The Mexican The Mexican Revolution in World Revolution in World Historical ContextHistorical Context

Race, labor, dependency and Race, labor, dependency and exploitation: Change and Continuity exploitation: Change and Continuity

Over Time in the World-System Over Time in the World-System

Warm-up QuestionsWarm-up Questions Turn to the person sitting next to you and Turn to the person sitting next to you and

discuss your understanding of the discuss your understanding of the following: following: – What is the world-system?What is the world-system?– What is dependency theory?What is dependency theory?– What is a patron-client relationship? What is a patron-client relationship? – How would Marxist, traditional capitalist How would Marxist, traditional capitalist

and neo-liberal theorists/scholars and neo-liberal theorists/scholars describe the concepts above? describe the concepts above?

– What are your personal feelings of these What are your personal feelings of these concepts and how they have impacted concepts and how they have impacted Latin America? Latin America?

During the LectureDuring the Lecture

Think about: Think about: – Previously studied theories Previously studied theories

(historiography) (historiography) – Murals and their influences, impactsMurals and their influences, impacts– Precedents and parallels (other LA Precedents and parallels (other LA

nations/revolutions…)nations/revolutions…)

PRE-REVOLUTIONARY PRE-REVOLUTIONARY MEXICOMEXICO

Setting the historical stageSetting the historical stage

Mexico PreconquestMexico Preconquest Indigenous cultures: Mexica, Indigenous cultures: Mexica,

or or AztecsAztecs, and the Mayas., and the Mayas. The Aztecs The Aztecs

– Capital, Tenochtitlan, had over Capital, Tenochtitlan, had over 750,000 inhabitants750,000 inhabitants

– Built on an island in Lake Built on an island in Lake Texcoco, in the Valley of Mexico.Texcoco, in the Valley of Mexico.

The Aztecs were an advanced The Aztecs were an advanced civilization intellectually. civilization intellectually. – Astrologists and mathematiciansAstrologists and mathematicians

Zero borrowed from MayaZero borrowed from Maya

– Human sacrificeHuman sacrifice

Map found at: http://www.aztec-history.com/aztec-empire.html

TENOCHTITLAN – The Aztec Capital City

The ConquestThe Conquest In 1519, Hernan In 1519, Hernan

Cortes landsCortes lands 1521-Aztec collapse1521-Aztec collapse

– Guns, germs, steelGuns, germs, steel– Hostile neighborsHostile neighbors

Smallpox, flu, Smallpox, flu, plague: 8 million plague: 8 million Mexican deathsMexican deaths

““Moctezuma’s Moctezuma’s revenge”revenge”– Columbian Exchange Columbian Exchange

theory for syphilis theory for syphilis World system World system

horrors beginhorrors begin

Top: La muerte de Moctezuma – a painting by David Siqueiros

The Trans-Atlantic World The Trans-Atlantic World Economy (15Economy (15thth-17-17thth Century) Century)

Period of European Period of European expansion and expansion and exploitation through the exploitation through the AmericasAmericas

Europe enriched by New Europe enriched by New World resources at little World resources at little to no cost to themselvesto no cost to themselves

Potato and other Potato and other American crops allow for American crops allow for population boom in population boom in Western EuropeWestern Europe

Large-scale slavery Large-scale slavery makes labor costs makes labor costs negligible negligible

Manila Galleons in PacificManila Galleons in Pacific When was this trade When was this trade

prevalent? (1565-1815)prevalent? (1565-1815)

1313

American Population: American Population:

Connection to labor and race?Connection to labor and race?

0

1000000

2000000

3000000

4000000

5000000

6000000

7000000

8000000

1500 1800

Native

European

African

1414

World Population Growth, 1500-World Population Growth, 1500-1800 CE1800 CE

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1500 1600 1700 1800

Millions

Colonial PeriodColonial Period

The Colonial Period last The Colonial Period last from 1521 to 1810.from 1521 to 1810.

New Spain. New Spain. – MexicoMexico– the Spanish the Spanish

Caribbean islandsCaribbean islands– Central America as Central America as

far south as Costa far south as Costa Rica, aRica, a

– Today's Today's southwestern United southwestern United States States

– PhilippinesPhilippines

http://www.biografiasyvidas.com/biografia/c/fotos/cortes.jpg

1616

Key ThemesKey ThemesThroughout the Colonial Period, Throughout the Colonial Period, up to the modern day: up to the modern day:

Labor systems Labor systems Race and caste (class) in Race and caste (class) in society society

Forms of exploitationForms of exploitationU.S Intervention and conflictU.S Intervention and conflictDependency and world-systemDependency and world-system

SocialSocial Classes of Mexico Classes of Mexico Mexican society was divided according to skin Mexican society was divided according to skin

color & heritage into 4 main groups:color & heritage into 4 main groups:– PeninsularesPeninsulares:: Spaniards born in Spain; held top Spaniards born in Spain; held top

positions in government, church, and military.positions in government, church, and military.– Criollos/CreolesCriollos/Creoles:: Pure Spanish blood born in Pure Spanish blood born in

Mexico; wealthy upper class, owned haciendas, Mexico; wealthy upper class, owned haciendas, ranches, & mines. Had little political power.ranches, & mines. Had little political power.

– MestizosMestizos: MixedSpanish & Indian blood; lived in : MixedSpanish & Indian blood; lived in poverty, worked hard, had few rights.poverty, worked hard, had few rights.

– IndiansIndians: Lowest class, mistreated by colonists : Lowest class, mistreated by colonists and church, little or no rights…like slaves.and church, little or no rights…like slaves.

Spaniard + Indian = MestizoSpaniard + Indian = MestizoSpaniard + Indian = MestizoSpaniard + Indian = Mestizo

Black + Spaniard = MullatoBlack + Spaniard = MullatoBlack + Spaniard = MullatoBlack + Spaniard = Mullato

Black + Indian = ZamboBlack + Indian = ZamboBlack + Indian = ZamboBlack + Indian = Zambo

Spaniard + Mestiza = CastizaSpaniard + Mestiza = CastizaSpaniard + Mestiza = CastizaSpaniard + Mestiza = Castiza

Spaniard + Castiza = SpaniardSpaniard + Castiza = SpaniardSpaniard + Castiza = SpaniardSpaniard + Castiza = Spaniard

Zambo + Indian = ZambaigaZambo + Indian = ZambaigaZambo + Indian = ZambaigaZambo + Indian = Zambaiga

Zambaigo + Indian = AlbarazadoZambaigo + Indian = AlbarazadoZambaigo + Indian = AlbarazadoZambaigo + Indian = Albarazado

Indian + Albarazada = ChamizoIndian + Albarazada = ChamizoIndian + Albarazada = ChamizoIndian + Albarazada = Chamizo

Chamizo + Indian = CambujaChamizo + Indian = CambujaChamizo + Indian = CambujaChamizo + Indian = Cambuja

Albarazado + Indian = CachimboretaAlbarazado + Indian = CachimboretaAlbarazado + Indian = CachimboretaAlbarazado + Indian = Cachimboreta

Zambaigo + Indian = AlbarazadoZambaigo + Indian = AlbarazadoZambaigo + Indian = AlbarazadoZambaigo + Indian = Albarazado

Albarazada + Mulatto = BarcinoAlbarazada + Mulatto = BarcinoAlbarazada + Mulatto = BarcinoAlbarazada + Mulatto = Barcino

Barcino + Zambo = CoyoteBarcino + Zambo = CoyoteBarcino + Zambo = CoyoteBarcino + Zambo = Coyote

Coyote + Indian = CambujoCoyote + Indian = CambujoCoyote + Indian = CambujoCoyote + Indian = Cambujo

Cambujo + Indian = ChamizoCambujo + Indian = ChamizoCambujo + Indian = ChamizoCambujo + Indian = Chamizo

Essential Questions:Essential Questions:1.1. What do the previous “castas” slides What do the previous “castas” slides

suggest about race relations in suggest about race relations in Mexico?Mexico?

2.2. What do the earlier slides about the What do the earlier slides about the Mexica (Aztecs) and the Columbian Mexica (Aztecs) and the Columbian Exchange suggest about relations Exchange suggest about relations between Mexico and Europe or other between Mexico and Europe or other outside powers? outside powers?

3.3. How will these socio-historical How will these socio-historical influences help define Mexican influences help define Mexican revolutionary identity? revolutionary identity?

Discuss with your partner. Discuss with your partner.

Mexican Independence?Mexican Independence? Father Hidalgo, Creole Father Hidalgo, Creole

priest who taught priest who taught Indians and Mestizos.Indians and Mestizos.

Leads the call for Leads the call for Mexican Independence Mexican Independence from Spain 9/16/1810:from Spain 9/16/1810:

Speech: Speech: El Grito de El Grito de Dolores.Dolores.

My children: a new My children: a new dispensation comes to us dispensation comes to us today. Will you receive it? today. Will you receive it? Will you free yourselves? Will you free yourselves? Will you recover the lands Will you recover the lands stolen three hundred years stolen three hundred years ago from your forefathers ago from your forefathers by the hated Spaniards? We by the hated Spaniards? We must act at once… Will you must act at once… Will you defend your religion and defend your religion and your rights as true patriots? your rights as true patriots? Long live our Lady of Long live our Lady of Guadalupe! Death to bad Guadalupe! Death to bad government! Death to the government! Death to the gachupinesgachupines!!

Mexican War of Mexican War of IndependenceIndependence

– Father Hidalgo Father Hidalgo was supported by Indians, was supported by Indians, mestizos, and criollos, who were prevented mestizos, and criollos, who were prevented from governing their country by from governing their country by peninsulares.peninsulares.

– Passionate, but unprofessional army--Passionate, but unprofessional army--outmatched by Spaniards. outmatched by Spaniards.

– Father Hidalgo & other revolutionaries were Father Hidalgo & other revolutionaries were killed in 1811. killed in 1811. Tortured, body mutilated, head hung as a Tortured, body mutilated, head hung as a

warningwarning

– Fighting continues until 1821Fighting continues until 1821– General, Augustin de Iturbide unites Mexico General, Augustin de Iturbide unites Mexico

and defeats Spainand defeats Spain– Treaty of Cordoba—1821Treaty of Cordoba—1821– Little changes in Mexico Little changes in Mexico

U.S. Mexico Relations in 19U.S. Mexico Relations in 19thth CenturyCentury

Monroe Doctrine: 1823Monroe Doctrine: 1823Largely bluff, some support from Great Largely bluff, some support from Great

BritainBritain Mexican-American War (1846-1848) Mexican-American War (1846-1848)

After 1845 U.S. Annexation of TexasAfter 1845 U.S. Annexation of Texas(1836 Texan Revolution) (1836 Texan Revolution)

U.S. victorious: take 50% of Mexican U.S. victorious: take 50% of Mexican territoryterritory

Treaty of Guadalupe-HidalgoTreaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo La Reforma (1860s)La Reforma (1860s) Porfiriato (1876-1880; 1881/4-1911)Porfiriato (1876-1880; 1881/4-1911)

1823   General Santa Anna deposed Iturbide and declared a Republic. Bitter struggle began between centrists (conservatives) and federalists (liberals), continuing to 1860.

Mar 1, 1836  

Because of Santa Anna's increased federal centralization, Texas declares its independence.

Dec 29, 1845  

The United States annexes the Republic of Texas. President James K. Polk sends John Slidell to Mexico to settle differences but war party in Mexico under Paredes won out.

1846-1848   US-Mexican War. Four campaigns -- Taylor in Northern Mexico, Kearny in New Mexico, naval blockage of both coasts and Scott's campaign from Vera Cruz to Mexico City.

Oct 13, 1847  

Aztec Club of 1847 organized in Mexico City with General John A. Quitman, of Mississippi, as its first President.

Feb 2, 1848  Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ends the War. Terms of peace included payment by the United States of $15 million for Mexico Cession.

1857   A new constitution and a liberal victory, but three years of civil war followed until Benito Juarez emerged as liberal leader and President.

1861   European intervention during the U.S. Civil War by Great Britain, Spain and France. First two withdraw shortly thereafter.

1863   French army captures Mexico City and Archduke Maximilian of Austria-Hungary, a Hapsburg, proclaimed second Emperor of Mexico.

1865-1867   U.S. Civil War ends, the United States sends troops to the border, French withdraw and Maximilian is executed at Querétaro.

1867-1872    Juarez is again President of Mexico; dies in office.

1877-1911   Porfirio Diáz dictator of Mexico for all but four years. Encourages foreign exploitation of Mexico's natural wealth, but Mexico City becomes a metropolis.

The Key Phrase from the The Key Phrase from the Monroe DoctrineMonroe Doctrine

……the American continents, by the free the American continents, by the free and independent condition which they and independent condition which they have assumed and maintain, are have assumed and maintain, are henceforth not to be considered as henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any subjects for future colonization by any European powers… European powers…

THINGS FALL APARTTHINGS FALL APARTThe end of the PorfiriatoThe end of the Porfiriato

World Revolutions in Comparison (WASTE/MC)World Revolutions in Comparison (WASTE/MC)

WASTE (MC) French Russian Mexican

War •7 Years. U.S. Revolution

•1904-5 Russo-Japanese War, WWI

•Mexican-American War, French Invasion, WWI

Absolutism • Louis XVI •Romanovs •Diaz (basically)

Social Class •Three Estates •Peasants, Landlords

•Landowners and corporatists/peasants

Taxation •Heavy Taxes for Wars. Luxuries

•Taxes for war and some luxuries; no land reform

•Heavy taxes, no land reform, overworked/underpaid peasantry

Enlightenment Ideas (Marxism Communism)

•Enlightenment Ideas

•Marxist-Communist Ideas

•Both Enlightenment and Marxist ideas; common sense revolution

Why Revolution, and Why Why Revolution, and Why 1910?1910?

Complex reasons; the Complex reasons; the revolution is not a revolution is not a unified processunified process

Gradual mutation of Gradual mutation of attitudes between attitudes between 1900-1910; more and 1900-1910; more and more individuals more individuals abandoning the hope abandoning the hope of social and political of social and political progress in the progress in the framework of the framework of the existing orderexisting order

Agitation from above Agitation from above and belowand below

Porfiriato = years of Porfiriato = years of frustration for those frustration for those who want changewho want change

Diaz and the PorfiriatoDiaz and the Porfiriato Basically 1876-1910Basically 1876-1910

1880-18841880-1884 Elitist dictatorshipElitist dictatorship ““pan o palo” pan o palo” Client of U.S.Client of U.S. Interests of the elite Interests of the elite

classes at heartclasses at heart How would Diaz help How would Diaz help

shape Mexican shape Mexican

revolutionary identityrevolutionary identity? ?

The Flores Magon Brothers & The Flores Magon Brothers & RegeneraciónRegeneración

Anarchist group of brothersAnarchist group of brothers ““RegeneraciónRegeneración” their ” their

mouthpiece, openly critical of mouthpiece, openly critical of Diaz’s policies; brothers Diaz’s policies; brothers Jesus, Ricardo, and EnriqueJesus, Ricardo, and Enrique

First time notion of social First time notion of social reform should come before reform should come before political reform\political reform\

Policies annoyed U.S.—fear Policies annoyed U.S.—fear of loss of political/economic of loss of political/economic controlcontrol– Cross-border effortsCross-border efforts

Labor ViolenceLabor Violence Yaqui RevoltYaqui Revolt

18961896  “Diaz’s anti-agrarian and anti-indigenous Mexican

policies" Labor strike at Cananea Copper Mine (Sonora)Labor strike at Cananea Copper Mine (Sonora)

– June 1906June 1906– Colonel William Greene and Colonel William Greene and defense of American defense of American

interestsinterests– Role of Role of RegeneracionRegeneracion and labor agitation and labor agitation– Violent response by Diaz’ agentsViolent response by Diaz’ agents

Labor strike at Rio Blanco textile mill (Veracruz)Labor strike at Rio Blanco textile mill (Veracruz) 19071907

Flores Magon brothers implicated in these events; Flores Magon brothers implicated in these events; but Diaz did not see these as indicative of larger but Diaz did not see these as indicative of larger problems = isolated eventsproblems = isolated events

The Creelman InterviewThe Creelman Interview 1908 interview given by Diaz to James 1908 interview given by Diaz to James

Creelman, reporter for the NY Times Creelman, reporter for the NY Times ((parallel?parallel?))

Message sent:Message sent:– Ready to retire; welcomed opposition parties and Ready to retire; welcomed opposition parties and

was ready to promote democracywas ready to promote democracy Why?Why?

– Saw the interview as bait to bring out opposition Saw the interview as bait to bring out opposition so that he could easily “deal” with them?so that he could easily “deal” with them?

– Sincere in his remarks; subsequent events forced Sincere in his remarks; subsequent events forced him to change his mind? him to change his mind?

Gearing up for the Election of 1910Gearing up for the Election of 1910

Emergence of Francisco Emergence of Francisco MaderoMadero

BackgroundBackground Advocating a political Advocating a political

revolution as the solutionrevolution as the solution Had experience with Had experience with

plight of the landless plight of the landless poor; yet believed that poor; yet believed that solutions came from solutions came from individuals, not society individuals, not society ((MC or E?MC or E?))

Moderate vs. radical Moderate vs. radical liberals; Flores Magon liberals; Flores Magon brothers felt he ignored brothers felt he ignored the stark social reality of the stark social reality of Mexico at the timeMexico at the time– Not radical enoughNot radical enough

Campaign and Election of Campaign and Election of 19101910

Madero vs. Diaz; anti-Diaz rhetoric rising; Madero vs. Diaz; anti-Diaz rhetoric rising; arrest of Maderoarrest of Madero– Fomenting rebellionFomenting rebellion– Insulting public authoritiesInsulting public authorities

Madero jailed, Diaz victorious Madero jailed, Diaz victorious Response = Response = Plan de San Luis PotosiPlan de San Luis Potosi

– From Texas, Madero forced to flee countryFrom Texas, Madero forced to flee country Reveals Madero’s concern for democracy and Reveals Madero’s concern for democracy and

political reforms before social changepolitical reforms before social change Serves, however, as the opening shots of the Serves, however, as the opening shots of the

RevolutionRevolution

Fragmented Birth of the RevolutionFragmented Birth of the Revolution

Continues to Continues to emphasize the long emphasize the long historical tradition in historical tradition in Mexico of Mexico of regionalism regionalism and fragmentationand fragmentation

Centers of revolt in Centers of revolt in North, Central, and North, Central, and Southern Mexico; Southern Mexico; goals differentgoals different

A revolution or a civil A revolution or a civil war?war? (Or both?) We’ll (Or both?) We’ll discussdiscuss

Significant long term Significant long term impact on the impact on the development of development of Mexico in the 20Mexico in the 20thth century; the defining century; the defining modern eventmodern event

Revolution in the NorthRevolution in the North Pascual Orozco in Pascual Orozco in

Western ChihuahuaWestern Chihuahua Pancho Villa, also in Pancho Villa, also in

ChihuahuaChihuahua Support of disaffected Support of disaffected

miners, ranchers, miners, ranchers, indigenous groupsindigenous groups

Not much opposition Not much opposition from Porfirian Armyfrom Porfirian Army

Advocating labor and Advocating labor and land reforms in the land reforms in the North – individual North – individual access to land; labor access to land; labor codes that protect the codes that protect the workerworker

Revolution in the SouthRevolution in the South

Represents the ideas of Represents the ideas of change in Southern change in Southern Mexico = Emiliano Mexico = Emiliano ZapataZapata

Primary focus – inherent Primary focus – inherent rights/access to land; rights/access to land; responding to the reality responding to the reality of land concentration of land concentration during the Porfirian during the Porfirian period (period (Plan de Ayala--Plan de Ayala--laterlater))

Initially does not support Initially does not support the Plan de San Luis the Plan de San Luis Potosi; but eventually Potosi; but eventually comes around to the comes around to the ideas of the Revolutionideas of the Revolution

Popular Support of the Popular Support of the Revolution Revolution

Exile of DiazExile of Diaz

Madero’s return to Mexico; capture of Ciudad Madero’s return to Mexico; capture of Ciudad JuarezJuarez

Becomes focal point for RevolutionBecomes focal point for Revolution– A provincial capitalA provincial capital– Official point of entry between US and MexicoOfficial point of entry between US and Mexico– Morale boostMorale boost

Diaz negotiates treaty with revolutionaries on Diaz negotiates treaty with revolutionaries on May 21, 1911; exiled to FranceMay 21, 1911; exiled to France

Madero takes power, but underestimates the Madero takes power, but underestimates the discontent that the majority of Mexicans felt discontent that the majority of Mexicans felt about the social and economic situations they about the social and economic situations they found themselves under. At this point, a major found themselves under. At this point, a major fragmentation of revolutionary goals emerge. fragmentation of revolutionary goals emerge. Now what? Now what?

Summarize. Summarize.

Think about: Think about: – Previously studies theories Previously studies theories

(historiography) (historiography) – Murals and their influences, impactsMurals and their influences, impacts– Precedents and parallels (other LA Precedents and parallels (other LA

nations/revolutions…)nations/revolutions…)

THINGS FAIL TO COME THINGS FAIL TO COME TOGETHERTOGETHER

What comes after the revolution? (Take 1: Madero) What comes after the revolution? (Take 1: Madero)

Madero’s MistakesMadero’s Mistakes Enemies withinEnemies within: :

– Allowed Diaz’s military forces to remain in the Allowed Diaz’s military forces to remain in the military with the assumption that they had military with the assumption that they had learned their lessonlearned their lesson

Betrayed land reformBetrayed land reform: : – He told Emiliano Zapata that lands taken from He told Emiliano Zapata that lands taken from

Indian villages by hacendados could not be Indian villages by hacendados could not be returned (estranged Zapata) returned (estranged Zapata)

Weak stand against USA and big business:Weak stand against USA and big business:– Large oil companies (American owned), large Large oil companies (American owned), large

land owners and others in the economic elite land owners and others in the economic elite waged a war of words against Madero in the waged a war of words against Madero in the Mexican press which inspired rebellion Mexican press which inspired rebellion (estranged Orozco and Villa) (estranged Orozco and Villa)

Result: Zapata and the Plan de Result: Zapata and the Plan de AyalaAyala

Disillusioned with the slow pace of change under Disillusioned with the slow pace of change under Madero’s leadership, Zapata continued the Madero’s leadership, Zapata continued the revolution by advancing his own plan, the Plad de revolution by advancing his own plan, the Plad de Ayala.Ayala.

In the Plan de Ayala Zapata writes that Madero had In the Plan de Ayala Zapata writes that Madero had “no intentions other than to satisfy his personal “no intentions other than to satisfy his personal ambitions, boundless instincts as a tyrant, and his ambitions, boundless instincts as a tyrant, and his profound disrespect” for the constitution of 1857.profound disrespect” for the constitution of 1857.

Zapata went onto promise small largely indigenous Zapata went onto promise small largely indigenous land holders that they would be returned their land holders that they would be returned their properties taken by their “oppressors.”properties taken by their “oppressors.”

It should be noted that Madero was the owner of an It should be noted that Madero was the owner of an enormous estancia and had appointed many enormous estancia and had appointed many members of his family to his governmentmembers of his family to his government

12. A Mural depicting Zapata 12. A Mural depicting Zapata with his Plan de Ayalawith his Plan de Ayala

1212

General Huerta Succeeds General Huerta Succeeds MaderoMadero

In 1913 General Victoriano Huerta In 1913 General Victoriano Huerta overthrew the Madero government by overthrew the Madero government by assassinating him.assassinating him.

Huerta, a general under Madero in the Huerta, a general under Madero in the Mexican army, rose to power with Mexican army, rose to power with Madero’s death and with the hope of Madero’s death and with the hope of restoring the rule similar to the Porfirato.restoring the rule similar to the Porfirato.

Huerta rise to power inadvertently Huerta rise to power inadvertently initiated the dramatically revolutionary initiated the dramatically revolutionary phase of the Mexican revolution.phase of the Mexican revolution.

Victoriano HuertaVictoriano Huerta

Venustiano Carranza and the Venustiano Carranza and the Constitutionalist ArmyConstitutionalist Army

Venustiano Carranza joins the Venustiano Carranza joins the RevolutionRevolution

Carranza, a wealthy landholder Carranza, a wealthy landholder like Madero organized a third army, like Madero organized a third army, mostly of Mexico’s elite to contest mostly of Mexico’s elite to contest Huerta’s presidency. In his Plan de Huerta’s presidency. In his Plan de Guadalupe (March 1913) Carranza Guadalupe (March 1913) Carranza declared himself the “declared himself the “First Chief of the First Chief of the Constitutional ArmyConstitutional Army,” but said nothing ,” but said nothing about socio-economic conditions that about socio-economic conditions that propelled Villa and especially Zapata.propelled Villa and especially Zapata.

Carranza and ObregonCarranza and Obregon

Alvaro Obregon Joins Alvaro Obregon Joins CarranzaCarranza

Huerta resigned as President in 1914 Huerta resigned as President in 1914 after the US refused to recognized after the US refused to recognized him as a President and sent troops to him as a President and sent troops to Veracruz.Veracruz.

Obregon joined Carranza as a Obregon joined Carranza as a military strategist. Together they military strategist. Together they defeated Villa’s forces in the North defeated Villa’s forces in the North and ultimately assassinated Zapata and ultimately assassinated Zapata in the South.in the South.

The Mexican Constitution of The Mexican Constitution of 1917 institutionalizes the 1917 institutionalizes the

revolutionrevolution The Mexican constitution of 1917 The Mexican constitution of 1917

empowered the government to redistribute empowered the government to redistribute land, recognized labors right to organize, land, recognized labors right to organize, subjected the church to new restrictions. subjected the church to new restrictions.

Carranza assumed to the presidency in Carranza assumed to the presidency in 1917, but resigned after trying to rig the 1917, but resigned after trying to rig the first election under the new constitution.first election under the new constitution.

Obregon succeeded Carranza and organized Obregon succeeded Carranza and organized the the Partido Nacional Revolucionario Partido Nacional Revolucionario – Renamed the Renamed the Partido Revolucionario InstitucionalPartido Revolucionario Institucional

—The PRI—in 1946—The PRI—in 1946

Transitions to stabilityTransitions to stability From revolution to anarchy (1915-1917)From revolution to anarchy (1915-1917)

– US support of CarranzaUS support of Carranza– Pancho Villa’s exploits and the Pershing expeditionPancho Villa’s exploits and the Pershing expedition

Stability at the Queretaro Convention Stability at the Queretaro Convention (October, 1916)(October, 1916)– Purpose is to write a new constitution; desire to end Purpose is to write a new constitution; desire to end

factionalization and come to some compromisefactionalization and come to some compromise– Led by CarranzaLed by Carranza– Some ideas carry over from the 19Some ideas carry over from the 19thth century century– For most part, new constitution based on 20For most part, new constitution based on 20thth century century

liberalismliberalism– Articles Articles 3, 27, and 1233, 27, and 123

A long term document; seals the A long term document; seals the Revolution as a permanent part of Mexican Revolution as a permanent part of Mexican nationalism and development, and nationalism and development, and solidifies Carranza’s hold on powersolidifies Carranza’s hold on power

Key Articles—Mexican Key Articles—Mexican ConstitutionConstitution

Article 3 Article 3 – Education -- secular, obligatory, free Education -- secular, obligatory, free

Article 27 Article 27 – Land reform, land belongs to Mexico --Land reform, land belongs to Mexico --

subsoil too (why important?) subsoil too (why important?) Article 123 Article 123

– Labor reform -- workers rights, strikes Labor reform -- workers rights, strikes and unions legal, minimum wage, and unions legal, minimum wage, equal for men and womenequal for men and women

Carranza Presidency (1917-Carranza Presidency (1917-1920)1920)

Generally considered a Generally considered a failurefailure

One shining light = estab. One shining light = estab. of a national labor of a national labor organization = organization = CROMCROM Confederacion Regional Confederacion Regional Obrera Mexicana, headed Obrera Mexicana, headed by Luis Moronesby Luis Morones

Overthrow of CarranzaOverthrow of Carranza– Protests from the state of Protests from the state of

Sonora (Adolfo de la Huerta, Sonora (Adolfo de la Huerta, Plutarco Calles, Alvaro Plutarco Calles, Alvaro Obregon Obregon The Sonoran The Sonoran TriangleTriangle

– Plan de Agua PrietaPlan de Agua Prieta

The Obregon Presidency The Obregon Presidency (1920-1924)(1920-1924)

Signficance? Mexico’s Signficance? Mexico’s social revolution, and the social revolution, and the implementation of the implementation of the Revolution, starts hereRevolution, starts here

Agrarian ReformAgrarian Reform Labor ReformLabor Reform EducationEducation

– ““To educate is to redeem”To educate is to redeem”– Jose VasconcelosJose Vasconcelos

Introduction of the ideas Introduction of the ideas of of indigenismo indigenismo

Never recognized by the Never recognized by the US governmentUS government

Plutarco Calles and the Plutarco Calles and the MaximatoMaximato New groups to consider via the RevolutionNew groups to consider via the Revolution

– Organized labor (esp. in the North; major Organized labor (esp. in the North; major industrialized areas; tied to Article 123)industrialized areas; tied to Article 123)

– Peasants (esp. in the South and Central; tied to Peasants (esp. in the South and Central; tied to Article 27)Article 27)

– Business interests = difficult at time to controlBusiness interests = difficult at time to control The power and “presidencies” of Calles The power and “presidencies” of Calles

known as the known as the MaximatoMaximato– 1924-1928 = Calles1924-1928 = Calles– 1928-1932 = Emilio Portes Gil1928-1932 = Emilio Portes Gil– 1932-1934 = Abelardo Rodriguez1932-1934 = Abelardo Rodriguez– 28-24, Calles not president; but might of well 28-24, Calles not president; but might of well

had beenhad been Key to this period is a distinct shift Key to this period is a distinct shift to the to the

rightright in terms of political ideology in terms of political ideology

Themes of the Themes of the MaximatoMaximato

Payoff for Social & Economic Payoff for Social & Economic Reform Reform redistribution of redistribution of land & more favorable land & more favorable conditions for workersconditions for workers

Labor & the growth of CROMLabor & the growth of CROM EducationEducation US/Mexican relations US/Mexican relations

cautious warmingcautious warming Formation of the PNR Formation of the PNR Ptd. Ptd.

Nacional Revolucionario; Nacional Revolucionario; attempts to bring stability to attempts to bring stability to politicspolitics

War on Mexican CommunistsWar on Mexican Communists

Problems with the Problems with the MaximatoMaximato??

Shift to the right ideologically; away Shift to the right ideologically; away from some of the principles of the from some of the principles of the RevolutionRevolution

Responses?Responses?– To the left, towards socialismTo the left, towards socialism

““The Socialists ABCs” The Socialists ABCs”

– To the right, The Cristero Revolt To the right, The Cristero Revolt – Existence of regional caciques counter Existence of regional caciques counter

Calles goalsCalles goals Global obstacles to the social Global obstacles to the social

revolution = The Great Depressionrevolution = The Great Depression

Muralist Movement - Diego Muralist Movement - Diego RiveraRivera

Emerges out of the Emerges out of the Revolution; an artistic Revolution; an artistic and political and political expression of a new expression of a new Mexico and Mexican Mexico and Mexican identityidentity

Embraces the Indian Embraces the Indian as a positive force in as a positive force in the formation of the formation of Mexican identityMexican identity

New emphasis on the New emphasis on the indigenous side of the indigenous side of the identity equation = identity equation = indigenismoindigenismo; through ; through policies, art, culture, policies, art, culture, historyhistory

Cardenas & Mexican Populism Cardenas & Mexican Populism (1934-1940)(1934-1940)

BackgroundBackground Born in 1895; Michoacan; educated through Born in 1895; Michoacan; educated through

the 6the 6thth grade grade Experiences during the Revolution led him into Experiences during the Revolution led him into

politicspolitics– Acting governor of Michoacan under ObregonActing governor of Michoacan under Obregon– Governor under Calles (1928-1932); road tests Governor under Calles (1928-1932); road tests

many policies he would bring to the national levelmany policies he would bring to the national level Hand picked by Calles as candidate for Hand picked by Calles as candidate for

president in 1934president in 1934 Demonstrated his populist tendencies during Demonstrated his populist tendencies during

the campaign; evoked principles of the the campaign; evoked principles of the RevolutionRevolution

Cardenas and the Social Cardenas and the Social RevolutionRevolution

Open lines of communication with the Open lines of communication with the publicpublic

Modest in his own public displaysModest in his own public displays Breaks from the Calles machineBreaks from the Calles machine Becomes president during a time of Becomes president during a time of

transition in the Revolutionary transition in the Revolutionary generationsgenerations

Is the most successful of the post-Is the most successful of the post-Revolutionary presidents in Revolutionary presidents in institutionalizing the Revolutioninstitutionalizing the Revolution

Agrarian ReformAgrarian Reform The first focus of his The first focus of his

presidencypresidency– ““A Convention at A Convention at

Zacapu”Zacapu” Agrarian Reform Agrarian Reform

(Article 27)(Article 27)– Returns close to 50 Returns close to 50

million acresmillion acres– Agrarian reform – not Agrarian reform – not

just land reformjust land reform– Reinforcing the Reinforcing the ejidoejido– ““The Agrarian Reform at The Agrarian Reform at

La Laguna”La Laguna”

Labor ReformLabor Reform Labor Reform (Article 123)Labor Reform (Article 123)

– Developing sophistication of Developing sophistication of labor unionslabor unions

– CROM CROM CTM CTM– Dealt with bread & butter Dealt with bread & butter

issues, especially the wage issues, especially the wage structurestructure

Nationalization of Railways Nationalization of Railways & Oil& Oil– ““The Oil Expropriation” as an The Oil Expropriation” as an

example of nation building; example of nation building; significant support from other significant support from other LA nationsLA nations

– Calls for intervention in the USCalls for intervention in the US– Question of value of Question of value of

compensation ($200M vs. compensation ($200M vs. $24M)$24M)

– Creation of Creation of PEMEXPEMEX

Political ReformPolitical Reform Redefining PoliticsRedefining Politics PRN PRN PRM (Partido Revolucionario Mexicano; PRM (Partido Revolucionario Mexicano;

1938)1938) Question of how to create political unity; examined Question of how to create political unity; examined

in “Cardenas & The Masses”in “Cardenas & The Masses” Type of integration of different groups into national Type of integration of different groups into national

politics; defines Cardenas populist style, but is it politics; defines Cardenas populist style, but is it really about true political integration or political really about true political integration or political controlcontrol– ““Cardenas took care to guide the workers’ struggle Cardenas took care to guide the workers’ struggle

toward purely economic rewards, and when they were toward purely economic rewards, and when they were integrated into the political process they remained integrated into the political process they remained subordinate to, and controlled by, the State, through the subordinate to, and controlled by, the State, through the official party” (Arturo Anguiano)official party” (Arturo Anguiano)

Formation of the CNC Formation of the CNC Confederacion Nacional de Confederacion Nacional de CampesinosCampesinos

Formation of the CTM Formation of the CTM Confederacion Confederacion Trabajadores Mexicanos; led by Vicente LombardoTrabajadores Mexicanos; led by Vicente Lombardo

The Mexican Revolution The Mexican Revolution Accomplished the Following:Accomplished the Following:

Nationalization of the oil industryNationalization of the oil industry Transfer of more than 45 million Transfer of more than 45 million

acres of land to the poweracres of land to the power The near monopoly of political power The near monopoly of political power

by the PRIby the PRI A socialist orientation by the A socialist orientation by the

politicians that followedpoliticians that followed

PERSPECTIVES AND PERSPECTIVES AND HISTORIOGRAPHYHISTORIOGRAPHY

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Davies J-Curve

Causes of Revolution III: Theory of Rising Expectations The “J-Curve” theory of

political revolutions "Revolutions are most likely to

occur when a prolonged period of objective economic and social development is followed by a short period of sharp reversal. People then subjectively fear that ground gained with great effort will be quite lost; their mood becomes revolutionary. Various statistics—as on rural uprisings, industrial strikes, chocolate is yummy, unemployment, and cost of living—may serve as crude indexes of popular mood. More useful, though less easy to obtain, are direct questions in cross-sectional interviews. The goal of predicting revolution is conceived but not yet born or matured."

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Pause and Reflect

• Turn to the people to your left and right and summarize the three devices/theories of revolution we have looked at thus far

113

Mexican Revolution (1910-Mexican Revolution (1910-40)40)

Radicals v. ReformersRadicals v. Reformers Thin line?Thin line? Periodization:Periodization:

– Armed (Revolution) Phase Armed (Revolution) Phase (1910-20)(1910-20)

– Reform Phase (1920-40)Reform Phase (1920-40) Best organizational Best organizational

method: These two large method: These two large phases, combined with phases, combined with more specific breakdowns more specific breakdowns based on historiographic based on historiographic decisions…decisions…

Consider periodization…Consider periodization…

Great menGreat men Social reformSocial reform LegislatureLegislature World EventsWorld Events USA influenceUSA influence Political Political

upheavals upheavals

Historiography 1Historiography 1 Orthodox View Orthodox View (ca. 1930-late 1960s):(ca. 1930-late 1960s):

– Revolution was a mass, unanimous uprising; Revolution was a mass, unanimous uprising; peasant v. small number of exploiterspeasant v. small number of exploiters

– Regime of the 1920s was a populist, nationalist Regime of the 1920s was a populist, nationalist regimeregime

– Despite emphasis on peasant movement, Despite emphasis on peasant movement, mostly Top-Downmostly Top-Down

– Myth of the RevolutionMyth of the Revolution – supported by the – supported by the government, 1930 government, 1930

– Notable purveyors of this view: Frank Notable purveyors of this view: Frank Tannenbaum, Robert E. Quirk, Charles Tannenbaum, Robert E. Quirk, Charles Cumberland Cumberland

Historiography 2Historiography 2 Revisionist View (1968-1970s):Revisionist View (1968-1970s):

– There really was no revolution – it was just a There really was no revolution – it was just a political ‘shuffle’ of elites or just a ‘great political ‘shuffle’ of elites or just a ‘great rebellion’rebellion’

– Just a change from one dictator (Diaz) to another Just a change from one dictator (Diaz) to another (Calles/Cardenas)(Calles/Cardenas)

– As revision develops, studies moved away from As revision develops, studies moved away from Top-Down and focused on the social movements Top-Down and focused on the social movements (e.g. Jean Meyer’s (e.g. Jean Meyer’s La CristiadaLa Cristiada))

– Development of the Development of the MicrohistoryMicrohistory (e.g. Paul (e.g. Paul Friedrich’s Friedrich’s Agrarian Revolution in a Mexican Agrarian Revolution in a Mexican VillageVillage and *Luiz Gonzalez’s and *Luiz Gonzalez’s San Jose de GraciaSan Jose de Gracia*)*)

– Notable purveyors of this view: Ramon Ruiz, Jean Notable purveyors of this view: Ramon Ruiz, Jean MeyerMeyer

Historiography 3Historiography 3

Post-revisionist view (1980s-now)Post-revisionist view (1980s-now)– Synthesis of the orthodox and revisionist viewsSynthesis of the orthodox and revisionist views– Revolution was first and foremost a social Revolution was first and foremost a social

movementmovement– Regional perspective (North/Center/South) is Regional perspective (North/Center/South) is

key; generalization must be carefully key; generalization must be carefully constructedconstructed

– Continued debate over top-down (e.g. E. Continued debate over top-down (e.g. E. Krauze) vs. bottom-up (regional Krauze) vs. bottom-up (regional microhistorians)microhistorians)

– Notable purveyors of this perspective: Alan Notable purveyors of this perspective: Alan Knight, Linda Hall, John Womack, DA BradingKnight, Linda Hall, John Womack, DA Brading

ReflectReflect

Think of Think of ourour readings: readings: – The Nation The Nation articles? articles? – Your documents? Your documents? – Keen? Keen? – Cockcroft? Cockcroft?

Where do they stand in these Where do they stand in these debates? debates?

Historiography 4Historiography 4

Top-Down vs. Bottom-upTop-Down vs. Bottom-up– Who was more influential: the leaders or the Who was more influential: the leaders or the

masses?masses?– Cannot understand the revolution looking only Cannot understand the revolution looking only

at the leaders – it was a at the leaders – it was a social revolutionsocial revolution– Yet can still learn a lot about the revolution Yet can still learn a lot about the revolution

from the careers of the leaders – especially from the careers of the leaders – especially leaders such as Zapata, Obregon, Cardenaleaders such as Zapata, Obregon, Cardena

– Compare to Cuban Revolution theories: rising Compare to Cuban Revolution theories: rising expectations, great men, etc.expectations, great men, etc.

Historiography 5--EmphasisHistoriography 5--Emphasis

According to Nora Hamilton, According to Nora Hamilton, Cardenas reached the “limits of state Cardenas reached the “limits of state autonomy” in 1938. Due to the autonomy” in 1938. Due to the nature of his ‘progressive alliance’, nature of his ‘progressive alliance’, he was eventually forced to slow he was eventually forced to slow down the revolutionary policiesdown the revolutionary policies– According the orthodox view, his policies According the orthodox view, his policies

were the culmination of the were the culmination of the revolutionary promisesrevolutionary promises

Radicals/Revolutionaries v. Radicals/Revolutionaries v. ReformersReformers

IB likes to make this distinction—clearly define IB likes to make this distinction—clearly define these in your essay—good element for your these in your essay—good element for your introintro

What is a Radical/Revolutionary?What is a Radical/Revolutionary?– In MR, can be divided into 2 groups:In MR, can be divided into 2 groups:

AgraristasAgraristas – groups led to revolt due primarily to agrarian – groups led to revolt due primarily to agrarian grievances. Thus, main goal was agrarian reform (e.g. grievances. Thus, main goal was agrarian reform (e.g. Zapata)Zapata)

SerranosSerranos – groups led to revolt due to threats to way of life, – groups led to revolt due to threats to way of life, varied based on region. Main goals included autonomy, varied based on region. Main goals included autonomy, political control, cultural independence (e.g. Pancho Villa)political control, cultural independence (e.g. Pancho Villa)

– Both groups have common ground: they entered Both groups have common ground: they entered into revolution due to expansion under the Porfiriatointo revolution due to expansion under the Porfiriato

Radicals/Revolutionaries vs. Reformers Radicals/Revolutionaries vs. Reformers (2)(2)

What is a Reformer?What is a Reformer?– Working through governmental or legal Working through governmental or legal

institutions to bring about changeinstitutions to bring about change– After the Armed Revolution, succession of After the Armed Revolution, succession of

Presidents who attempted to institutionalise Presidents who attempted to institutionalise the revolution through reformsthe revolution through reforms

– Types of reforms depended on the President – Types of reforms depended on the President – e.g. Obregon – political; Calles – cultural; e.g. Obregon – political; Calles – cultural; Cardenas – socio-economicCardenas – socio-economic

Can a Reformer be a Radical? Are all Can a Reformer be a Radical? Are all Revolutionaries Radical?Revolutionaries Radical?

Urban LaborUrban Labor Where does the: Where does the:

– Casa del Obrero Mundial (1912)Casa del Obrero Mundial (1912) House of the World WorkerHouse of the World Worker Anarcho-Syndicalism/Red BattalionsAnarcho-Syndicalism/Red Battalions

– CROM (1918)CROM (1918) Confederación Regional Obrera MexicanaConfederación Regional Obrera Mexicana Government cooperation/Art. 123/Cristero WarGovernment cooperation/Art. 123/Cristero War

– CTM (1936)CTM (1936) Confederación de Trabajadores de MéxicoConfederación de Trabajadores de México Cardenas/PRI/elimination of independent laborCardenas/PRI/elimination of independent labor

Did urban labor organization betray the promise Did urban labor organization betray the promise of the Magonistas? of the Magonistas?

Map of Mexico - Map of Mexico - RegionalisationRegionalisation

PHASES AND LEADERSPHASES AND LEADERSReview:Review:

Armed Phase (1910-20)Armed Phase (1910-20) ‘‘Revolutionary’ Leaders:Revolutionary’ Leaders:

– Francisco I. MaderoFrancisco I. Madero– Pascual Orozco (?)Pascual Orozco (?)– Emiliano ZapataEmiliano Zapata– Pancho VillaPancho Villa– Venustiano CarranzaVenustiano Carranza– Alvaro ObregonAlvaro Obregon

Counter-Revolutionaries:Counter-Revolutionaries:– Victoriano HuertaVictoriano Huerta– Felix DiazFelix Diaz– Bernardo ReyesBernardo Reyes– Pascual Orozco (?)Pascual Orozco (?)

TimelineTimeline– 1908 – Publication of 1908 – Publication of La Sucesion La Sucesion

PresidencialPresidencial and the Creelman and the Creelman InterviewInterview

– 1910 – Madero arrested, publication 1910 – Madero arrested, publication of Plan de San Luis Potosi, armed of Plan de San Luis Potosi, armed revolution begins with uprisings in revolution begins with uprisings in NorthNorth

– 1911 – Diaz resigns and flees to 1911 – Diaz resigns and flees to France, Madero elected, Plan de France, Madero elected, Plan de Ayala publishedAyala published

– 1913 – Decena Tragica, Huertista 1913 – Decena Tragica, Huertista coupcoup

– 1914 – Huerta overthrown, 1914 – Huerta overthrown, Convention of AguascalientesConvention of Aguascalientes

– 1915 – Villa defeated at Celaya, 1915 – Villa defeated at Celaya, Carranza sets up government from Carranza sets up government from Vera CruzVera Cruz

– 1917 – Constitution published, 1917 – Constitution published, Obregon resignsObregon resigns

– 1919 – Obregon announces 1919 – Obregon announces candidacy, Zapata killed in Moreloscandidacy, Zapata killed in Morelos

– 1920 – Obregon leads quick coup, 1920 – Obregon leads quick coup, Carranza flees but is found and Carranza flees but is found and killedkilled

Francisco I. MaderoFrancisco I. Madero From a wealthy hacendado From a wealthy hacendado

family in Laguna (Coahuila)family in Laguna (Coahuila) Wrote Wrote La Sucesion Presidencial La Sucesion Presidencial

en 1910en 1910 in 1908, arguing that in 1908, arguing that the corruption of the the corruption of the government must be stopped government must be stopped by the election of a new VPby the election of a new VP

Authored Plan de San Luis Authored Plan de San Luis Potosi, which called for the Potosi, which called for the overthrow of Diaz and very overthrow of Diaz and very moderate land reformmoderate land reform

‘‘Led’ armed revolution until Led’ armed revolution until signing of Treaty of Ciudad signing of Treaty of Ciudad Juarez in 1911Juarez in 1911

Elected as president after the Elected as president after the interim regime of de la Barrainterim regime of de la Barra

He was short, had a squeaky He was short, had a squeaky voice and believed in voice and believed in mysticismmysticism

“The Mexican does not want bread, he wants

the liberty to earn bread.”

Maderismo as a governmentMaderismo as a government Lasted until Madero’s overthrow and Lasted until Madero’s overthrow and

murder in 1913…murder in 1913… What did he do?What did he do?

– Oversaw the fairest election Mexico had ever Oversaw the fairest election Mexico had ever seenseen

– Allowed for the development of political parties Allowed for the development of political parties (e.g. Partido Nacional Catolico)(e.g. Partido Nacional Catolico)

– Defended the freedom of press (to his own Defended the freedom of press (to his own detriment – not even his wife was spared!)detriment – not even his wife was spared!)

– Supported the labour movements with the Supported the labour movements with the establishment of the Department of Labour establishment of the Department of Labour (abandonment of liberal laissez faire?)(abandonment of liberal laissez faire?)

Maderismo as a government Maderismo as a government (cont)(cont)

Why did it fail?Why did it fail?– Continued influence of Porfirian elites/the RightContinued influence of Porfirian elites/the Right– Heavy political debt to the armyHeavy political debt to the army– Abandonment of Liberal ideology in favour of Abandonment of Liberal ideology in favour of

forced orderforced order– Disillusionment of revolutionariesDisillusionment of revolutionaries– Miscalculation of the Right – loose alliance of Miscalculation of the Right – loose alliance of

landowners, ex-Porfirian intellectuals, officer landowners, ex-Porfirian intellectuals, officer corps of the federal armycorps of the federal army

Verdict: Radical or Reformer?

Emiliano ZapataEmiliano Zapata Began as the leader of the Began as the leader of the

Defensive Commission of Defensive Commission of AnenecuilcoAnenecuilco

Began a revolutionary movement in Began a revolutionary movement in Morelos in 1910, with the main goal Morelos in 1910, with the main goal of land reformof land reform

Published the Plan de Ayala in 1911 Published the Plan de Ayala in 1911 after Madero refused to initiate after Madero refused to initiate radical land reforms and after the radical land reforms and after the actions of the federal armyactions of the federal army

Became leader of a complex Became leader of a complex network of revolutionaries that network of revolutionaries that helped to overthrow Huerta in 1913helped to overthrow Huerta in 1913

Allied with Villa in 1914 and the Allied with Villa in 1914 and the Zapatista intellectuals became Zapatista intellectuals became prominent in the Conventionalist prominent in the Conventionalist governmentgovernment

Continued fighting against the Continued fighting against the Carrancista government until death Carrancista government until death in 1919in 1919

Was renowned for his horse-Was renowned for his horse-training skillstraining skills

“Where there were Zapatistas, there were

guarantees.”

ZapatismoZapatismo Existed as a Existed as a separateseparate revolutionary revolutionary

movement from 1911-20movement from 1911-20 What did it want?What did it want?

– Land Reform – it wanted to redistribute the Land Reform – it wanted to redistribute the lands that had been taken away from the lands that had been taken away from the campesinos of Moreloscampesinos of Morelos

– Protection of Indian communities – wanted to Protection of Indian communities – wanted to prevent the expansion of centralised power prevent the expansion of centralised power and cultureand culture

– Protection of rights based on the ideals of Protection of rights based on the ideals of ‘Liberalism’ (see Constitution of 1857)‘Liberalism’ (see Constitution of 1857)

– Did NOT want to rule the whole of Mexico – the Did NOT want to rule the whole of Mexico – the Zapatistas felt out of place during their Zapatistas felt out of place during their occupation of Mexico Cityoccupation of Mexico City

Zapatismo (cont)Zapatismo (cont) What did it do?What did it do?

– Oversaw the expropriation of several haciendas, while Oversaw the expropriation of several haciendas, while attempting to maintain the hacienda model. Miguel attempting to maintain the hacienda model. Miguel Palafox (secretary until 1917) was the minister of Palafox (secretary until 1917) was the minister of agriculture in the Conventionalist governmentagriculture in the Conventionalist government

– Gave unifying ideology to the numerous revolutionary Gave unifying ideology to the numerous revolutionary movements of Central and Southern Mexico (especially movements of Central and Southern Mexico (especially in Guerrero, Puebla, Morelos and Tlaxcala), which in Guerrero, Puebla, Morelos and Tlaxcala), which contributed to the downfall of Huertacontributed to the downfall of Huerta

– Continued a guerilla war that tore apart MorelosContinued a guerilla war that tore apart Morelos– Constructed alliance with Obregon and other Constructed alliance with Obregon and other

revolutionaries in 1919/20 that led to the downfall of revolutionaries in 1919/20 that led to the downfall of CarranzaCarranza

Was a collective, social, agrarian movement Was a collective, social, agrarian movement influenced by the agrarian cycleinfluenced by the agrarian cycle

Verdict: Radical or Reformer?

Alvaro ObregonAlvaro Obregon Small ranchero from Sonora who Small ranchero from Sonora who

eventually built up a chickpea eventually built up a chickpea empireempire

Entered the revolution in 1913 after Entered the revolution in 1913 after Huertista coupHuertista coup

Fought as Constitutionalist under Fought as Constitutionalist under CarranzaCarranza

Attended 1914 ConventionAttended 1914 Convention Defeated Pancho Villa at Celaya in Defeated Pancho Villa at Celaya in

19151915 Became Secretary of War in Became Secretary of War in

Carranza administration in 1915Carranza administration in 1915 Retired to farm in 1917 (though had Retired to farm in 1917 (though had

his eye on the Presidency)his eye on the Presidency) Ran for President in 1919Ran for President in 1919 Led quick military coup against Led quick military coup against

Carranza in 1920Carranza in 1920 Elected President, 1920Elected President, 1920 Obsessed with death (acc. Krauze), Obsessed with death (acc. Krauze),

invented a chickpea picking invented a chickpea picking machine, lost arm in battle (was machine, lost arm in battle (was subsequently preserved like a subsequently preserved like a pickle and displayed)pickle and displayed)

“I had so many brothers and sisters that when we had Gruyere cheese, only the holes were left for me!”

What can Obregon’s career tell us What can Obregon’s career tell us about the Constitutionalist and about the Constitutionalist and

Sonoran Revolutions?Sonoran Revolutions? During the Armed Phase, Obregon gained much During the Armed Phase, Obregon gained much

popularity and garnered support for the popularity and garnered support for the Constitutionalists (nominally led by Venustiano Constitutionalists (nominally led by Venustiano Carranza, as established by the Plan de Carranza, as established by the Plan de Guadalupe)Guadalupe)

Worked under the government of Carranza until Worked under the government of Carranza until 1917 – due to legitimacy?1917 – due to legitimacy?

Though he fought under someone else, he Though he fought under someone else, he retained a great deal of independence (reflection retained a great deal of independence (reflection of Sonoran independence?)of Sonoran independence?)

Created a much more professional army – with Created a much more professional army – with regular wages, better training, and more regular wages, better training, and more discipline (reflection of Sonoran values?)discipline (reflection of Sonoran values?)

What can Obregon’s career tell us about What can Obregon’s career tell us about the Constitutionalist and Sonoran the Constitutionalist and Sonoran

Revolutions? (cont)Revolutions? (cont) Was a key player in the Constitutional Congress Was a key player in the Constitutional Congress

in Querretaro in 1916/17. Used his political and in Querretaro in 1916/17. Used his political and military influence to push through several reforms military influence to push through several reforms (e.g. Articles 3 and 130 and Article 27)(e.g. Articles 3 and 130 and Article 27)

Was able to harness the power of the rising Was able to harness the power of the rising labour movements (e.g. Red Battalions), which labour movements (e.g. Red Battalions), which was especially important in 1920 with the support was especially important in 1920 with the support of Luis Morones, and the indigenous populations of Luis Morones, and the indigenous populations (e.g. the Yaquis)(e.g. the Yaquis)– These groups would become essential to the These groups would become essential to the

presidencies of the 1920s and ‘30spresidencies of the 1920s and ‘30s Established the Sonoran Dynasty in 1920 – Established the Sonoran Dynasty in 1920 –

culmination of what Jean Meyer calls an ‘invasion’ culmination of what Jean Meyer calls an ‘invasion’ from the North” and emphasises the importance from the North” and emphasises the importance of institutionsof institutionsVerdict: Radical or Reformer?

So…What can we conclude?So…What can we conclude? Although Madero called for a revolution, he himself Although Madero called for a revolution, he himself

was more a reformer – preferred to wait until order was more a reformer – preferred to wait until order was restored before attempting any major changeswas restored before attempting any major changes

Zapatismo was a radical, proactive movement – in Zapatismo was a radical, proactive movement – in the sense of land reform – but also was largely a the sense of land reform – but also was largely a responsive, regional movementresponsive, regional movement

Obregonismo had a profound impact on the course Obregonismo had a profound impact on the course of the revolution. It was radical in its support of of the revolution. It was radical in its support of certain clauses in the 1917 Constitution. But it was certain clauses in the 1917 Constitution. But it was also moderate in its dependence on institutions…also moderate in its dependence on institutions…

So, in the Armed Phase, both radicals and So, in the Armed Phase, both radicals and reformers played important roles. It can be argued reformers played important roles. It can be argued however, that the radicals were more influential to however, that the radicals were more influential to this phase overall…this phase overall…

Reform phase (1920-Reform phase (1920-40)40)

Mexican Revolution (1910-Mexican Revolution (1910-1940)1940)

Reform Phase Reform Phase (1920-40)(1920-40)

Looking at three Looking at three presidencies:presidencies:– Obregon (1920-24)Obregon (1920-24)– Calles (1924-28)Calles (1924-28)– Cardenas (1934-40)Cardenas (1934-40)

TimelineTimeline 1920 – Obregon elected 1920 – Obregon elected

PresidentPresident– Jose Vasconcelos becomes Jose Vasconcelos becomes

Rector of National Rector of National UniversityUniversity

1923 – Signing of the 1923 – Signing of the Bucareli AgreementsBucareli Agreements– de la Huerta uprisingde la Huerta uprising

1924 – Plutarco Elias Calles 1924 – Plutarco Elias Calles electedelected

1926 – Church boycott and 1926 – Church boycott and suspension, the beginning suspension, the beginning of the Cristero Rebellionof the Cristero Rebellion

1927 – US Intervention 1927 – US Intervention CrisisCrisis

1928 – Assassination of 1928 – Assassination of ObregonObregon

1928 – Portes Gil president1928 – Portes Gil president 1929 – Ceasefire between 1929 – Ceasefire between

Cristeros and Federal Cristeros and Federal GovernmentGovernment– Partido Nacional Partido Nacional

Revolucionario (PNR) est.Revolucionario (PNR) est. 1930 – Ortiz Rubio president1930 – Ortiz Rubio president 1932 – Abelardo Rodriguez 1932 – Abelardo Rodriguez

presidentpresident 1934 – Lazaro Cardenas 1934 – Lazaro Cardenas

electedelected 1936 – CTM est1936 – CTM est 1936 – Calles exiled1936 – Calles exiled 1938 – Oil expropriation1938 – Oil expropriation

– PNR reorganised into PNR reorganised into Partido de la Revolucion de Partido de la Revolucion de MexicoMexico

Just to make sure…Just to make sure…

PNR: 1929PNR: 1929– National Revolutionary PartyNational Revolutionary Party– CallesCalles

PRM: 1938PRM: 1938– Party of the Mexican Revolution Party of the Mexican Revolution – CardenasCardenas

PRI: 1946PRI: 1946– Institutional Revolutionary PartyInstitutional Revolutionary Party– Manuel Ávila CamachoManuel Ávila Camacho

RegionalisationRegionalisation

Radical vs. ReformerRadical vs. Reformer

Review: Review: What is a Radical/Revolutionary?What is a Radical/Revolutionary?

– Two groups in the MRTwo groups in the MR– Followed which leaders, respectively? Followed which leaders, respectively? – Common ground for the two groups, Common ground for the two groups,

which allowed them to join with Madero? which allowed them to join with Madero? What is a reformer? What is a reformer?

– How are reformers different from How are reformers different from radicalsradicals??

– Can you be both a reformer and a Can you be both a reformer and a radical? Why or why not—and how? radical? Why or why not—and how?

Obregon (1920-24, ’28)Obregon (1920-24, ’28) Started as a Constitutionalist Started as a Constitutionalist

under Carranza (eventually under Carranza (eventually became a general)became a general)

Came to presidency with Came to presidency with support of CROM, much of the support of CROM, much of the military, Partido Laborista military, Partido Laborista Mexicano (PLM), and great Mexicano (PLM), and great popularitypopularity

Gained Gained de jure de jure recognition recognition from the US in 1923 (why?)from the US in 1923 (why?)

Survived military threat led by Survived military threat led by de la Huertade la Huerta

Re-elected in 1928, but was Re-elected in 1928, but was assassinatedassassinated

Obregon’s Presidency (1920-Obregon’s Presidency (1920-24)24)

Very able Very able populispopulistt leader leader– He had an interesting sense of humourHe had an interesting sense of humour– Was able to have good dialogue with the peopleWas able to have good dialogue with the people– When he came to power, the revolutionary government was quite When he came to power, the revolutionary government was quite

fragile – he had to cut deals with a variety of groups (e.g. Zapatistas)fragile – he had to cut deals with a variety of groups (e.g. Zapatistas) Throughout his presidency, the economy continued to expand Throughout his presidency, the economy continued to expand

under the Sonoran ideal of ‘under the Sonoran ideal of ‘managed capitalismmanaged capitalism’’ Depends on institutionsDepends on institutions

– Banco de Mexico, labor arbitration courts, Bank of Ejidal creditBanco de Mexico, labor arbitration courts, Bank of Ejidal credit– Military institutions - he professionalizes the army while reducing its Military institutions - he professionalizes the army while reducing its

dominance (budget decreases from 70% in 1917 to 30% in 1925)dominance (budget decreases from 70% in 1917 to 30% in 1925) Very moderate land reform Very moderate land reform – only 4 million hectares redistributed– only 4 million hectares redistributed Abandons Sonoran ideal of state autonomy and pursues a policy Abandons Sonoran ideal of state autonomy and pursues a policy

of of centralized interventioncentralized intervention (reneges on promises of Plan de Agua (reneges on promises of Plan de Agua Prieta)Prieta)

Maintains relations with both Left and Right factions, follows Maintains relations with both Left and Right factions, follows cautious policy towards the Churchcautious policy towards the Church

Relations with the US – Relations with the US – Bucareli Treaty 1923

Verdict: Radical or Reformer?

Plutarco Elias Calles (1924-Plutarco Elias Calles (1924-8)8)

Became a General in Constitutionalist Became a General in Constitutionalist ArmyArmy

Served as Governor of Sonora (1917-Served as Governor of Sonora (1917-19)19)

Helped to author the Plan de Agua Helped to author the Plan de Agua Prieta in 1920, aligning himself with Prieta in 1920, aligning himself with ObregonObregon

During Presidency, enforced Articles 3 During Presidency, enforced Articles 3 and 130, leading to Cristero Rebellion and 130, leading to Cristero Rebellion (1926-9)(1926-9)

Rejected Bucareli Treaty, upheld and Rejected Bucareli Treaty, upheld and reinforced Article 27reinforced Article 27

His administration almost brought His administration almost brought Mexico and the US to war in 1927 over Mexico and the US to war in 1927 over oiloil

Was very well read, lacked the populist Was very well read, lacked the populist personality, and was interested in personality, and was interested in Fascist ItalyFascist Italy

“Mexico for the Mexicans“

Calles: Church v State ConflictCalles: Church v State Conflict

Constitution of 1917Constitution of 1917– Article 3 – no religious educationArticle 3 – no religious education– Article 27 – land reformArticle 27 – land reform– Article 123 – labor reform –Church despised this, tithingArticle 123 – labor reform –Church despised this, tithing– Article 130 – restricts the church: allows the state to control Article 130 – restricts the church: allows the state to control

the clergy through registration and restrictions on numbersthe clergy through registration and restrictions on numbers Calles and several state governors (esp. Garrido Calles and several state governors (esp. Garrido

Canabal) began a radical enforcement of these lawsCanabal) began a radical enforcement of these laws The church hierarchy called for an economic boycott The church hierarchy called for an economic boycott

and a suspension of priest-led services in 1926 in and a suspension of priest-led services in 1926 in retaliationretaliation

By the end of 1926, Cristero rebels had taken up arms By the end of 1926, Cristero rebels had taken up arms in several states: Michoacan, Jalisco (esp Los Altos), in several states: Michoacan, Jalisco (esp Los Altos), Colima, Guanajuato.Colima, Guanajuato.

Calles: Church v State Conflict Calles: Church v State Conflict (cont)(cont)

The Cristiada was The Cristiada was not not primarily due to religion. It primarily due to religion. It was a response to the continued expansion of the was a response to the continued expansion of the revolutionary institutions under Callesrevolutionary institutions under Calles– These areas had not participated in the Armed PhaseThese areas had not participated in the Armed Phase– The revolutionary government was attempting to impose its The revolutionary government was attempting to impose its

own ideals upon these communitiesown ideals upon these communities– Those that did not participate: areas heavily involved in the Those that did not participate: areas heavily involved in the

revolution (best example: Morelos), areas where the church revolution (best example: Morelos), areas where the church did not have a strong foothold, agrarista communitiesdid not have a strong foothold, agrarista communities

The Cristiada rebellion offers an excellent example of The Cristiada rebellion offers an excellent example of the expanding scope of the revolutionary the expanding scope of the revolutionary government under the Sonoransgovernment under the Sonorans

The armed conflict was resolved in The armed conflict was resolved in 19291929, with , with mediation from Ambassador Morrow mediation from Ambassador Morrow (explains argument for (explains argument for

1911-1929 periodization)1911-1929 periodization)

Verdict: Radical reformer?

The ‘Maximato’ (1928-34)The ‘Maximato’ (1928-34)

After Obregon’s assassination, Calles After Obregon’s assassination, Calles decided not to run again, but instead to decided not to run again, but instead to place men on the presidential throne that place men on the presidential throne that he could easily controlhe could easily control

Mainly through the newly established Mainly through the newly established Partido Nacional Revolucionario (est 1929)Partido Nacional Revolucionario (est 1929)– Originally started out as an umbrella for a Originally started out as an umbrella for a

variety of different local/regional parties (as variety of different local/regional parties (as many as 8,000 in the 1920s)many as 8,000 in the 1920s)

Succession of Presidents:Succession of Presidents:– Emilio Portes Gil (1928-30)Emilio Portes Gil (1928-30)– Pascual Ortiz Rubio (1930-2)Pascual Ortiz Rubio (1930-2)– Abelardo Rodriguez (1932-4)Abelardo Rodriguez (1932-4)

The ‘Maximato’ (1928-34)The ‘Maximato’ (1928-34) (cont) (cont)

Socio-economic reform, especially land reform, Socio-economic reform, especially land reform, was halted during this period with a was halted during this period with a general general movement towards conservatismmovement towards conservatism– Partially due to economic stagnation and decline Partially due to economic stagnation and decline

following 1927 (and, of course, the Global Depression of following 1927 (and, of course, the Global Depression of the 1930s)the 1930s)

– Calles believed the solution to the economic crisis was Calles believed the solution to the economic crisis was not redistributing land, but encouraging productionnot redistributing land, but encouraging production

– Crack down on communist party and several unionsCrack down on communist party and several unions Abelardo Rodriguez had a greater extent of Abelardo Rodriguez had a greater extent of

independence than is traditionally thought. independence than is traditionally thought. During his presidency, several ‘Cardenismo’ During his presidency, several ‘Cardenismo’ reforms were started (e.g. the movement towards reforms were started (e.g. the movement towards socialist education under Narciso Bossols).socialist education under Narciso Bossols).

Lazaro Cardenas (1934-40)Lazaro Cardenas (1934-40) From Michoacan From Michoacan

(eventually would become (eventually would become governor)governor)

Entered the revolution in Entered the revolution in the Constitutionalist Army – the Constitutionalist Army – his experiences influenced his experiences influenced his later ideologieshis later ideologies

Elected President in 1934Elected President in 1934 Traditional periodisation of Traditional periodisation of

his presidency:his presidency:– 1934-6: deconstructing the 1934-6: deconstructing the

MaximatoMaximato– 1936-8: radical reform1936-8: radical reform– 1938-40: deceleration of 1938-40: deceleration of

revolutionary reformrevolutionary reform Very austere lifestyle – did Very austere lifestyle – did

not like to drinknot like to drink Had wide-ranging influenceHad wide-ranging influence

“I am convinced that the good intentions of a ruler are simply

not enough...and that the collective factor represented

by the workers is indispensable”

Cardenismo (1930-1940)Cardenismo (1930-1940)

Brought the end to the Maximato Brought the end to the Maximato (eventually exiled Calles in 1936)(eventually exiled Calles in 1936)

Was a populist government – he spent Was a populist government – he spent almost 18 months on almost 18 months on gira gira (political tours of (political tours of the country)the country)– According the orthodox view, his policies were According the orthodox view, his policies were

the culmination of the revolutionary promisesthe culmination of the revolutionary promises He continued the expansion of the He continued the expansion of the

revolutionary staterevolutionary state

Cardenismo (1930-1940)Cardenismo (1930-1940) (cont) (cont)

Had several major policies:Had several major policies:– Land reform: over 18 million hectares redistributed. Collective Land reform: over 18 million hectares redistributed. Collective

programmes (e.g. Laguna). Also supported collectivisation of programmes (e.g. Laguna). Also supported collectivisation of peasants under Confederacion Nacional Campesina.peasants under Confederacion Nacional Campesina.

– Education: attempts to establish a Education: attempts to establish a socialist socialist education programme education programme were largely unsuccessfulwere largely unsuccessful

– Labour: supported the CTM (led by Toledano) and continued Labour: supported the CTM (led by Toledano) and continued sympathetic policies seen under Obregon and Callessympathetic policies seen under Obregon and Calles

– Oil: expropriation in 1938 (considered height of Cardenismo). Oil: expropriation in 1938 (considered height of Cardenismo). Issue began as labour conflict, but became a threat to Mexican Issue began as labour conflict, but became a threat to Mexican sovereigntysovereignty

– Politics: reformed the PNR, creating the PRM. Employed the Politics: reformed the PNR, creating the PRM. Employed the corporative structure. After 1938, Cardenas became much more corporative structure. After 1938, Cardenas became much more conciliatory to the Right (e.g. Avila Camacho)conciliatory to the Right (e.g. Avila Camacho)

According to Nora Hamilton, Cardenas reached the “limits of According to Nora Hamilton, Cardenas reached the “limits of state autonomy” in 1938. Due to the nature of his state autonomy” in 1938. Due to the nature of his ‘progressive alliance’, he was eventually forced to slow down ‘progressive alliance’, he was eventually forced to slow down the revolutionary policiesthe revolutionary policies

Supported Manuel Avila Camacho as his successorSupported Manuel Avila Camacho as his successorVerdict: Radical or Reformer?

Reminder: Cultural Reminder: Cultural RevolutionRevolutionBeginning in the 1920s, especially with the encouragement of

Vasconcelos, Mexican art, music, and literature experienced a cultural revitilisation. It emphasised the indigenismo ideals and

glorified the revolutionary experience.

Diego Rivera,

Jose Clemente Orozco,

Frida Kahlo

Novelists:

Martin Luis Guzman

Mariano Azuela

So…Can we conclude?So…Can we conclude? Obregon was a radical during the Armed Phase, but Obregon was a radical during the Armed Phase, but

was a moderate reformer during his presidencywas a moderate reformer during his presidency Calles was, in the cultural sense, a radical. In the Calles was, in the cultural sense, a radical. In the

socio-economic sense, especially during the socio-economic sense, especially during the Maximato, he became a moderate reformer (if not a Maximato, he became a moderate reformer (if not a bit conservative)bit conservative)

Cardenas expanded his radical policies until he Cardenas expanded his radical policies until he reached the “limits of state autonomy.” After 1938, reached the “limits of state autonomy.” After 1938, the revolution had succeeded in entrenching itself the revolution had succeeded in entrenching itself institutionally and ideologically.institutionally and ideologically.

In the 1920s and 30s, through state encouragement, In the 1920s and 30s, through state encouragement, Mexico underwent a cultural revolution that further Mexico underwent a cultural revolution that further imprinted the revolution upon ‘Mexican’ cultureimprinted the revolution upon ‘Mexican’ culture

Can a Reformer be a Radical? Can a Reformer be a Radical? – Yes, in different spheres: Calles and Cardenas, traditional Yes, in different spheres: Calles and Cardenas, traditional

‘reformers’ can also be considered ‘radicals’‘reformers’ can also be considered ‘radicals’– Yes, CCOT: Obregon began as a radical and evolved into a Yes, CCOT: Obregon began as a radical and evolved into a

reformer (although some question how radical he ever reformer (although some question how radical he ever was…) was…)

But Can We But Can We Conclude? Conclude?

"This chapter tells how the "This chapter tells how the supreme government was supreme government was affected by the poverty of the affected by the poverty of the Indigenous peoples of Chiapas Indigenous peoples of Chiapas and endowed the area with and endowed the area with hotels, prisons, barracks, and a hotels, prisons, barracks, and a military airport. It also tells how military airport. It also tells how the beast feeds on the blood of the beast feeds on the blood of the people, as well as other the people, as well as other miserable and unfortunate miserable and unfortunate happenings...A handful of happenings...A handful of businesses, one of which is the businesses, one of which is the Mexican State, takes all the Mexican State, takes all the wealth out of Chiapas and in wealth out of Chiapas and in exchange leave behind their exchange leave behind their mortal and pestilent mark."mortal and pestilent mark."

Thinking IBThinking IB

The Mexican Revolution can be used The Mexican Revolution can be used to answer questions on: to answer questions on: – The Mexican Revolution (obviously)The Mexican Revolution (obviously)– U.S. Foreign PolicyU.S. Foreign Policy– Causes, Practices and Effects of War Causes, Practices and Effects of War

(P2)(P2) Know how to break the revolution Know how to break the revolution

down, and make an individual down, and make an individual argumentargument

Common TopicsCommon Topics

Art and muralismArt and muralism Stages of the RevolutionStages of the Revolution US influenceUS influence Reform or Revolution? Reform or Revolution? Success? (Political, social, Success? (Political, social,

economic)?economic)? Top-down v. bottom-up (Were the Top-down v. bottom-up (Were the

expectations rising or imposed?) expectations rising or imposed?)

CAN YOU ANSWER…CAN YOU ANSWER…

Essential Questions 1Essential Questions 1 Who can be considered the father of the Who can be considered the father of the

Mexican Revolution? Mexican Revolution? Was the Mexican Revolution a true Was the Mexican Revolution a true

revolution? (S,P,E)revolution? (S,P,E) How successful and lasting were the How successful and lasting were the

influences of Zapata and Villa on the influences of Zapata and Villa on the revolution? revolution?

Why did the Mexican Revolution last so Why did the Mexican Revolution last so long? (10, 20, 30 years?)long? (10, 20, 30 years?)

Had the aims of the leaders of the Had the aims of the leaders of the revolution be achieved by 1940? revolution be achieved by 1940?

Essential Questions 2Essential Questions 2 How did greater geo-political developments and How did greater geo-political developments and

patron-client relationships define the policies of patron-client relationships define the policies of Latin American leaders? Latin American leaders?

What are the causes and consequences of What are the causes and consequences of revolution? revolution?

What were the major stages of the Mexican What were the major stages of the Mexican Revolution (1910-1920) and who were the relevant Revolution (1910-1920) and who were the relevant leaders and forces? leaders and forces?

What were the key policies of the Reconstruction What were the key policies of the Reconstruction Era (1920-1933)? Era (1920-1933)?

What were the main elements of Cardenas reform What were the main elements of Cardenas reform program (1934-1940)? program (1934-1940)?

Essential Questions 3Essential Questions 3

How did the Mexican Revolution shape Mexican How did the Mexican Revolution shape Mexican politics and economic after 1940? politics and economic after 1940?

When are a people justified to revolt? When are a people justified to revolt? How were foreign nations implicit in creating the How were foreign nations implicit in creating the

20th Century inequities and conflicts of Latin 20th Century inequities and conflicts of Latin America?America?

Should local governments and leaders be held Should local governments and leaders be held accountable for their collusion with interests accountable for their collusion with interests outside Latin America? outside Latin America?

CAN YOU COMPOSE AN CAN YOU COMPOSE AN ANALYTICAL RESPONSE ANALYTICAL RESPONSE TO…TO…

Potential Essay Questions 1Potential Essay Questions 1 Evaluate the extent to which the United States Evaluate the extent to which the United States

participated in the Mexican Revolution. participated in the Mexican Revolution. To what extent were the goals of the revolution To what extent were the goals of the revolution

achieved by 1940? achieved by 1940? Analyze the causes of the Great Depression in one Analyze the causes of the Great Depression in one

country in the Americas country in the Americas Analyze the impact of the Mexican Revolution on Analyze the impact of the Mexican Revolution on

the arts in Mexico. Explain why conservative or the arts in Mexico. Explain why conservative or moderate politicians such as Obregon and Calles moderate politicians such as Obregon and Calles supported such radical, leftist and anti-imperialist supported such radical, leftist and anti-imperialist artists. artists.

Describe and analyze American policy toward the Describe and analyze American policy toward the Mexican Revolution and its impact on the Mexican Revolution and its impact on the development of the revolution development of the revolution

Potential Essay Questions 2Potential Essay Questions 2 Compare and contrast the reform movements of Villa and Compare and contrast the reform movements of Villa and

Zapata with special focus on the causes for the differencesZapata with special focus on the causes for the differences Analyze the causes for and impacts of Madero’s break with Analyze the causes for and impacts of Madero’s break with

the other leaders of the Mexican Revolution the other leaders of the Mexican Revolution Evaluate the political and economic significance of the Evaluate the political and economic significance of the

Constitution of 1917 Constitution of 1917 What conclusions does the Mexican experience with What conclusions does the Mexican experience with

dependent capitalist development suggest concerning the dependent capitalist development suggest concerning the program's viability as a solution for the problems of Latin program's viability as a solution for the problems of Latin American underdevelopment and poverty in general? American underdevelopment and poverty in general?

Was the Mexican Revolution a revolution against the status Was the Mexican Revolution a revolution against the status quo or a civil war between irreconcilable factions in Mexican quo or a civil war between irreconcilable factions in Mexican society?society?

CAN YOU IDENTIFY AND CAN YOU IDENTIFY AND DESCRIBE…DESCRIBE…

Concentrated ReviewConcentrated Review

When instructed, write everything you know about the When instructed, write everything you know about the following items on your assigned whiteboards. following items on your assigned whiteboards.

LeadersLeaders

1.1. MaderoMadero

2.2. CardenasCardenas

3.3. CallesCalles

4.4. ObregonObregon

5.5. Zapata & VillaZapata & Villa

6.6. Diaz Diaz

DocumentsDocuments

Constitution of 1917 (in general) Constitution of 1917 (in general) Article 3 & 130Article 3 & 130 Article 27Article 27 Article 123Article 123 Plan of AyalaPlan of Ayala Plan of San Luis Potosi Plan of San Luis Potosi

MR and USAMR and USA

Bucareli Agreement Bucareli Agreement Pershing Expedition Pershing Expedition Henry Lane WilsonHenry Lane Wilson Oil Expropriation Oil Expropriation Vera CruzVera Cruz Zimmerman Telegram Zimmerman Telegram

Interest GroupsInterest Groups

Agraristas Agraristas RancherosRancheros SoldaderasSoldaderas CROMCROM CristerosCristeros ZapatistasZapatistas

Geography Geography

SonoraSonora Chihuahua Chihuahua MorelosMorelos Yucatan and ChiapasYucatan and Chiapas DFDF Exiles in USAExiles in USA

A Cultural Revolution A Cultural Revolution

Flores Magon BrothersFlores Magon Brothers Jose VasconcelosJose Vasconcelos Diego Rivera & Frida KahloDiego Rivera & Frida Kahlo Muralism and Muralists Muralism and Muralists José Clemente OrozcoJosé Clemente Orozco David Alfaro SiqueirosDavid Alfaro Siqueiros Bonus: Bonus: CatrinaCatrina

Mexican Revolution OnlineMexican Revolution Online

http://runyon.lib.utexas.edu/conflict.html http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/mex-re

volution.htm

http://ibhistory.wikidot.com/3-12 anthropology.ac.uk/era_resources/era/peasa

nts/mexican_revolution.html http://www.casahistoria.net/mexicorevolutio

n.htm