mexican revolution 1910 1940 lecture (1)
TRANSCRIPT
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Mr. McKinley
IB History of the Americas 2010-2011
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Objectives Causes of the Revolution
Role of the Porfiriato regime
Revolution and its leaders (1910-1917)
Construction of post-revolutionary state
(1920-38)
Lazaro Cardenas and renewal of therevolution (1939-40)
Role of foreign powers Impact of the revolution on the arts, music,
education, literature
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What is a revolution?
A revolution is a change in power thatusually occurs in a short period of time.
Revolutions result in changes in culture,
economy, politics, and social programs Aristotle defines revolution in two ways:
Complete change to a new constitution
Modification of an existing constitution
Mexican Revolution was the first longlasting political revolution of the 20thcentury.
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Names to Know
Porfirio Diaz (Jose
de la Cruz Porfirio
Diaz Mori)
Benito Juarez Francisco I. Madero
Pancho Villa
(Doroteo Arango)
Victor Huertas
Venustiano
Carranza
Alvaro Obregon
Lazaro Cardenasdel Rio
Emiliano Zapata
Pascual Orozco
James Creelman
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Terms to Know
Porfiriato: Years in which Diaz ruledMexico
Hacienderos: Land lord and owners
Haciendas: Estates, plantations, mines,or factories
Soldaderas: Female soldiers who wentinto combat in the revolution
Morelos: a state in Mexico
Caudillo: Military dictator
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Mexican Revolution Causes
Two Main Causes: Porfirio Diaz and the
plantation owners.
Political: After being president for 20
years, Porfirio Diaz told an Americanjournalist, James Creelman, that he was
looking forward to retire and that he
welcomed an opposition party.
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Mexican Revolution Causes
Economic: Entire villages disappeared
and the haciendas became huge.
The hacienderos (plantation owners)
still wanted more power but couldnt getthe peasants to sell their land. So the
plantation owners started to pressure,
bribe, and blackmail the peasants offtheir land.
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Mexican Revolution Causes
Economic: Major industries were
controlled by foreign investment
Poverty ensued throughout the country
97% owned no land
Creole populations thrived while the
indigenous population suffered
Social: 50% of all households unfit, 80%of population were illiterate, 16% of
population were homeless
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Mexican Revolution Causes
What options did a villager have in those
days?
He could try to find other legal sources of
revenue (very limited) He could become fully dependent on the
haciendas
He could become a criminal
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Role of the Porfiriato
Regime Came to power in 1877
Ruled in caudillo (dictator) style
Rigged most elections
Tight grip on all governmental affairs
Dispatched governors all over Mexico
Enlarged the police force Foreign film investments allowed for
highways, railroads, telegraph lines, oil
fields
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Creelman Interview
In 1908, Diaz told James Creelman that
he was prepared to retire in 1910.
Was Diaz serious or just trying to test his
country?
Read the Interview
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Fall of Diaz
Poor working conditions, inflation,
inferior housing and low wages, and
deficient social services caused fighting
within the classes and the fight forfreedom.
The revolution was the rise and fall of
many great leaders including Diaz
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Fall of Diaz
While Diaz did many things including
transforming Mexico into a developing
country, he also destroyed Mexico as
well. The powerful became wealthy and the
dependence on foreign investments was
unhealthy.Ambition fueled political desires
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Francisco Madero
Son of a wealthy landowner
Politically inexperienced
Desired to run for president
Believed in democracy and wanted to
immediately establish it in Mexico
Favored British power rather than US
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Francisco Madero
Diaz falsely accused Madero and had
him thrown in jail during the election in
1910
Madero fled to Texas and claimed thathe was President Pro-Temp until
another election
Penned a document that officiallystarted the revolution.
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The Plan of San Luis Potosi
Madero assumed role as president
Called for re-election (free election)
Claimed to return land
Claimed to establish a democracy
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Mexican Liberal Party
(PLM) Peasant risings became more frequent
Members organized an urban revolt
Requested agrarian reform, eight hour
work day, equal work for equal pay,
access to education
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Treaty of Ciudad Juarez
PLM combined with Diazs lack of
confidence led to this treaty
Ultimately removed Diaz from power
Kept existing institutions in place
Francisco Leon de la Barra (Mexican
Ambassador to US) assumed interim
presidency until another election couldbe held
General Victoriano Huerta ran the army
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Supporters of Madero
Pancho Villa (North)
Alvaro Obregon (North)
Pasqual Orozco (North)
Venustiano Carranza (North)
Emiliano Zapata (South)
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Emiliano Zapata
Before Maderos election even took
place he rode into town
Peasant hero to the revolution
Known for the phrase Land and
Freedom (Land Redistribution)
Covered Mexicos southern area
It is better to die on your feet than to
live on your knees.
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Plan of Ayala
Read it!
Identify the overall goals of the plan.
It is also saved on www.fairhopehs.com
under the file manager tab. There is a
file labeled IB History.
http://www.fairhopehs.com/http://www.fairhopehs.com/ -
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Pancho Villa
Born Dorotea Arango (name of bandit)
No real ideology
Modern day Robin Hood
Joined the revolution with Madero but
fell out with others
Wanted to bring down Diaz and help the
peasants have a better life
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Madero Rise and Fall
Takes power in 1912
At odds with Zapata and other
revolutionaries over land reform
Zapata writes Plan of Ayala about their
land dispute
Pascual Orozco rebelled because of
land reform as well Madero had to call in the services of
Huerta to defend his presidency
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Final Fall of Madero
U.S. Ambassador Henry Lane Wilson
stationed 100,000 troops along the
border
Wilson threaten Madero withintervention if his government failed to
protect U.S. lives and property
General Huerta, Felix Diaz and otherswere staging an overthrow
Wilson was secretly negotiating with
Huerta and his associates
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Final Fall of Madero
Huerta asked Wilson what he should do
with Madero
Wilson said do whatever was best for
Mexico
Huerta had him shot after staging a fake
battle
President William Howard Taft thoughtWilson had gone too far
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General Victoriano Huerta
At a meeting at the U.S. embassy,
Huerta was named President and Felix
Diaz would succeed him
Restored Diazs dictatorship
Felix Diaz soon was sent on a
diplomatic mission
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Villa during Huertas Reign
Villa assumed power of Huertas
opposition, the Constitutionalists
In Chihuahua he:
Employed soldiers
Reduced meat prices
Distributed money and clothing
Opened fifty new schools Expropriated land
Cattle was sold for ammunition
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Zapata during Huertas
Reign Estates were promptly distributed
among the peasants but would remain
under control of state until the end of the
revolution Revenues from estates would fund
revolution and widows/orphans
Southern states had more hunger andmore peasants in need
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General Huerta meets
opposition President Woodrow Wilson took office
just eleven days after Madero was
murdered
Wilson felt Huerta was a drunkard
Arms began to flow to Carranza (paid for
with cattle) from U.S. and Wilson
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Huertas Downfall
February 1914, Huerta regimeimprisoned some unarmed U.S. sailors
from the cruiserDolphin at the port of
Tampico
Pres. Wilson then stopped arms
shipments to Huerta from Germany to
the port of Veracruz
The holding of Veracruz caused a lot ofanti-American sentiment
Carranza ordered the U.S. to leave
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Venustiano Carranza
March 26, 1913 announced his Plan of
Guadalupe which called for the
overthrow of the dictator (Huerta) and a
new election Entitled first chief of the Constitutionalist
Army
Villa placed himself under Carranzascommand
Alvaro Obregon also joined his side
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Carranza
Promised to dissolve great estates and
return land to Indians
Signed an agreement to provide a better
deal for labor unions and industrialworkers
Promised a minimum-wage law
Appealed for womens support
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Venustiano Carranza
First president of post-Diaz 1917-1920
Ideologies: Favored political reform but
no social reform
Aims: Opposed U.S. intervention and
wanted a new constitution
Methods: Constitution Convention
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U.S. and Mexican Relations
1916 relations deteriorated sharply Villa raided Columbus, New Mexico
Wilson set General John Pershing to
pursue Villa into Mexico
Carranza demanded immediate
withdrawal of U.S. troops
In 1917 influenced by a troubled
international scene, Wilson liquidated
the Mexican venture entirely
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Constitution of 1917
1916 Carranza called for an election to
frame a new constitution
Neglected to elect women or anyone
that did not support his Plan ofGuadalupe
No real agrarian reforms or worker
reforms Be sure to read Articles 3, 24, 27, 34,
35, 123, 130
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Carranzas Presidency
First legally elected President since
Madero
Alvaro Obregon (secretary of war)
Only a small amount of land distributed
Hacienda owners still exist
Working class suffered
Ignored the promise of free education
Kept Mexico neutral in WWI
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Carranzas Presidency
Women were able to legalize divorce,
alimony rights, own and manage
property
Law and Family Relations (1917) childcustody, file lawsuits, sign contracts
Zapata and his followers continued to
fight Carranzas control until Zappatawas killed in 1919
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Carranzas Fall
1920 Carranzas term was up but he
could not be reelected
He tried to elect a puppet but was
unsuccessful
He fled to Veracruz with 5 million pesos
from the national treasury
He was killed shortly after (1920)
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Carranza passes the torch
Obregon had temporarily retired but in
1919 he declared his candidacy for
president
Carranza announced his support ofIgnacio Bonillas
Obregon supporters made Bonillas look
bad
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Obregons Presidency
Established what other revolutionaries
could not
He was a mechanic and farmer
Began distributing land immediately
He encouraged labor to organize (and
when necessary, strike)
Made solid achievements in educationand indigenous cultural heritage
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Obregons Changes
Made the walls of public buildings
available for the painting of murals
Muralist Diego Rivera and David Alfaro
Siquieros
Believed that school was the most
important instrument to unify a nation
Trained 4000 teachers, opened colleges Published paperback copies of classic
literature for schools
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Obregons Changes
Signed agreements to repay foreigndebt
Returned the National Railways to
private owners
Continued positive communication with
U.S.
Re-elected in 1928 but murdered before
attaining office
Responsible for instituting Constitution
1917
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Article 27
1920 Carranza attempted to enforceArticle 27
20% of all oil imports came from Mexico
Obregon increased taxes to pay off debt
but major U.S. producers stopped
shipping Mexican oil
1923 Obregon offered the Bucareli
Accord which Calles rejected
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Plutarco Elias Calles
In 1920 Calles aligned himself with
Obregon to overthrow Carranza
Took presidency in 1924
Continued to be de facto ruler from
1928-1935, a period known as the
Maximato
During the Maximato Presidents EmilioPortes Gil, Pascual Ortiz Rubio,
Abelardo Rodriguez (puppets)
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Plutarco Elias Calles
Created Bank of Mexico
National Road Commission
National Electricity Code
1925 Ford Motor Company Agreement
Land distribution increased until 1930
1929 Great Depression affected
economics and spurned peasant revolts
C ll C th li d
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Calles, Catholics and
Cristero
Noted for his oppression of Catholics Bishops started a peaceful resistance in
response to Calles Law. Catholics
stopped going to mass, movies, schools
Cristero War, a civil war between
Catholic rebels and the government
August 3, 1926 Catholics shut
themselves in the Our Lady ofGuadalupe church until they ran out of
ammunition
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Cristero War continued
1926 Calles Law ordered the registration
of priests and closing of religious
primary schools
In 1927 ambassador Dwight WhitneyMorrow initiated a series of breakfasts
with President Calles to settle this issue
and Article 27
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Cristero War and U.S.
About five percent of Mexicos
population fled to U.S.
Most made their way to Los Angeles and
San Diego
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Obregon and Calles
Instability lead them to establish an
amendment to extend the presidency
term to six years and allow for re-
election after one term out of office Obregon was supposed to serve
another term until assassinated
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Calles Problems
1930 grain production halted
Supported labor unions
Did little for womens rights
Neglected to loan money to ejidos but
only to haciedados
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General Lazaro Cardenas
Campaigned vigorously
1933 elected President
Spent 50% on education
Honest regime
Six year plan to strengthen eijdos, build
modern schools, land distribution of
villages, efforts to raise agriculturalproductivity
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Cardenas continued
Cut his own salary in half
Made himself available to peasants and
workers
Closing down of illegal gambling houses
Villages received schools, medical care,
roads
Peasants received their land from thegovernment (caused dependency)
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Cardenas continued
Land distribution injured the traditional
hacienda system
Increased the wage system, if warranted
Nacional Financiera, (federal bank)
Oil nationalization stimulated industry
and independence
Mining industry remained in foreigninterests
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Cardenas continued
Women granted suffrage not granted
until 1953
Encouraged the study and interests of
indigenous peoples Solved many of the social problems of
the revolution but his hard work was lost
by his successor (Avila Camacho)
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Vasconcelos
Obregons secretary of education
Continued supporting the arts after
leaving office
Offered the walls of public buildings forthe painting of murals that glorified
natives of the past and present
Reestablished the power and value ofnative arts
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Muralists
The Big Three were Diego Rivera,
David Alfaro Siqueiros, and Jose
Clemente Orozco.
Responsible for the Renaissance ofmurals throughout the city
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Siqueros
Influenced and glorified the revolution
Sought realism
Mixed classic style with modern
machines
Witnessed peasant life while fighting in
Constitutional Army
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Rivera
Studied art in Italy and Renaissance
frescos
First mural Creation was painted while
he guarded himself with a pistol Helped establish union of artists
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Orozco
Involved in the renaissance of mural
painting
Avoided bloody (real) aspects of the
revolution