mexico's once and future revolution by gilbert m. joseph and jürgen buchenau

7/28/2019 Mexico's Once and Future Revolution by Gilbert M. Joseph and Jrgen Buchenau

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Mexicos once and Future revolution

S U v C f R L N

gilbert m. joseph and jrgen buchenau


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Mexicosonce andFuture revolutionSoc U he v d

he Ch e e of R e ce he L e

N e ee h Ce

Gilbert M. Joseph and JrGen buchenau

D U y P D m L 2013


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2013 D U y P A g P U S Am -

D g y H H y y A P y g I m Sy m , I .

L y C g C g g--P D , . . ( ), 1947

x : g y / .

g B .g m

I g x.isbn 978-0-8223-5517-5 ( : . )isbn 978-0-8223-5532-8 ( . : . )1. x H yR , 19101920. 2. x H yR , 19101920I . 3. x P g m 20 y. 4. x P g m 21 y. I. B , g , 1964 II. .F1234.J835 2012

972.082 232013010104

published with the assistance oF the Frederick w. hillespublication Fund oF Yale universitY.


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dedicated to the MeMorY oF patricia pessar


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Co e

x acknowledGMents

1 1. I : R N g R x

15 2. P f z I C

37 3. T R C m ( ), 19101913

55 4. T V C m x R , 19131920

87 5. g g C g N N , 19201932

117 6. R g I g R19321940

141 7. T P D , 19401968

167 8. T Em R , 19682000

197 9. C : A R L g

217 notes

227 biblioGraphical essaY

239 inde


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Ack ow ed me

We have ed ma y debts the e a at o o th s vol me.T g Em V C gg g

m x

l t o a d ts o seq e es, a d o e o ag g the oje t ts o mat ve stages. Te s hola sh o ma y olleag es the feld o mode ex a h sto y, a oss seve al a adem ge e at o s, has s ed what a ea s these ages. I deed o tea h g a d w t g othe o g s, o ess, a d lega y o the evol t o have bee e he by de ades o e gageme t w th e ds who o te do bled as so d g boa ds a d debat g a t e s. We ho e they w ll e og ze the m a

g . S g m g :

K g , D N g , A y, B B z y, m He de so , Alle Wells, Be Fallaw, a y Kay Va gha , Flo e -

, S S , P V , S ,ato, Aleja d a Ga a Q ta lla, Da ela S e se , Tomas Be jam ,

L da Hall, a k Wasse ma , a jo e Be ke , the late B ll Rosebe y,g , E V g, H , R m ,

d ego, Pa l E ss, Ba y Ca , E Zolov, A e R be ste , Jol e Ol oRay C a b, R k L ez, a k Ove mye Velzq ez, Lo se Walke , B llS , g y C , , y m ,

e dez Rod g ez. S o es o st de ts at Yale, unc Cha el H ll, a d


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x acknowledGMents

unc C y k ks the b oade te etat o a d d v d al ha te s that a e

. P P g

, , m y , . S y m m m y.

We a e also g ate ul to the anonymous eade s at Duke Un ve s ty P ess m y g mm . S g

ha t a d ah La da o the esea h ass sta e at m o ta t j. A , g , V m

ensable ed to and end, hel ng th s oject along when l es challengesm m .

F ally, th s vol me be efted om the ge e o s f a al ass sta e N E m H m , U

U y N C C .


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T g y R m m y m m y g g gx j y m .

Martn luis Gu Mn, El gui la y la sErpiEntE

I od c o revolution and the neGotiationoF rule in Modern Me ico

t x R f g m x

y. T g, y, gg g N m 2

as a ebell o aga st P es de t Po f o Daz, the at o s a tho 1876, g y y . g y . I 1908, D z

g , x y m y he would not seek a s xth es dent al te m. But when F anc sco I. ade o,the sc on o a wealthy no theaste n ex can am ly, took the d ctato at h s g m g

, D P f fx g. T m , , D z

calculated. Rad cal act v sts had been st ng u o os t on to h s altej m z y . A m

1910, m g x m

N m 1910 y x y,

g g m g- g . By m -1911 D P f

my -g g gg . B , m y m y x

1


9/22

2 chapter 1

D m y, q y , y y . A

te ests lashed. T s t m lt o s o essd bbed a festa o b llets

by o e o ts a t a ts f ally s e t ts y, at a demog a h o m m g m f m . T y t o al zed a ew ol t al eg me, whose a tly amed o al a ty, theI R y P y (pri), x

, m y L Am g T m m m m . L

g x R , g m

, y g x g m

A , y g g , y g m m j y . E evo-

lution s a matte o some d s ute. We have chosen lowe case to d st ngu sh

what bega as a m lt a eted, d st tly lo al o ess om the st tt o al eg mes s bseq e t a o at o , s m l f at o , a d myth ft on o that ocessa te wh ch the pri always ende edrevolution n the

e asela Revolucino the Revol t o . B t as we w ll also see, - g g ;

m gt nued to cla m and negot ate the mean ng o ex cos soc al u heaval and

g y. T y g m g m m . W y

a d ex b l ty o evol t o a y t ad t o s a d symbols, th o gh wh both the state a d ts o o e ts have so ght to leg t mate themselves,

x R m y m m .

Mexicos Once and Future Revolutiont a es the om g, o ess, o -sol dat o , a d o seq e es o the ex a Revol t o om a a ay

, g , , g L R g ; m

- , , m m m . A m m , x


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introduction 3

g , x g y, m g P f D z g

g m y. y

g , , m g m x m z y

T m g m , g ated by the centenn al celeb at ons o the e c evolut on o 1910. T ough-out ex co and nte nat onally, the centenn al t gge ed a ve table cottage

y mm m g gy f y y q

be o e the h ge d g tal lo ks st ateg ally la ed the at o s majtow sq a es bega the d amat o tdow to the evol t o scente-

oN m 20, 2010 L Am y g m g

m y x Ro b a h o ex a h sto og a hy has mo e e e t vely t l zed a

g y y m

q q -te etat ons. Ove the ast seve al decades, h sto ans have debated a hosto b g q est o s abo t the at o s evol t o : D d ts a sat o owm g m x g ? D m

x , ? x U.S. m

gg m ? S t o be s gled o t as the lm at g mome t o h sto al st ggle

ex a h sto y, o d d ts de o eme t mo e o e ly s g al a bet ay y m m (

y) ? I , m y , A K g

g , , j g , g y j y

. A d do the h gh ol t s o the a t o al zed st ggle (as t a

they we e establ sh g w e s a d lose s a d sett g the te ms o R ) to y o the f st g eat heaval o the twe t eth e t y? Do they eally


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4 chapter 1

ma o to the messy lo al eq at o s o the ex a evol t o a y o-, K g g

f y, x

gg bo , j m g m m y g g g , g , . T m y, g ,

. W m y x ggo la de t o , t se lly evokes a evol t o that was a om th

q m gg .I y , m

y x x R m , g m y . I yg , , m m ,

g y, y y m ? , , g

y g g y g m z g y?

A m, g m y g y y- y y I R y P y

pri z L Am ( P N V g

owe mostly to the eg mes a a ty to omoteat least t l the la- O 1968 m g

my g g , m 6 y m z

e o om m a le)? O does t mo e o e ly dex the o al a ty

m ( pric c q mo evo c o o), , m m

, m ?y, x R

g y , ym , x fdead, o ove ? o what exte t does t st ll have legsa q es-

m z g p- y j g


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introduction 5

o la evol t o a y symbols a d so al memo y o d ve se segmeo so ety that we e sha ed by that oje t b t took ss e w th the a -

m ? I m

y m m ol t al s s that ma y also ega d as d st tly postnational , does the y g f ? I , m g

w th the o t y o es d g a oss te at o al bo de s e ovem ?

T g mthe s a e o the ast a d ese t v tal ty that d st g shes ex a

evol t o a y st d es. Mexicos Once and Future Revolutions stee ed th s ovo at ve l te at e a d, w th the a amete s o a sho t a d a

ess ble te et ve vol me, e gages e the ex l tly o m l tlym g q .

g m m q xthe cont nu ng tens on between g ass oots ol t cal ocesses and cultu esa d the o go g (a d at o ally a d te at o ally o d t o ed) o

ess o at o -state o mat o . T ty yea s ago F ed h Katz tho ght-

y m x m . x y Am y m j m

[m y] . I y, g y 1810 ,

m 1850 1860 , g 1910 , g x m y

m m m g y x g m y m ,

, y , g y y m m

w o ght we e athe modest. A m es that bega as la gely am es o- based o es soo be ame the g a a to s o a eas gly o ess

, , m , g Fo exam le, the devastat g Wa s o I de e de e she ed a weak

g yo easa t- based a m es. F st a d o emost amo g these wa lo ds wasthe o etee th-e t y a d llo, A to o L ez de Sa ta A a, who gove ed ex o w th a omb at o o d e e e a d b tal


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6 chapter 1

g f y U S m x g y day (182853). L kew se both the L be al Re o ma a d ts Co se vat ve

e em es d ew o am es o s o t a d the t ed to el te all es: theL U.S. g m g g g C C y Em N

. T m m y-- y - P f D z.

Why have ex os embattled owe holde s e eatedly alled oam es os a d othe s bo d ate g o s, a d why have the latte so

o te ollowed? Pe ha s mo e m o ta t, what have bee the ol t al m g g m m

nate classes, and how we e they negot ated? Tese, Katz suggested, ema nm g m g z g q

x g y I 1986, m f y m g

to a s to od e m oh sto es o mode ex o, L s Go z y z z, m g -y ,

o ld take sat s a t o the state o the ew ge e. P a t t o e s weleg o , a d the val e o a eg o al o s b at o al a oa h to ex a( L Am ) . O D L

o lo ge have to ove the t th o the to g e-tw st gmuchos Mxi-cos. . . . It s a dame tal t th. Mexicos Once and Future Revolution g g m g N S . I y

g g m m m m mg y q j ,

t me othe wo ds, be o e, d g, a d a te the Revol t o . I te-g g m m ,

g y g y, y g g

a d ol t al t a s o mat o . By te et g o t b t o s om m

x , m g

j m m g mI o e m o ta t es e t, o vol me o t b tes to a eme g g


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introduction 7

f : ex can Revolut on. As Alan Kn ght has owe ully a gued, ex cos e c

y

m y . A my e ( g ) 1920 1930 , x

. I , g g om seand the comm tment o a new state (at some junctu es mo e n-

tensely than othe s) to soc al well- be ng and bette ment ueled the deasa d a t o s o ma y og ess ve te at o al t avele s. Beg g the m l ta y st ggle a d gathe g mome t m the 1920s a d 1930s,these t a s at o al a t v sts, w te s, a d a t sts o te layed the ole z m , g m g y

, m . A g y q

, y g y xcal ole n the manne o the Sov ets o , late , the Ch nese and the Cubans,the ex a Revol t o st ll had o o d te at o al o seq e es

N y g cal and o ul st act ons an out to othe eg ons, the e to c eate nt gu y m ( .g., m Z

C P ), m P V H y

g A g C S , m z g g . O - j , I

. N. R y, y x g xU S y P W W . H

C mm P y m g E A the T d Commun st Inte nat onal. St ll othe ad cal ntellectuals, a t sts

x y m Best k ow , o o se, s the m al st D ego R ve a, who o ee ed e

ess ve o ms o ubl c and last c a t that would galvan ze o ula mobz y x ( g A Am g U S g N D ).

Altho gh the deology o the e t evol t o a y state b lde s (es e ally the so-alled So o a Dy asty, headed by Alva o Ob e-g a d Pl ta o Elas Calles, om 1920 to 1934) was athe mode ate,


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8 chapter 1

the evol t o a y st ggle od fed the h ghly at o al st Co st t - 1917 q f y U.S. . T g 1920 1930 , W

ost e towa d ex o alte ated betwee th eat a d a ommodat o , y m g m g m . A m m , g

g y L z C (193440), , g , m m m

S x y m y g y y

g m y L Am . R j m mm U.S. q C ty and New Yo k. Such t ansnat onal subjects nvolved themselves n the

y , A B , y m g

(mex c d d), m m m x - y (me z je). O

ubl c ntellectuals and og ess ve schola s, such as Ca leton Beals, F ank m, E g, mc t ques o vate o e ty and Ame can nte vent on sm. In the oc

- g z m ( g g U.S. 1920 y

m g, x g Othe schola ly cont but ons s m la ly unde sco e the nte nat onal eac

x R , m z g m Lg

a d sove e g ty o to the wo ld stage. Tey show that eve as bell oseU.S. y g g

m C 1917 C g m , P C z m s ve, cha g ng ex cos uno c al envoy to the 1919 Pa s Peace Con e ence

x C [ gg y] at o al law. I the m ddle de ades o the twe t eth e t y, te a-

j C g A j A x y m y


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introduction 9

Am , g y - , , g g

o these so al demo at les, wh h halle ged sa osa t U

ass m t o s de w tte by Lo kea o st t o s o l be al sm, wsubsequently ensh ned n the 1948 Un ted Nat ons Decla at on o HumanR g . I m y y L Am

m , m , xy .I z , , m g m

R m L Am g m C R

y. I Am P R(apra) P 1920 , g S N1920s and 1930s, o the Nat onal Revolut ona y ovement n Bol v a n the

y 1950 y m C R L Am N L g m m m N g , E S , S Am .

C m g

m m L 1968. P x m y xg m y g m, g m 192

m A g Cindigenista o g esses, l ke the o e Ptz a o 1938, a d modeled

g x m , m A I g I N

Fo all o the ate al st a d o o at st sho t om gs, these e g m m

, gy A g y x -d e mo

y y m 1980 , g x m m -1990 m m Z m m C

c to Za at sta de L be ac n Nac onal). o a deg ee the pri had neve con-m , g g

e ln S -S g g m g m m C ST m g g y


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10 chapter 1

m x g e wh h the exte al a d te al we e te wove d g the eevol t o a d the de ades that ollowed. U t l e e tly e ha s as

y 1990 g , ess o al s hola s al ke d s ssed the lt al a a s o ex o te m y

a d e tom zed by amo ho s o e ts s h aslo mexicano(the ex -a way) omexicanidad. Pa t o al o st t, a t o la a at ve,

these o e ts eme ged the 1920s as o ga z g mot s o a so et y y m

y. B m m g y g - m x

a o o mex a dad a d the la ms o ex e t o al sm. Fo sta tem , m , ce ded nat onal bounda es sha ed, es sted, and ult mately negot ated these con-

. y m m pri j .

the book s structure Mex co O ce d F e Revo o g z q -

x y y. g to these e as, the o l d g ha te e ses the vol mes o e t ala g me t a d b gs the evol t o s eleva e a d lega es -to-date.E y g m , 1 x md o o ex os e evol t o te ms o the st t al a d t gg

g a ses embedded the d tato sh o Po f o Daz. At the o tseto the ha te , we b e y o text al ze the Po f ato the ea l e hto y o m d-n neteenth-centu y ex co. S ec fcally Dazs eg me was the

m x L m, f wate shed o leg slat ve e o ms es ded ove by the L be al leade Ben z 1850 . T E R m gg C x W R m a d the F e h I te ve t o (186267)a d lt mately the wa to l b-

x m . C y x y

that both J ezs L be al Re o m a d the F e h-s o ted em e o x m H g m z g


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introduction 11

y Dazs O de a d P og ess eg me a te 1876. Wh le th s eg me f a

g m y

, g , m x m N m 1910.

C 2 x m y y o F anc sco ade os unw eldy evolut ona y coal t on. o e b oadly, the

yz x f x m y g f -m m P g y L R g . T

-y L m y V H -P f .

I t , th s d tato sh leashed the evol t o s blood est hase, f g H a d devastated the at o . Cha te 3 evokes the haos o th s festa o m m V Alva o Ob egns m ddle-class Const tut onal st act on ove Pancho V lla

Em Z m m g C m g m g, 1917, C z g m

m y m m g m g m .

C 5 x m m g g g m . I

unde the Sono an es dents Ob egn and Calles as a negot ated and con- m y y

g m m y ggsolv ng con cts ega d ng educat on, health, and el g ous act ce. As t

g z y P y (pnr) 1929, my

m y, f m y Z , V , C z , O g ) g te adve sa es l e. ea t me, am d the gathe g G eat De ess oC , 1928 g m m jefe m x mo , g y

y m m y C 1917.


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12 chapter 1

Cha te 6 v leges the b e ev val o soc al evolut on unde ex co o l st es de t, Lza o C de as. It seeks to ex la the he-m C m g

m g C m m x m . T ( .g., g m

g y) g m ,

m g z m 1930 . C g g y m

o o at st ol t al a a geme t he set la e, wh h e te ed o thca ac ty o h s new Pa ty o the ex can Revolut on (prM), establ shed n1938, y , g m , the nat ons easants, wo ke s, and othe o gan zed secto s. In the og es-

m m m -1930 , m - C m z g

. B -g g m m m g 1940

g), y g m g y m .I 7 x m

al zat o , ftt gly ma ked by the eat o o the e o ymo s (a d oxy-m ) I R y P y (1946). T y

e ese ted a etool g o C de ass prM to bette se ve the ol ga hy , , f ,

m P g A m (19 pri y m g y R

d ate so al o t ts ame, wh le alte ately o-o t g o sh gg m . T pri x gg g m

y - x , y gy subst tut on ndust al zat on that cons stently oduced h gh annual ates

m g . T m gC ty as a ostwa megalo ol s, a me a o mass o s me lt e that

l ded t a s at o al deas a d l estyles de g the se o x , ,

m 1950 1960 . W m m


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introduction 13

g 1968 O ym m ,

g . T m m m m pri g

y.C 8 x m g x R pri x 2000. I

account ng o the genes s and ol t cal m act o the student massac e, weanalyze the neo o ul stand excess vely co u t eg mes o Lu s Eche- L z P (197082), m

y m m y . T m y 1982 , g iMF- y

y g g nom c e o ms that would soon abol sh the nat onal st, ag a an, and soc a 1917 y .

q z m - g xC y 1985 Less tha a de ade late , o Ja a y 1, 1994, the Za at sta ebell o Ch a as, wh ch b oke out on the ve y day that the neol be al No th Ame -

Ag m , g pri m y m g g y ym . S x y ,

dent al elect on, V cente Fox and h s conse vat ve Pa t do Acc n Nac ona(pan) pri m

I the vol mes o l s o , we exam e the evol t o s lega es a dx m m. W g

2010 g , g g m m

ome a, s h as the pris et to owe the es de t al ele t o 2012.


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Notes

chapter 1: introduction1. M L G zm ,Te Eagle and the Serpent , . H O (1928; G -

C y, N.Y.: D bl y, 1965), 163.2. L C b , L v l l v l , Obras Completas(1911; M x

C y: E O , 1975), 274.3. John Mason Hart,Revolutionary Mexico: Te Coming and Process of the Mexican

Revolution(B k l y: U v y C l P , 1987).4. Al K g , T M x R v l : B g ? N l ? J

Rebellion,? Bulletin of Latin American Research4.2 (1985): 137. Te argumentthat the revolution was merely a great rebellion comes from Ramn EduardoR z,Te Great Rebellion: Mexico, 19051924(N w Y k: N , 1980).

5. Al K g ,Te Mexican Revolution , 2 v l . (C mb g , U.K.: C mb g U - v y P , 1986), 1 5 m.

6. S , x m l , l y ggl by R , k w rius, La revolucioncita Mexicana(M x C y: E l P ,1978), 163.

7. S , x m l , J ly Ol , M y K y V g , G b l C , Sexin Revolution: Gender, Politics, and Power in Modern Mexico(D m: D k U - v y P , 2006).

8. M V g Ll , Mx l , El Pas(M ), S . 1,1990.

9. P l G ll g m B j m Sm , ., Dictablanda: Soft Authoritarianism in Mexico(D m: D k U v y P , 2013), m g.10. A v y m g , ll , l l , m

x l ly q . S , x m l , S l y R , ., Is the Mexican


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218 notes to chapter 1

Revolution Dead?(N w Y k: K , 1966); A l G lly, La revolucin interrum- pida: Mxico, 19101920(M x C y: El C b ll , 1971), E gl .,Te Mexi-can Revolution(London: New Left Books, 1983); Gilbert M. Joseph and DanielN g , ., Everyday Forms of State Formation: Revolution and the Negotiation of Rule in Modern Mexico(D m: D k U v y P , 1994); w1972 m y by R ym Gl yz , Mxico, la revolucin congelada(M x ,

z v l ).11. F K z, R l U g M x , S

R C l C R l U g M x , N w Y k, 1see Katzs contributions to his edited collection,Riot, Rebellion, and Revolution (P : P U v y P , 1988).

12. L G zl z y G zl z, Invitacin a la microhistoria(M x C y: S S ,1973).

13. Luis Gonzlez y Gonzlez, Microhistory,erruo , and the Social Sciences: A P y N , Regional Impacts of U.S.- Mexican Relations , . I R l-U y (L J ll , C l .: C U.S.-M x R l , 1986), x.

14. K g ,Te Mexican Revolution , 1 x .15. T ll w g w G lb M. J , L Am

Cold War: A Century of Revolutionary Process and U.S. Power, in A Centuryof Revolution: Insurgent and Counterinsurgent Violence during Latin Americas Long Cold War , ed. Greg Grandin and Gilbert M. Joseph (Durham, N.C.: Duke Uni-

versity Press, 2010), 397414; and Jaime Marroqun, Adela Pineda Franco, andMagdalena Mieri, eds.,Open Borders to a Revolution: Culture, Politics, and Migration (W g , D.C.: Sm I S l ly P , 2013).

16. P Ig b II,Four Hands , . L D l (N w Y k: S . M P1994); Mauricio enorio-rillo, Viejos gringos: Radicales norteamericanos enlos aos treinta y su visin de Mxico,Secuencia21 (Sept.Dec. 1991): 95116;Helen Delpar,Te Enormous Vogue of Tings Mexican: Cultural Relations between theUnited States and Mexico( l : U v y Al b m P , 1992); J AB , F m A g m A : T C v y v M x

l P l l C l U S , R k L z, A J w R M x P v l y N l I

M q l.,Open Borders to a Revolution.17. G g G , T L b l Am : R g , S v

C I m l Em , American Historical Review117.1 (F b y 2012): 88; Christy Tornton, Revolutionary Internationalism: Mexico and theC M l l l Sy m, 19191948, Y

y, A l 2011.18. I g , G lb M. J , A R b , E Z l v,

bl g F gm : W g C l l H y M x S 1940,Frag-ments of a Golden Age: Te Politics of Culture in Mexico Since 1940 , . G lb M. Joseph, Anne Rubenstein, and Eric Zolov (Durham: Duke University Press, 2001),322.

mexico's once and future revolution by gilbert m. joseph and jürgen buchenau

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