Walors (Soulh Afrca)
Overall, though, the survey results show a high level of school attendance amongst the population currently in the primary school-going age, with 80.8% of children in the 6- 18 age group recorded as students.
4.4.2.2 Household Composition
4.4.2.2.1 Household Relationships
The lives of individuals are shaped within the context of households, the basic unit around which living arrangements are organised.I6 Figure 3 shows that the four biggest relationship categories recorded in the Metolong socio-economic survey were the household head (1 8.1% of the surveyed population) and hslher spouse (10.2%), children (40.3%) and grandchldren (17.4%). These four categories together accounted for 86% of the surveyed population.
The relatively high percentage of household heads, spouses and children indicate that a majority of households were two-generational nuclear families. Multigenerational and extended family ties, nevertheless, remain important, as evidenced from the high percentage of grandchldren in the survey households, as well as the presence of related persons such as sonsldaughters-in-law, brotherslsisters and other relatives.
Household Composition, Metolong R e s e m i r Area
Head Spouse
Sonldaughter Sonldaughter-in-law
n .- c Grandchild 'n c Parent 0 .- - m Parent-in-law - w Brotherlsister E Grandparent
Adoped/foster/step-child Other relative
Non-relative
0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0
Percentage
Nearly 78% of the household population were recorded as living at home, with most of the absent members being migrant workers in Lesotho (7.0%) or South Africa (5.6%), or students elsewhere in Lesotho (5.0%).
16 A household in Lesotho is defined as "a group of persons who live together and share common housekeeping arrangements. A household is . . . sometimes simply defined as a group of persons who 'eat from the same pot' . . . [and] may consist of a group of individuals, whether related or not related, or one individual living by himself or herself (Government of Lesotho 2001).
Metolong Dam €St4 Flrlal Resettlctnenl Plan Feb 2007 fh ShfE(: 811 A S S C ~ U ~ ! I O ~ ~ vnlll FM fissrjcialeb il.es.ltho) and Soullleln Waters (Sout!? h f r ca !
TABLE 10. RESIDENTIAL STATUS OF THE SURVEYED POPULATION, METOLONG RESERVOIR AREA
4.4.2.2.2 Household Headship
Household heads largely determine the socio-economic circumstances of their households. Further analysis of the position of household heads - in terms of demographic features such as gender, age, educational attainment and residential status - therefore contributes to a better understanding of the socio-economic position of households and their members.
As indicated in Table 7, 68.3% of the households enumerated in the Metolong census were headed by males and 3 1.7% by females. The Metolong socio-economic survey recorded slightly less male- headed households (65.1%) and correspondingly more female-headed households (34.9%).
Table 11 provides further details on the household heads enumerated in the socio-economic survey. Although 58% of the household heads were married, the most significant feature is that the vast majority of female household heads were widowed and had therefore become household head as a result of the death of their husbands. Very few household heads were single or separated divorced.
More than 75% of the household heads were in the 40 years and older age group (50.0% in the 40- 64 age group and 25.2% in the 65 and older age group). This would suggest that many households are at relatively advanced stages in the domestic development cycle, with household members possibly not solely reliant on the economic activities of the household head. On the other hand, nearly 36% of female household heads and 20% of male household heads were 65 years or older. This, together with the fact that nearly 27% of the household heads were reported to have a (physical or mental) disability, would also suggest that some household heads are fully dependent on other household members for their livelihoods.
A very small percentage of household heads were younger than 20 years, all headed by males. It is probable that some of these households are headed by young persons whose parents had passed away.
hletolon~~ Darn ESl? Final Rcscltlrlnellt Plan teb 2 O t ? 11, Assoz~n t~on W I I ~ FA4 il~ssoclates iLesotho! a w l Snirtlretn Walers (Sautt, ,lt.ca!
TABLE 11. MAIN DEM0GRAPHlCFEATURE.S OF HOUSEHOLD HEADS, METOLONG RESERVOIR AREA
Demographic Feature
I Widowed 36.4 10.2 85.4 I
Single Married Separatedldivorced
Source: SMEC Socio-Economic Survey 2006.
1 Total
The educational levels of a sample of 497 of the surveyed household heads are surnrnarised in Table 12. Just over 73% had either no educational qualification or only some form of primary education. Only 15.3% had completed primary education and only 10.7% had progressed to secondary school. Overall, only 8.9% had completed secondary education.
3.7 57.6 1.8
Significantly more male household heads had no education than female household heads. More female household heads had also progressed to and completed their primary education. However, most of the few household heads who had progressed to secondary school were males.
Male
TABLE 12. EDUCATIONAL LEVELS OF HOUSEHOLD HEADS, METOLONG RESERVOIR AREA
Female
4.6 84.4 0.8
Source: SMEC Socio-Economic Survey 2006.
2.0 7.6 3.5
A final demographic feature to consider is the employment status of household heads. Overall, just over 24% of the household heads were recorded as formally employed, with a further 4.8% recorded as informally employed. 27.6% were classified as homemakers, involved in home duties (including agricultural and livestock farming) or aged. The only other income-earning category was being a recipient of a government pension (5.3%). Nearly 38% were classified as unemployed (and therefore seeking work).
Substantially more male household heads were formally employed (32.8% of male heads) than female household heads (7.4%). Slightly more male household heads were involved in the informal employment sector, although more female household heads were the recipients of pensions.
Met~lorrg Darn ESlA Flnal Resettlelnerlt Plan Feb 2007 "' ;'& SRIE': 10 i,rsoc.at~on i ~ l l ! FM Asso~ates (Le~otho) afld S o ~ l h e r n LQillers (South hfrca!
TABLE 13. EMPLOYMENT STATUS OF HOUSEHOLD HEADS, METOLONG RESERVOIR AREA
4.4.3 Housing Residential dwellings in Lesotho are generally classified as follows:
I
I
Employment Status
Student Pensioner (receiving a pension) Formal employment Informal employment Unemployed Homemaker, home duties, aged Total
Traditional dwelling (also called rontabole and heisi). These are thatched structures constructed from stones, clay bricks and timber lacing, and occasionally cement bricks. The floor material is primarily mud and dung. Modem dwelling @olata and optaka). These structures are mainly built with cement bricks with cormgated iron or tile roofs.
Source: SMEC Socio-Economic Survey 2006. Exclude nine household heads for whom employment status was not available.
Houses in the Metolong Reservoir area are mainly traditional rontabole and heisi. Some polata and optaka are evident in the larger villages such as Ha Seeiso, Ha Makotoko and Ha Monamoleli. In Ha Rarnakhaba, a resettlement village that was established in 1997 to accommodate households that were relocated from the Mohale Dam (LHWP Phase lB), nearly all the dwellings are modem @olata/optaka) structures.
All Household Heads 0.4 5.3 24.3 4.8 37.7 27.6 100.0
F1cj111cl 4. Ex.lrrlnies o! Ho~ts ing 111 lt~!! Me1olor;g Resoi voir Area
The vast majority (97.5%) of the households enumerated in the Metolong socio-economic study owned their homesteads, with only a few occupying homesteads that belonged to other persons.
Male (%)
0.5 4.0 32.8 4.8 34.9 23.0 100.0
TABLE 14. HOMESTEAD OWNERSHIP, METOLONG RESERVOIR AREA
Female (%)
0.0 7.9 7.4 4.7 43.2 36.8 100.0
District Ownership of Homestead
I Berea 177 I 4 172
Mololur:p Dam ESI.4. Final Reseltlernelit Plan Feb 2007 'b SM'-:(: 111 ! i s~oc~at~on ~ i ~ l l l TM A S S D C I ~ ~ ~ S i lesotno, a*ld Sou!'>srn '.?.i~lers (Youllr ?.fr~ca)
Maseru Total
Source: SMEC Socio-Economic Survey 2006. Excludes one household for whom ownership data was not available.
1 2
0.4
392 569
Percentage 100.0
8 12 2.1
. -
383 555 97.5
Nearly all (91.3%) of the surveyed households reported that they had been living at their current homesteads sites for more than five years, with only 1.9% reporting that they had established their homesteads less than one year ago.
TABLE 15. LENGTH OF RESIDENCE AT HOMESTEAD SITE, METOLONG RESERVOIR AREA
I Maseru 3 90 5 1 1 10 3 64
District
Berea
4.4.4 Water and Sanitation
Households
177
Length of Residence
Total
The survey results on water sources used by communities in the Metolong Reservoir area are shown by village in Table 16. A large majority (70.8%) obtained their water from public standpipes. The only other significant sources of water were springs (17.8% from unprotected springs and 10.4% from protected springs). Villages were unprotected springs appear to be a main source of domestic water include Ha Khabele, Ha Letela, Ha Masakale, Ha Mothomotsoana, Ha Tlele and Nkokomohi. These villages, in particular, would benefit from Project initiatives to improve access to safe water.
Less than 1 Year
6
567 11 19 19 51 8
TABLE 16. HOUSEHOLD WATER SOURCES, METOLONG RESERVOIR AREA
Source: SMEC Socio-Economic Survey 2006.
1 - 2 Years
8
Percentage
Meloloop Darn ES14 Fmal Reseltlernerll Plan Feb 200: ''a n Assoclallorl Ynth FM Asroc8aIes (Lcsalho) drld Soulhclrl i'ddlsrs (South Africa)
1
2 - 5 Years
9
Source: SMEC Socio-Econa
Longer than 5 Years
154
Most (80%) households reported at water collection time of 29 minutes or less. The quality of the water was mainly rated as very good (49.6%) to reasonably good (29.9%), with only 4.4% of respondents considering the water to be bad or very bad.
The figures on the sanitation facilities of the households surveyed in the Metolong Reservoir area mirror the findings of the 2001 Demographic Survey, with 53.1% using the bushlopen field and 46.9% having their own pit/VIP latrine or access to another person's latrine.
TABLE 17. HOUSEHOLD SANITATION FACILITIES, METOLONG RESERVOIR AREA
' District
Rerea
4.4.5 Land Use
-. .-
Maseru Total Percentage
4.4.5.1 Agriculture
Households
177
The contribution of the agricultural sector to Lesotho's economy is relatively small (17%). However, subsistence agriculture is an important contributor to the livelihoods of as many as 80% of the country's households (FAOIWFP 2005). A range of crops and vegetables are cultivated on a mainly subsistence and rain-fed basis, with maize, sorghum and wheat being the most common crops. These crops occupy approximately 60%, 20 % and 10% of the cropped area respectively. Sharecropping is often practiced "to offset the constraints related to access to land, labour and farm inputs" (ibid: 4). Where possible, many households also maintain home gardens with summer and winter vegetables.
Source: SMEC Socio-Economic Survey 2006.
Small-scale farming in Lesotho, however, faces harsh realities which are contributing to a growing inability of the country to feed itself and food security crises." Constraints to rural crop and horticultural development include:
Another Person's Pit LatrineNlP
4 3 92 569
100.0
generally harsh climatic conditions; poor retums on dry-land crop farming and hence, the importance of migrant and formal sector labour retums; the resultant shortage of able-bodied farm labour and healthy oxen at critical times; overworked soils, the high cost of chemical fertilisers and the use of manure for energy; poor adoption of improved farming methods; shortage and inefficient use of tools and traction; poor fencing and protection against grazing animals; poor water supply and storage (Sechaba Consultants 2000; Government of Lesotho 2002).
. .
194 254 44.6
9 13 2.3
Ownership of agricultural fields in the Metolong Reservoir area is high, with 83.9% of the households enumerated in the socio-economic survey reporting that they owned fields. Agricultural fields are mostly situated on the plateau areas in the vicinity of the villages.'8
On-Site Pit LatrineNIP
60 I
189 302 53.1
17 CARE'S Livelihoods Recovery through Agriculture Programme (LRAP) - often popularly referred as Lirapa, the Sesotho word meaning homestead gardens - was designed as a rapid response to the food security crisis in Lesotho in 2002.
Open Field
113
I S The Metolong census recorded 343 fields in the Phuthiatsana RiverlGorge and tributaries and 2,147 fields around the village areas away from the River. Nearly 33% of these fields were recorded in Ha Nqosa and Ha Makhale, two villages immediately downstream of the Metolong Reservoir. A further 29.4% were recorded in villages along the central and upper reaches of the Reservoir (e.g. Ha Monamoleli, Ha Tsoaleli, Ha Tlele, Ha Ramatlama and Ha Ntsane).
Molo!o:,g Uatn ESlA Flrlnl Reseltlernertl Plan . Feb 1b0: "* S'll-:(' !.: ;-5bi212tion vilIl1 FM RIOC~B~C:, ; L e1'31110) al-1 Srnltllern vV,llers (South Afr)cai
TABLE 18. OWNERSHIP OF AGRICULTURAL FIELDS, METOLONG RESERVOIR AREA
1 Tntal 92 I I 143 1
Just under 25% of the households with agricultural fields owned only one field, 3 1 % owned two fields, 22.4% had three fields and 21.8% had more than more than three fields. Household agricultural landholdings are generally small and seldom exceed two hectares.
1 Percentage 100.0
Ninety percent of the households with agricultural fields reported that they had cultivated all or some of their fields in the 2004105 season. Nearly 62% of these households indicated that the maize they harvested was sufficient for their household needs until the following season.
Source: SMEC Socio-Economic Survey 2006. 83.9
TABLE 19. SIZE OF AGRICULTURAL HOLDINGS
Number of A g ricultural Fields One field Two fields Three fields Four fields Five fields More than five fields Total
16.1 25.1
Source: SMEC Socio-Economic Survey 2006.
Households 119 148 107 5 2 3 9 13
478
I Percentage 1 24.9 31.0 22.4 10.9 8.2 2.7
100.0
Sharecropping is an important livelihood activity in the area, especially for landless households. Of the 92 households with no agricultural land, 52 (56.5%) reported that they had a sharecropping relationship and were cultivating the land of other persons.
4.4.5.2 Livestock Farming
Livestock husbandry is an important component of local economic activities, particularly in the highlands and foothills/lowlands areas. Livestock kept by households includes cattle, goats, sheep, horses, donkeys, pigs and fowls. Livestock provides meat, milk, eggs and a cash income. Cattle are an integral part of cropping activities, providing draught power and producing organic fertiliser. Horses and donkeys are important transport and pack animals.
A number of constraints affect the development of animal husbandry. These include:
overstocking and overgrazing despite a long history of range-management in Lesotho; constraints on animal care, and on improved breeding practices; high levels of stock theft in the country.
Livestock ownership details obtained in the Metolong census for 1,489 households are shown in Table 20. A total of 3,281 cattle, 1,167 sheep, 1,627 goats, 389 horses and 731 donkeys were recorded. Of interest is the fact that a majority of households owned no livestock. More than 53% of the households owned no cattle, while ownership of other livestock was even lower - 92.4% owned no sheep, 88.9% no goats, 84.2% no horses and 72.7% no sheep. Furthermore, herd sizes were small, with few households owning more than six head of any of the five livestock types.
TABLE 20. LIVESTOCK OWNERSHIP. METOLONG RESERVOIR AREA
Source: SMEC Household Census 2006.
4.4.5.3 Trees
Nearly 90% of the surveyed households reported owning trees. Trees are located at the homestead site, along agricultural fields and in the Phuthiatsana River gorge. Trees owned most often were peach, eucalyptus, pine, apple, willow, apricot, and poplar.
TABLE 21. OWNERSHIP OF TREES, METOLONG RESERVOIR AREA
Apricot 255
Grape 38
Pear
Eucal yptus/Bluegum
5 5
Plump Poplar Wattle
i Willow
Source: SMEC Socio-Economic Survey 2006.
1023
Peach
Pine I 505
90 134
69 776
Other
Metolorla Darn ESIA Final Reseltlernent Plan Feb 20C7 "r Si+lE(' I" Assosa l~a i i irnlll FM Associates (Lesotho) and Soutl;ern \Nalers (Sou;h Afr~ca)
6674
19 , Total 9435
4.4.6 Livelihoods
4.4.6.1 Occupation and Employment Status The 2001 Demographic Survey provides detailed information on the economic characteristics of Lesotho's population. In summary, a large number of the population in the 10 years and older age group were recorded as housewives or engaged in home duties (35.1%) and as students (26.2%). Just over 18% were regular wagelsalary workers and 7.5% were own account workers (self- employed). A further 2.3% were casual workers, while 1.8% were regarded as unpaid family workers.
At the Metolong Reservoir site, 954 (64.1%) of the households enumerated in the household census reported that they had no members in formal wagelsalary employment, 4 11 (27.6%) that they had one employed household member and 123 (8.3%) that they had more than one employed household member. Most (85.5%) of the households enumerated in the census also reported that they did not receive a government pension, with only 13.3% indicating that they have access to one government pension and 1.2% to two government pensions.
Disaggregation of the employment status of the household population enumerated in the socio- economic survey provides further insights into the economic status of households. More than 31% of the surveyed population were classified as students and another 12.1% as pre-school children. Nearly 28% were recorded as unemployed (defined as actively seeking any kind of employment at least once of the past three months) and a further 11.8% as housewives, homemakers or aged.
Only 12.6% of the surveyed population were recorded as regular salarylwage earners and 3.3% as involved in informal sector economic activities; only 1.5% were receiving government pensions.
I Employment Status, Metolong Area I
The employment status of the surveyed population across male- and female-headed households is similar, although the former had slightly more household members in formal and informal employment (Table 22).
TABLE 22. EMPLOYMENT STATUS OF MEMBERS IN MALE- AND FEMALE-HEADEID HOUSEHOLDS
Employment Status I Persons in Male-Headed Households I Persons in Female-Headed Households 1
Source: SMEC Socio-Economic Survey 2006. Exclude 41 persons for whom information was not available. Metoohy Uam ESlA Flrlnl Resettlr#nent Plan . Feb 2007
('1 issooal lor l wtll FNI Asho(.~ales i l c i n l h o i 311d Saurhern Walers iSo~itn hfr.*:si
4.4.6.2 Income and Expenditure Respondents in the socio-economic survey were asked to indicate their households' income sources. Within the limitations of the local economy, households use a range of sources to diversify their livelihood earning opportunities and to generate a cash income. As shown in Table 23, income resources reported most often were salaries (36.6% of male-headed and 25.3% of female- headed households), remittances from South Africa (32.3% and 18.1 % respectively), income from the sale of beer (2 1.3% and 34.1 %) income from the sale of own vegetable produce (25.1% and 18.7%), remittances from workers in Lesotho (17.3% and 14.8%) and pensions (1 1.5% and 20.3%).
Income generating activities that may be affected by the creation of the Metolong Reservoir include the sale household timber resources, fish and handicrafts produced from riverine reedslgrasses. The sale of timber resources was reported by 10.4% of male-headed households and 9.3% of female- headed households, the sale of fish by 2.9% of male-headed households and 1.1 % of female-headed households, while income from the sale of handicrafts was reported by 1 1.2% and 9.996 of female- headed households.
TABLE 23. HOUSEHOLD INCOME SOURCES, METOLONG RESERVOIR AREA
Income Source Percentage of Households Reporting Income from Source 1
Remittances - Lesotho Remittances - South Africa Pension Income from savingslstokvel Sale of own vegetable produce
Male-Headed Households I Female-Headed Households )
Sale of other persons' vegetables Sale of own fruit Sale of own timber Sale of other persons' timber Sale of own livestock Sale of own animal products Sale of other persons' animal products Income from sale of handicrafts
17.3 32.3 11.5 15.0 25.1
Income from sale of beer
1 Other 4.0 1.6 Source: SMEC Socio-Economic Survey 2006.
14.8 18.1 20.3 11.0 18.7
6.1 8.6 10.4 1.2 9.8 7.5 2.3 11.2
Rent ofhouse Sale of fish (self caught) Sale of fish (caught by others)
Respondents were also asked to give a broad indication of their household's average monthly income. The importance of subsistence agriculture in the livelihoods of households in the Metolong Reservoir area is underscored by the low reported incomes. Figure 6 shows that many households (58.6%) had monthly incomes of M300 or less. As many as 70% reported monthly household incomes of M500 or less. Only 11.6% had reported monthly incomes above M1,100. Without subsistence contributions from agriculture, these incomes alone cannot sustain the livelihoods of households.
3.8 3.3 9.3 1.1 6.0 6.6 1 . 1 9.9
21.3
The reported incomes of households headed by women are consistently lower than those of male- headed households. Nearly 86% of female-headed households had monthly household incomes of M500 or less, compared to 62% of male-headed households. Only 3.6% of female-headed households had monthly incomes in excess of M1,100, as opposed to 15.6% of male-headed households.
34.1 I
General dealer 4.3
Hairdresser 2.3 4.4
2.3 2.9 0.9
Metulo~rg Darn ESlA Final Reseltlslncllt Plan FeC 1007 ' ii I,, Assoc~al~on wtlr FM hssoc!aler !Lesothol a,ld Soul:lairl 'Waters {South Airicaj
1.6 Welfare grant 4.9 1 . 1 1 . 1
2.6
Repor led Monthly Income, Metolong Area
- .- Less Mi01 - LO01 - M501- Mi01 - W 0 1 - MI101 Mi301 M1501 WOO1 LO001 MOO1 2 LOO0 MOO U7m W Mlloo Mi304 M1504 W o o d M3004 M400 j PIUS ~
4.4.6.3 Poverty
EI Total
IMale-HeadedHouseholds
oFemle-Headedhuseholds
Surveys undertaken by the Government and other agencies show that approximately 58% of the country's population is classified as poor. The number of poor people increased in rounded figures from 850,000 to 950,000 in the period between the 198611987 and 199411995 household income and expenditure survey, while the number of ultra-poor people grew from 500,000 to 600,000. According to Lesotho's Poverty Reduction Strategy (PRS) "the number of poor and extremely poor people in the country is growing- particularly among the one-third of the population living in the mountainous regions and among the approximately one-third of households that are headed by females (Government of Lesotho 2006).
The PRS established poverty line which involved "converting expenditure on 30 items of food and 10 own-produced consumption items into quantities and calories. The minimum expenditure on food necessary to meet the internationally accepted threshold of 2,200 kilo-calories required for a healthy and active life was then calculated, based on the cost per calorie actually incurred by Basotho families. By including an amount based on actual expenditure incurred on non-food items by households from the more deprived segments of the population, a per capita "poverty line" (in constant 2002 prices) of M146 per person per month was calculated. Half this level was defined as the "ultra poverty line" (Government of Lesotho 2006).
30.1
250
40.1
Based on an average household size of 5, a poverty line of M1461personlmonth gives a poverty line household income of M703 per month. Since the Metolong socio-economic survey established only broadlindicative household monthly incomes, it is not possible to make direct correlations with the PRS' poverty line. Nevertheless, it is clear that a substantial number of households in the Metolong Reservoir would fall below the poverty line and therefore be classified as poor.
4.4.7 Infrastructure, Services and Movement Patterns
28.5
24.1
371
Education facilities in Lesotho are run by the Ministry of Education and various church and other non-governmental bodies. The Roman Catholic Church (RCC), the Lesotho Evangelical Church (LEC) and the Anglican Church of Lesotho (ACL) are by far the most important providers of primary educational facilities in the country. In 2001, there were 1,295 primary schools in Lesotho, of which 508 (39.2%) were governed by the RCC, 480 (37.1%) by the LEC and 176 (13.6%) by the ACL (Government of Lesotho 2001b).
Facilities such as schools are mainly located in the larger villages in the Metolong Reservoir area, and only a few villages therefore have schools (see Figure 13). Primary school children mainly attend schools located in villages on the same side of the Phuthiatsana River, although some do cross the River to attend school, especially in the upper reaches of the Reservoir. Some children on the southern side of the Phuthiatsana River in this area also cross the River to attend the Zenon and
11.1
12.5
8.4
Metolong Darn ESlA F~r~r r l Resettlement Plan Feb 2CO: ShqE'' 1 1 Assovutlcn mtl: FM Assoclalab i ~ a i o t b o l asrd Soufhetn Walcrs (South Africa!
8.3
9.5
6.0
4.0
4.9
2.4
6.3
8.2
2.4
1.6
1.5
1.8
2.2
3.0
0.6
2.0
3.0
0.0
2.0
3.0 ..
0.0
1.8
2.7
0.0
2.0
2.4
1.2
Sefikeng Secondary Schools in Sefikeng. Many secondary school children, however, attend schools in the pen-urban and urban areas, outside of the Metolong Reservoir area.
Of the 570 surveyed households, 371 (65.1%) reported that they had school-going children who were sleeping at home every night (i.e. not attending school elsewhere in Lesotho or South Africa). A total of 748 resident school-going children were recorded in the 37 1 households, of whom 641 (85.7%) were attending a primary school located on the same side of the Phuthiatsana River and 55 (7.4%) a secondary school on the same side of the River. 42 (5.6%) were attending a primary school on the opposite side of the Phuthiatsana River and 10 (1.3%) a secondary schools on the opposite side of the River.
Table 24 provides a further broad perspective on access to key servicesifacilities, based on results obtained from the socio-economic survey. Although most services and facilities are accessed on the same side of the Phuthiatsana River, the River is crossed by some households to access services. Serviceslfacilities that are located outside of the Reservoir area include mortuaries, clinics/ hospitals, secondary school^.'^
'TABLE 24 LOCATION OF SERVICES ACCESSED BY SURVEYED HOUSEHOLDS METOLONG RESERVOIR AREA
Source: SMEC Socio-Economic Survey 2006.
Service1 Facility
It can be seen from Table 24 that the Phuthiatsana River (and tributaries) has to be crossed by some members of the local communities to access services. The River is also crossed for social reasons, for instance, to attend weddings and funerals and to visit relative and friends (nearly 76% of the households enumerated in the socio-economic survey reported that they had relatives in the area who live across the River).
In order to gain insights into the movement of people across the Phuthiatsana River and tributaries a movement survey was conducted at 12 crossing points, most of which would be inundated by the Reservoir. Each crossing point was surveyed once, from Friday to Monday, the days when people are most likely to cross the River. The 12 crossing points are (see Figure 12):
# of Households Reporting
Use
Ha Makhale - Ha Seeiso; Ha Makotoko - Ha Seeiso; Ha Seeiso - Ha RamakhabalHa Makirita; Ha Maimane - Ha Matjeke; Ha Matjeke - Ha Mosotho; Ha Masakale - Ha Tlele; Ha MasakaleiHa Tlele - Ha Mosotho; Ha Letela - Ha Ntsane; Ha Monamoleli - Ha Ntsane; Ha Monamoleli - Ha Ramatlama; Ha Monamoleli - Ha Tsoaleli; and Ha Mothomotsoana - Ha Ntsane.
19 A village profile of 17 villages in the Metolong Reservoir area, which includes references to village services and facilities, is included in Volume 2: Annex to the Resettlement Plan.
Location of ServicelFacili?y Same Side of River (Resident or Other
Village) Across River Far Away
Area
The results of the survey are summarised in Table 25. A total of 2,344 people used the various crossing points during the survey period (48 days, four days at each crossing point), giving an average of 49 crossings per day. The Ha Monamoleli-Ha Ntsane crossing point was the busiest (406 people), as was the Ha Monamoleli-Ha Tsoaleli crossing (322) and the Ha Maimane-Ha Matjeke crossing (320). Sites that were used by the lowest number of people were Ha Masakale-Ha Tlele, Ha Seeiso-Ha Ramakhabama Makirita and Ha Makhale-Ha Seeiso.
People crossed for a variety of reasons, including attending public and cultural gatherings, funerals, soccer games, church and school, to access mills and transport, to visit relatives and for shopping (see the Resettlement Plan for the survey results).
TABLE 25. SURVEY OF CROSSING POINTS ON PHUTHIATSANA RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES
4.4.8 Use of the Phuthiatsana River and Riverine Resources
Crossing Point
Ha Makhale - Ha Seeiso Ha Masakale - Ha Mosotho Ha LetelaMa Ntsane - Ha Tlele Ha Monamoleli - Ha Tsoaleli Ha Matjeke - Ha Mosotho Ha Makotoko - Ha Seeiso Ha Maimane - Ha Matjeke Ha Masakale - Ha Tlele Ha Mothomotsoana - Ha Ntsane Ha Seeiso -Ha RamakhabaIHa Makirita
Riverine resources are important to communities living along rivers. River water is commonly used for livestock watering and other household purposes, while riverine resources such as reeds and grasses fulfil important utilitarian functions.
Number of People Crossing River (Both Directions) Over Survey Period
82 212 103 322 222 115 320 74 153 79
Respondents in the Metolong socio-economic survey were asked to indicate whether they or their household members ever made use of the Phuthiatsana River for a range of purposes (Figure 7). Water from the River is most often used for livestock watering (67.8% of the surveyed households), and for bathing (52.4%). The River is also fairly regularly used for traditional purposes (47.4%), the washing of clothes (46.7%), fishing (43.4%) and for cultural purposes (39.9%). Water from the River is seldom used for drinking purposes (1 1.5%).
Metolong Darn ESlA Fmel Resettlement Plan FeD 200' (+ S''E(: l r? hssovatlon mth FM assoc~ales I L P L o ~ ~ O ) and Soulllein Waters !South iilrlca)
r Use of Phuthiatsana River
Drinking
Religious purposes
Cultural purposes
Fishing
Washing of clothes
Traditional purposes
Bathing
Animal watering
1 Percentage
Although more than 43% of the surveyed households indicated that they do fish in the Phuthiatsana River, catch fish appears to be relatively seldomly consumed, as shown in Table 26. Just over 12% reported that they often consume fish from the River, with a further 17% reporting occasional consumption of fish.
TABLE 26. FREQUENCY OF EATING FISH FROM THE PHUTHIATSANA RIVER, METOLONG RESERVOIR AREA
Source: SMEC Socio-Economic Survey 2006. Exclude two households for whom information was not available.
Households along the Phuthiatsana River utilise a wide range of riverine resources for their livelihoods. Thatchmg grass and river sand are used for building purposes. Women harvest natural resources to supplement household diets and supplies, or for craft production. Local herbalistsitraditional healers make use of riverine resources such as medicinal plants. Wood and shrubs (from private trees and the veld) are harvested for building and firewood. Cattle graze along the River, especially in summer along the upper reaches of the proposed Reservoir.
Respondents in the socio-economic survey were asked to list the three resources in the Phuthiatsana Gorge on which their households rely most heavily. The results (Table 27) show that for the majority of households thatching grass, medicinal plans and wood (for heatingicooking and building) were considered to be the three most important riverine resources.
Other resources in the Phuthiatsana Gorge that attracted substantial votes were building sand, grazing land and water from the River (for livestock watering).
TABLE 27. IMPORTANT RlVERlNE RESOURCES, METOLONG RESERVOIR AREA
District
Berea Maseru Source: SMEC Socio-Economic Survey 2006.
1" Most Important Resource
Thatching grass Thatching grass
2"d Most Important Resource
Medicinal plants Medicinal plants
3 r d ~ o s t Important ' Resource
Wood Wood
Household respondents were also asked to rate the impact of the loss a range of natural resources in the Phuthiatsana Gorge on livelihoods. A large majority (more than 70%) of respondents indicated that the loss of the following natural resources would have significant impacts on household livelihoods: thatching grass, medicinal plants, building sand, grazing land and water from the Phuthiatsana River (for livestock grazing). Just fewer than 70% recorded that the loss of wild vegetables would have a significant impact on livelihoods, while the loss of caves (used for traditional and social purposes), fish and sandstone rocks (for building purposes) was considered to be somewhat less significant.
TABLE 28. IlbIPACT OF NATURAL RESOURCE LOSS ON LIVELIHOODS
Natural Resource
Thatching grass Medicinal plants Building sand
"i:&SME(: M e ~ o l o ~ g Gain ES!4 Final Rese l t l t ~ rne r~ l Plan Feb 2007 In Associaltorl wlh FM Associales (Lesorhoi a13 SuutOern !%aters (Sautb Alrlc.cj
1 Grazing Water from River Wild vegetables Caves in gorge area Fish Sandstone rocks in gorge area
Impact of Loss (% of Households): Significant
90.4 89.5 85.7
Source: SMEC Socio-Econom~c Survey 2006.
84.1 70.5 68.0 59.6 58.8 54.2
Moderate 4.0 4.7 7.9 8.9 14.6 19.5 18.3 15.8 18.8
Limited 5.6 5.8 6.4 7.0 14.9 12.5 22.1 25.4 27.0
5 Land Acquisition and Related Impacts
5.1 Land Acquisition Requirements The Project will require permanent acquisition of land as well as temporary occupation of land. Permanent land acquisition will occur for the construction of the Dam Wall, the creation of the Metolong Reservoir, as well as for other permanent infrastructure such as the access road to the Dam Wall, the Water Treatment Plant and Drying Bed, a permanent operations office, pump stations and new concrete reservoirs at Ha Nchela, Sefikeng (both in the vicinity of the Metolong Reservoir), and in Maseru. Temporary land occupation will be required for the construction of the transmission pipelines, temporary access roads, the operation of a quarry and for construction camps and offices.
The Metolong Reservoir area is under consideration for declaration as a Selected Development Area (SDA), in terms of Section 44 of the Land Act, 1979. A Metolong SDA Master Plan has been commissioned, which will determine the most appropriate locatiodalignment of infrastructure such as the Water Treatment Plant, construction camps, offices and the access road to the Dam Wall. With the exception of the Reservoir footprint, it is therefore not possible to give the final location of the associated infrastructure at the Reservoir site, although provisional areas for the Water Treatment Plant and access road to the Dam Wall have been identified (see Figure 14 and Figure 16).
The Project's anticipated land requirements are sumrnarised below:
Metolong Dam and Reservoir. Both storage options will require the permanent acquisition of land, and inundation of communal resources and activities, improvements on this land (agricultural fields, privately-owned trees and a small number of graves in the case of Option 2). Land acquisition is estimated at 210 ha for Option I and 260 ha for Option 2.
Treatment Plant and Drying Beds. The Treatment Plant and Drying Beds will require the permanent acquisition of land in the vicinity of the Reservoir, anticipated to consist mainly of agricultural fields, rangeland and communal forest areas. Land acquisition is estimated at 14 ha.
Access Road to Dam Wall. The new access road to the Dam Wall, which will veer off the current road to Ha Seeiso and link up with the existing Ha Makotoko-Nazareth gravel road after crossing the Dam Wall, will require the permanent acquisition of land, anticipated to consist mainly of agricultural fields and rangeland. Land acquisition is estimated at 6 ha.
Associated Infrastructure. Thls Project component includes the quarry, works areas, temporary roads, construction camps, offices that will be required during the construction period. Most of the land will be occupied on a temporary basis, although some permanent land acquisition will be necessary for an operational office complex in the vicinity of the Dam Wall. The Feasibility Study identified a potential quarry site south of the Reservoir, on rangeland along the Ha Makotoko-Nazareth road. A new site has recently been identified during the Feasibility update studies, located immediately to the west of Ha Seeiso. T h ~ s site is considered to be unsuitable, since it will require relocation of two to three households and will be located close to other households on the western edge of Ha Seeiso (see Figure 16). Land required for the associated infrastructure is anticipated to consist of agricultural fields and rangeland. Land acquisition requirements are still to be determined but permanent acquisition is estimated at 20 ha and temporary occupation at 20 ha.
Pumping Stations and Reservoirs. The four new pump stations and two new reservoirs will require permanent acquisition of land, ranging in size from approximately 0.1 ha to 0.5 ha. This infrastructure will as far as possible be located on public land, although some impacts on private property are anticipated. Land acquisition requirements are still to be determined but are estimated at 4 ha.
Transmission Pipelines. Four transmission lines will be placed entirely within the reserves of existing roads and temporary occupation of private land is therefore not anticipated. These lines are Line 3 (Junction A in the vicinity of Thaba Bosiu to Junction B at Ha Makhalanyane), Line 4 (Junction B to Mazenod), Line 6 (Sefikeng to Teyateyaneng) and Line 7 (Junction B to
Metolong Oarn ESlA Final Reseltlelnenl Plan. Feb 2007 k ? t z A;sccellon "vlti~ FF(I 45F3~101L.s (I esqlhcl olrd Uculhern :Nalers (Soulir Alrlca)
Roma). A further line (Line 8 from Mazenod to Morija) currently under consideration will also be entirely within an existing road reserve. The transmission lines that are likely to cross private or communal land are Line 1 (Dam site to Ha Nchela), Line 2 (Ha Nchela to the High South Reservoir in Maseru) and Line 5 (Dam site to the new reservoir at Sefikeng). The estimated lengths of pipeline to be laid outside existing road reserves on private and communal land are as follows: Line 1 - 5 km, Line 2 - 1 km and Line 5 - 8.7 km. Temporary land occupation outside public road reserves, to be confirmed duringfinal design, is currently estimated at 15 ha.
5.2 Affected Households Land use within the Metolong Reservoir is dominated by vegetation types such as Hyparrhenia, Heteropogon and Helichrysum (approximately 61%), followed by planted forestslthickets of poplar, wattle and pine (approximately IS%), agricultural fields (approximately 1 I%), indigenous trees (9%) and riverine features (4%).
Option 1 (the smaller storage option) will directly affect an estimated 161 households, through the permanent acquisition of agricultural fields and trees. Option 2 (the higher storage option) will affect a further estimated 54 households. If implemented, Option 2 will therefore affect an estimated 2 15 household^.^^
TABLE 29. HOUSEHOLDS PO'TENTIALLY AFFECTED BY THE METOLONG RESERVOIR
Source: SMEC Asset Survey 2006.
As shown in Table 29, for Option 1 an estimated 66 households are anticipated to lose both fields and trees, 76 trees only and 19 fields only. Inundation of graves is not anticipated for Option 1. For Option 2 a further estimated 21 households stand to lose both fields and trees, 16 trees only and 14 fields only. Option 2 may also inundate seven graves.
Percentage (Storage option 2)
Asset Loss
An estimated 22 households will be affected by the Treatment Plant site as provisionally identified, mainly through the loss of agricultural fields. A further 16 households will be affected by the access road to the Dam Wall as provisionally aligned, also through the loss of agricultural fields.
TABLE 30 HOUSEHOLDS POTENTIALLY AFFECTED BY THE WATER TREATMENT PLANT AND ACCESS ROAD
Households
Affected by Storage
Option 1
Asset Loss
Fields Trees
20 A list of potentially affected households is provided in Appendix 1.
Melolr:.,g IUas,l k S l 4 Flrlnl Reseltlernenl Plarl I-eo ?OD: If* S''r'(' 10 Assooathiir! wltl' /-M Fssr:r~ates (Lob>lh~, , c~~II Soulllerr W A ~ O I S (COUII: A ~ I I C B !
Additional Affected by
Storage Option 2
.-..-
Fields & Trees Total
Total Affected by
Storage Option 2
Households Affected by: Water Treatment Plant and
Drying Beds 20
Source: SMEC Asset Survey 2006.
2 22
Access Road to Dam Wall
16
16
A total of 253 households are therefore anticipated to be affected through the permanent loss of assets such as fields, trees and graves for the construction of the Metolong Dam and Reservoir, the access road to the Dam Site and the Water Treatment Plant. Nealry 36% will lose trees only, just over 34% trees and fields, nearly 27% fields only, with the remaining 2.8% losing a combination of fields, trees and graves.
TABLE 31. SUMMARY OF AFFECTED HOUSEHOLDS
Source: SMEC Asset Survey 2006.
The affected households that had been interviewed at the time of report preparation consist of a total of 1,060 persons. It is estimated that some 1,240 persons will be directly affected (loss of private assets) by creation of the larger storage option, made up of the 1,060 enumerated persons and an estimated 176 persons in the 32 households not yet interviewed. A hrther 198 persons are estimated to be affected by the Water Treatment Plant and access road to the Dam Wall.
TABLE 32. AFFECTED POPULATION: METOLONG RESERVOIR, WATER TREATMENT PLANT AND ACCESS ROAD
Information available from the socio-economic survey for 199 of the estimated 253 affected households shows that 65.3% are headed by males and 34.7% by females.
Pro.ject Component Metolong Reservoir (Option 2) Water Treatment Plant Access Road to Dam Wall Total
TABLE 33. AFFECTED HOUSEHOLDS BY GENDER OF HOUSEHOLD HEAD
Affected Households 215 22 16
253
Affected Population 1,240 114 84
1,438
Asset Loss Loss of agricultural land only Loss of trees only Loss of agricultural land and trees Loss of trees and graves Loss of agricultural land, trees and graves
5.3 Livelihood Impacts
' Total
5.3.1 Income Sources of Affected Households
Male 19 53 55 1 2
The reported income sources of 199 of the estimated 253 households affected by the Metolong Reservoir, the Treatment Plant and the access road to the Dam Wall are shown in Table 34.
130
Although a wide range of income sources are used, only a few are accessed by a significant number of affected households. The income sources reported most frequently by male-headed households were sale of own fruit, wageslsalaries, remittances from South Africa, sale of own timber resources, sale of own vegetablelmaize crops, income from savingslstokvel associations and income from the
Female 18 2 1 29
1 0
Percentage
. . Metoloilg Darn ESlA Flrlal Reseltlulnenl Plan Feb 2007 4 I!> ;\ssociatlon wtll FM Associates (Lesllho) and Sourrlclrr i"raters (South Afrrcai
Total 3 7 74 84 2 2
69 199
Source: SMEC Socio-Economic Survey 2006; information for I99 of the estimated 253 affected households. 65.3 34.7 1 100.0
sale of beer. A similar pattern was evident amongst female-headed households, although pensions were also a significant source of income.
Income sources that could be affected by the Project are the sale of fruit from own fruit trees (61.5% of male-headed households and 59.4% of female-headed households), the sale of own timber resources (24.6% and 17.4%), the sale of own vegetablelmaize produce (23.8% and 17.4%), the sale of livestock (12.3% and 2.9%) and the sale of handicrafts (10.0% and 8.7%). The sale of own timber resources is likely to be most heavily affected by the Project, since large numbers of timber trees are located in the Reservoir inundation area (see Table 37). Income from the sale of own vegetablelmaize produced is also likely to be affected, but because agricultural fields and vegetable gardens in the area are mainly located outside the inundation area, the impact is likely to be less severe than in the case of lost timber resources. The Project is not anticipated to significantly affect other forms of income that rely on the exploitation of natural resources. For instance, the impact on income from the sale of fruit will be limited, since most fruit trees are located outside the Reservoir inundation area (see Table 37). Nevertheless, the Project could have significant livelihood impacts on a household that soley survives on the use/exploitation of a range of local natural resources.
TABLE 34, INCOME SOURCES OF AFFECTED HOUSEHOLDS
1 Welfare erant I 3.1 I 2.9 1 Rent of house --....- ~
Sale of fish (self caught) Sale of fish (caught by others)
5.3.2 Loss of Land and Natural Resources
3.1
General dealerlspaza Motor mechanic Hairdresser Total Households
The asset survey shows that the smaller Metolong storage option (Option 1) will affect an estimated 37 ha of cultivation land, while Option 2 could affect an additional 27 ha of cultivation land. Permanent land losses associated with the other Project components are provisionally estimated at 44 ha, giving an estimated overall permanent loss of 108 ha of mainly cultivation land.
2.9 Rent of land . .
1 3.8 0.8
Metolong Dam ESlA Final Reselllelnent Plan I eb 2007 ' SRIE(' 111 hssouallon wlh FM Assac~ales is so tho^ a1.o Soutlrern Waters (South Africa)
.. .
1.4 0.0
Source: SMEC Socio-Economic Survey 2006.
6.9 1.5 4.6 130
0.8
1.4 1 1.4 1.4 69
1.4 1
TABLE 35. ESTIMATE OF PERMANENT LAND LOSSES
Table 36 provides a summary of interviewed households affected by the Metolong Reservoir, the access road to the Dam Site and the Water Treament Plant by their reported ownership of agricultural fields. Of the 120 interviewed households who stand to lose agricultural land, 12 (10%) reported owning only one field, 30 (25%) had two fields, 32 (27%) had three fields and 46 (38%) had four or more fields. Although the total landholdings of affected households and the percentage land loss will be determined only during the scheduled cadastral survey and valuation exercise, it is clear that some affected households (even if only a small percentage) are likely to be significantly affected by the loss of agricultural fields because of their already small landholdings.
Project Component
Metolong Reservoir (Option 2) Treatment Plant and Drying Beds Access Road to Dam Wall Associated Infrastructure Pumping stations and reservoirs Total
TABLE 36. AFFECTED HOUSEHOLDS BY NUMBER OF AGRICULTURAL FIELDS
Estimated Permanent Cultivation Land Loss (ha) 64 14 6
20 4
108
Source: SMEC Socio-Economic Survey 2006.
Most (95%) of the 120 interviewed households who stand to lose agricultural land reported that they had planted maize on their fields in the previous (2004105) season. Of these, only 23% reported that the harvest was not sufficient for their households' maize needs until the next harvest. Although in most cases households facing the loss of agricultural land will only lose a portion of their agricultural landholding, the loss could be significant for those households who rely wholly or mainly on their agricultural endeavours for their subsistence.
The loss of agricultural fields could also have an impact on the income-earning potential of some of these households, with 19% reporting that they had sold some of their 2004105 maize harvest. A reported 168 (50 kg) bags were sold, with most bags sold for M150.
Land losses will also have impacts on forms of livelihood and income-generating activities that rely on access to common property and natural resources. As indicated in Section 4.4.8, a range of natural resources that are useful to local communities will be inundated by the creation of the Metolong Reservoir. These include thatching grass, medicinal plants, grazing land and building sand. These resources play an important role in the livelihoods of households and other resource user groups such as herbalistsltraditional healers.
The loss of useful natural resources will affect households in the vicinity of the Reservoir who rely on these resources, since their primary resource harvesting areas will be inundated. Harvesting of similar resources in other areas will create an added economic burden. Furthermore, the inundation of natural resources will lead to increased pressure on the surrounding natural resources.
Construction of the Reservoir is also expected to lead to a reduction in the volume of river sand downstream of the Dam Wall, where a number of sand miners are operating.
fi~~,'e!olorig Dain E i s 1 4 Firm1 Reseltlt,!nenl Plan 6 c!b O 9 ; ' 1 1 hssoc8afolr wti, FM hssoi ia lcs ( Lcs l r r l o l and C'o~therlr i2ia:ers cS:,u!ll Airic.ri
5.3.3 Loss of Trees Table 37 shows that an estimated 1,143 individual trees could be affected by storage option 1 and a further 27 1 by storage option 2. In addition, large areas of poplar thickets/groves will be affected, estimated at approximately 60 ha for Option 1 and a further 5 ha for Option 2."
TABLE 37. ESTIMATE OF INDIVIDUAL TREE LOSSES, METOLONG RESERVOIR AREA
As indicated in the baseline description, trees are highly valuable household assets, used both at the homestead and sold to generate a cash income. As noted in Section 5.3.1, the loss of timber resources in likely to have significant impacts on local income generation.
5.3.4 Impacts on Livestock Farming
Tree Type
Oak Peach Pine Poplar and wattle Wattle Willow Total
As indicated in the baseline description, livestock husbandry is an important component of local economic and social activities, even though many of the enumerated households do not own livestock.
Source: SMEC Asset Survey 2006.
Option 2 (Higher Storage Level)
The community meetings revealed that livestock-owning households, especially those with cattle, were particularly concerned about the loss of grazing land, especially in the upper reaches of the Reservoir, and of access to water from the Phuthiatsana River for livestock watering.
Option 1 (Lower Storage Level) Estimated Number
Immature
8
130 138
During the agricultural cultivation season, cattle are often taken to graze along the River to prevent them from damaging crops on the field. The River is, furthermore, an important source of livestock watering, particularly in the upper reaches of the Reservoir where the valley is less steep.
Estimated Number Immature
2 4 18 17
8 12 68 921
Estimated Number Mature
5
43
85 133
5.4 Loss of Graves
Estimated Number Mature
26
63 133 222
The larger Metolong Reservoir storage option (Option 2) will inundate seven graves. The exhumation and re-internment of graves is a sensitive matter that must be managed according to the wishes of the relatives of the deceased and with their full cooperation.
A communal graveyard in Ha Masakale will be close to the water level (Option 2) and will be monitored for possible relocation fkrther upslope.
5.5 SeveredlConstrained Access As a natural feature of the physical landscape, the Phuthiatsana River has always constrained the movement of people to some degree, and the location of social services such as schools partly reflects tlus reality. Nevertheless, the Reservoir will be a permanent bamer, as opposed to the River, which is crossed on a regular basis.
Impeded access resulting from Reservoir inundation relate principally to the inundation of crossing points used to access facilities and services such as churches, schools and maize grinder operators, as well as relatives, friends and local authority structures. This is considered to be one of the most important Project impacts.
2 1 These broad estimates will be confirmed dur~ng the detailed asset verification and valuation exercise.
Metolo l g Darn K I A Fmal Resettlement Plan Feb ZOO7 s''['c: 11 ~ i s o o a t l o n iwtll CM -!ssoclate5 ~ L e S o t h ~ ) d I C ~ Southern VLdtet5 ISOLAI? Alrlra)
5.6 Population Relocation There will be no involuntary resettlement for any of the Project components, with the possible exception of the temporary relocation from existing road reserves of moveable facilities such as market stalls and informal taxi ranks while the transmission pipelines are laid. As indicated in Section 3.3.1.1, a possible alternative quarry site, identified at the end of the EIA study, would require relocation of two to three households. Consequently, the site is considered unsuitable.
The higher storage option for the Metolong Reservoir may result in up to -10 households (mainly in the villages of Ha Tlele and Ha Masakale) being given the option of relocating upslope within their existing villages, further away from the water level (see Figure 15).
Provision has been made in the Project's Entitlement Matrix for the proper compensation and rehabilitation of any households or businesses that may require relocation.
5.7 Vulnerable HouseholdslSocial Categories In the context of resettlement planning, in particular, vulnerability has come to refer to two socio- economic dynamics. At a general level it refers to the insecurity experienced by all project-affected persons because of the loss of private and communal property, severed/constrained access to social services, etc. At a more specific level, it refers to those persons who, because of their socio- economic position, are especially vulnerable to project-induced impacts. Project support measures commonly designed for this latter group aim to improve their livelihoods so that they are better equipped to deal with project-induced changes.
With respect to the Metolong Project, the following households/social categories could be considered as potentially vulnerable to the changes induced by the Project:
Households where the household head has a disability. 64 of the 200 affected households that have been interviewed have a household head with a physical or mental disability. Household with an aged household head. 68 of the 200 affected households that have been interviewed have a household head that is older than 65 years. Female-headed households. 70 of the 200 affected households that have been interviewed are headed by females. Households with no or limited access to cash income. 34 of the 200 affected households that have been interviewed reported monthly incomes of less than M100, and a further 52 reported monthly incomes of between M 101 and M300. Overall, 86 households (43%) had reported monthly incomes of M300 or less.
Vulnerability is not a given or static condition. A household may become vulnerable when a household head becomes aged, falls ill or becomes disabled, destitute or poverty stricken; and hopefully less vulnerable as their health and economic circumstances improve. Because vulnerability is a dynamic concept, the identification, assessment (and monitoring) of vulnerable households will be an ongoing process throughout the compensation/livelihood restoration programme. The community participation structure (Metolong Dam Committee) will play a key role in the process of identifying and assessing the needs of vulnerable households, and in monitoring the effectiveness of livelihood enhancement measures.
* SRIE'' ( 8 ;issor.lallan iclrll F ld $ssocates ilebotrlo! arrd S,?vtl,r?ln Walers (South Africa! bletolorrg Darn EM14 Firisl Resettlement Plan Feb 20C7
6 Legal and Policy Framework
6.1 Constitution of Lesotho Article 17 of the Constitution of Lesotho stipulates the "prompt payment of full compensation" for the compulsory acquisition of (movable and immovable) property for public purposes. It also grants persons with an interest in or right over property which is compulsorily acquired the right to have direct access to the High Court for "the determination of hls interest or right, the legality of the taking of possession or acquisition of the property, interest or right and the amount of any compensation to which he is entitled, as well as for the purpose "of obtaining prompt payment of that compensation."
6.2 The Land Act, 1979 The principle that all land is vested in the nation (Sechaba) is fundamental to concepts of land tenure and use in Lesotho. Individual rights of access to land are a prerogative of citizenship and until recently, rights to land could not be bought and sold.
The Land Act, 1979 (as amended) is presently the principal legislation through which property is acquired for public purposes. A Commission of Inquiry (the Land Policy Review Commission) was appointed in December 1999 to assess land reform issues and to formulate a national land policy. The Commission Report was tabled in September 2000 which included recommendations pertaining to systems of land tenure, qualification to hold title to land, fallow land and under- utilised state land, surveying/mapping/ registration of land, commercial and block farming, and land administration and management.
A Draft Land Bill was recently prepared by the Ministry of Local Government (MLG). Apart from incorporating the Land Act, the Draft Land Bill is anticipated to contain land acquisition and land transaction regulations, as well as land administration and management requirements. The Draft Bill is yet to be passed by Parliament.
Part V of the Land Act details the declaration of Selected Development Areas (e.g. reservoirs) and agricultural development areas, Part VI deals with acquisition of land required for public purposes, and Part IX with the granting of public servitudes for the construction or supply of public utility works or services.
Key specifications of the Act are summarised below: - Sections 56 to 59 of the Land Act deal with compensation issues. A period of three months from the date of the declaration notice is provided for the submission of compensation claims. With regard to the determination of compensation, in its original form Section 56 stated that "in assessing compensation, regard shall be had only: (a) to the value which the property might have been expected to realise if it had been sold on the open market by a willing seller at the time of publication of the declaration notice; (b) to the expenses incidental to any necessary change of residence or of place of business." Paragraph (a) was modified by the Land (Amendment) Order, 1986 to read: "(a) to the value of the property as certified by the Government valuer having regard to the present and replacement value." Provision is made for extension of the time within which compensation claims may be made, as well as for recourse to other legal avenues where agreement cannot be reached on the compensation amount or where compensation payments have not been made within six months of the submission of a claim. An affected land occupier may also request the acquisition of his entire landholding where his remaining landholding is less than 500m2. With regard to public servitudes, Section 72 (1) states that "the body to whom the servitude is granted shall, subject to section 73, be liable to compensate the grantee of the title for any damage to the land in the exercise of the servitude." The exclusions in Section 73 for which compensation is not payable include land and movable property that have been restored or replaced, civil works that do not interfere "substantially with the enjoyment of the l and , as well as a loss arising out of road construction "which does not deprive the allottee of more than
Wetolong Dam iSI4 Final Reseltlrrnerrl Plan i e b 2007 >*'ME': ,n ,+ssoilat1or, i ~ t j ~ FM Assac~ates ilesalhal dnd Southerr, blisters ,South Afr~ca)
one-tenth of the area of land, and the remainder continues to be suitable for use for the purpose for which the land was granted."
6.3 Compensation Practices on the LHWP The compensation procedures used on the Lesotho Highlands Development Authority (LHWP) have had a significant effect on land acquisition practices in Lesotho. The legal obligations of the Lesotho Highlands Development Authority (LHDA) to project-affected people are referred to in the LHWP Treaty and in the LHDA Order of 1986. Following these obligations, a Compensation Policy and associated rates were approved in 1997 (revised in 2002). In addition to the provision of replacement housing (including fencing and stoves), the Policy stipulates the following compensation entitlements:
= production losses from arable land - annual cash payments over a 50 year period for the loss of arable land, "determined on the basis of the established production capacity of the land"; disturbance allowances -paid to "all households included in LHDA's resettlement and relocation programme, and . . . intended to meet the unforeseen but inevitable initial costs of moving. The amount will decrease incrementally to zero over three years, from the date of arrival at the resettlement or relocation destination"; minimum income threshold payments - top-up payments, for a maximum of 10 years, to vulnerable households who lost income is below a minimum threshold income as determined by the project; trees - compensation as "a lump sum or annual cash payment equivalent to the lost production"; rights and access to natural resources (grazing land, brushwood, medicinal plants, useful grasses and wild vegetables) - calculated according to various formulas, payments are made "to communities as a whole in the form of lump sum or annual cash payments. These funds shall be used for development purposes within the communities".
The LHWP rates have generally also been higher than those used elsewhere. The report of the Land Policy Review Commission states that "in recent times people have indicated that they want LHDA compensation rates to be used as they are relatively higher than the others" (Government of Lesotho 2000a.)
Although the resettlement and compensation practices on the LHWP are considered to be of international best practice standard, and have set a local precedent, implementation problems have occurred of which projects such as the Metolong Dam Project should take cognicance. These problems and issues have been documented by LHDA, NGOs and the World Bank, and more recently in a report compiled by the Ombudsman, as provided for in terms of Section 134 (1 ) of the Constitution of Lesotho (Government of Lesotho 2003). Key issues that have been raised include:
dissatisfaction with compensation entitlements (scope and range of entitlements); delays in compensation payments and the delivery of grain and pulses; defects in the construction of replacement houses; confusion over the payment of compensation for communal resources (which community associations/organisations to receive payments; how to split compensation between resettler and host communities); conficts between resettler and host communities, especially at Makhoekhoeng on the outskirts of Maseru because of a lack of proper consultation with host communities and their leaders; confusion and dissatisfaction over eligibility criteria for minimum threshold payments; and delays in the construction of resettlement infrastructure such as water supply points, access roads and footbridges.
The occurance of these problems can mainly be ascribed to (a) inadequate negotiation between LHDA and the affected communities over compensation and mitigation measures and (b) inadequate and poorly defined implementation procedures (including bureaucratic procedures and a slow response rate to grievances/complaints and implementation problems). The Metolong Project authorities realise that a properly defined, resourced and responsive institutional framework,
hlatoloi~q Darn ESlA Firlnl Reseltbment Plan Feb 2007 lrSR."': 8 , : fiissoaallnn wr1'1 FM Rssocates (Le5,,:l,:?l and Sautlle~rr Vl'aters (South Afrcr.)
including a formal mechanism for negotiating compensation and mitigation measures, is the single most important factor in the successful implementation of the Project.
6.4 WSIP Policy Framework for Land Acquisition and Compensation A Policy Framework for Land Acquisition and Compensation (PFLAC) was prepared in 2004 as part of the Water Sector Improvement Project (WSIP), scheduled to run from 2005 to 201 1 .22 The PFLAC "establishes the compensation principles, organizational arrangements and design criteria to be applied to meet the needs of the people who may be affected by the project" (Government of Lesotho 2004b). The WSIP will result in the acquisition of land and the PFLAC has accordingly been "prepared to the standards of the Governments own policy on land and social compensation and the policy of the World Bank, OP 4.12." The overall objectives of the PFLAC are that:
land acquisition should be avoided where feasible, or minimized, exploring all viable alternatives; and where acquisition of land or other assets is unavoidable, compensation should be provided to the full value of the land or assets acquired and any loss of livelihood as a result.
In compliance with the Bank's OP4.12, the following categories of affected persons would qualify for compensation andor rehabilitation support:
"Those who have formal rights to land (including customary land traditional and religious rights, recognized under Lesotho Law. Those who do not have formal legal rights to land at the time the census begins but have a claim to such land or assets provided that such claims are recognized under the laws of Lesotho or become recognized through a process identified in the resettlement plan. Those who lose other economic resources such as trees, agricultural produce on cultivated fields, etc, and or have their access to these economic resources denied or restricted. Those who have no recognizable legal right or claim to the land they are occupying, using or getting their livelihood from" (ibid: 5).
Since all the land to be acquired for the WSIP is located within urban area of Maseru, the PFLAC states that entitlement for land losses is on the basis of land swaps or by purchase at prevailing prices. Building and structures are replaced by an equivalent structure or, on an exceptional basis, cash andor credits are paid based on replacement costs.
6.5 World Bank Policies The World Bank's involuntary resettlement safeguarding regulations and req~i rements~~ are triggered when a project leads to the involuntary taking of land resulting in:
relocation or loss of shelter; loss of assets or access to assets; loss of income sources or means of livelihood, whether or not the affected persons must move to another location; the involuntary restriction of access to legally designated parks and protected areas resulting in adverse impacts on the livelihoods of the displaced persons.
The overall objectives of Operational Policy 4.12 (the Bank's policy on involuntary resettlement as defined above) are:
22 The WSIP, which is funded by the World Bank, consists of three components: policy implementation and capacity building; augmentation and extension of Maseru water supply; and a water and sanitation programme in Maseru.
23 Operational Policy 4.12 (OP 4.12) - Involuntary Resettlement, OP 4.1 2 (Annex A) - Involuntary Resettlement Instruments, and Bank Procedure 4.12 (BP 4.12) - Involuntary Resettlement.
to avoid or minimise involuntary resettlement, by exploring "all viable alternative project designs; where population displacement is unavoidable, to conceive and execute resettlement activities as sustainable development programs; that displaced persons should be meaningfully consulted and should have opportunities to participate in planning and implementing resettlement programs; and to assist displaced persons to improve their livelihoods and standards of living or at least to restore them, in real terms, to pre-displacement levels or to levels prevailing prior to the beginning of project implementation, whichever is higher.
OP 4.12 requires that displaced persons are provided prompt and effective compensation at full replacement cost for losses of assets attributable directly to the project; provided assistance (such as moving allowances) during relocation; and provided with residential housing or housing sites. The policy also requires that taking of land and related assets may take place only after compensation has been paid and, where applicable, resettlement sites and moving allowances have been provided.
As indicated in Section 6.4 for the WSIP Policy, OP 4.12 identifies three categories of affected persons:
those who have formal legal rights to land, including customary and traditional rights recognised under the laws of the country; those who do not have formal legal rights to land, but have a claim to such land or assets provided that such claims are recognised under the laws of the country or become recognised through a process identified in the resettlement plan." This is further explained: "Such claims could be derived from . . . continued possession of public lands without government action for eviction (that is, with the implicit leave of the government); and those who have no recognisable legal right or claim to the land they are occupying.
Category (a) and category (b) persons should be compensated for the land they lose, as well as provided with other agreed-upon assistance.
Category (c) persons should be provided with resettlement assistance in lieu of compensation for the land they occupy as well as other assistance as necessary, if they have occupied the area prior to an agreed cut-off date for entitlements. The policy regulation is that all three categories should be provided with compensation for loss of assets other than land.
6.6 Project Policy Guidelines for Land Acquisition, Compensation and Resettlement The following policy guidelines will apply to the Project. They are consistent with recent developments in Lesotho, incorporate local legislation and adhere to the requirements of the World Bank's OP 4.12.
Metolong Oaln ESlA Final Resettlement Plan keb 2007 c/( ShlE': 81, ~~socla110rl wth FM PLSOtldteb (Lesolho) and Southerr? ha te rs ,South Africa)
TABLE 38. GUIDELINES FOR LAND ACQUISITION, COMPENSATION AND RELOCATION
impacts should be identified and all losses properly recorded.
Principle Principle 1: Relocation will be avoided or minimised. Principle 2: All project
Principle 3: Ongoing and meaningful consultation should occur with affected persons and communities.
Guideline lnvoluntary resettlement should be avoided as far as possible by exploring feasible alternative project designs/configurations. -- All losses will be properly recorded and a database of affected persons, assets and resources established. This will include: 1
an inventory of landholdings and non-retrievable improvements (buildings and structures) to determine fair and reasonable levels of compensation and mitigation; a census detailing household composition and demography, and other relevant socio-economic characteristics. as a baseline for the monitorine of household " reestablishment.
Persons whose livelihoods and standards of living are adversely affected by project activities - whether through the loss of assets, through being deprived of resources or through involuntary resettlement h a v e the right:
to be informed in time of project proposals and implementation schedules; to be consulted on possible measures to restore their livelihoods, and to participate in the final selection and design of such measures; to be informed of land acquisition dates sufficiently in advance of actual implementation. fl
should be assisted to improve their livelihoods.
the replacement of productive resources and income sources; the provision of housing, new residential sites and relocation support measures (e.g. evacuation and displacement allowances) where physical relocation is required;
Principle 5: Vulnerable groups will be catered for.
I
Principle 6: Relocation planning, budgeting and implementation should be an integral part of the project.
I the implementation of other livelihood restoration and development measures as I
procedures should be in place.
required. Particular attention will be paid to collective adverse impacts on groups/social categories, such as the elderly and physically disabled and households below the poverty line, who because of their social position may be vulnerable to changes brought about by project activities or excluded from its benefits. Members of these groups are often not able to make their voice heard effectively, and account will be taken of this in the consultation and planning processes, as well as in the establishment of grievance
I procedures. 1 To ensure that land acquisition and any involuntary resettlement are integral components
of the Project, the fo~~dwing approachwill be adopted: land acquisition and relocation costs should be built into the overall project budget as an upfront cost; an institutional framework should be developed as an integral part of the project to ensure that social impact management mechanisms are set up and maintained during implementation. These mechanisms should ensure that compensation, relocation and household re-establishment are carried out timely and effectively, and that accessible grievance procedures are implemented, with particular reference to the situation of vulnerable groups; where required, relocation schedules should be integrated with project schedules, and any land and asset acquisition should commence only after the necessary resettlement and compensation procedures have been successfully initiated.
Monitoring procedures will be implemented to assess the effectiveness of the compensation and relocation programme. Monitoring will be an ongoing activity, employing mechanisms such as:
performance (internal) and impact monitoring; and
I I public participation and disclosure; I
Principle 8: All legal obligations should be complied with.
I I land tenure and occupation; I
completion audit. Where involuntary resettlement occurs, it will comply with the provisions of relevant legislation pertaining to:
environmental management;
expropriation and compensation; local government, development and services provision.
Melolong Dam ESIA Flnel Resettlement Plan Feb 2007 'n;Sh'l'(' 10 ,4ssoaatlon wll, FM Assoc~alcs ilesotho) and Southe~n Watcrs !Sourn Alrlca!
7 Consultation and Public Disclosure
7.1 Objectives of Public Consultation and Information Dissemination Public participation includes both information exchange (dissemination and consultation), and collaborative forms of decision-making and participation. Dissemination refers to transfer of information from project authorities to the affected population. Consultation, on the other hand, generally refers to joint discussion between project authorities and the affected population serving as a conduit for transfer of information and sharing of ideas. Public participation is an ongoing process throughout project planning and implementation, not an event.
The objectives of the Project's consultation and disclosure programme are:
to share fully the information about the proposed Project, its components and its activities, with potentially affected persons;
= to obtain information about the needs and priorities of affected persons, as well as information about their reactions to proposed policies and activities; to inform affected persons about options for relocation (if required) and livelihood restoration; to obtain the cooperation and participation of affected persons and communities in activities required to be undertaken for compensation and relocation planning and implementation; to ensure transparency in all activities related to land acquisition, compensation, relocation and livelihood restoration; and to establish a clear, easily accessible and effective grievance procedure.
7.2 Previous Public Consultation and Disclosure The Project Feasibility Study, undertaken over an eight month period and completed in late 2003, examined the technical, environmental and economic feasibility of the Project to meet the future water supply of Maseru and the neighbouring towns of Mazenod, Roma and Teyateyaneng. The Feasibility Study included extensive community consultation in scoping the environmental issues of the Project.
Public participation was carried out in three stages: (a) initial consultations with village Chiefs and school teachers at the villages of Ha Seeiso, Ha Masakale, Ha Makhale and Ha Makotoko; (b) community meetings (lipitso) at three principle villages in the vicinity of the Project, namely, Ha Seeiso, Metolong and Ha Makatoko. Two NGOs, LCN and TRC were contracted to carry out the public gathering activities together with the Feasibility Consultant; and (c) a Scoping Workshop in Maseru dedicated to EIA impacts and attended by representatives of the main villages. These representatives were selected by the villagers themselves and transport provided to facilitate their involvement.
The public gatherings and workshop indicated a cautious but a significantly positive viewpoint of the Project by local people. This was primarily in relation to perceptions about employment opportunities during and after construction and access to improved amenities such as water supply, access roads and health facilities. Concerns that were raised about the project included:24
concerns over asset losses (primarily woodlots and thatching grasses in the reservoir area) and compensation for lost resources; health risks both during construction and from the permanent reservoir; impeded access to village across the Phuthiatsana River because of the creation of the Reservoir; and construction impacts, primarily related to disturbance and health issues caused by incoming workers, pollution and noise.
24 An account of the public participation undertaken during the feasibility study is provided in the EIA Task Report (Consulting Engineering Center in association with Mott MacDonald & GWC Consulting Engineers, 2003).
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7.3 Stakeholders The following stakeholders were identified from the public consultation undertaken during the 2003 Feasibility Study and from community meetings and workshops held during the inception stage o f the current EIA process. The list will be reviewed throughout the Project's consultation and disclosure process.
components Ministry of Natural Resources - Department of Water Affairs, Commissioner of Water (Proponent) National Environment Secretariat (EIA, biodiversity, archaeology, pollution control/standards) Ministry of Health and Social Affairs -Division of Environmental Health Ministry of Labour, Labour Commissioner Ministry of Works, Roads Division Ministry of Agriculture, Cooperatives and Marketing - Livestock Services Disaster Management Authority Maseru and Berea District Agricultural Offices (agriculture, land use) Ministry of Conservation - Forestry Division (forestry and soils) Ministry of Local Government
TABLE 39 PROJECT STAKEHOLDERS
Lesotho Electricity Corporation Telecom Lesotho Lesotho Tourism Development Corporation I Ministry of Tourism, Environment and Culture Ministry of Mines and Geology (mining, quarrying) Department of Trade, Industry and Marketing (economic development, small business development) Local government authorities (Chiefs, District and Community Councils) Water and Sewerage Authority (WASA) (waste water and solid waste management) The Lesotho Council of Non-Government Organizations (LCN) Transformation Resource Center Intervention (TRC) Water Youth Group
= Lesotho Water Partnership
Stakeholder Category Metolong Reservoir Area
Other Project Areas
I Lesotho Environment Justice Advocacy Centre (LEJAC) Funding Agencies 1 Financing agencies; e.g. World Bank, Millennium Challenge Corporation.
Stakeholder The Metolong Dam Committee, established by the Reservoir-area communities Communities and households in the broader reservoir area, located in the following villages:
- Ha Sekantsi - Meeling - Ha Letela - Metolong Ha Makotoko - H a Maimane - Nkokomohi - Ha Makhale - Ha Mothomotsoana - Ha Makirita - Ha Matjeke - Ha Masakale - Ha Ramoselinyane - Ha Monamoleli - Ha Ramakabatane - Ha Mosotho - Ha Kapa - Ha Ntsane - Ha Ramakhaba - Ha Ramatlama - Ha Khabele - Ha Seeiso - Ha Nqosa - Ha Tlele - Ha Ino - Ha Tsoaleli - Sefikeng
Irrigators and sand miners downstream of the dam wall Communities and households potentially affected by other Project
Mstolorrg Darn ES14 Finnl Resettlement Plan Feb 2007 ' &h I,, Assoz1al8on v ~ t h FM Assoc~ales (Lesotho) and Sourhe~n Waters (South Afrrca)
7.4 Consultation Activities for Preparation of the EIA and Resettlement Plan The EIA consultation process focussed on exchange of the following information:
= the EIA process and work programme; the consultation programme and schedule; Project details, including location of the Dam and Reservoir area, and provisional locations of the treatment plant, transmission pipeline routes and pumping stations; Project impacts (both beneficial and adverse) and mitigation measures; the views, concerns and suggestions of affected communities; and compensation and relocation procedures and protocols.
The following information dissemination and consultation methods were used during preparation of the EIA and the Resettlement Plan:
consultation with stakeholders, including representatives from communities in the Metolong Reservoir area, at an Inception Report Workshop; distribution of an Project Information Sheet (in Sesotho) to Project stakeholders; attendance of monthly meetings of the Metolong Dam Committee (representing all the affected villages in the Reservoir area) to discuss Project impacts and mitigation measures, as well as fieldwork activities; meetings in villages surrounding the Metolong Reservoir and in selected villages along potential transmission line routs to discuss Project impacts and mitigation measures; a household socio-economic questionnaire survey in the Reservoir area through which respondents could raise their concerns and recommendations; an asset recording exercise in the Reservoir area and at potential sites for the Water Treatment Plant and the new access road to the Dam Wall through which owners and local authorities participated in the identification of potentially affected assets.
A summary of the consultation activities undertaken for the preparation of the EIA and Resettlement Plan is given in Table 40 (see Volume 2 of the ESIA for further details).
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TABLE 40. SUMMARY OF CONSULTATION ACTIVITIES UNDERTAKEN FOR THE EIA
Community Level
Level
concerned government departments and representatives from communities adjacent to the Metolong Reservoir Lowlands Water Supply Scheme Unit (Director, Chief Environmental Officer, Chief Public Relations Officer, Chief Development Officer)
Consultations Undertaken for EIAIRAP Preparation
National Environment Secretariat Department of Water Affairs Water and Sanitation Authority Member of Parliament for Thaba-Bosiu Constituency Deputy Minister of Education and Member of Parliament for Sefikeng Acting Chief Irrigation Engineer
National and Regional I m Workshop to discuss the Inception Report, attended by officials from
India-Lesotho Irrigation Advisor Commissioner of Water, Technical Advisor to Commissioner of Water, Water Sector Policy Advisor Chief Valuation Officer Compensation Officer, Lesotho Highlands Development Authority District Agricultural Officer-Maseru District Administrator -Berea District Crop Production Officer-Maseru District Irrigation Officer-Maseru Meetings with Local Government Councils of Ratau, Senekane and Motanasela that represent the affected communities around the proposed Metolong Dam Meetings with Traditional Leadership: Principal Chief of Mamathe, Acting Principal Chief of Thaba-Bosiu, gazetted chiefs and headmen of affected villages around the Reservoir Monthly meetings with the Metolong Dam Water Committee Meetings in affected villages around the Reservoir Meetings with communities that could be affected by the transmission pipelines and reservoirs at Sefikeng Ha Fako, Meeling, Ha Khabele, Ha Kapa, Ha Ramakabatane, Ha NcheIa and at Thaba-Bosiu A socio-economic survey, covering 570 households in the broader Reservoir area, including 183 (of an estimated 21 5) households who may lose assets to the Project. An asset identification and recording exercise in the Reservoir area and the areas potentially required for the water treatment plant and the new access road to the Dam Wall, undertaken in consultation with affected owners, chiefs and Community Councillors.
Consultation at community level was mainly in the form of the traditional pitso (public gathering). The chiefs played a n important role in announcing and inviting people to the meetings. Participatory techniques were usually applied in order to solicit people's opinions and perceptions regarding the Project. Wherever possible, participants were divided into villages or by gender and youth.
1 Specialised Groups Non-Governmental
Public consultation also took advantage of the meetings of the Metolong Dam Committee, held in Has Seeiso on the first Monday of every month. This forum was used to provide W h e r information about the Project, to respond to questions raised by committee members and to discuss proposed compensation measures. NGOs and other government officials also attended some of the meetings and aired their views as well. At most of the meetings a n attendance register was kept.
Meetings with downstream sand miners and irrigators Meetings with Transformation Resource Centre and Lesotho Council of NGOs
Metolo~ig Dzm ESlk Final Reseltlsment Plan Feb 2 O D l ' ' kShlE(: i r ? Assouztlon wlh FM Assoc~alus (Lesotho) arr3 Southern Wafers (South Ylr:ca)
7.5 Attitudes Towards the Project The results fiom the consultation programme showed that communities are generally positive about the Project and support its implementation. Over the past few years the Transformation Resource Centre (an NGO) has provided ongoing support and training to communities around the Metolong Reservoir, which has increased their awareness of the benefits and impacts that projects of this nature can bring. As a consequence, these communities anticipate proper and prompt compensation for lost assets and improved access to services. They expect Government to expedite access to services such as water supply, electricity and police and health services.
As shown in Table 41, more than 70% of the respondents in the household socio-economic survey also approved of the Project, with respondents in Berea District (where asset losses are likely to be somewhat higher) recording a slightly lower approval percentage than those in Maseru District.
TABLE 41. OVERALL VIEW OF PROJECT
Of the respondents who disapproved of the Project, most were concerned about its impact on livelihoods (e.g. loss of assets and an increase in poverty; 32.5%), or that the Reservoir would bring cold weather (3 1.1%) or have adverse environmental impacts (2 1.7%). Few (1.8%) were opposed to the transfer of water to MaserdTeyateyanengiRoma.
The results from the consultation programme also point to the importance of involving both the traditional leadership and the new Local Government structures in the decision-making process. It is important to understand the duties and mandates of each and to work within the stipulated protocol.
District
Berea Maseru Total
7.6 Key Issues Raised
Source: SMEC Socio-Economic Survey 2006. Excludes three households for whom information was not provided.
Approves of Project
65.5 72.1 70.1
Households
177 39 1 568
Key issues that have been raised through the consultation process are summarised below.
Disapproves of Pro,ject
34.5 27.9 29.9
Scope and Status of the Project
The community consultations often elicited questions about the status of the Project, with many participants stating that the implementation of the Project - which they had helped to initiate, partly because of a believe that it would improve water supply to their villages and for their livestock - was taking too long.
Loss of Agricultural Land
Notwithstanding a high level of support for the Project, there was a concern about the loss of agricultural land in the Reservoir area and, in particular, over compensation for the loss of fields. It was commonly stated that the affected communities should be part of the decision-making body that will decide on the compensation package for acquired agricultural land, and that compensation payments should be made before the acquisition of any land.
Some were of the opinion that poverty would increase, since compensation might not be the same as the natural asset which the household had. A piece of agricultural land will benefit future generations, unlike compensation that will get depleted.
Loss of other Individual and Communal Assets
In addition to agricultural fields, participants in the community meetings stated that other affected assets such as trees and shrubs, thatching grass, medicinal plants and graves should also be properly compensated for.
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Concerns were also raised regarding the loss of rock rabbits and fish and the protection of medicinal plants. Regarding the latter, the establishment of nurseries/botanical gardens were recommended.
Movement across the Phuthiatsana River
It was stated that people cross the Phuthiatsana River on a regular basis. The River is crossed to access services at Ha Seeiso and Sefikeng Ha Fako, to access transport to Maseru or Teyateyaneng, to visit friendslrelatives and to attend hnerals, social functions and other festivities. There was a concern that the Reservoir would disruptlsever these activities and social networks. Bridges and a road for vehicles at strategic points were suggested to allow continued movement and interaction.
Resettlement
Concerns were raised over the possibility of households having to resettle for the development of the Reservoir. Some respondents also felt that households who will be close to the Reservoir water level should be given to opportunity to relocate if they feel they want to.
In all instances, people want to be involved in the determination of compensation packages. They also stated that compensation should be paid before the implementation of the dam, having learned from the (perceivedlreported) experiences of people who were resettled for the construction of Katse and Mohale Darns.
Provision of Infrastructure and Services
There were concerns that construction of the Dam would lead to an increase in crime and communicable diseases. There was, consequently, a need for the establishment of a police station and medical facility to cater for construction workers and the local communities. These facilities should be permanent in order to meet the needs of the affected communities who currently travel long distances to access services.
Other services commonly demanded were improved water supplies for domestic and livestock purposes, and access to electricity.
Loss of Intangible Resources
Respondents referred to intangible resources that were going to be lost with the construction of the Dam, which include places for performing cultural and traditional activities. The Phuthiatsana River is also used for different activities that will be affected by the Project. Traditional and spiritual healers were concerned about the loss of riverine areas where rituals are performed.
Indigenous Rock Paintings
Along the Phuthiatsana River, there are indigenous rock paintings on which the communities pride themselves. Some of these would be inundated creating a loss to the communities.
Employment Opportunities
Employment on construction works was seen as a major Project benefit. However, people were concerned that contractors would bring people from outside the area to take up employment, especially unskilled employment. It was suggested that the communities should form village committees that will register all employable labour and their skills so that the lists could be given to the employer to ensure that local people get priority access to construction jobs.
Business Opportunities and Specialised Grouus
There was also a belief that the Project could lead to employment creation through the establishment of small businesses. This was considered a positive impact that would enhance people's livelihoods. The Project was seen as an avenue for opening up business opportunities and the formation of special groups that could take up opportunities associated with the Project. The issue of sand mining was also discussed, although licensing requirements for sand mining was acknowledged.
It was also believed that irrigation would increase downstream of the Dam Wall. According to the concerned officials, people have been encouraged to take up this opportunity in order to increase food security and enhance livelihoods.
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HIVIAIDS and other Sexually Transmitted Infections
There was a concern over the possibility of an increase in sexually transmitted diseases such as HIVIAIDS because of the presence of construction workers brought in from other areas. Community members recommended that people should be sensitized about the issue and that preventive measures such as awarenessltraining programmes should be put into place.
Community Relations
A concern was expressed that water has a potential to create conflicts between different communities. There were already some disagreements over the use of water by livestock from different communities. Impoundment of the Phuthiatsana Rive could increase disagreements over water use. To counteract this, small watering ponds for animals were suggested.
Another area of potential conflict related to whether communities through whose land the transmission pipelines will pass would have access to the water. These communities are in equal need of the water (as affected communities they should be given access to the water) and the issue requires serious consideration by the authorities.
Future Consultation and Disclosure Programme Consultation with stakeholders is an ongoing process, and will continue to occur throughout the Project cycle. It will form a key part of the fkther development, implementation and operation of the Project, and will be managed through a community liaison structure as detailed in Section 0. In brief, the implementing agency will provide sufficient personnel and resources to ensure that activities related to the social component of the Project (e.g. consultation and compensation) are properly implemented and managed.
With regard to public consultation and disclosure, the following are important activities to be managed and coordinated by the implementing agency:
the establishment of an information office in the Metolong area; institutional and process development; liaison and consultation with Project-affected stakeholders, and engagement protocols; ongoing involvement of NGOs such as TRC in awareness-raising, capacity-building and other aspects of the consultation and participation process; dissemination of Project-related information; participatory planning; and
= management of a grievance resolution procedure.
A plan for future public consultation is a valuable tool to continue the process initiated in earlier project phases. The following future activities will be undertaken as part of the public consultation and disclosure process:
Public Consultation and Disclosure Review
An evaluation of the current consultation and disclosure process will be undertaken, making adjustments for future implementation. This will be undertaken through a workshop with the Metolong Dam Committee, the TRC and the implementing agency. The review will consider institutional requirements for public consultation in further project phases, as well as possible risk factors (e.g. time delays affecting implementation; non-participation of specific stakeholders; inadequate or deferred disclosure of information).
Development of Institutional Base
Public consultation and participation will be dependent on the further development of an appropriate institutional base. This will, amongst others, involve:
finalising the TOR of all organisational structures, including the roles and responsibilities of members; and designing and implementing capacity building programmes for all participants as appropriate.
Melolong Dam kSIA Flrlal Reseltli!ment Plan . Feb 2307 ;u, S31'(: ,MI Assooat~on vnth FM Associates !Lesillhoi and Saull,eir! Waters !tiaulh A!:tca)
Implementation
The following activities will be undertaken as a continuation of the current consultation process and forming the basis of the review referred to above:
Disclosure. Current methods of disclosure will be extended to include: (a) a continuous distribution of updated information about the Project in the form of information sheets/pamphlets, posters, newsletters and workshops; and (b) the establishment of an information office in the Metolong area. Further consultation with stakeholders. This will include (a) further discussions with government officials at national, regional and local level, over legal and administrative issues; (b) consultation with government stakeholders specific to the provision of support services; (c) (d) further consultation and workshops with communities and the relevant officials to finalse land acquisition procedures; (e) ongoing consultation with affected households around compensation and livelihood restoration plans; and ( f ) consultation with NGOs who may be contracted to assist with the restoration of livelihoods and social development plans, particularly of vulnerable groups.
7.8 Grievance Redress In order to ensure that grievances and complaints on any aspect of the Project including land acquisition, compensation, and relocation (if required) are addressed in a timely and satisfactory manner and that all possible avenues are available to affected persons to air their grievances, a grievance redress procedure will be established by the Project. This is detailed in Section 9.4.
Metoloog Dam ES14 Flrlel Resettlement Plan Feb 230 : ''IE(' v i ASso:!ali)n ,.~lii F M nssoclatea (Lebothr,) and Southern W ~ l e r s (South Af. .ca)
8 Compensation and Relocation Framework
The Project, in particular the Metolong Reservoir, will acquire a range of private assets (fields and trees) and communal (natural) resources for which appropriate compensation andlor mitigation measures are required. Project-affected persons will be entitled to a combination of compensation and rehabilitation support measures, as detailed in this Section, based on factors such as ownership rights and type of loss.
Affected households at the Metolong Reservoir site who had been interviewed at the time of reporting overwhelmingly preferred cash compensation for the loss of fields (94.8% of affected field owners) and trees (97.1% of affected owners). A Project Entitlement Matrix (see Appendix 2) has been prepared which takes account of the preferences of potentially affected owners. The sections below provide further details on the key measures in the Entitlement Matrix.
8.1 Relocation Framework There will be no involuntary resettlement for any of the Project components, with the possible exception of the temporary relocation from existing road reserves of moveable facilities such as market stalls and informal taxi ranks while the transmission pipelines are laid. Any temporary relocation will be undertaken as specified in the Project's Entitlement Framework. Optimization of the routing for the mains could possibly require infrequent infringement onto sites occupied by houses. Such cases could be dealt with on a "willing seller - willing buyer" basis with purchase of the site(s) at negotiated rates.
The higher storage option for the Metolong Reservoir may result in up to -10 households (mainly in Ha Tlele and Ha Masakale) being given the option of relocating upslope within their existing villages, further away from the water level. The identification of households qualifying for voluntary relocation will be jointly undertaken and confirmed by the implementing agency, the Metolong Dam Committee, Community Councillors and Chiefs. Households who qualify for voluntary relocation and who chose to exercise their choice will be compensated for the move and receive reestablishment assistance as detailed in the Entitlement Matrix.
As indicated in Section 3.3.1.1, a possible alternative quarry site was identified at the end of the EIA study, located immediately to the west of Ha Seeiso. This site is considered to be unsuitable, since it will require relocation of two to three households and will be located close to other households on the western edge of Ha Seeiso.
8.2 Entitlements The entitlements detailed here and summarised in the Project's Entitlement Matrix are applicable to the entire Project. They are based on the guidelines of the World Bank, recent compensation developments in Lesotho and the results of meetings held with communities at the Metolong Dam site. Most of the requests/statements of the affected communities have been accommodated in the Entitlement Matrix (see Appendix 3 for statements made by the communities over compensation and mitigation measures).
8.2.1 Buildings and Improvements
(a) The Project is not expected to lead to any permanent involuntary resettlement. However, any households given the choice of relocating voluntarily (e.g. because of construction disturbances or for safety reasons) will be fully compensated for their losses and assisted with their relocation. This will entail the following:
Cash compensation or provision of replacement housing at full replacement ~ a l u e . ~ ' Cash compensation for the loss of other structures such as fencing and cattle kraals. Assistance with the identification and preparation of a new homestead site in the village/settlement area, or cash compensation (at replacement value) for the lost plot.
(b) Households who are relocated will be allowed to salvage reusable materials with no deduction from their compensation entitlements.
(c) Informal traders and squatters on public land required for the installation of transmission lines will be assisted to move their operations. They will be allowed to return to their old sites after completion of the civil works.
8.2.2 Cultivation Land
(a) Land owners will be compensated for permanent cultivation land losses at replacement This will be in the form of cash compensation or the provision of replacement land. Because of the scarcity of agricultural land, cash compensation is likely to be the preferred form of compensation.
(b) An affected land owner may request the acquisition of his entire landholding where histher remaining landholding is less than 500m2.
(c) Encroachers using public land for the cultivation of crops will not be entitled to compensation for land losses. They will, however, be compensated for any standing crops as detailed in Section 8.2.3. Where possible, they will be assisted with the identification of alternative cultivation land or opportunities.
8.2.3 Standing Crops
(a) Construction works will as far as possible be planned to allow for the harvesting of standing crops before land is acquired permanently or occupied temporarily. Where crops cannot be harvested or the destruction of crops is unavoidable, cash compensation will be paid for the loss of crops to land owners and encroachers using public land prior to the cut-off date. Rates will be based on the loss of one season's production.
(b) If the land in question was cultivated according to a sharecropping arrangement at the time of acquisition, compensation for the lost crops will be apportioned according to the arrangement. However, persons with secondary land rights (such as sharecroppers or renters) will not be entitled to any compensation for the loss of the land. A programme of capacity building will be implemented through which sharecroppers and other affected persons will be given advice on alternative livelihood strategies. They will also be provided with assistance through MOHSW, NGOs andlor other development agencies) to gain access to community development and poverty alleviation.social welfare programmes.
8.2.4 Trees
(a) Owners of fruit and other trees located in areas required by the Project will be given advance notice to remove their trees. These trees will be compensated for as follows:
Compensation will be paid for future production losses, calculated for the productive life of the various timber and fruit tree species.
25 Replacement cost for buildings is defined as the market cost of the materials to build a replacement structure with an area and quality similar to or better than those of the affected structure, or to repair a partially affected structure; plus the cost of transporting building maten'als to the construction site; plus the cost of any labour and contractor's fees; plus the cost of any registration fees and/or transfer duties. 26 Replacement cost for cultivation land is defined as the pre-project or pre-displacement (whichever is higher) market value of land of equal productive potential or use located in the vicinity of the affected land; plus the cost of preparing the land to levels similar to those of the affected land; plus the cost of any registration fees and/or transfer duties.
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The owner will have the rights to all other resources (timber; firewood) from privately- owned trees that are felled.
(b) Owners will be provided with replacement saplings, in addition to compensation for production losses as defined above. The Project will ensure that agencies such as the Department of Forestry provide technical assistance to affected owners with the planting of the replacement saplings.
8.2.5 Graves
(a) Affected graves will be exhumed and reburied, with the costs being borne by the Project. Funds will also be made available to the family for reburial ceremonies.
8.2.6 Natural Resources
(a) The Metolong Reservoir will inundate valuable resources such as thatching grass and medicinal plants. All losses will be properly recorded and funds made available (through appropriate local institutions such as community associations) to implement mitigation programmes. The Project will, in cooperation with the affected communities and other government departments (e.g. the Department of Forestry and Rangeland), investigate and assist with the implementation of these programmes. Examples of possible mitigation programmes are: - Social forestry programmes. Current landuse patterns in the Metolong area preclude the
establishment of large community forestry programmes. The emphasis must therefore be on smaller household-level schemes. Nurseries for the cultivation of medicinal and other useful plants. A nursery could be established in the vicinity of the Metolong Reservoir, following the example of the nursery established at Katse Dam. Initially, the nursery would be a temporary holding facility for rescued plants. In the longer-term, the nursery would become the focal point for propagation, use and conservation of plants. The nursery would be established to (i) supply medicinal plants to surrounding communities, (ii) act as a plant conservation measure, and (iii) serve as a reference centre on aspects of education, horticultural potential of indigenous plants and income generation for local communities (see the EIA for hrther details). Alternative sites for the mining of river sand. A possible mitigation measure for the generation of river sand is the construction of a small weir just upstream of the Metolong Reservoir. Sedimentation captured at the site can then be made available to sandminers and other households in the area.
(b) The Metolong Reservoir will result in impededlsevered access to livestock watering points located on the portion of the Metolong River that will be inundated. This impact is anticipated to occur especially in the upper reaches of the Reservoir where the River gorge is less steep. The Project will, in cooperation with affected communities and relevant ministry/departments, ensure that suitable alternative watering points are identified and established.
8.2.7 Community and Government Buildingsllnfrastructure (a) It is not anticipated that community buildings/facilities will be affected by the Project.
However, should this occur they will be repaired to their previous condition or replaced in areas identified in consultation with affected communities and the relevant authorities.
(b) Consultation and coordination will occur between government ministries regarding any impacts that the Project may have on government assets.
8.2.8 Restoration of Access
(a) As a natural feature of the physical landscape, the Phuthiatsana River has always constrained the movement of people to some degree, and the location of social services such as schools (with children mainly attending schools on the same side of the River) partly reflects this reality. Nevertheless, the Reservoir will be a permanent barrier, as opposed to the River, which is crossed on a regular basis. Impeded access resulting from Reservoir inundation relate
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principally to the inundation of crossing points used to access services, facilities (e.g. schools, churches, mills) and kinship, social and support networks.
(b) Access across the Metolong Reservoir will be restored through the provision of:
a vehicular bridge across the Metolong dam wall; and footbridges at key crossing points agreed in consultation with affected communities.
Figure 14 shows the bridges and access roads under consideration for construction or upgrading. The new access road over the Dam Wall, which will join the existing Ha Makotoko- Nazareth gravel load, will lead to a substantial improvement in access, especially for the population in the vicinity of the Dam Wall. An additional four footbridges are recommended in the middle and upper reaches of the Reservoir. One of these (no. 3) is already scheduled for construction under the LHWP. Footbridges 2 and 5 are intended to provide access across the main Reservoir, while footbridges 1 and 4 are located on submerged tributaries of the Phuthiatsana River.
All of the gravel roadslearth tracks shown for upgrading north of the Metolong Reservoir are considered necessary since they will improve movement/mobility between the large villages (Ha Seeiso, Ha Masakale, Ha Monamoleli and Sefikeng) on this side of the Reservoir, as well as to Maseru and Teyateyaneng. Some of the gravel roads on the southern side of the Reservoir have already been upgraded under the LHWP (i.e. the gravel road from Nazareth to Ha Makotoko, onwards to Ha Ramakhaba and beyond). Roadsltracks under consideration for upgrading under the Metolong Project include the roads to Ha Maimane and Ha Mosotho (either side of Footbridge 3), the road between Ha Ntsane and Ha Ramatlama (between Footbridges 4 and 5) and the track leading from the main Ha Makotoko road to Ha Ntsane.
(c) The possibility of establishing small boat/ferry services, to be run as income-earning activities by community members, will also be investigated in consultation with the affected communities.
8.2.9 Downstream Impacts
(a) Reduced water flow in the Phuthiatsana River may have an impact on the activities of four operations that mine sand from the River some 5-7 km downstream of the Dam Wall. An option to construct a weir upstream of the proposed Metolong Reservoir from where sand can be mined is currently under investigation.
(b) Reduced water flow in the Phuthiatsana River may also have an impact on the operations of a number of small irrigators downstream of the Dam Wall. However, the needs of these downstream irrigators are accommodated in the IFR releases recommended for the Reservoir (see the EIA report).
8.2.10 Rehabilitation Assistance
(a) Where the permanent loss of agricultural land exceeds fifty percent of the affected owner's total agricultural landholding, the owner will be paid a cultivation disruption allowance equal to two years agricultural production on the area of arable land that is lost.
(b) Household who are required to relocate for Project developments will receive a housing displacement allowances to cover expenses incidental to the change of residence, as provided for in the Land Act (1979). The value of these allowances will be ten percent of the affected residential buildings and structures. Informal traders and squatters on public land will not qualify for this allowance.
(c) Apart from informal traders and squatters on public land, the Project will be responsible for covering the costs of any persons required to be relocated as a result of the Project. This will be in the form of an evacuation allowance or the provision of transport and physical relocation by the Project.
(d) Severely affected and vulnerable groups will be supported through the following measures:
Metolong D a ~ n ESlA Final Reseltielnelit Plan Feb 2007 Shll''' 111 Assoaat~on mth FM Pshociateb ilesatho) ar?d Soutlrern Walers (South Afnca)
a advice regarding project impacts, compensation alternatives and risks, and resettlement options (where required); and advice on alternative subsistence and livelihood strategies, and assistance (through MOHSW) to gain access to poverty alleviation/social welfare programs.
8.3 Cut-Off Dates to Entitlements It will be necessary to publicly declare cut-off dates to entitlements. This is required to protect both the Project and genuinely affected people from speculative incursions into the project area or other attempts at speculative gains.
Upon approval of the Project, a notification of the Project development will be placed in the Government Gazette. Although the RP census and socio-economic survey serve as a baseline of current human habitation and activities in the Metolong Reservoir area, a long time lag between this censuslsocio-economic survey and the issuing of the notice may require a further verification exercise immediately prior to the publication of the notification. The date of publication of the notice will be taken as the cut-off date to entitlements. Local authorities (Community Councillors and Chiefs) will be mandated early in the process to assist project authorities with the management of the project area so as to preventfminimise the possibility of speculative incursions.
8.4 Compensation Determination A Compensation Determination Committee (CDC) will be established under the auspices of the implementing agency to:
refine the principles and procedures detailed in the Entitlement Framework; and determine and negotiate compensation norms and principles.
The compensation principles and norms determined by the CDC will form the basis for the establishment1 adjustment of compensation rates for the various items detailed in the Entitlement Framework.
The CDC will be composed of representatives from:
the implementing agency; affected communities at the Metolong Reservoir site; Thaba Bosiu and Mamathe Chiefdom; the Community Councils of Ratau A02 Senekane D02, Senekane DO8 and Motanasele DO7 LSPP (Valuation Setion); Department of Agriculture; Department of Forestry; and Transformation Resource Centre.
All rates determined by the CDC will be base-dated and indexed annually to allow for inflation adjustments.
8.5 Notification of Acquisition and Payment of Compensation (a) Affected persons will be given written notice of the intent to acquire their properties not less
than 120 days prior to the intended acquisition date.
(b) GOL will not take possession of any private property prior to the full payment of compensation entitlements and, where applicable, initiation of relocation arrangements.
(c) Certificates of compensation will be issued to each entitled person, who will be required to sign an acknowledgement of their acceptance of the compensation amount as full and final payment for their losses.
(d) Any government taxes and duties related to the acquisition and registration of affected and new assets will be the responsibility of the project.
f/*S'l[.:(: I!, Asscoatlan ##!It FM Assoc%ale:i I L eiciflo! sr,o S,>u!Iicln Walcrs (Soilth Africa! Metolong Darn tSIA Flnal Reseltlelnetlt Plan beb 2001
9 Implementation and Management
9.1 Organisational Arrangements
9.1 . I Project Steering Committee
A Project Steering Committee (PSC) will be created at the onset of the Project to ensure proper coordination of compensation, mitigation (and where required relocation) activities. The PSC will have representation from:
the affected communities as the Metolong Dam site; the Thaba Bosiu and Mamathe Chiefdoms; the Community Councils of Ratau A02 Senekane D02, Senekane DO8 and Motanasele DO7 concerned government departments;
* the implementing agency; and * NGOs such as the Transformation Resource Centre.
The PSC will have the following key functions:
acting as a mechanism for information exchange, complementary planning and coordination of implementation activities; ensuring adherence to the Project's compensation and relocation policies; assessing the progress and efficacy of the programme and suggesting modifications where necessary;
* identifying issues/areas of concern and suggesting corrective measures; and assisting with the identification of socio-economic development opportunities in the Metolong Reservoir area.
Specific issues requiring further assessment may occur during the implementation of the Project. Where necessary, special PSC Task Groups will be established to investigate these issues and make recommendations for resolution or further action.
9.1.2 Project Implementation Unit
A Project Implementation Unit (PIU) will be established within the implementing agency to oversee all aspects of Project implementation. The PIU will ensure that compensation/ mitigation/resettlement actions such as those listed below are implemented:
procedures to minimise adverse social impacts (acquisition of land and buildings) throughout the planning, design and implementation phases; procedures for the recording of all project-affected persons, by means of census and asset verification and quantification exercises; procedures for the co-ordination of compensation activities at the various project sites; and initiatives to promote/enhance community participation and information dissemination.
Upon their appointment, the PIU staff will be given extensive induction and compensation/ relocation training. Focus areas will include:
international resettlement~compensation best practices; the Project's compensation and relocation objectives, principles and procedures; land acquisition procedures;
= the Project's various socio-economic databases; livelihood restoration and diversification; and community participation and development, with specific focus on the requirements of vulnerable social categories.
The Project's institutional structure as described in this Section is shown in Figure 8.
Melolong Dam ES14 Final Rcseltlelnent Plan I-eb 2OC7 *' s3117(: ill Ass113arion wll: Fhl A s s o ~ ~ a l e b j i .esoth~i all0 iinulhe~n Waters ( S o ~ l h 41r8ca.I
Lowlands Water Supply Project Steering
Project Implementation !
I . -. . . . . .- . - -* .- .. . -- , PSC Task Teams I
' -1
Ratau A02 Community i Council
Motanasele DO7 +, + +~ Ha kapa
I I Ha Khabele
I Ha Letela Ha Ntsane
Ha Mamane Ha Monamolel~ Ha Ramatlama Ha Makhale Ha Tsoaleh Ha M a k ~ r ~ r a Mamathe Ch~efdom Ha Makotoko Ha Masakale Ha Matjeke Ha Mosotho
1 Ha Mothomotsoana Ha Nqosa
I Ha Ramakabatane Ha Ramakhaba Ha Ramosehnyane Ha S e e ~ s o Ha Sekants~ Ha Tlele Meellng Nkokomohl
\ Sefikeng Thaba Bos~u Chiefdom
F~cllir:? ti 111::ntr:bone! Arrar?qonrol~ts for Proji:::! !r!~plcrrrc?n:atiori
9.1.3 Coordination Coordination with other agencies and stakeholders will be required to ensure effective involvement and commitment to responsibilities. The implementing agency will prepare a programme of complementary planning actions to facilitate such coordination. This programme will describe the roles and responsibilities of the various government agencies, the community liaison structure and other participating stakeholders in the compensation and livelihood restoration process. For each role-player it will detail the required actions (inputs and outputs), the timing of the actions and the resources required to undertake the actions. Table 42 provides examples of key activities and coordination requirement for Project implementation.
TABLE 42. KEY COMPLEMENTARY PLANNING ACTIVITIES
Key Activities and Tasks Coordination and Resources
a Public display of Project documentation. Establish consultation protocols. Appoint participating NGOs. Confirm consultation structures and mechanisms. Establish Information Office.
Consultation and ~ u b l i c disclosure District and Community Councils; Chiefs; participating NGOs; NES; MoHSU7.
= English copies of Project reports; Sesotho copies of report summaries.
Ensure severely affected/vulnerable households, women and at risk resource users groups are represented in the consultation programme. Establish grievances redress mechanisms.
Sesotho copies of Entitlement Matrix. Sesotho copies of grievance redress mechanisms. Construction and land occupation/evacuation schedules.
. . .
hletolong Darn ESlk Final Resettlement Plan Feb 2007 '-$ISMF(' (11 A5soctatlon I M : ~ FM irsscc~ales (Lesotho! arid Southern Walrrs (South Alrca)
Key Activities and Tasks I Coordination and Resources 1 verification of affected assets
Finalise configuration of all Project components. Confirm final land acquisition and temporary occupation requirements. Verify exact areas of private land losses, percentage land loss and remaining landholding. Verify number and types of affected trees. Verify any other assets affected by Project activities. Where acquired asset falls within Selected Development Area, ensure proper transfer of all land rightsftitles to Government.
Compensation determination and payment Establish Compensation Determination Committee, ensuring representative membership. - Undertake compensation determination and payment in terms of Entitlement Matrix. Finalise entitlements. Issue notices to vacate. Disburse compensation. Acquire land. Agree scope of voluntary relocation and temporary relocation (if any) and finalise relocation programme and schedule. Address grievances of affected persons, or submit to court of law.
Mitigation measures, livelihood restoration and local development
Appoint NGOs to assist with livelihood diversification and restoration. Determine restoration requirements. Identify vulnerable and seriously affected households. Prepare and implement policy for the preferential employment of affected persons on construction works. Prepare programme to enhance agricultural and social forestry production. Develop and implement capacityltraining programme. Arrange access to government poverty alleviation programmes. Monitor rehabilitation of vulnerablelseverely affected households. Finalise and implement mitigation programmes (e.g. nursery for medicinal and useful plants, footbridges and upgrading of roadsltracks in reservoir periphery).
Monitoring and evaluation Establish monitoring indicators and protocols. Appoint Panel of ExpertslEvaluation Panel. Establish and implement internal monitoring. Undertake participatory monitoring and evaluation. Commission external monitoring.
Engineering consultants and contractors; valuation consultants; LSPP; Chief Land Valuation Officer; District and Community Councils; Chiefs; affected asset owners.
Maps showing final alignment of all project components and areas permanently and temporarily required by project activities. List of affected persons and assets compiled during EIARP planning phase.
Community representatives; District and Community Councils; Chiefs, Chief Land Valuation Officer; Departments of Agriculture and Forestry; Legal Section; LHDA.
List of affected assets and households as established during verification of assets. Entitlement Matrix.
District and Community Councils; Chiefs; MoHSW; NGOs; development agencies.
Household livelihood restoration plans. Feasibility studieslplans for mitigation measures. Preferential employment policy.
District and Community Councils; affected communities; NES; participating NGOs; Financing Agencies.
- Sesotho copies of monitoring protocols and indicators.
9.2 Consultation and Participation The success of the compensation and relocation programme will largely depend on the ability of the implementing agency and affected communities to create and maintain a supportive relationship. Building on the work undertaken during the Feasibility Study and the ESIA/RP, and the capacity- building work already undertaken by Transformation Resource Centre (an NGO that has worked with the affected communities over the last number of years), a structured process of community liaison and participation will be initiated and managed by the PIU. A collaborative (partnership) approach will be adopted so as to build trust, to improve the quality of decisions and to promote sustainable development.
The existing Dam Committee, which was established during the Feasibility Study to represent potentially affected villages, will form the basis for interaction between the PIU and the communities. An officer within the PIU will assume overall responsibility for community liaison and participation activities. The officer will, with assistance from other specialists, undertake and management the following activities:
institutional and process development; liaison and consultation with Project-affected stakeholders, and engagement protocols; dissemination of Project-related information to affected communities and other local stakeholders; ongoing monitor of community reactions to Project implementation; and management of the grievance procedure.
9.3 Information Office A small Information Office will be established in the Metolong Reservoir area to promote easy and transparent access to Project information. The Office would have the following available:
a library of available information (in digital and non-digital form) - e.g. reports and other articles of interest, and GIs information such as maps; presentation of promotional material on the Project, alternative livelihoods and income- generating activities, and other topics of interest; a database of affected households, consisting primarily of non-confidential information collected from surveys (restricted access will be maintained to respect confidentiality); information pertaining to the compensation and resettlement implementation process; and a "suggestion box" function, allowing people to record their concerns and suggestions.
The Information Office will be managed by the PIU with assistance from the Metolong Dam Committee. Positions within the Information Office will as far as possible be filled by persons from the affected communities.
9.4 Grievance Redress In line with grievance redress procedures recommended/established for recent projects in Lesotho, the following approach will be adopted with regard to disputes over compensation awards:
Step 1: Any person aggrieved by compensation payments made or not made by the implementing agency in connection with the acquisition of hisher land, housing or other assets or rights by the project shall lodge a written grievance to the implementing agency's Project Implementation Unit (PIU). Local authority representatives (e.g. Community Councillors and Chiefs) may be brought into the discussions to facilitate the process. The entire grievance resolution process will be recorded, and a copy made available to the aggrieved person. Step 2: Should the grievance not be resolved at this level, the aggrieved person may lodge an appeal with the Minister of Natural Resources.
Melolong Dam ES.4 Firlilt Reseltle~nent Plan Feb 2007 4@snrL'c: Assoc!atlori w l l i FM Assoclales (Lcsothoi arid Soulheir> Walers (Soullr Afrca)
Step 3: If the aggrieved person is not satisfied with any determination by the Minister, the grievance may be brought to the High Court of Lesotho. Step 4: If the aggrieved person is not content with the ruling of the High Court the claim may be brought to the Appeal Court, whose decision will be final.
Grievances over other matters will in the first instance be raised and solved with the relevant LWSU line official and the local government structures. If the grievance cannot be solved, it will be lodged in writing with the LWSUs PIU. The entire grievance resolution process will be recorded, and a copy made available to the aggrieved person.
9.5 Implementation Schedule A broad implementation schedule for the first two years of the Project is shown in Figure 9.
Metoloog Dam ESlA Flnal Reseltlarnent Plan Feb 2007 fib III kssoaatian wlh FM i.ssoc,alas c~esotho) and Sauthetn Walers (Sou:" Afrca)
The following key activities will be initiated immediately upon approval of the Project: - finalising the detailed configurations of the various project components so that land acquisition requirements and recording exercises can be undertaken;
* appointing staff within the implementing agency to commence with preparatory activities, including ongoing consultation with affected communities; updating the socio-economic baseline, including completing socio-economic questionnaires for all affected households not surveyed during the preparation of the EIAIRF'; - establishing a Compensation Determination Committee to finalise compensation principles, norms and rate; and contracting suitable NGOs to assist with the preparation of the social environment, including preparation of capacity building and skills enhancement programmes.
M~?l~lo:,g Ua?? E6:A Flrtal Reseltlement Plan F eC 2'20: SMt''(: 111 Assoua!~on vnlh Fk4 ilessf~cmdles (~esn tho i and Soutl,e,r~ 'Waters (Souri~ 4 f r cdJ
10 Monitoring and Evaluation
Monitoring and evaluation will be an integral part of the compensation and livelihood restoration programme. The overall aim of the monitoring programme will be to measure the extent to which the goals of the RP have been achieved. The monitoring programme will provide feedback on the implementation process, and identify problems and successes as early as possible so that timely adjustment of implementation arrangements can be made.
10.1 Parameters Indicators and targets will be established in consultation with representatives of the affected communities and other key stakeholders. Indicators are usually grouped into the following categories:
Input indicators - measure the resources (financial, physical and human) allocated for the attainment of livelihood restoration goals. Output indicators - measure the serviceslgoods and activities produced by the inputs. Examples include compensation disbursements for acquired assets. Outcome indicators -measure the extent to which the outputs are accessible and used, as well as how they are used. They also measure levels of satisfaction with services and activities produced by the inputs. Examples include the ways in which compensation was used by recipients and changing local attitudes to Project implementation. Although not measures of livelihood restoration in themselves, they are key determinants of well-being (World Bank 2004). Impact indicators - measure the key dimensions of livelihood restoration and well-being so as to establish whether the goals of the Resettlement Plan have been achieved. Examples are restoration and diversification of income levels and the sustainability of income-generating activities. Process indicators - process indicators are often included in a monitoring programme to measure and assess implementation processes. Examples are the processes by which indicators and targets were established, the functioning of liaison/participation structures, the levels of representation of different social categorieslinterest groups and the processes by which conflicts and disputes are resolved.
Indicators will be established for the programme as a whole. Indicators will also be disaggregated to ensure that social variables are properly accounted for (see Volume 2: Annex to Resettlement Plan for examples of social monitoring indicators).
10.2 Monitoring Framework The monitoring programme will have three broad components:
performance monitoring; impact monitoring; and a completion audit.
10.2.1 Performance Monitoring
LWSU will coordinate the Project's performance monitoring system. Performance monitoring will measure progress with livelihood restoration against scheduled actions and milestones. Input and output indicators associated with performance milestones will be monitored. Examples of input and output indicators are:
establishment of required institutional structures; operation of compensation, grievance and other necessary procedures;
= disbursement of compensation payments; preparation and submission of monitoring and evaluation reports.
Metolorrg Uam ESlA Final Resettlerne!~t Plan Feb 2007 " in Assuoallon rvlth F h l Assoaates (Lesotho) and Southern Walers (South Aklca)
Internal monthly monitoring reports will be compiled by LWSU, while formal monitoring reports will be prepared on a quarterly basis for distribution to the Project Steering Committee.
10.2.2 Impact Monitoring
Impact monitoring will focus on the effectiveness of relocation (where necessary) and livelihood restoration measures, the identification of constraints and the recommendation of any corrective measures that may be necessary. While the internal monitoring reports will be a source of information, impact monitoring will require the generation of new data to compare against baseline conditions. It is envisaged that data generation will occur at two levels:
at the level of households, through the use of quantitative (standardised) socio-economic survey instruments; at grouplcommunity level, through the use of qualitative (participatory) monitoring and evaluation techruques.
In both cases, external agencies will be appointed to conduct the monitoring exercises.
10.2.2.1 Quantitative Monitoring
It will be important to monitor the changing socio-economic status of affected households. A number of simple, objectively verifiable quantitative indicators will be established for measuring the impact of the Project on the health and welfare of the affected population. The following are examples of quantitative (impact-related) indicators that will be monitored:
demographic changes (e.g. changes to residential status of household members); education levels (e.g. school enrolment); changes to status of women, children and vulnerable groups; changes to land use and tenure patterns, and associated impacts; employment levels; crop output and production costs; income and expenditure levels, and consumption patterns; changes to livestock farming practices; success of livelihood restoration initiatives; incidence of communicable and preventable diseases (e.g. diarrhoea, HIVIAIDS, tuberculosis); and changes to nutritional status of households.
10.2.2.2 Qualitative Monitoring
A community-based participatory monitoring and evaluation (PME) programme will be implemented to gauge the effectiveness of Project measures in meeting the needs of displaced households. The value of participatory monitoring and evaluation is that it involves affected persons (as the key actors) in the collective examination and assessment of implementation processes and outcomes. PME is action-oriented and seeks to build local capacity by providing Project-affected persons the opportunity to reflect on the progress with/obstacles in resettlement implementation and livelihood restoration, and by generating knowledge that informs practice and leads to corrective actions.
A suitable agency (e.g. an NGO) will be appointed as a facilitator to undertake the PME programme. The facilitator will assist affected communities to:
develop their own criteria for acceptable standards of living; assess their pre-Project (baseline) standard of living in terms of their own criteria; monitor their own progress towards recovering their pre-Project standard of living;
= evaluate the effectiveness of mitigation measures; and develop and communicate their own solutions to outstanding problems.
The outcome of this process would be an assessment of affected persons' attitudes, perceptions, views and fears regarding both general and specific elements of the resettlement implementation and livelihood restoration process. Given the participatory nature of this type of monitoring, there would be a continual process of learning, with new ideas and concerns integrated and incorporated into the implementation process.
10.2.2.3 Evaluation Panel
An Evaluation Panel will be appointed to assess and report on the social, environmental, health and engineering components of the Project. With respect to the social environment, the Panel will undertake overall evaluations of the compensation and livelihood restoration work being done under the Project. This will amongst others entail:
examining internal monitoring reports as well as quantitative and qualitative socio-economic monitoring reports; consulting the affected population on a random basis to verify the success of the compensation and livelihood restoration process; evaluating Project institutions, including capacity and operating constraints; analysing budgets and expenditure in relation to milestones and realities on the ground; and advising the implementing agency and affected communities of any emergent issues, together with recommendations on how to address issues and improve the practices, focus and orientation of the compensation and livelihood restoration programme.
10.2.3 Completion Audit
A completion audit will be undertaken by an independent agency at the end of the Project's compensation and relocation programme. The overall aim of the audit will be to verify that compensation and livelihood restoration activities have undertaken in compliance with the objectives and principles of the Resettlement Plan. Specific aims of the audit will be to:
confirm that all physical inputs specified in the Resettlement Plan have been delivered; confirm all outputs achieved under the programme; and assess whether the outcomes of the programme have had the desired beneficial impacts.
The audit will also describe any outstanding issues that require attention prior to the closing of the Project's compensation and relocation programme.
10.3 Reporting The following reporting schedule is envisaged:
Internal monitoring: Internal monitoring will be undertaken by the LWSU. Monthly progress reports will serve a monitoring purpose, while formal resettlement monitoring reports will be produced quarterly. Participatory monitoring and evaluation: PME will be coordinated by LWSU and undertaken by external agencies (e.g. NGO). The outcome of PME would be an assessment of the affected people's attitudes, perceptions, views and fears regarding both general and specific elements of the compensation and relocation programme.
= External monitoring: This would probably be undertaken on an annual basis by an external agency (e.g. a local NGO), using standardised survey instruments, and should be scheduled to occur at the same time of year to enable meaningful analysis. Evaluation Panel: During the early phases of the Project an Evaluation Panel would probably undertake bi-annual site visits to guide the establishment of the compensation and relocation programme. Visits would thereafter occur on an annual basis for the duration of the programme. Completion audit: To be undertaken at the end of the compensation/relocation programme.
Monitoring reports will be submitted to the Project Steering Committee for distribution to concerned stakeholders.
Total Cost
(MI
5,265,000
60,000
200,500
120,360
26,320
56,000
5,728,180
6,034,176
144,440
6,178,616
55,900
5 10,400
3,575,000
4,141,300
1,392,000
182.280
165.680
331,400
2,071,360
852,000
240,000
40,000
1,132,000
1,000,000
5,000,000
2,000,000
500,000
1,800,000
2,500,000
12,800,000
2,600,000
34,651,456
1,732,573
36,384,029
I I Cost Estimates
This section details the costs estimates for the implementation of the measures detailed in the RP. The cost estimates are provided in Table 43. The total cost estimate amounts to M36,384,029.
Item
1 Private Buildings and Structures (Metolong Voluntary Relocation)
Houses/structures (assume 10 voluntary reloc.)
Kraals
Outbuildings
Fences
VIP
Graves
Sub-Total
2 Land
Permanent (mainly arable land) - all components
Temporary occupation - all components
Sub-Total
3 Trees
Fruit trees
T~mber bees
Poplar thickets
Sub-Total
4 Natural Resources
Rangeland
Usefbl grasses
Medicinal plants
Wild vegetables
Sub-Total
5 Allowances
Cultivation disruption allowance
Displacement allowance
Evacuation allowance
Sub-Total
6 Livelihood Res., Management and Monitoring
Organisational development and training
Capacity building, alternative livelihoods
Contracted NGOs
Community participation
Information office (dam site) - O&M
Monitoring (incl. NGOs and PoE)
Sub-Total - - -
7 Fencing of Village Areas
8 Total (Item 1-7)
TABLE 43. COST ESTIMATE FOR COMPENSATION AND ASSOCIATED MEASURES
9 Contingencies (5%)
10 GRAND TOTAL
Melolong Dan? E61A Final Reseltle~nent Plan Fcb 2007 ' ' ( 4 S'lE': 1 1 Qssosa!,on FM C,ssoc~a!es (Lesotho, and S o u t h f ~ . n Waters [Sout!~ Afrlcaj
Cost per Unit (M)
5,265
60
40 1
12,036
2,632
8,000
55,872
3.61 1
1,300
464
44,000
23,200
4,557
4,142
8,285
12,000
12,000
2,000
-
400
Unit
m2
sv"
sqm Mold
number
number
ha
ha
number
number
ha
ha
ha
ha
ha
household
household
household
lump sum
lump sum
lump sum
lump sum
lump sum
-
m
Number1 Size
1000
1000
500
10
10
7
108
40
43
1 I00
65
60
40
40
40
7 1
20
20
6,500
Notes:
1. The cost estimates are based on the larger Metolong storage option (Option 2).
2. Rates are mainly based on those used for the Lesotho Highland Water Project. The following LHWP rates have been adjusted based on the recommendation of the country's Chief Valuation Officer: (a) arable land - applied the average of the 2005106 and 2006107 lump sum rates used on the LHWP; (b) trees - increased by 12%; (c) buildings - increased by 3-5%.
3. Poplar groves are based on average of 50 trees per hectare at the same cost as for individual timber trees.
4. Broad estimates have been made of natural resource loss, based on botanical research undertaken for the EIA. The magnitude of loss will be confirmed during the scheduled cadastral survey and valuation exercise.
5. The following mitigation and development measures detailed in the RP have not been included in Table 43 as they will be costed during final design:
footbridges; road upgrading; livestock watering points; and improved water supplies.
6. Cadastral surveys and valuation exercises to confirm exact areas of private and communal land loss have been separately budgeted for by the LWSU.
12 References
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lylelolnng Darn ESlil: Flnal Resetliernent Plan Feb 2OOI u; 111 4ss?ca180n villh Fh l i~ssociares i~esali lo! a!ld Sauthorrr Waters !Soulh i f r lcs)
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World Bank (2001). Operational Policy on Involuntaly Resettlement (OP 4.12 Involuntary Resettlement), December 200 1.
World Bank (2001). Operational Policy on Involuntaly Resettlement (OP 4.12 Annex A - Involuntary Resettlement Instruments), December 200 1.
"b snzEc: .I; Assoc.#atl3n vnll, FM Assoclales (Losolho) and Southerrr Waters (South Afrca) Melolong Dan, ESlA Ftvlal Resettla~nent Plan Feb 200:
Figures
hiltit,>iony Li:lrv tS,,. Fmal Resellle!nent Plan t .:tl 200
Metolorlq Dam ESlA Flnal Resettlelnent Plan Feb 2007 '' s'fE': 111 Cs~oilatlor, wtll iM A5soclales iir!s,?tho) arrd Soutlrtrrr Ll.aters (South Afrca)
APPENDIX I : LIST OF POTENTIALLY AFFECTED a$#$
HOUSEHOLDS &@'\
x %
m. L i l
-- "'';&$
1 1 I I I Reservoir I Name 1 R " ~ ~ ~ : l a l d 1 Village 1 Assets Affected lei 'nizY6* 1
I I I I 1 - 1
1 Manthatisi Letela I V31001 I Ha Letela I Field & Trees ) d l d
Mahlasoa Makhale Theko ( V61006 1 Ha Makirita
LesolelMalireko/Malefetsane Masakale V71001 Ha Masakale Field & Trees \i Khethisa Masakale V71002 Ha Masakale Trees
Mamote Sekhemi V71004 Ha Masakale Field & Trees
Lekhotla Selometsi V71007 Ha Masakale Trees \i \i Nchela Kolisang V71011 Ha Masakale Field & Trees \i \i 1-efu Kaizer f \i i Manapo Nkhope I V71020 1 Ha Masakale I Field l \ i l d
Metalorlg Dan: E S A Final Resettlemenl Plan Feb 20Ui ShZE(: >r, A3saoiat~0n wllh FM ~ S S O U ~ ~ C S 11 esothl)) and Soullrercl Waters iSodth A!ricaj
Assets Affected
\letolong Oam ESlA Final Rescttlelnent Plan Feb 2007 fi,sh'E(' :n Assoval~on .r\lth FM hssuc~ates (Lejothoj sr?n Soiltlleln Walors (Sourh Alr~cd)
Assets Affected
1 I I I I Reservoir 1 I Name 1 1 Village 1 Assets Affected bl 'nii?z:d 1
Choloane Lephoto
Motlalepula Leronti
Sefike Lenka
Thabo Mothomotsoana
Mathabo Mothomotsoana I V191003 I Mothomotsoana 1 Field I d 1
V 171001
V171010
V 171024
V191001
d
Momi Mongoako
Thabang Mongoako
Seabata Mothomotsoana
Ntsiane Soai
Neo Thojane I V21006 1 Ha Sekantsi I Field
Nkokomohi
Nkokomohi
Nkokomohi
Mothomotsoana
Makhotso Kantsi ( V191012 I Mothomotsoana 1 Field
V191014
V 19101 5
V 19101 6
V191017
Mahlomola Hlehlisi 1 V21009 1 Ha Sekantsi I Field Makhoase Hlehlisi
Lebona Pali
Mapoloko Chaka
1 4 1
1
Mamotebang Mosola
Mantsetsana Hlehlis~
Matseko Majoro
Field & Trees
Field
Field & Trees
Field & Trees
Mothomotsoana
Mothomotsoana
Mothomotsoana
Mothomotsoana
V21011
V21018
V21020
I A h s o a a t ~ n n v.1111 F l4 Associates (Le3afhoi and Southern i&ale.\ (South Airlcai Melolong Darn E S 4 Ftnal Reseltlelnent Plan Feb 2007
V21030
V2103 1
V21032
d d d
Field & Trees
Field & Trees
Field & Trees
Field & Trees
Ha Sekantsi
Ha Sekantsi
Ha Sekantsi
Ha Sekants~
Ha Sekants~
Ha Sekantst
d
d
d d
Field
Field
Field
d d d
d d \i
Field
F~eld
F~eld
d
d d d
\I
d d
Name 1 "'::yd ~ Village 1 Assets Affected 1nE2?d 1
Tebelo Lethole 1 V12/186 1 Ha Seeiso I Field
Ntobako Libaba I V121205 1 Ha Seeiso I Field
Choloane Le hoto 1 Malenka Tsiame 1 V221078 1 HaRamakabatane 1 Field
I Access Road to Dam Site
Metolong Dam ESlR Flrtal Resettlement Plan Feb 2007 I fisSME': :<I Assocmt~on .rrlt!l FM Assoc!ates (L.asotho) arrd Sautt>rtn Waters (Saurt: Africa)
\I
Matseko Majoro
Makhiba Pali
Khiba Pali
Ramahetlane Jaase
Mamakhetha Komane ( V121029 1 Ha Seeiso 1 Field I
Tsepiso Letanta 1 V121037 1 Ha Seeiso I Field
\I
V21032
V21033
V21035
V121021
Ha Sekantsi
Ha Sekantsi
Ha Sekantsi
Ha Seeiso
Field
Field
Field
Field
APPENDIX 2 : ENTITLEMENT MATRIX
I. CULTIVAlTON/ARABLE LAND
TYPE OF LOSS
1.1 Permanent loss of cultivation land
Property owner
1.2 Temporary loss of cultivation land
IMPLEMENTATION GUIDELINES ENTITLED PERSON
Property owner
DESCRIETION OF ENTITLEMENTS
(a) Cash compensation at full replacement cost, or assistance with the identification and allocation of suitable replacement cultivation l a d if available.
(a) Compensation for crop losses for the duration of temporary occupation
(b) Compensation for other M a n c e s and damages caused to property.
(a) Illegal occupants of public land do not quahfy for u>mpensation for land losses.
for cultivation) (b) Where mssible. assistance will be mvided with the
I ' ' Identifihion of alternative cdtivaGon land or opportunities.
Notice to vacate will be served at leat 120 days pnor to acquisition date. Compensahon for all losses payable prior to acquition. - Any transfer cos t shes wdl be the responsibility of the project.
A temporary occupation contract should be signed with the aff'ected landowner, specifymg:
o penod of occupation; o formula for the calculation ofproduction losses (the
market value of crops normally produced on the land) and annual inflation adjustments;
o kequency of cornpensahon payment; and o land protection and rehabilitation measures.
Where project and local authorities consider the impact on an encroacher to be sevm. hdshe wdl qualify for rehabilitation assistance as specified in Section 6.4.
:leioimg >ilrr. k S l i Fnal Resettlement Plan Feb 2007 (4 ''''' 111 A S S O C I ~ ! ~ .vlh FHA issaCa:es rLesat'7o: spa Southern ::aterr ,Soi.th A!-ra.
1e~111t ~ P ~ C S ! wa:ev L.~;.,-os i:..- ~u.o- .s i Ca:eS?055: ~~4~ JW d~ LL'130IEY U,
~ O C Z ca, ueld luaua12)aratl leulj V I S ~ "PO Euslo~ard :>arts P...
.quawppua 13alad IOJ @enb IOU op amp gw13 aq, uye seam p e d v palold Kdmo o q ~ slayxouug .
i .a[qmldde J! 'sdm p a m g 4 mpou muehpe ai\!a3ar q suoslad papagy .
'alqmlldde JI 'sdm w m y 4 mqou m u e w ai\rmaI q s u d pa)3auv .
awjo ajg a~pnpard aq) 103 p w p p 'anpi\ 1ua9ld iau d0.n ~ennraradpue sass It? sassol uop3n~oJd W Y 103 uop==dwm
.alq!ssod IOU q 8 y s a m q a n q ~ s d m j o anpi\ 1 a ~ (e)
.alwJ!l& JI 'sdou p a m q 01 m~lou muehpe ai\!= q suosrad p a p q ~ v .
-alq!ssod lou q 8upsamq aIaW (sdou JO a n p lau) sdou 103 u o ~ w m ai\!mai p alep#*1"3
a q q loud u o y ~ g p IOJ puel qqnd 8 q u a (e) l u a w 4 w aq, 01
8ulplme pauoplodde aq I ~ M sass01 d m IOJ uopsuadwm 'uoq!sylnejo a y l aq, p 1 u a w 8 w Oyddaauegs
e OJ au rp~me paleApp3 s e ~ uo!wnb m puel aq,JI (9) .alq!ssod IOU q ~~~q a r a ~ sdoujo anpi\ laN (e)
sdou [ ~ ~ ~ - U O U J O S S q I 'E
. ~ 9 uopag y pag13ads se mwqsse uoW!Fqerl= 103 5w r P aqspq 'a.mA= aq 4 Jalmbs
e uo ~ ~ e d u n aq, lap~sucn saguorpne p o l pue w@d auw . .WK mmap!lq
snll u! pamap se m w m ~ u a u n l q ~ m ai\!a3ar pue aAom aq, loj palesuadmcn aq p m1og3 naq) asplaxa q asoq3 o q ~
Pm U o F l a l h m l o ~ 103 5!m oqM TloWsnoH ' V N 3 pue slopun03 By1mu103 'aallpu103 ma a u o l q a ~
aq) ' b u a l Oquawldy aq) Kq pauqucn prre u a m u n Kll~oC aq IpM UO?mOI~ h u n 1 0 ~ 103 mlrmb T 1 0 9 ~ 0 q
JO uop3ypuap! a y ~ ,lai\al meM alp wag K e ~ e raqlm~ ' s a l p 8-a naq, q y adolsdn aug-mola~~o uoqdo aq, u a ~ @ 8yaq ( a m s e ~ EH PW slam EH m K P ~ ) sploqasnoq 01- 01 dn m
1p.w Kezll n0-a % o l w ~ aq) loj uopdo a%qs m q Z ~ c q .
s a ~ l y q alqeai\owjo s a m pea 8-a mag uogejola~ h o d u q awjo uopdmxa alq!ssod aq) q,y 'quauodwcn
'awpi\e.p 'hp+!i\ aq) g ]old a a m e l c h alqa!nsjo uo!slr\od 10 >old ssavsnq lo pquap~sa~
q u a 3 0 ssol 103 ' a n p iuame lch te 'uopsuadwm qse3 (q) .]old ssaysnq lo Fpuap!.w
QNP";I S S ~ N I S R ~ ~ ~ I ~ -z
NOSX3d awLLILN3 SSOl d o 3dA.L
I TYPEOFLOSS I ENTITLEDPERSON I DESCWITION OF ENTITLEMENTS 1 IMPLEMENTATION GUIDELINES I
4.2 Loss of rented accommodation
compensation for future production losses at net present value, calculated for the productive life of the various h-ee species.
(d) The owner will have the rights to all other resources (timber; tirewood) ffom privatelydwned trees that are inundated or felled because of the Project
4. B U I L D I N G S / S T R U C T ~ A N D RESDENTlAUBUSINESS PL07S
4.3 Graves
4.1 Loss of residential and business shuchmes
Tenant
Affected family
(a) Rental allowance as defmed in Section 6.2. An enumerated tenant who voluntarily vacates hisiher rented accommodation more than two months prior to the implementation of the physical relocation programme will not qualify for a rental allowance, while one who occupies rented accommodation in the project displacement area after the census, but not less than three months prior to the implementation of the relocation programme, will be eligible.
(a) Affected graves will be keated in accordance with the wishes of the relatives of the d e c e d . The cost of exhumation of graves will be borne by the Project in accordance with limits established by a Metolong SDA C o m w o n Determination Committee.
Households may salvage reusable materials with no deduction h m their c o r n w o n . Dqlaced households will receive a housing displacement allowance as desmbed in Sedion 6.2. Owms ofdlsplaced commercial establishments will receive a busmess displacement allowance as described in Section 6.3. Loss of shuctures other than houses and commercial establishments does not entail payment of a @lament allowance. Notice to vacate will be served at least 120 days prior to acquition date. Compmsation for a l l losses payable prior to acquisition. Where @lacement o m , payments to be made in accordance with ~e~ettlement schedule to allow @laced households sufficient time to make relocation arrangements. To ensure fair compensabon, determination of rates will be done not more than 6 months prior to properly acquisition. Any transfer co&es wdl be the responsibility of the project.
Property owner
Tenant
Informal trader1
Squatter on public land
Compensation for b u i l h g / s h u ~ payable to owner
(a) Cash compensation, at r e p l m e n t cost, for full or partial loss of housing and business structu~es.
@) Cash compensation for full or partial loss of other improvements (e.g. fencing).
(a) Where a tenant has mnshucted M e r own housing or business shuclmc on land rented from another person, cash compensation, at replacement c o 4 for full or @al loss.
(a) Informal haders/squakm who are required to move ffom road m e s for the consbuchon ofthe tranmsion pipeline will not be compensated for structure losses, but will be assisted to move their operations.
@) Squatters who o q y the project impact area after the cutdff date do not qualifL for project entitlements.
Affected graves wdl be identified and conlirmed m conjunction with the affected communities and families. The intention to proceed with the Project wdl also be announced publicly (radio and newspaper) at an appropriate time in advance of a W consbuction and Resewoir inundation.
Metolong Dam tS lA Fmal Resettlement Plan 223: ~~:II;"'": I:, :ssoC.alon call; iH 4;so~:a.c~ .. .-solrg, m d Sou!he:n Waters <Coulh .f:,c+)
1 TYPEOFLOSS I ENTITLED PERSON I DESCFUPTION OF ENTITLEMENTS I IMPLEMENTATION GUIDELINES
Z GENERAL A WARE-
Metolsng Dam ESlA F~nal Resettlement Plan =eb 2007
7.1 AU project unpacts Persons m/around Impad
areas.
(a) Advlce on project impacts; wnsbuction schedules and acquisition dates; valuation, wmpensahon and grievance resol~lhon mechanisms; w m c t i o n employment procedures: and local development initiatives.
This d l be done through the penodic distribution of information sheets and a structured consultation programme. Cooperahon with other GOL minishies and deparbnents to support effective resource utllisation and community develonment
APPENDIX 3 : COMPENSATION STATEMENTS MADE BY COMMUNITIES AT THE METOLONG DAM SITE
General Needs of the Residents of Metolong Dam as of 14/04/2005
As people who have been affected by the proposed Metolong Dam Project we request the following
form the Government and the contractor:
1. All those people whose property is affected such as agricultural fields, trees and communal
natural resources such as thatching grass, medicinal plants and sand should be compensated
prior to dam construction.
2. Before work completion, all the land that has been used for transmission pipes and
temporary staff housing should be compensated.
3. People from the affected areas should be given priority when recruiting local staff
regardless of whether they have qualifications or not. For instance, out of 10 to be
recruited, 4 should be those who have no qualifications.
4. The project should leave the following as compensation for the affected areas:
Electricity which should be generated from the treatment plant
Water for those who need it. Where it already exists, the sources of water should
be improved.
High school and some primary schools where they are needed
Police station
5. A large bridge that connects villages that have been separated by Phuthiatsana River and a
tarred road that connects to the main road that goes to Thaba-Tseka.
6. There should be a telephone mast at the mountain of Sefikeng.
7. Health clinic facility
8. There should be an advocate for those who are not satisfied.
9. Within Metolong, there are many people who are experts on operating machines who can
only be increased.
10. Where there is dialogue with affected people, the Government and the contractor should
speak in Sesotho only to facilitate better understanding.
11. Before the resumption of work, the affected people and the owners of the project and
implementers should engage in discussions.
12. field irrigation using water from the dam;
13. We would like to be compensate for the following: graves, caves, rubbish heaps, and
others;
14. We would like to have reports of what we have agreed on;
15. Skills training for those who have none;
Mrlulorrg Derrl ES14 Dralt Fcrlal Resetllernent Plan Fct 700: r 4 s % ~ ~ , a i ~ u n wlln FM ;\ssoiares (ieaot'lo! anll iioulller-1 Vi'alers !Souti> ;tlr.ca,
16. Local Government Councillors should be included in the recruitment committee and the
compensation committee;
17. Papers that have been given by the Committee showing dates for recruitment and how work
will proceed should bear a letter head, and the person who wrote the letter should sign it
and show his name clearly.
18. Compensation for the field should be based on the number of people who subsists on it and
not just by its size; and
19. What will happen to those who would be adversely affected by Metolong dam
construction?
Signed
1. Lepheane Moloi
2. Nkoane 'Molaoa
3. Matseliso Makoanyane
4. 'Matsietsi 'Molaoa
5. Lepekola Lepolesa
6. Lira Ramanki
7. Sejabatho C. Letela
8. 'Mapoloko Chaka
hlelolong Dain E S A Dralt Reseltlrtnenl Plan I eb 2007 fh S''[':(: t ? cssouat~on w t h FM A L P O C ~ ~ ~ ~ S (~osotho) d n l SIUII,C,~ it8alers (Sourh Afr ca)
Comments on Compensation Raised by Residents of Ha Masakale on October 31,2006
Filed losses: we want compensation in full for the loss of our fields that have fed
generations. We are aware that this property is our contribution to dam construction but the
cash compensation that we will receive will not last even one generation.
Tree losses: We do not want saplings or some expert that will tell us how long the trees
were going to live. We want cash compensation. There is a shortage of land for planting
the saplings so cash compensation is preferred.
We are going to lose our communal resources such as thatching grass, sand, quarries and
the like. We never paid anything for exploiting them. However, their loss means that we
will have to pay a lot of money. Because of that we reed cash compensation for loss of
these resources.
Anybody who will volunteer to relocate due to safety reasons or fear should be treated the
same way as one whom the project may find it necessary to resettle. Such a person should
be compensated for the loss of property and for resettlement.
For sharecroppers, they should also be provided with equal compensation as the field
owners to avoid poverty and to kick start a new livelihood.
About crossing the dam, we the residents of Ha Masakale, Ha Tlele, Nkokomohi and Ha
Letela we children who attend school across at Ino Primary. People from Ha
Mothomotsoana are governed at Ha Masakale and have to cross the dam. People from Ha
Masakale and Ha Tlele have fields across the river, and those from Ha Mothomotsoana are
on the other side. We therefore request that a bridge be constructed that will connect these
areas in order that people can continue with their activities.
Those who will encounter accidents while on the dam construction and lose their body
parts should be compensated satisfactorily according to the part they have lost.
What is going to happen to affected graves along the Phuthiatsana River so that they do not
get inundated? Owners should be given enough opportunity to exhume or perform ritual on
those graves.
What will happen to the cultural and religious activities and rituals that are normally
performed in deep waters? Where will such activities and rituals be performed?
Metolo8Ig Oaln ESlA Drafl Reseltle!neot Plan Feb 2007 '(jh1["' IP hbsoila11,3rl l ~ l t l l FM Associates 1~e501ho) a00 5311111fIn Naters (South Alrtca)
Addendum to Compensation Needs dated November 6,2006
Below is the addendum of compensation needs that were read at the monthly meeting of the
Metolong Dam Water Committee on November 6, 2006.
1. We require a road that surrounds the dam that is similar to what is happening around other
dams in Lesotho.
2. We request large bridges for crossing with our scotch carts and for vehicles. We do not
want the boats.
3. We request that sharecroppers should be included on the lists of people who would receive
help from Government through the Non-governmental organisations so that they could
reduce poverty;
4. The community should have the rights over water and usage of the dam;
5 . We would like to have shares in the water that is going to the stated different places. The
Government should ensure that the affected communities receive 5% share from the
revenue collected from Metolong dam water;
6. Government should come up with estimates of property that will be affected by dam
construction.
Signed
Ha Khabele
Lepekola Lepolesa
Tsiliso Lekeka
Lebakeng Mokhali
Tello Mahlekenyane
'Matekane Pitso
'Matlali Motseko
Lira Ramanki
Ha Seeiso
Seabata Matsie
Lepheane Moloi
'Neko Khaorai (councillor)
Matseliso Makoanyane
V e ! r IG i j Datn ELI4 D r ~ t t Rcsettlctnent Plan f e t 200 / ~ji'"": 1, i i s o ~ i a t ~ c r , mti? FM ~SSCLIJ ! I \S ,.e.,atrw, a 13 : , ~ ~ I I P ~ I I .wdte.c ,:io~!!l i ' lr l~,a\
Khorong Ha Nchela
Bele Bele
Motaung Mokhothu
Ha Ntsane
'Mapotlako Tjeketjane
'Mapheello Tjeketjane
Tseliso Tjeketjane
Ha Ramatlama
'Makhothatso Ramatlama
Molupe Ramatlama
Tsekiso Loto
Motopo Pule
Ha Letela
Sejabatho Letela
Mamoleboheng Monyatsi
Clement Letela
Ha Monamoleli
Mampolokeng Khetsi
Ha Sekantsi
Mapoloko Chaka
Ha Ramakabatana
Letisia Mphole
Ha Masakale
Nkoane 'Molaoa
'Matsietsi 'Molaoa
Ha Makopong
Molefe Nnauoe
Metolong Dacrl ESIA Draft Resettleme~ll Plan FuD 2007 ' ' ' I ) * ShiE': IWI Assoilat~an ? ~ t h FM Arsocates (Leso!ho, aorl Southeln Walers (South Afrfca)