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ISSN 1991-6655

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Bangladesh Shiskha Samoiki (Bangla Periodical), year-7, number-2, December, 2010 edited by Abu Hamid Latif and Shafiul Alam. Published by Nazmul Haq, Executive Secretary, BAFED, on behalf of Bangladesh Forum for Educational Development.(BAFED) and Institute of Educational Development, BRAC University (IED-BRACU)278/3 Elephant Road (3rd Floor), Kataban, Dhaka 1205. Phone: 9668593, E-mail: [email protected], Website: www.bafed.net

Printed by Arka, House: 1/3 (3rd Floor), Block: E, Lalmatia, Dhaka 1207. Phone: 9126171.

Price Tk. 100.00 US$ 5.00

Publication Information

Bangladesh Shikhsha Shamoiki (Bangladesh Education Periodical) is published by-Bangladesh Forum for Educational Development (BAFED) in collaboration with UNESCO Bangladesh, Dhaka and the Institute of Educational Development (IED), BRAC University of Bangladesh. Articles for publication in this journal are required to be of high standard and meet the criteria set by the editorial board. The articles are selected in two ways: either these are presented in the half yearly Educational Research Dissemination Conference organized jointly by UNESCO-BAFED or these can be sent directly to the editor. In both cases, the journal follows a peer review process and is edited by a board of editors. The journal is published from Bangladesh twice a year in Bangla Language and the ISSN of the journal is 1991-6655.

Another publication of BAFED is Bangladesh Education Journal published in English. This is also published in collaboration with UNESCO-Dhaka and the Institute of Educational Development (IED), BRAC University. Bangladesh Education Journal follows a peer review process. The journal is published from Bangladesh twice a year in English Language and the ISSN of the journal is 1811-0762).

Both the Journals are disseminated widely in print at national and international levels. They have a wide readership among those who are working in the area of education and development, both in the government and outside, as academics, researchers, policy makers, development partners and civil-society members. The contents of both are posted on the website: http://www.bafed.net/Journal.php

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OkãZË¡Õi (1315 e Mvã) Z…Zxq ¯^Zš¿ ms¯‹iYiƒ‡c cÖKvwkZ (êkvL 1391) evsjv kãZË¡ MÖ‡š’ ÔcÖwZkãÕ wk‡ivbvgvq iex›`ªbv‡_i cwifvlv-m¤úwK©Z Av‡jvPbv A‡bK we¯Í…Z I fvebv-DÏxcK| iex›`ªbv_ wj‡LwQ‡jb, ÔAvR ch©šÍ Avgv‡ì fvlv cÖavbZ ag©mvwnZ¨ I immvwnZ¨ jBqvB Pwjqv Avwm‡Z‡Q| k©b weÁvb cÖf…wZi Av‡jvPbvq †h-mKj k‡ãi iKvi Zvnv Avgv‡ì fvlvq R‡g bvB|

OGBRb¨ Avgv‡ì fvlvq wkÿvi D”P A M Kvbv nBqv Av‡Q|

ÔwKš‘ †Kej cwifvlv b‡n, mKjcÖKvi Av‡jvPbv‡ZB Avgiv Ggb A‡bK K_v cvB hvnv Bs‡iwR fvlvq mycÖPwjZ, A_P hvnvi wVK cÖwZkã evsjvq bvB| Bnv jBqv Avgv‡ì c‡` c‡`B ev‡a| AvwRKvi w`‡b †m-mKj K_vi cÖ‡qvRb D‡cÿv Kwievi †Rv bvB| GBRb¨ kvwšÍwb‡KZb c‡Î Avgiv gv‡S gv‡S G m¤^‡Ü Av‡jvPbv Kwie| Avgiv cÖwZkã evbvBevi †Póv KwieÑ Zvnv †h mvwn‡Z¨ Pwj‡e Ggb vwe Kwie bv, †Kej Zvnvi hvPvB Kwi‡Z B”Qv Kwi| Avwg PvB Avgv‡ì QvÎ I Aa¨vc‡Kiv G mg‡q wKQz fvwe‡eb| †Kv‡bv kã hw` cQ›` bv nq, ev Avi-GKUv kã hw` Zuvnv‡ì gv_vq Av‡m, Z‡e

2GB c‡Î Zvnv RvbvB‡eb|Õ

kvwšÍvb‡KZb c‡Îi fv`ª 1326 msL¨vq iex›`ªbv_ Avevi wj‡LwQ‡jb, ÔcÖwZkã m¤^‡Ü Avlv‡pi kvwšÍwb‡KZ‡b †h cÖeÜ evwni nBqvwQj †m m¤^‡Ü cvVK‡ì KvQ nB‡Z Av‡jvPbv Avkv KwiqvwQjvg| wKš‘ GL‡bv Kvnv‡iv KvQ nB‡Z †Kv‡bv mvov †g‡j bvB| wKš‘ G-me KvR GKZidv nB‡j KuvPv _vwKqv hvq| †h-mKj kã‡K fvlvq Zzwjqv jB‡Z nB‡e Zvnv‡ì m¤^‡Ü wePvi I m¤§wZi

3cÖ‡qvRb|Õ



cwifvlv Pwi‡Îi w`K †_‡K Aek¨B cÖwZkã| wKš‘ cwifvlv †Kej cÖwZkã bq| cÖwZk‡ãi g‡a¨ A‡_©i †h-we¯Ívi _v‡K, cwifvlvq Zv Kvg¨ bq| cwifvlvq A‡_©i wKsev wb‡`©kbvi †h mywbw`©óZv

OcÖ‡qvRb cÖwZk‡ã Zv AZ¨vek¨K bq| cÖwZkã cÖm‡ M Av‡jvPbvKv‡j iex›`ªbv_ cwifvlv wb‡qI Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| 7 KvwZ©K, 1339 Zvwi‡L XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi c`v_©weÁvb wefv‡Mi ÔixWviÕ kªxmZxkiÄb Lv¯ÍMxi‡K †jLv GKwU c‡Î iex›`ªbv_ wj‡LwQ‡jb, Ôf‚Z‡Ë¡i cwifvlv Avgvi c‡ÿ Amva¨| kã‡K wkjK I -†K wkjxK…Z ejv P‡j| -†K Aegvbe ej‡jB fv‡jv nq| cÖvZi & I cÖZz¨l k‡ãi †hv‡M †h kã evwb‡qQ Kv‡b AmsMZ †V‡K| cÖvZi& k‡ãi cwie‡Z© cÖ_g ev cÖvK& eënvi Ki‡j P‡j bv wK, =cÖvK&cÖ¯Íi| =cÖvK&gvbe|

4=cÖvMvaywbK| =civ‰RweK|Õ

O21 Avlvp 1341 Zvwi‡L kªxÁv‡b›`ªjvj fv`yox‡K wjwLZ iex›`ªbv‡_i c‡Î cwifvlv cÖm M:cwifvlv msKj‡bi KvR Avcwb †h wbq‡g Pvjv‡”Qb †m Avgvi Aby‡gvw`Z| Avcbvi KvR †kl n‡Z `xN©Kvj jvM‡e| wKš‘ evsjv fvlvi eÁvwbK cvV¨cy¯ÍK iPbvi Kv‡R AwaK †`wi Kiv Pj‡e bv| eB huviv wjL&‡eb Zuv‡ì g‡a¨ †hvM¨Zg e¨w³‡ì n‡ZB cwifvlvi Pig wbe©vPb I cÖPjb wbf©i K‡i; Dcw¯’Z g‡Zv h_v m¤¢e Zuv‡ì mvnvh¨ Kievi Kv‡R Avgiv cÖe„Ë n‡qwQ| fvlvq me mg‡q †hvM¨Z‡gi wbe©vPb bxwZ Lv‡U bvÑ A‡bK mgq A‡bK AvKw¯§K Kvi‡Y A‡hvM¨ kã wU‡K hvq| me©cÖavb KviY n‡”Q ZvovÑ †kl ch©šÍ wePvi Kievi mgq hLb cvIqv hvq bv ZLb AvcvZZ KvR mvivi g‡Zv kã¸‡jv wPi¯^Z¡ Lj K‡i e‡m| Avgvi g‡b nq h_vm¤¢e mZ¡i KvR Kiv DwPZÑ KvR Pj‡Z Pj‡Z fvlv M‡o DV‡eÑ ZLb cvwifvwlK kã¸wj A‡bK ’‡j cÖ_vi †Rv‡iB e¨vKiY wWwO‡q

5Avcb A_© w¯’i K‡i †b‡e|

Dc‡ii D×…Z Ask¸wj‡Z iex›`ªbv_ †h wj‡LwQ‡jbÑ Ô†h-mKj kã‡K fvlvq Zzwjqv jB‡Z nB‡e Zvnv‡ì m¤^‡Ü wePvi I m¤§wZi cÖ‡qvRbÕ Ges ÔZLb cvwifvwlK kã¸wj A‡bK ’‡j cÖ_vi †Rv‡iB e¨vKiY wWwO‡q Avcb A_© w¯’i K‡i †b‡eÕÑ Zv cwifvlv we‡ePbvi †ÿ‡Î †h iæZ¡c~Y© †m-K_v AvR Avevi bZzb K‡i ejvi A‡cÿv iv‡L bv|

KwjKvZv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi D‡`¨vM1932 mv‡j iex›`ªbv_‡K `yÕeQ‡ii Rb¨ KwjKvZv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi mwnZ mn‡hvwMZv Kievi Rb¨ Avgš¿Y Rvbv‡bv nq| G Avgš¿‡Yi gyL¨ D‡Ïk¨ wQj GB †h wZwb mœvZ‡KvËi †kªYxi QvÎ‡ì wnZv‡_© K‡qKwU fvlY †`‡eb Ges evsjv fvlvi Aa¨qb I M‡elYv K‡g©i DbœwZmva‡b KwjKvZv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi mn‡hvwMZv Ki‡eb| Aa¨vcK wn‡m‡e iex›`ªbv_ †m-mg‡q Ôwek¦we`¨vj‡qi iƒcÕ (wW‡m¤î, 1932) I Ôwkÿvi wewKiYÕ (†deªæqvwi 1933) bv‡g `ywU e³…Zv cÖ`vb K‡ib| G `ywU e³…ZvB c‡i Zuvi wkÿv MÖ‡š’i AšÍfz‚©³ n‡q‡Q|

OÔM‡elYv cÖm‡ M Kwe wb‡RB wek¦we`¨j‡qi wbKU GKwU cÖ¯Íve DÌvcb K‡ib| wZwb e‡jb evsjv O Oevbv‡b †h wek„ Ljv Pwj‡Z‡Q Zvnvi g‡a¨ GKUv k„ Ljv ¯’vcb Kiv Avek¨K Ges G-RvZxq Kv‡Ri

fvi wek¦we`¨vj‡qi c‡ÿB MÖnY Kiv DwPZ| evsjvq êÁvwbK k‡ãi cwifvlv iPbv I msKj‡bi Avek¨KZvi K_vI wZwb DÌvcb K‡ib|

Fossil Fossilized Sub-man

Eolith Eoanthropus

Eocene Proterozoic

Ôk¨vgvcÖmv` gy‡Lvcva¨vq ZLbI DcvPvh© nb bvB wKš‘ Kvh©Z wek¦we`¨vj‡qi Kg© cwiPvjbvi `vwqZ¡ ZuvnviB nv‡Z| iex›`ªbv‡_i cÖ¯Íve wZwb Aby‡gv`b Kwi‡jb Ges wek¦we`¨vj‡qi cÿ nB‡Z Zuvnv‡KB GB Kv‡Ri Rb¨ GKUv cÖv_wgK cwiKíbv iPbvi vwqZ¡ MÖnY Kwi‡Z Aby‡iva Kwi‡jb|

ÔKwe †m `vwqZ¡ MÖn‡Y m¤§Z nB‡j ZuvnviB Kv‡Q _vwKqv Zuvnv‡K mvnvh¨ Kwievi Rb¨ KwjKvZv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi GKRb M‡elYv mnvq‡Ki (Research Assistant) c` m„wó nBj| Zuvnvi AwfcÖvq Abymv‡i eZ©gvb †jLK [weRbwenvix fÆvPvh©] †mB c‡` wbhy³ nB‡jb| Kwei cÖZ¨ÿ ZË¡veav‡b cwifvlv msKjb Ges evbvb ms¯‹v‡ii KvR Pwjj| 1934-G KwjKvZv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi Aa¨vcKiƒ‡c

6iex›`ªbv‡_i Kvh©Kvj †kl nB‡j kvwšÍwb‡KZ‡b cwifvlv I evbv‡bi KvRI GKiKg eÜ nBj|Õ

kvwšÍwb‡KZ‡b cwifvlv I evbv‡bi KvR eÜ nIqvi ci weRbwenvix fÆvPvh© KjKvZvq wd‡i Av‡mb Ges B‡Zvg‡a¨ KwjKvZv wek¦we`¨vjq KZ©„K MwVZ êÁvwbK cwifvlv mwgwZi (14 †m‡Þ¤î, 1934) m`mïƒ‡c †hvM`vb K‡ib| KwjKvZv wek¦we`¨vjq KZ©„K G-mgq cwifvlv m¤úwK©Z `ywU

7mwgwZ MwVZ nq :

1) cwifvlv cy¯ÍKvMvi mwgwZ; Ges

2) cwifvlv †K›`ªxq mwgwZ|

cwifvlv cy¯ÍKvMvi mwgwZÕi m`më„›`:

1) kªxk¨vgvcÖmv` gy‡Lvcva¨vq, fvBm-P¨v‡Ýji

2) ivq evnv`yi kªxL‡M›`ªbv_ wgÎ

3) kªxPviæP›`ª fÆvPvh©

4) kªxivR‡kLi emy

5) cwÐZ kªxAg~j¨PiY we`¨vf‚lY

6) W±i kªxmZ¨PiY jvnv

cwifvlv †K›`ªxq mwgwZi mfvcwZ, m¤úv`K I m`më„›`

1) kªxivR‡kLi emyÑmfvcwZ

2) W±i kªxmybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq

3) ivq evnv`yi kªxL‡M›`ªbv_ wgÎ

4) cwÐZ kªxAg~j¨PiY we`¨vf‚lY

5) kªx`yM©v‡gvnb fÆvPvh©

6) kªxwPšÍvniY PµeZ©x

7) kªxweRbwenvix fÆvPvh©

8) kªxØviKvbv_ gy‡Lvcva¨vq

9) kªxPviæP›`ª fÆvPvh©Ñm¤úv`K

10) kªxcÖg_bv_ wekxÑmnKvix


GQvov cwifvlv cÖYq‡bi Rb¨ 11wU wefvMxq mwgwZI MVb Kiv n‡qwQj| †m-me mwgwZi MVb wQj wbgœiƒc:

c`v_© we`¨v

1) W±i kªxdYx›`ªbv_ †Nvl

2) W±i kªxwkwkiKzgvi wgÎ

3) kªxwMix›`ªbv_ fÆvPvh©ÑmnKvix

imvqb

1) W±i kªxcÖdzjøP›`ª wgÎ

2) W±i kªx‡n‡g›`ªKzgvi †mb

3) W±i kªx`ytLniY PµeZ©xÑmnKvix

MwYZ

1) W±i kªx‡R¨vwZg©q †Nvl

2) kªxmZxkP›`ª †Nvl

3) kªxmg‡i›`ªbv_ ivqÑmnKvix

Dw™¢`&we`¨v

1) kªxwMwiRvcÖmbœ gRyg`vi

2) kªxKvjxc` wek¦vm

3) kªxiex›`ª‡gvnb ËÑmnKvix

cÖvwYwe`¨v

1) W±i kªxn‡i›`ªbv_ ivq

2) W±i kªxwngvw`ªKzgvi gy‡Lvcva¨vq

3) kªxÁv‡b›`ªjvj fv`yoxÑmnKvix

kvixiwe`¨v I ^v¯’¨we`¨v

1) gnvg‡nvcva¨vq kªxMYbv_ †mb

2) kªxwbeviYP›`ª fÆvPvh©¨

3) W±i kªxweRjxwenvix miKvi

4) W±i kªxAbv_bv_ P‡Ævcva¨vq

5) kªxÁvbP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq

6) kªxgb¥_bv_ wgÎÑmnKvix

f‚we`¨v

1) kªxkirjvj wek¦vm

2) kªxg‡bv‡gvnb P‡Ævcva¨vq


3) kªxb›`xcÖmv` KUKxÑmnKvix

f‚‡Mvj

1) kªxKzgyèÜz ivq‡PŠayixO2) kªxM MvPiY vm¸ß

`k©b I g‡bvwe`¨v

1) W±i kªxwMix›`ª‡kLi emy

2) W±i kªxmZxkP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq

3) W±i kªxiex›`ªbv_ †NvlÑmnKvix

wPÎv¼b I KvwšÍwe`¨v

1) kªxPviæP›`ª vm¸ß

A_©we`¨v I eëmvq

1) W±i kªxnwikP›`ª wmsn

†K›`ªxq cwifvlv mwgwZi Kvh©vjq ¯’vwcZ n‡qwQj nvwW©Ä n‡÷j fe‡bi wØZ‡ji GKwU ÿz`ª N‡i| wefvMxq mwgwZ¸‡jvi Rb¨ †Kv‡bv c„_K Kvh©vjq wQj bv| KwjKvZv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi êÁvwbK

8cwifvlv mwgwZi cÖqvm I KvR m¤ú‡K© weRbwenvix fÆvPvh© wj‡L‡Qb :

w¯’i nBj wefvMxq cwifvlv mwgwZ Avcb Avcb wefvM m¤^‡Ü cwifvlv msjb I cÖYqb Kwi‡eb| Zuvnv‡ì cÖ¯ÍvweZ ZvwjKv †K›`ªxq cwifvlv mwgwZi mfvq Dc¯’vwcZ Kiv nB‡e| †K›`ªxq mwgwZ wefvMxq mwgwZi mwnZ GK‡hv‡M Av‡jvPbv Kwiqv cÖ¯ÍvweZ ZvwjKvi cwieZ©b cwiea©b Kwi‡eb| †h †Kv‡bv weZwK©Z wel‡qi gxgvsmv Dfq mwgwZi wgwjZ mfvq m¤úbœ nB‡e|

wewfbœ wefvMxq mwgwZi g‡a¨ mgš^q mvab Kwievi vwqZ¡I wQj GB †K›`ªxq mwgwZi|

mKj wefv‡Mi KvR GKm‡½ m¤ú~Y© nq bvB| hLb †h wefv‡Mi ZvwjKv cÖ¯‘Z nBqv‡Q ZLbB Zvnv wek¦we`¨vjq KZ©„K cyw¯ÍKvKv‡i cÖKvk Kiv nBqv‡Q| 1936-37-Gi g‡a¨B cÖvq mKj wefv‡Mi cwifvlv cÖYq‡bi cÖv_wgK KvR mgvß nq|

KwjKvZv wek¦we`¨vjq KZ©„K êÁvwbK cwifvlv mwgwZ MV‡bi cieZ©x `k eQ‡ii g‡a¨ (1944) MwYZwelqK cwifvlvi wØZxq ms¯‹iYmn †gvU 10wU cwifvlv cyw¯ÍKv cÖKvwkZ n‡qwQj| GB cwifvlv cyw¯ÍKv¸wj n‡jv: MwYZ (1935), MwYZ (wØZxq ms¯‹iY, 1937), c`v_©we`¨v (1937), f‚‡Mvj (1937), Dw™¢`we`¨v (1938), kvixie„Ë I ¯^v¯’¨we`¨v (1938), A_©we`¨v (1938), cÖvwYwe`¨v (1941), g‡bvwe`¨v (1941) I f‚we`¨v (1944)| cieZ©xKv‡j 1960 wLªóv‡ã KwjKvZv wek¦we`¨vjq KZ©„K Dchy©³ bqwU I imvqbmn †gvU kwU welq AšÍf©~³ K‡i eÁvwbK cwifvlv MÖš’wU cÖKvwkZ nq|

GLv‡b D‡jøL Kiv cÖ‡qvRb, hZ`~i Rvb‡Z cviv hvq, KwjKvZv wek¦we`¨vjq KZ©„K evsjv cwifvlv cÖYq‡bi Kv‡R G-ch©šÍ G‡mB eÜ n‡q hvq|



cÂg Aa¨vq

cwifvlv cÖqvm: evsjv‡`k1947 mv‡j weªwUk kvmb Aemv‡bi ci cvwK¯Ívb ivóª cÖwZwôZ n‡j ZrKvjxb cÖv‡`wkK c~e© evsjv miKvi Ôc~e© evOjvq cÖPwjZ evsjv fvlv cÖwgZKiY, mnRxKiY I ms¯‹v‡ii cÖkœÕ cixÿvi D‡Ï‡k¨ 1949 mv‡ji 9 gvP© Ôc~e© evOjv fvlv KwgwUÕ bv‡g 16-m`‡mï GKwU KwgwU MVb K‡ib| KwgwUi Kv‡Ri kZ© wQj:

(1) c~e© evOjvi RbM‡Yi fvlv (evsjvi e¨vKiY, evbvb BZ¨w` mn) mnRxKiY, ms¯‹vi I cÖwgZKi‡Yi cÖkœ we‡ePbv Kwiqv †m wel‡q mycvwik Kiv|

(2) †h mg¯Í we‡`kx †UKwbK¨vj Ges Ab¨vb¨ k‡ãi cwifvlv Dc‡iv³ fvlvq †bB †m¸wji Rb¨ †bvZzb kã I †d«R wKfv‡e MVb Kiv hvq Ges †m¸wj‡K wKfv‡e hZ`~i m¤¢e Abyev` Kiv hvq Zvi Dcvq wb‡`©k Kiv|

(3) Dc‡iv³ fvlv‡K wKfv‡e cvwK¯vÍ b Ges we‡kl K‡i ce~ © evOjvi cwÖ Zfv I ms¯‹w… Zi mv‡_ mvgÄm¨cY~ © Kiv hvq †m wel‡q KwgwU Ab¨ Ab¨ hv wKQz c‡Ö qvRb †eva K‡ib †mB Abmy v‡i civgk© vb|

Dch©y³ KwgwUi m`më„›` wQ‡jb:

1. †gŠjvbv gn¤§` AvKivg LvbÑ mfvcwZ

2. nvweeyjøvn evnvi †PŠayix, cÖv‡`wkK gš¿x3. W±i Ave`yj †gvZv‡je gvwjK, cÖv‡`wkK gš¿x4. W±i †gvqv‡¾g †nv‡mb, fvBm P¨v‡Ýji, XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq5. †gŠjvbv Ave`yjøvn Avj-evKx, Gg.Gj.G.6. W±i, gn¤§` knx`yjøvn, Aa¨ÿ, evsjv wefvM, XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq7. Aveyj Kvjvg kvgmyÏxb, Gg.Gj.G. m¤úv`K, `wbK AvRv`8. mq` Avejy nvmbvZ gn¤§ BmgvBj, †Wcwy U BÝ‡c±i †Rbv‡ij Ae cwy jk, ce~ © evOjv miKvi, XvKv|9. gxRvbyi ingvb, †WcywU †m‡µUvix, wkÿv wefvM, c~e© evOjv miKvi10. gvRDwÏb Avng`, cÖv³b Aa¨ÿ, gyivixPuv` K‡jR, wm‡jU11.kBL kivdDwÏb, Aa¨ÿ, Bmjvgx B›UviwgwW‡qU K‡jR|12. G.wKD.Gg. Av`gDwÏb, Aa¨vcK, Bmjvgx B›UviwgwW‡qU K‡jR|13. †gŠjfx RyjwdKvi Avjx, ^Z¡vwaKvix, Avjvweqv †cÖm, PÆMÖvg|14. M‡YkP›`ª emy, Aa¨vcK, evsjv wefvM, XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq|15. †gvwnbx †gvnb vm|16. †Mvjvg gy¯Ídv, †nW gvóviÑ †m‡µUvix|Dchy³ m`m¨MY QvovI wewfbœ ch©v‡q wbgœwjwLZ e¨w³‡ì‡K KwgwUi m`m¨ Kiv nq:1. W±i gyn¤§` Gbvgyj nK, Aa¨vcK, evOjv wefvM, ivRkvnx K‡jR|2. Ave`yj gwR`, c~e© evOjv miKv‡ii evsjv Abyev`K|3. AwRZ Kgz vi n, Aa¨vcK, RMbvœ _ K‡jR, XvKv|


KwgwUi KvR PjvKv‡j Gi m`m¨‡ì g‡a¨ cwieZ© b N‡U| †Mvjvg gy dÍ v [†Mvjvg †gv¯dÍ v] †m‡µUvix wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡Z AcviM nIqvq c_Ö ‡g kBL kivdDÏxb †m‡µUvix c‡` wbh³y nb (9 †g, 1949); Gici Zvu i ‡’ j PÆMvÖ ‡gi wefvMxq ‹jz cwi`kK© bRgjy †nv‡mb †PŠaiy x †m‡µUvix wbh³y nb (21 †g, 1949); wZwb 30 Rby Zvwi‡L PvKwi †_‡K AemiMnÖ Y Ki‡j Zvu i ¯‡’ j wkÿv wefv‡Mi Avey mvC` gvng`y †m‡µUvixi Kvhf© vi MnÖ Y K‡ib(19 Rjy vB, 1949) Ges †kl chš© Í vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib|

1949-Gi wW‡m¤î gv‡m W±i gv‡jK †K›`ªxq gš¿x wbhy³ n‡q KivwP P‡j †M‡j Zuvi ’‡j †emvgwiK wefv‡Mi gš¿x ˆmq` gnv¤§` AvdRvj KwgwUi m`m¨ wbhy³ nb| M‡YkP›`ª emy KwgwUi cÖ_g êV‡K Dcw¯’Z _vKvi ci m`m¨ wn‡m‡e _vK‡Z Awb”Qv cÖKvk K‡ib| 1950-Gi †g gv‡m Zuvi RvqMvq XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi evsjv wefv‡Mi Aa¨vcK nibv_ cvj‡K m`m¨ wbhy³ Kiv nq| wKQzKvj ci wZwbI Awb”Qv cÖKvk Kivq 1950-Gi †m‡Þ¤î gv‡m XvKvi RMbœv_ K‡j‡Ri Aa¨vcK AwRZ Kzgvi ¸n KwgwUi m`m¨ wbhy³ nb|

1950 mv‡ji 19 I 20 AvM÷ fvlv KwgwUi PZz_© eV‡K we‡`wk kã evsjvq iƒcvšÍwiZ Kivi Rb¨ †h mve-KwgwU MVZ nq Zvi m`m¨ wQ‡jbÑ†gŠjvbv AvKivg Lvb (mfvcwZ), Aveyj nvmbvZ BmgvBj, kBL kivdzÏxb, G. wKD. Gg. Av`gDÏxb Ges Avey mvC` gvngy` (Kb‡fbi)|

fvlv KwgwUi Rb¨ wb‡`©wkZ Kv‡h©i wØZxq k‡Z© Ôwe‡`kx †UKwb‡Kj Ges Ab¨vb¨ k‡ãi cwifvlvÕ wbg©vY, ÔbZzb kã I †d«RÕ MVb Ges Abyev‡ì Dcvq wb‡`©‡ki K_v _vK‡jI, cÖK…Zc‡ÿ G KwgwU MV‡bi †cQ‡b ivR‰bwZK D‡Ïk¨B cÖavb wQj| 1950 mv‡ji 19 †m‡Þ¤î fvlv KwgwU Zv‡ì mycvwik cÖ`vb K‡i| wewfbœ mve-KwgwUi mycvwik g~j KwgwU KZ„©K Ab‡ygvw`Z n‡jI ÔD`©y nid mve-KwgwUÕi wi‡cvU© Aby‡gvw`Z nq wb| d‡j miKvi fvlv KwgwUi wi‡cvU© ZLb Avi cÖKvk K‡i wb; c‡i 1958 mv‡j mvgwiK kvmb cÖewZ©Z nIqvi ci †m-wi‡cvU© cÖKvk Kiv nq| cwifvlv wel‡q †Kv‡bv D‡`¨vMI ZLb Avi M„nxZ nq wb|

cÖvwZôvwbK D‡`¨v‡M cwifvlv ˆZwi, eënvi I cÖPv‡ii †Kv‡bv D‡`¨vM GB mg‡q M„nxZ bv n‡jI cwifvlv mgm¨v m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbvi bZzb K‡i m~ÎcvZ N‡U wek kZ‡Ki lv‡Ui `k‡Ki G‡Kev‡i †Mvov †_‡KB| 1952 mv‡ji fvlv Av‡›`vjb I ZrcieZ©xKv‡j 1954 mv‡ji mvaviY wbe©vP‡b c~e© evsjvq hy³d«‡Ui wecyj weRq cvwK¯Ív‡bi Ab¨Zg ivóªfvlv wn‡m‡e evsjv fvlvi ^xK…wZ Av`v‡qi c_ myMg K‡i| c~e© evsjv miKvi 1955 mv‡ji 3 wW‡m¤î XvKvq ÔevOjv GKv‡WgxÕ cÖwZôv Kivi ci ea©gvb nvD‡m GKv‡Wgxi Kvh©µg ïiæ nq| 1956 mv‡j bZzb msweavb iPbv Dcj‡ÿ cvwK¯Ív‡bi

O†K›`ªxq miKvi D`©yi m‡ M evsjv‡KI ivóªfvlv wn‡m‡e †g‡b wb‡Z eva¨ nq|

wkÿvi gva¨g wn‡m‡e ivóªfvlv evsjv cÖPj‡bi vwe, weÁvbwkÿvi cÖmvi Ges fvlv KwgwU KZ…©K evsjv Aÿigvjv, fvlv I e¨vKiY‡K mnR Kivi Dci ¸iæZ¡ Av‡iv‡ci mycvwik‡K †K›`ª K‡i †h bZzb AvjvPbv-ch©v‡jvPbvi m~ÎcvZ G-mgq N‡U, Zvi d‡j cwifvlv wb‡q wPšÍvfvebvI µgk AvMÖ‡ni wel‡q cwiYZ nq| fvlvZvwË¡K Aa¨vcK gbmyi gymv Zuvi evsjv cwifvlv BwZnvm I mgm¨v eBwU‡Z

O 10G-cÖm MwU Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb Gfv‡e:

Avgiv Rvwb cvwK¯Ívb cÖwZôvi ciciB evOjv fvlvi Ae¯’vb-cwiKíbvi msKU PjwQj (`ªóe¨: eìæÏxb Dgi: 1970)| fvlv KwgwUi mycvwi‡k Ges ZrKvjxb hy‡Mi

cÖwZev`x iPbvmg‡~n (†gvdv¾j nvq`vi †PŠayix: 1969; iwdKzj Bmjvg: 1370) †evSv hvq Ae¯’vbcwiKíbvi m‡½ m‡½ AeqecwiKíbvi msKUI PjwQj| GB msKU Dcjwäi m~‡Î evsjv GKv‡Wgxi, (1957) Ges cieZ©xKv‡j evOjv Dbœqb †ev‡W©i cÖwZôv N‡U (1963)| evsjv‡`‡ki fvlvcwiKíbvi †ÿ‡Î GB `y‡Uv cÖwZôvb gyL¨ fvlvcwiKíbv ms¯’v (LPA) wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq, wkÿv wefvM wKsev †UK&÷ eyK †evW© †MŠY fvlv cwiKíbv ms¯’v wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i‡Q| evsjv GKv‡Wgx, evsjv Dbœqb ‡evW© evsjv fvlvi g‡bvbœq‡bi Rb¨ we¯Í…Z Kg©m~Px MÖnY K‡i| XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq, miKvix wkÿv wefvM AZ¨šÍ mxwgZ †ÿ‡Î fvlv- cwiKíbv MÖnY K‡i| GB me ms¯’v cwifvlv mgm¨vi wewnZ Kivi Rb¨ ^-¯^ †ÿ‡Î cwfvlv cÖYq‡bi cÖ‡Póv Pvjvq| hZ`~i Rvbv hvq, Zv‡ì mvg‡b cwifvlv wbg©v‡Yi †Kvb ZvwË¡K KvVv‡gv wQj bv| †m Kvi‡Y mgKvjxb mgvR gb¯ÍvwË¡K weZK© Ges weZÐv Zv‡ì cwifvlv mgm¨v mgvav‡bi cÖqvm‡K bvbvfv‡e weåvšÍ K‡i‡Q| GB mg‡q GKw`‡K BmjgxKi‡Yi Aby”PvwiZ evmbv †hgb wµqvkxj n‡q I‡V, †Zgwb fvlvms¯‹vi, -†ivgvb wjwc cÖeZ©b, Aviex cÖeZ©b, eY© ms¯‹vi, evbvb ms¯‹vi `vex BZ¨vwÌ cÖejvKvi aviY K‡i| d‡j fvlvi Ae¯’vb-cwiKíbv I AeqecwiKíbvi msKU Av‡eM I K‚UZ‡K©i a~gªRv‡j Ave„Z n‡q c‡o| GB weåvwšÍi g‡a¨B evsjv‡`‡ki mgvR cwifvlvi mgm¨vi bevqb N‡UÑ G K_v ejv hvq|

gbmyi gymv GLv‡b cwifvlv cÖm‡½ evsjv‡`‡ki mgv‡R †h weåvwšÍi D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb Zvi cwiPq †g‡j wek kZ‡Ki lv‡Ui `k‡Ki K‡qKwU iPbvq| Gi g‡a¨ †h `ywU †jLvi K_v wZwb we‡klfv‡e D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb Zvi GKwUi †jLK XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi evsjv wefv‡Mi ZrKvjxb wefvMxq cÖavb Aa¨vcK gyn¤§` Ave`yj nvB Ges AciwUi †jLK eûfvlvwe` cwÐZ I fvlvweÁvbx W.gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn|gbmyi gmv D‡jøL K‡ib †h, gynv¤§` Ave`yj nvB‡qi cÖeÜwU A‡bK †Póv K‡iI msMÖn Kiv m¤¢e nq wb, Z‡e gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn&i Dch©y³ iPbv †_‡K cwifvlv m¤ú‡K© Zuvi gZ D×…Z Kiv n‡q‡Q| W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn&i iPbvwU wQj g~jZ GKwU †eZvi Kw_Kv| wZwb cwifvlvwPšÍvi †ÿ‡Î cvwK¯Ív‡bi `ywU ivóªfvlv Ñ evsjv I D`©yi HK¨ ’vcbg~jK cwifvlv Zwii c‡ÿ Zuvi gZ cÖKvk K‡iwQ‡jb| D³ gZ wQj ZrKvjxb RvZxq wkÿv Kwgk‡bi cÖwZ‡e`‡bi Abyiƒc| wZwb e‡jwQ‡jbÑ

ivóªfvlv‡K hveZxq wkÿv I cixÿvi gva¨g Ki‡Z nÕ‡j ivóªfvlvi cwifvlv m„wó Ki‡Z n‡e| Avgv‡ì ivóªfvlv yBwU Ñ evsjv I D`©y nIqvq Avgv‡ì cwifvlvi mgm¨v Dcw¯’Z n‡q‡Q| Kwgk‡bi g‡Z êÁvwbK I ˆkwíK (Scientific and technical) wel‡q ivóªfvlvq cwifvlvq m„wó Kiv wedj| G‡ÿ‡Î Bs‡iRx‡Z eëüZ cwifvlvB

11ivóªfvlvq eënvi Kiv DwPZ| Bnv‡Z evsjv I D`©yi g‡a¨ HK¨ ’vwcZ n‡e|

gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn&i Dch©y³ cÖeÜ-m~‡Î evsjv GKv‡Wgxi ZrKvjxb cwiPvjK ˆmq` Avjx Avnmv‡bi cwifvlv m¤úwK©Z bxwZi †h cwiPq Avgiv cvB Zv n‡jv Ñ

Ô1| †h we‡`kx kã¸‡jv AwZwi³ c‡Ö qv‡M GKwU mej Ges môy z iƒc wb‡q‡Q †m¸‡jvi cwieZb© bv Kiv|

2| RwUj ‰eÁvwbK kã †h¸‡jvi †Kvb cÖwZiƒc Avgv‡ì fvlvq †bB, †m¸‡jv‡K AweK…Z ivLv|

3| †h¸‡jv e¨vL¨v P‡j Ges e¨vL¨v Ki‡jB Avgv‡ì Kv‡Q ¯úó nq, GKgvÎ †m¸‡jviB cÖwZkã 12wbg©vY Kiv|Õ


ˆmq` Avjx Avnmvb e‡jb Ñevsjv fvlvi MwZcÖK…wZi w`‡K Ges †evaMg¨Zvi w`‡K jÿ¨ †i‡L Avgv‡ì cwifvlv wbg©vY Ki‡Z n‡e| †hLv‡b Aviex dvimxi cÖ‡qvM mgxPxb, †mLv‡b Aviex divmx Ges †hLv‡b ms¯‹…‡Zi cÖ‡qvRb

13†mLv‡b ms¯‹…ZÑ GUvB Avgv‡ì Av`k© nIqv DwPZ|

cÿvšÍ‡i gyn¤§` Ave`yj nvB‡qi AwfgZ wQj Ñ

hZUv m¤¢e evsjv fvlvi ag© Zvi kÖæwZgvayh© Ges eënvwiK cÖ‡qvR‡bi w`‡K jÿ¨ †i‡L ms¯‹…Z I 14Aviex fvlvi kãg~‡ji g‡a¨ GKwU fvimvg¨ iÿv Ki‡Z n‡e|

gbmyi gymvi gšÍe¨ Ñ ÔDc‡iv³ `y‡Uv g‡ZiB mgš^q NwU‡q‡Qb gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn& Zuvi wb‡Ri g‡Z| 15wZwb e‡j‡QbÕÑ

ev½jv M‡`ï mvwnwZ¨K eënv‡ii cÖvi¤¢ †_‡KB cwifvlvi Rb¨ ms¯‹…‡Zi mvnvh¨ jIqv n‡”Q| Avwg g‡b Kwi †h, evsjv fvlvi GB HwZ‡nï w`‡K jÿ¨ K‡i †hgb Avgiv ms¯‹…Z eR©b Ki‡Z cvwi bv, †mBiƒc ivóªxq cÖ‡qvR‡bi w`‡K jÿ¨ K‡i Aviex I dvimxI Avgiv AvMÖn¨ Ki‡Z cvwi bv|

gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn&i GB g‡Zi wKQzUv we¯ÍvwiZ iƒc Avgiv †`L‡Z cvB iPbvwUi †kl w`‡K| †mLv‡b wZwb e‡j‡QbÑ

Dcmsnv‡i Avgiv ej‡Z PvB †h eÁvwbK k‡ãi b~Zb cwifvlv m„wó bv K‡i H mKj k‡ãi Bs‡iRx fvlvq eëüZ iƒcB Avgiv MÖnY Kie| myZivs electron, protfon, nutron, (neutron) cÖf…wZ kã Avgiv ev½vjv fvlvq MÖnY Kie| Z‡e †h mKj k‡ãi ev½vjv Abyev` xN©Kvj †_‡K cÖPvwjZ Av‡Q Ges ev½vjv fvlvq A½xf‚Z n‡q‡Q †m¸wj‡Z Avgiv n¯Í‡ÿc Ki‡Z PvB bv| †hgb R¨vwgwZ‡Z †K›`ª, cwiwa, ¯^Ztwm×, wÎfzR, PZzf©yR, mgvšÍivj, mg‡KvY,BZ¨vw`; MwY‡Z eM©g~j, Nbg~j, ¸Y, fvM fMœvsk, kwgK, we›`y BZ¨vw`; f‚‡Mv‡j Øxc, AšÍixc, welye‡iLv, Aÿ‡iLv BZ¨vw`| AvBb-Av`vjZ Rwg`vwi msµvšÍ fvlvq †KvbI cwieZ©‡bi cÖ‡qvRb bvB| GLv‡b gymjgvb ivR‡Z¡i mgq †_‡KB Aviex divmx I ZzwK© kã eëüZ n‡”Q Avi Zv wn›`y gymjgvb wbwe©‡k‡l mK‡ji eëüZ fvlvi A½xf‚Z n‡q‡Q| †hgb †Ìqvbx, †dŠR`vix , ivq,dqmvjx, Avmvgx, dwiqv`x, jv‡LivR, Avqgv, †Mvgk&Z, bv‡qe, Zvgvw`, †mv‡jbvgv, Qvwb wePvi, c‡ivqvbv, BkwZnvi BZ¨vw`|

evsjv I D`©y fvlvi Rb¨ mgcÖK…wZi cwifvlv Zwii wPšÍvi Abyiƒc cÖqvm GB mg‡q fvi‡ZI „„ó nq| OZ‡e †h cÖqvm mdj nqwb| mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq (1964) Zuvi Ôev Mjv fvlvq eÁvwbK cwifvlvÕ

16cÖe‡Ü wj‡L‡Qb|Ñ

wbwLj fvi‡Zi Zver fvlvq Bs‡iRx k‡ãi GK-B cÖwZkã M„nxZ nDK Ñ GB D‡Ï‡k¨, wn›`x‡Z Ges ev½jv gvivwV RivUx cÖf…wZ‡ZI †h kã MVb nB‡ZwQj,Zvnv me©Î mKj fvlvi Dc‡hvMx bv nIqvq GB Av`k© ax‡i ax‡i cwiZ¨³ nB‡Z‡Q| wfbœ wfbœ fvlvq GKB ms¯‹…Z k‡ãi wewfbœ A_© ùvovBqv wM‡q‡QÑ GLb †h †KvbI fvlv Zvnvi Øviv ¯^xK…Z A_© (Zvnv ms¯‹…‡Zi g~j A‡_©i hZB we‡ivax ev wecixZ nDK bv †Kb) Z¨vM Kwiqv Ab¨ A_© MÖnY Kwi‡e, Zvnv m¤¢eci b‡n| †hgb ÔDcb¨vmÕ k‡ãi

OA_© ev Mjvq ÔK_vmvwnZ¨, b‡fjÕ, wKš‘ Zvwg‡j I †Zjy¸‡Z Bnvi A_© Ôag©-wel‡q Dc‡`k ev wePviÕ;


OÔ†PóvÕ A‡_© gvivwV‡Z ÔiwmKZvÕ, ÔAbyivMÕ A‡_© Dwoqvq ÔcÖPÐ †µvaÕ| cÖ_g ev Mjv miKvi †h cÖvq 4000 k‡ãi cÖwZkã wZbwU L‡Ð cÖKvk K‡ib, Zvnvi g‡a¨ GB yBwU bxwZi cÖwZ jÿ¨ ivLv nqÑ

(1) hZ`~i m¤¢e, ms¯‹…Z nB‡ZB kã-Pqb Kiv nB‡e ev ms¯‹…Z avZz cÖZ¨‡qi mnvqZvq MVb Kiv nB‡e ; Ges (2) hvnv‡Z mgMÖ fvi‡Zi Zver fvlvq hZ`~i m¤¢ê MÖnY Kwi‡Z cviv hvq, ev AšÍZt mK‡ji †evaMg¨ nq|

GLb †`Lv hvB‡Z‡Q †h, GB `yB bxwZ‡K cy‡ivcywi MÖnY Kiv myweavRbK b‡n| wn›`x‡Z ms¯‹…Z kã¸wji A_©, eû ¯’‡j ev½jvq †mB k‡ãi cÖPwjZ A_© nB‡Z c„_K nBqv ùvovBqv‡Q; †hgb

OÔAwfgvbÑ wn›`x‡Z Ô†MŠie‡evaÕ, ev Mjvq ÔwcÖqR‡bi cÖwZ weiƒc fve cÖ`k©bÕ; ÔcÖeÜÕ wn›`x‡Z O OÔeë¯’vÕ, ev Mjvq wjwLZ cÖ¯Íve ev ÔwbeÜÕ; Ô†kvaÕ wn›`x‡Z ÔM‡elYvÕ ev Mjvq Ôcwi‡kvaÕ BZ¨vw`|

OGB †nZz, GLb e Mxq weavbgÐjx (weavb mfv Ges mbr mfv ev weavb cwil`&) Øviv †h cybiæ¾xweZ b~Zb cwifvlv msm`& MwVZ nBqv‡Q, Ges GZver wbqwgZfv‡e weavb-M„‡n hvnvi 30wU Awa‡ekb nBqv wMqv‡Q I GB Awa‡ekbmg~‡n AviI cÖvq 2000 cªwZkã cÖ¯ÍvweZ nBqv‡Q, †mB b~Zb cwifvlv

O O- msm‡`, me©fvi‡Z PjyK ev bv PjyK, ev Mvjxi wbKU mnR‡eva¨ nB‡e wK bv Ges ev Mjv fvlvq O OPwj‡e wK bv, ZvnviB Dci †ewk †Rvi †Ìqv nBqv‡Q|Ó cwðg ev Mjv cwifvlv msm` GLb ev Mjv

cÖwZkã¸wj‡K h_vm¤¢e mnR I mij Kwievi †Póv Kwi‡Z‡Qb| †Kej weï× ms¯‹…Z kãB gvwb‡Z OnB‡e, GB bxwZi cwie‡Z©, hvnv‡Z mK‡j webv Avqv‡m eyywS‡Z cv‡i, Ggb ms¯‹…Z Ges ev Mjv fvlvq

¯’vb-cªvß Ab¨ fvlvi (h_v wn›`x D`y© Ges Bs‡iwRi) kã fvlvi †KvbI mnR‡eva¨ kã ev` w`‡Z‡Qb bv| GB †nZz cwifvlv-msm‡ì cÖ¯ÍvweZ kã-msKj‡b we¯Íi Bs‡iwR kãI _vwKqv hvB‡Z‡Q, eû ¯’‡j mnR‡eva¨ ï× ev½jv ev wn›`x A_ev weky× ms¯‹…Z k‡ãi cv‡kI| ms¯‹…Z Abyev‡ì †Póv A‡bK mg‡q wbi_©K I KóKi nBqv c‡o| Bnv‡Z †Kn †Kn g‡b Kwi‡eb †h, RvZxqZv‡eva‡K ÿyYœ Kiv nBqv‡Q, wKš‘ hyMa‡g©i d‡j b~Zb we‡`kx (we‡klZt Bs‡iwR fvlvi eû eû k‡ãi ev½jv fvlvq cÖ‡ek Acwinvh©)|

fvlv KvnviI wb‡`©k ev B”Qv Abymv‡i MwVZ nq bv Ñ ÒeûRbwnZvq eûRbmyLvq PÓ fvlv mK‡ji Omg‡eZ †Póv, AvKv•ÿv I Av`©kev‡ì c‡_B PvwjZ nq| ev Mvjx Rbmvavi‡Yi gvZ…fvlv mg‡Ü

mvewnZ nBevi Ges gvZ…fvlvi Rb¨ kªg ^xKv‡ii Dc‡ii fvlvi cÖMwZ wbf©i Kwi‡e|

lô Aa¨vq

evOjv Dbœqb †evW© I evsjv GKv‡Wgxi cwifvlv-cÖqvmcvÖ K-¯v^ axbZv c‡e© evsjv‡`‡k miKvwi cqÖ v‡mi gva¨‡g cwifvlv ˆZwi wKsev cPª j‡bi †Zgb †Kv‡bv ¸iæZc¡ Y~ © D‡`¨vM cwi`ó„ nq bv| †h GKwU cqÖ vm n‡qwQj Zv n‡jv, 1968 mv‡j ce~ © cvwK¯vÍ b miKv‡ii wkÿv wefvM KZK…© Awdm Av`vj‡Z evsjv Pvjy Kivi KvR mnRZi Kivi Rb¨ Bengali Equivalents

of English Terms and Phrases (A-L) bvgK GKwU cwy ¯KÍ v cKÖ vk| gbmiy gmy v D‡jLø K‡i‡Qb †h, 17

ÔcvwK¯vÍ b Avg‡j miKvix chv© ‡q cwifvlv ZrciZvi Ab¨ †Kv‡bv bgby v cvIqv hvq bv|Õ


1. Av_©bxwZK cwifvlv‡KvlcÖvK-¯^vaxbZv c‡e© cwifvlv-ZrciZv m~wPZ nq †K›`ªxq evOjv Dbœqb †evW© KZ…©K wewfbœ wel‡qi cwifvlv-cyw¯ÍKv cÖKv‡ki ga¨ w`‡q| GB cÖqv‡mi g‡a¨ cÖ_g cwifvlv-cyw¯ÍKv Av_©bxwZK cwifvlv-†Kvl cÖKvwkZ nq 1966 wLªóv‡ãi Ryb gv‡m| †K›`ªxq evOjv Dbœqb †ev‡W©i ZrKvjxb cwiPvjK gyn¤§` Gbvgyj nK cyw¯ÍKvwU‡Z ÔcwiPvj‡Ki wb‡e`bÕ As‡k wj‡L‡Qb, Ôh_vmg‡q PvwiRb A_©bxwZwe`&‡K jBqv GKwU ÔAv_©bxwZK cwifvlv-Dcm•NÕ MwVZ nq| cÖvq ermivwaK Kvj hver GKUvbv cwikª‡gi ci Dcm•NwU 4150 kãmgwš^Z GKwU cwifvlv-†Kvl cÖ¯‘Z Kwiqv weMZ 23-2-65 Zvwi‡L cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ †ev‡W© `vwLj K‡ib| huvnvw`M‡K jBqv ÔAv_©bxwZK cwifvlv-Dcm•NÕ MwVZ nq, Zuvnv‡ì bvg wb‡gœ †Ìqv nBj:

1. WK&Ui b~iæj Bmjvg, Aa¨ÿ Ñ mfvcwZ, A_©bxwZ wefvM, XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq|

2. Aa¨vcK gy¯Ídv dviæK †gvnv¤§` Ñ m`m¨ (1.12.63 Ñ 31.8.64)

3. Aa¨vcK gnxDÏxb Lvb AvjgMxi Ñ m`m¨ ( 1.9.64 Ñ 23.2.65)

4. WK&Ui gxR©v kvnRvnvb Ñ m`m¨

5. Aa¨ÿ kdxKzi ingvb Ñ m`m¨

Ôejv evûj¨, GB Dcm‡•Ni mKj m`m¨B A_©bxwZ‡Z we‡klÁ nB‡jI, wekvj I RwUj ab-weÁv‡bi hveZxq cwifvwlK kã GB kã‡Kv‡l †Ìqv nBqv‡Q, Ggb a„óZvc~Y© `vex Zuvnv‡ì bvB| Z‡e, m‡•Ni mfë„›` g‡b K‡ib, wek¦we`¨vj‡qi D”PZg †kªYx‡Z evsjv-fvlvq ab-weÁvb Av‡jvPbv Kwi‡Z †M‡j QvÎ I wkÿK cÖvqB †h mg¯Í cvwifvwlK k‡ãi m¤§yLxb nB‡eb, Zvnvi AwaKvskB GB

18kã‡Kv‡l cvIqv hvB‡e|Õ

2. imvqb cwifvlv‡Kvl1967 mv‡ji †deªæqvwi gv‡m evOjv Dbœqb †evW© KZ…©K imvqb cwifvlv‡Kvl cÖ_g cÖvwkZ nq|

imvqb cwifvlv-Dcm•N

(1) WK&Ui gyKig© †nv‡mb L›`Kvi Ñ mfvcwZ

Aa¨ÿ, imvqb wefvM, XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq|

(2) WK&Ui gydxRyÏxb Avng` Ñ m`m¨

Aa¨vcK, imvqb wefvM, XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq|

(3) WK&Ui gynv¤§` Avjx bIqve Ñ m`m¨


(4) WK&Ui Gm.†RW. nvq`vi Ñ m`m¨


cwifvlv‡KvlwU 1976 I 1990 mv‡j evsjv GKv‡Wgx KZ…©K `yÕevi cybgy©w`ªZ nq| †gvU kãmsL¨v 3200|


3. c`v_©we`¨v cwifvlv‡Kvl1968 mv‡ji Rvbyqvwi gv‡m evOjv Dbœqb †evW© KZ©„K cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ nq| G‡Z cÖvq 3000 cvwifvwlK kã wQj|

c`v_©we`¨v cwifvlv-Dcm•N:

(1) WK&Ui G.Gg. †PŠayix Ñ mfvcwZAa¨ÿ, c`v_©we`¨v wefvM, XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq|

(2) WK&Ui KvRx †gvZvnvi †nv‡mb Ñ m`mÄa¨ÿ, cwimsL¨vb wefvM, XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq|

(3) Rbve kvn dRjyi ingvb Ñ m`mÄa¨vcK, c`v_©we`¨v wefvM, XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq|

(4) WK&Ui G. Gg. kidzÏxb Ñ m`m¨cwiPvjK, wkÿv m¤úªmviY †K›`ª, XvKv|

1972 mv‡ji 17 †g evOjv Dbœqb †evW© wejyß n‡q evsjv GKv‡Wgxi m‡½ mgwš^Z nIqvi ci 1973 19

mv‡j evsjv GKv‡Wgx KZ…©K wb‡gœv³ c`v_©weÁvbx‡ì wb‡q c`v_©we`¨v cwifvlv KwgwU MwVZ nq :

(1) W: Av.L.g. wmwÏK Ñ AvnŸvqK†Pqvig¨vb, c`v_©we`¨v wefvM, XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq|

(2) W: ARqKzgvi ivq - m`m¨mn‡hvMx cÖ‡dmi, c`v_©we`¨v wefvM, XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq|

(3) W: gynv¤§` Beªvnxg Ñ m`m¨mn‡hvMx cÖ‡dmi, c`v_©we`¨v wefvM, XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq|

(4) W: Avjx AvmMi Ñ m`m¨mn‡hvMx cÖ‡dmi, c`v_©we`¨v wefvM, cÖ‡KŠkj wek¦we`¨vjq|

GB KwgwU KZ…©K cÖ¯‘ZK…Z c`v_©we`¨v cwifvlv‡Kvl 1977 mv‡j (gvP©) cÖKvwkZ nq| G‡Z cÖvq 3500 cvwifvwlK kã AšÍf©z³ Kiv n‡qwQj| †Z‡iv eQi ci 1990 (Ryb) mv‡j cyw¯ÍKvwU cybgy©w`ªZ nq| PZz_©evi cybgy©w`ªZ nq 1994 mv‡j|

4. f‚-we`¨v cwifvlv‡Kvl1968 mv‡ji Ryb gv‡m evOjv Dbœqb †evW© cwifvlv cyw¯ÍKvwU cÖKvk K‡i| †ev‡W©i ZrKvjxb cwiPvjK gyn¤§` Gbvgyj nK cyw¯ÍKvwUi f‚wgKvs‡k D‡jøL K‡ib, ÔwbgœwjwLZ f‚-weÁvbxw`M‡K jBqv GKwU f‚-we`¨v DcmsN MwVZ nq|Õ

(1) WK&Ui gyn¤§` Ave`yj jZxd Ñ mfvcwZAa¨ÿ, f‚we`¨v wefvM, XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq|

(2) Rbve gywbiæj nK Ñ m`m¨, Aa¨vcKf‚we`¨v wefvM, XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq|


(3) Rbve kvgmyi ingvb Ñ m`mÄa¨vcK, f‚we`¨v wefvM, XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq|

(4) Rbve ZwigZ †nv‡mb Ñ m`mÄa¨vcK, f‚we`¨v wefvM, XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq|

f‚-we`¨v cwifvlv‡Kvl cyw¯ÍKvwU‡Z kã wQj cÖvq 4164wU| GwU evsjv GKv‡Wgx KZ…©K 1976 (Ryb) I 1990 (Ryb) mv‡j yÕevi cybgy©w`ªZ nq|

5. g„r-weÁvb cwifvlv‡Kvl†K›`ªxq evOjv Dbœqb †evW© 1970 mv‡ji Ryb gv‡m g„r-weÁvb cwifvlv‡Kvl cyw¯ÍKvwU cª_g cÖKvk K‡i| cwifvlv‡KvlwU msKj‡bi Rb¨ MwVZ Dcms‡Ni m`m¨ wQ‡jb yÕRb:

(1) W. G. wKD. Gg. eRjyj Kwig Ñ mfvcwZAa¨ÿ, g„r-weÁvb wefvM, XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq|

(2) W. Avwgbyj Bmjvg Ñ m`mÄa¨vcK, g„r-weÁvb wefvM, XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq|

1976 mv‡j cwifvlv‡KvlwU evsjv GKv‡Wgx KZ…©K cybgy©w`ªZ nq|

6. ivóªweÁvb cwifvlv‡Kvl†K›`ªxq evOjv Dbœqb †evW© 1970 mv‡ji †m‡Þ¤î gv‡m `yB L‡Ð ivóªweÁvb cwifvlv‡Kvl cÖKvk K‡i| GB cwifvlv‡Kvl msKjb Dcms‡Ni m`m¨ wQ‡jb:

(1) WK&Ui †gvRvddi Avng` †PŠayix Ñ Aa¨ÿ, ivóªweÁvb wefvM, XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq|

(2) Rbve b~i gn¤§` wgTv Ñ Aa¨vcK, ivóªweÁvb wefvM, XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq|

cwifvlv‡KvlwU evsjv GKv‡Wgx KZ…©K 1990 mv‡ji Ryb gv‡m cybgy©w`ªZ nq| GB cwifvlv †KvlwUi we‡klZ¡ n‡jv G‡Z kyay cªwZkãB †Ìqv nq wb, eis mKj g~j fzw³ m¤ú©‡KB mswÿß cwiwPwZg~jK weeiYI mwbœ‡ek Kiv nq, †hgb:

Nation: RvwZ|

RvwZ ewj‡Z eySvq Ñ ÒHwZnvwmK weKvkavivi wfZi w`qv D™¢‚Z Ggb GKwU ’vqx RbmgvR, hvnvi fvlv Ges evmf‚wg GK, A_©‰bwZK Rxebaviv Ges ms¯‹…wZMZ mgvRRxe‡bi ga¨ w`qv cÖKvwkZ gvbwmK weKvkI GK|Ó

AvaywbK RvwZmg~n RvMiYkxj abZš¿hy‡Mi (A_v©r abZ‡š¿ cÖ_g hy‡Mi) m„wó| †R,wf, ÷¨vwjb e‡jb, Òe„wUk, divmx, Rvg©vb I BZvjxqiv RvwZ wnmv‡e Mwoqv DwVqv‡Q abZ‡š¿i AMÖMwZ I mvgšÍZvwš¿K A‰b‡Kï weiæ‡× abZ‡š¿i cÖvavb¨ jv‡fi mgq| Ab¨vb¨ HwZnvwmK NUbvi gZB GKwU RvwZ cwieZ©‡bi mvaviY wbq‡gi Aaxb; Bnvi GKwU BwZnvm Av‡Q, Avi¤¢I Av‡Q Ges †klI Av‡Q|Ó

7. AvšÍR©vwZK AvBb cwifvlv‡Kvl†K›`ªxq evOjv Dbœqb †evW© 1970 mv‡ji AvM÷ gv‡m AvšÍR©vwZK AvBb cwifvlv‡Kvl cª_g cªKvk


K‡i| GB cwifvlv‡Kvl msKj‡bi Rb¨ MwVZ Dcms‡Ni mfvcwZ I m`m¨ wQ‡jb:

(1) Rbve Gg. kvnveyÏxb Ñ mfvcwZ

(2) Rmve gy¯Ídv Kvgvj Ñ m`m¨

(3) Rbve †K. Gg. †mvenvb Ñ m`m¨

(4) Rbve b~iæj †gv‡gb Ñ m`m¨ (2 gvm)

(5) Rbve Ave`yj Kvwì Ñ m`m¨ (2 gvm)

cwifvlv‡KvlwU 1990 mv‡j evsjv GKv‡Wgx KZ…©K cybgy©w`ªZ nq|

8. Z_¨MwYZ cwifvlv‡KvlGB cwifvlv‡KvlwU 1970 mv‡ji b‡f¤î gv‡m †K›`ªxq evsjv Dbœqb †evW© KZ…©K cÖ_g cªKvwkZ nq| †KvlMÖš’wU msKjb I m¤úv`bvi Rb¨ MwVZ Dcms‡Ni mfvcwZ I m`më„›` wQ‡jb:

(1) W±i gykwdKzi ingvb Ñ mfvcwZ

(2) W±i KvRx †gvZvnvi †nv‡mb Ñ m`m¨

(3) Aa¨vcK Gg. IevB`yjøvn& Ñ m`m¨ (AvkKvi Be‡b kvBL)

(4) Aa¨vcK igRvb Avjx mi`vi Ñ m`m¨

(5) Aa¨vcK Gg, Ave`yj ReŸvi Ñ m`m¨

Z_¨MwYZ cwifvlv‡Kvl 1976 mv‡ji †g gv‡m evsjv GKv‡Wgx KZ…©K cybgy©w`ªZ nq|

9. MwYZkv¯¿ cwifvlv‡KvlGB cwifvlv‡KvlwU 1971 mv‡ji †g gv‡m †K›`ªxq evsjv Dbœqb †evW© KZ…©K cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ nq| Dcms‡Ni mfvcwZ I m`më„›` wQ‡jb:

(1) W±i gykwdKzi ingvb Ñ mfvcwZ

(2) W±i KvRx †gvZvnvi †nv‡mb Ñ m`m¨

(3) Aa¨vcK Gg. IevB`yjøvn& Ñ m`m¨

(AvkKvi Be‡b kvBL)

(4) Aa¨vcK igRvb Avjx mi`vi Ñ m`m¨

(5) Aa¨vcK Gg, Ave`yj ReŸvi Ñ m`m¨

MwYZkv¯¿ cwifvlv‡Kvl 1976 mv‡ji †g Ges 1990 I 1994 mv‡ji Ryb gv‡m evsjv GKv‡Wgx KZ…©K wZb evi cybgy©w`ªZ nq| cwifvlvwU welqwfwËK 13wU fv‡M msKwjZ nq, h_v: (1) cvUxMwYZ, (2) AvaywbK exRMwYZ, (3) K¨vjKzjvm, (4) cyivZb exRMwYZ, (5) we‡kølY MwYZ, (6) D”PZi we‡kølY MwYZ, (7) R¨vwgwZ, (8) ejweÁvb, (9) †ÿÎwe`¨v, (10) wÎ‡KvYwgwZ, (11) KwYK, (12) Nb-R¨vwgwZ, Ges (13) †RvwZwe©`¨v|

10. †fŠ‡MvwjK cwifvlv‡KvlGB cwifvlv‡KvlwU †K›`ªxq evsjv Dbœqb †evW© KZ„©K cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ nq| DcmsN:


(1) Rbve gwdRyj Bmjvg †PŠayix Ñ mfvcwZ

Aa¨ÿ, f‚‡Mvj wefvM, XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq|

(2) Rbve b~iæj Bmjvg Ñ m`m¨

Aa¨vcK, f‚‡Mvj wefvM, XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq|

(3) Rbve G. †K. Gg KvgvjyÏxb Ñ m`m¨

Aa¨vcK, f‚‡Mvj wefvM, XvKv K‡jR|

GwU 1976 I 1990 mv‡ji Ryb gv‡m evsjv GKv‡Wgx KZ…©K yÕevi cybgy©w`ªZ nq| cvwifvwlK k‡ãi †gvU msL¨v 1788|

11. fvlvZË¡ cwifvlv‡KvlGB cwifvlv‡Kvl cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ nq †K›`ªxq evsjv Dbœqb †evW© KZ…©K 1970 mv‡ji †deªæqvwi gv‡m| msKjb I m¤úv`bvi Rb¨ MwVZ DcmsN:

(1) W±i gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn (giûg) Ñ Dc‡`óv

(2) gyn¤§` Ave`yj nvB (giûg) Ñ mfvcwZ

(3) W±i KvRx xb gyn¤§` Ñ m`m¨

(4) Aa¨vcK †gvdv¾j nvq`vi †PŠayix Ñ m`m¨

(5) Aa¨vcK ivwdKyj Bmjvg Ñ m`m¨

12. AvšÍ©RvwZK m¤úK© cwifvlv‡KvlGB cwifvlv‡Kvl †K›`ªxq evsjv Dbœqb †evW© KZ…©K cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ nq 1968 mv‡ji Rvbyqvwi gv‡m| msKjb I m¤úv`bvi Rb¨ MwVZ Dcms‡Ni mfvcwZ I m`m¨:

(1) W±i Gg. G. AvwRR Ñ mfvcwZ

Aa¨ÿ, AvšÍR©vwZK m¤úK© wefvM, XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq|

(2) Rbve b~iæj †gv‡gb Ñ m`m¨

Aa¨vcK, AvšÍR©vwZK m¤úK© wefvM, XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq|

(3) Rbve iæ¯Íg Avjx Ñ m`m¨


(4) û`vcZœx D¤§&-B-Kzjm~g wmwÏK Ñ m`m¨


cwifvlv‡KvlwU‡Z fzw³msL¨v Avq AvU kZ| G‡Z ïay evsjv cÖwZkãB †`Iqv nqwb, AwaKvsk k‡ãi mswÿß e¨vL¨vI cÖ`Ë n‡q‡Q|

13. m½xZ I b„Z¨Kjv cwifvlv‡KvlKiæYvgq †Mv¯^vgx KZ…©K msKwjZ G cwifvlv‡Kvl evsjv GKv‡Wgx KZ…©K 1972mv‡ji gvP© gv‡m cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ nq| wØZxq gy`ªY cÖKvwkZ nq 1990 mv‡ji Ryb gv‡m|


14. g‡bvwe`¨v cwifvlv‡Kvlg‡bvwe`¨v cwifvlv‡Kvl cyw¯ÍKvwU evsjv GKv‡Wgx KZ…©K 1976 mv‡ji †g gv‡m cÖ_g cªKvwkZ nq| GB cwifvlv †Kvl cÖYq‡bi KvR m¤úbœ K‡ib wbgœwjwLZ cwifvlv DcmsN:

(1) (ci‡jvKMZ) W. †Mvwe›`ªP›`ª †è

(2) Rbve mvB‡q` Ave`yj nvB

(3) W. gxi dLiæ¾vgvb

(4) Rbve eìæj Avbvg

(5) Rbve gydvm&wmj DÏxb Avng`

15. †R¨vwZwe©`¨v cwifvlv‡Kvl†R¨vwZwe©`¨v cwifvlv‡Kvl 1985 mv‡ji †deªæqvwi gv‡m evsjv GKv‡Wgx KZ…©K cÖ_g cªKvwkZ nq| cwifvlv‡KvlwUi msKjb I m¤úv`bvi `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib:

(1) cÖ‡dmi Gg. Ave`yj ReŸvi

(2) cÖ‡dmi igRvb Avjx mi`vi

(3) cÖ‡dmi G. Gg. nviæb-Ai-ikx`

16. Dw™¢`weÁvb cwifvlv‡KvlDw™¢`weÁvb cwifvlv 1985 mv‡ji †g gv‡m cÖ_g evsjv Kv‡Wgx KZ…©K cªKvwkZ nq| cwifvlv‡KvlwU cÖYqb K‡ib:

(1) W. BKAvj AvwRR gyËvKx

(2) W. mvgmyÏxb Avng`

Ges m¤úv`bv K‡ib:

(1) cÖ‡dmi Avng` kvgmyj Bmjvg

17. wPwKrmvweÁvb cwifvlv‡KvlwPwKrmvweÁvb cwifvlv cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ nq 1977 mv‡ji †m‡Þ¤î gv‡m| ÔcÖ_g ms¯‹i‡Yi f‚wgKvÕq evsjv GKv‡Wgxi ZrKvjxb gnvcwiPvjK W. Avkivd wmwÏKx wj‡L‡Qb,Ômv‡eK evsjv GKv‡Wgxi D‡`¨v‡M MwVZ GKwU wPwKrmvwe`¨v cwifvlv KwgwUi mnvqZvq cÖYxZ wPwKrmvwe`¨vi evsjv cwifvlvi GKwU cvÐzwjwc 1970 mv‡j gy`ª‡Yi eë¯’v Kiv n‡qwQ‡jv| KwgwUi Ab¨Zg m`m¨ knx` Wv: †gvnv¤§` †gvZ©vRv cwifvlv cyw¯ÍKvwUi cÖv_wgK msKjb Ges KwgwU KZ…©K we‡ewPZ nevi ci P‚ovšÍ Kwc Zixi KvR m¤úbœ K‡iwQ‡jb| ^vaxbZvhy× PjvKv‡j y©fvMëkZt gy`ª‡Yi KvR e¨vnZ nq Ges wKQz Kv‡ji Rb¨ cvÐzwjwc nvwi‡q hvq| K‡qK eQi ci cvÐzwjwcwU cvIqv hvq Ges eZ©gvb evsjv GKv‡Wgxi wPwKrmvwe`¨v welqK cy¯ÍK-cÖYqb-mgš^q KwgwUi Aby‡iv‡a Wv: Avn‡g` iwdK cvÐzwjwcwU‡Z wKQz ms‡hvRb I cwigvR©b mvab K‡ib| Wv: †gvZ©Rv m¤úvw`Z cvÐzwjwc‡Z cÖvq cuvP nvRvi cvwifvwlK kã wQ‡jv; Wv: Avn‡g` iwdK G¸wji wKQz wKQz ms‡kvab K‡ib Ges AviI cÖvq wZb nvRvi kã †hvM K‡ib| GB cwigvwR©Z cwifvlvwU cÖKvk Kiv n‡jv|Õ


evsjv GKv‡Wgx 1983 mv‡ji Ryb gv‡m wPwKrmvweÁvb cwifvlv †Kv‡li wØZxq ms¯‹iY cÖKvk K‡i| wØZxq ms¯‹i‡Yi f‚wgKvq wPwKrmvweÁvb cwifvlv KwgwU D‡jøL K‡i †h,ÔcÖ_g ms¯‹i‡Yi cÖ‡qvRbxq m¤úv`bv QvovI GB ms¯‹i‡Y cÖvq GK nvRvi bZzb cvwifvwlK kã ms‡hvwRZ n‡q‡Q| mvZ m`m¨wewkó m¤úv`bv KwgwU‡Z AšÍfz©‚³ wQ‡jb Wv: Gg. G. Kvìx, Wv: eìæj Avjg, Wv: Ave`yj gvbœœb ZvjyK`vi, Wv: mvC` nvq`vi, Wv: Avng` iwdK, Wv: ïfvMZ †PŠayix Ges Rbve b~iæj û`v| †kl ch©v‡q wbqwgZ eV‡Ki eë¯’v Kiv m¤¢e bv nIqvq KwgwUi mycvwikµ‡g Wv: Avng` iwdK Ges Wv: ïfvMZ †PŠayix bZzb kã ms‡hvRbmn m¤úv`bvi KvR †kl K‡ib|Õ

18. AvBb cwifvlv‡KvlAvBb cwifvlv 1985 mv‡ji †deªæqvwi gv‡m evsjv GKv‡Wgx KZ…©K cÖ_g cªKvwkZ nq| cwifvlv‡KvlwU cÖYqb K‡ib MvRx kvgQzi ingvb|

19. cÖZœZË¡ cwifvlv‡KvlcÖZœZË¡ cwifvlv 1985 mv‡ji b‡f¤î gv‡m evsjv GKv‡Wgx KZ…©K cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ nq| cwifvlv‡KvlwU m¤úv`bv K‡ib W. myjZvb Avng`|

20. mvwnZ¨ mgv‡jvPbv I b›`bZË¡ cwifvlv‡KvlmvwnZ¨ mgv‡jvPbv I b›`bZË¡ cwifvlv evsjv GKv‡Wgx KZ…©K cÖ_g cªKvwkZ nq 1985 mv‡ji †deªæqvwi gv‡m| GwU `yÕwU As‡k wef³| GK As‡k mvwnZ¨ mgv‡jvPbv Ges Aci As‡k b›`bZË¡ wel‡qi cwifvlv msKwjZ n‡q‡Q| cÖ_g As‡ki cÖ‡YZv I msKjK Kexi †PŠayix| wØZxq Ask msKjb K‡i‡Qb mq` gbRyiæj Bmjvg|

21. cyivZË¡ cwifvlv‡KvlcyivZË¡ cwifvlv cª_g cÖKvwkZ nq evsjv GKv‡Wgx KZ…©K 1985 mv‡ji †deªæqvix gv‡m| Gi cÖ‡YZv W. Gbvgyj nK|

22. cjøx Dbœqb cwifvlv‡Kvlcjøx Dbœqb cwifvlv cª_g cÖKvwkZ nq evsjv GKv‡Wgx KZ…©K 1985 mv‡ji †deªæqvwi gv‡m| Gi msKjK I m¤úv`K wQ‡jb h_vµ‡g Kvgvj wmwÏwK I AvKei Avjx Lvb| cwifvlv‡KvlwUi †k‡l Abbreviations As‡k ABC (Assistance for Blind children), ADB (Asian Development Bank) BZ¨vw` mswÿß cwiwPwZg~jK bv‡gi c~Y© bvg Ges evsjv bvg cÖ`Ë n‡q‡Q|

23. mgvRKg© cwifvlv‡KvlmgvRKg© cwifvlv cª_g cÖKvwkZ nq evsjv GKv‡Wgx KZ…©K 1985 mv‡ji Ryb gv‡m| Gi cÖ‡YZv †gvnv¤§` nvweeyi ingvb, cÖ‡dmi, mgvRKg© wefvM, ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq|

24. MÖš’vMvi weÁvb cwifvlv‡Kvl MÖš’vMvi weÁvb cwifvlv cª_g cÖKvwkZ nq evsjv GKv‡Wgx KZ…©K 1985 mv‡ji AvM÷ gv‡m| gyn¤§` Ave`yi iv¾K cwifvlv‡KvlwUi cÖ‡YZv|


25. Mvn©¯’¨ A_©bxwZ cwifvlv‡KvlMvn©¯’¨ A_©bxwZ cwifvlv cª_g cÖKvwkZ nq evsjv GKv‡Wgx KZ…©K 1985 mv‡ji RyjvB gv‡m| cwifvlv‡KvlwUi cÖ‡YZv wQ‡jb ûmbv evby Lvbg, wiqvb~i †eMg I mq`v nvwjgv ingvb|

26. †nvwgIc¨vw_ cwifvlv‡Kvl†nvwgIc¨vw_ cwifvlv cª_g cÖKvwkZ nq evsjv GKv‡Wgx KZ…©K 1985 mv‡ji AvM÷ gv‡m| GwU cÖYqb K‡ib Wv: gyn¤§` b~iæj û`v I Wv: N‡bk¦i PµeZ©x Ges m¤úv`bv K‡ib Wv: PÐxc` PµeZ©x|

27. ¯’vcZ¨ cwifvlv‡Kvl¯’vcZ¨ cwifvlv cª_g cÖKvwkZ nq evsjv GKv‡Wgx KZ…©K 1994 mv‡ji Ryb gv‡m| GwU cÖYqb K‡ib ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vj‡qi Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ wefv‡Mi cÖ‡dmi gynv¤§` †gvL‡jQzi ingvb|

28. PviæKjv cwifvlv‡KvlPviæKjv cwifvlv cª_g cÖKvwkZ nq evsjv GKv‡Wgx KZ…©K 2006 mv‡ji †g gv‡m| cwifvlv‡KvlwUi cÖ‡YZv XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi PviæKjv Bbw÷wUD‡Ui Aa¨vcK eyjeb Imgvb|

29. cÖvwYwe`¨v cwifvlv‡KvlcÖvYxweÁvb cwifvlv 1985 mv‡ji †deªæqvwi gv‡m cª_g cÖKvwkZ nq evsjv GKv‡Wgx KZ…©K| Zcb PµeZ©x cwifvlv‡KvlwU cÖYqb K‡ib|

30. cÖkvmwbK cwifvlv‡Kvlevsjv GKv‡Wgx 1975 mv‡ji †deªæqvwi gv‡m cÖkvmwbK cwifvlv‡Kvl cÖKvk K‡i| GKv‡Wgxi ZrKvjxb gnvcwiPvjK bxwjgv Beªvwng cwifvlv cy¯ÍKwUi f‚wgKvq D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb, ÔeZ©gvb †Kvl cÖYq‡b Avgv‡ì Abyev` wefv‡Mi mswkøó Kg©x I M‡elKiv †h A‡kl cwikªg K‡i‡Qb Zvi Rb¨ Zuv‡ì‡K mvayev` RvbvB|Õ

31. BwZnvm cwifvlv‡Kvlevsjv GKv‡Wgx KZ…©K 1976 mv‡ji Ryb gv‡m cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ nq| GwU cÖYqb K‡ib wb‡gœv³ BwZnvm welqK cwifvlv‡Kvl KwgwU|

(1) Rbve G.we.Gg. nvweeyjø¨vn& Ñ mfvcwZ

(2) W±i Gg. Kwei Ñ m`m¨

(3) W±i G. Kwig Ñ m`m¨

(4) W±i Gg. Avi. Zid`vi Ñ m`m¨

(5) W±i wmivRyj Bmjvg Ñ m`m¨

32. evwYR¨ cwifvlv‡KvlevwYR¨ cwifvlv-†Kvl cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ nq †K›`ªxq evsjv Dbœqb †evW© KZ…©K 1967 mv‡ji Ryb gv‡m| cwifvlv-Dcm‡•Ni m`më„›` wQ‡jb:

(1) Rbve Gg. kdxDjøvn, Aa¨ÿ, evwYR¨ wefvM, XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq|


(2) Rbve Gg. nexeyjøvn, Aa¨vcK, evwYR¨ wefvM, XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq|

(3) Rbve G.G.Gg. ev‡iK, Aa¨vcK, evwYR¨ wefvM, XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq|

evsjv GKv‡Wgx h_vµ‡g 1976 mv‡ji †g Ges 1990 mv‡ji Ryb gv‡m cwifvlv‡KvlwUi wØZxq I Z…Zxq gy`ªY cªKvk K‡i|

33. mgvRweÁvb cwifvlv‡KvlmgvRweÁvb cwifvlv‡Kvl evsjv GKv‡Wgx KZ…©K 1976 mv‡ji †g gv‡m cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ nq| GwU cÖYqb K‡ib XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi mgvRweÁvb wefv‡Mi Aa¨vcK W±i G.†K. bvRgyj Kwig|

34. êÁvwbK kã‡Kvlevsjv GKv‡Wgx êÁvwbK kã‡Kvl 1g LÐ 1979 mv‡ji A‡±vei gv‡m I 2q LÐ 1982 mv‡ji Ryb gv‡m cÖKvk K‡i| êÁvwbK kã‡Kvl cÖYqb K‡ib gynv¤§` Bbv‡qZ †nv‡mb|

35. fvlv I mvwnZ¨ cwifvlv‡Kvl†K›`ªxq evsjv Dbœqb †evW© KZ…©K 1970 mv‡ji †g gv‡m cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ nq| cwifvlv‡KvlwUi ÔMÖš’KÕ wQ‡jb Aa¨vcK nvweeyi ikx`|

evsjv‡`k miKvi KZ…©K cÖKvwkZ cÖkvmwbK cwifvlv

MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii ms¯’vcb gš¿Yvj‡qi Aaxb Ôevsjvfvlv ev¯Íevqb †KvlÕ 1994 mv‡ji †deªæqvwi gv‡m cÖ_g c~Y©v½ cwifvlv‡Kvl (A-Z ch©šÍ) cªKvk K‡i| GB cÖkvmwbK cwifvlv cÖYqb I cÖKv‡ki D‡Ïk¨ wQj ÔmiKvix Kv‡Ri mKj Í‡i evsjv fvlv eënviÕ m¤^wjZ RvZxq bxwZ ev¯Íevqb Ges Awdmxq Kv‡Ri mKj Í‡i cvwifvwlK kãvewji mgiƒcZv AvYqb|

evsjv‡`k MwYZ mwgwZ KZ…©K cÖKvwkZ MwYZ cwifvlv‡Kvlevsjv‡`k MwYZ mwgwZ 1994 mv‡ji wW‡m¤^‡i gv‡m ( †cŠl 1401) mwgwZi gyLcÎ MwYZ cwiµgvÕi we‡kl msL¨v wn‡m‡e MwYZ cwifvlv‡Kvl (Terminology of Mathematics) cÖKvk K‡i| MwYZ cwiµgvÕi ZrKvjxb m¤úv`K I cwifvlv KwgwUi cwiPvjK cÖ‡dmi kvgmyj nK †gvjøv Ôm¤úv`KxqÕ wk‡ivbv‡g Gi GKwU f‚wgKv †j‡Lb Ges G‡Z wZwb cwifvlv‡Kvl cÖYq‡bi bxwZgvjv m¤ú‡K© D‡jøL K‡ib †h, Ôcwifvlv‡Kvl cÖYq‡b Ab¨v‡bï g‡a¨ wb‡gœv³ bxwZgvjv M„nxZ n‡q‡Q:

1. A‡bK Bs‡iRx kã i‡q‡Q hvi evsjv cÖwZkã mwVK MvwYwZK A_© enb K‡i bv| ZvB h_vh_ Zvrch© Dcjwäi j‡ÿ¨ MvwYwZK e¨Äbv/ †`¨vZbvi w`KwU‡K iæZ¡ †`qv n‡q‡Q|

2. ¯^vfvweKfv‡eB evsjv e¨vKi‡Yi wbqgvejx‡K mvg‡b †i‡L fvlvi ïw× I evKïxwZ‡K cÖavb¨ w`‡q mnR mij kã Pqb Kiv n‡q‡Q| kÖæwZgvay‡h©i cÖwZI jÿ¨ ivLv n‡q‡Q|

3. j¤^v-PIov kã‡K KLbI KLbI mnR‡eva¨ Kivi j‡ÿ¨ ÿz`ªvKv‡i mswÿß Kiv n‡q‡Q| Avevi A‡_©i cÖvavb¨ w`‡Z wM‡q k‡ãi ¯^vfvweK ˆ`N© cÖwZfvZ n‡q‡Q| †hgb: Osculating Plane: ¯úk©j¤^ Zj| GLv‡b mivmwi msÁvwUB ^Zt¯úó n‡q D‡V‡Q|

4. GKB A‡_© eëüZ †ek KwU Bs‡iRx k‡ãi †ÿ‡Î gvÎ GKwU evsjv cÖwZkã eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q| Accumulation point, condensation point, cluster point, limit point: cyÄwe›`y|


5. Bs‡iRx‡Z GKB kã wewfbœ A‡_© eëüZ nIqvq Zvi evsjv cÖwZkã c„_Kfv‡e Pqb AwaKZi evÃbxq I A_©en g‡b n‡q‡Q|

Congruent : me©mg (R¨vwgwZ)

Abymg (exRMwYZ/ cwimsL¨vb)

6. A_© Ges AbycÖvm Df‡qi w`‡K jÿ¨ †i‡L wKQy kã Pqb Kiv n‡q‡Q| asymtote: AmxgZUx|

7. eûj eëüZ KwZcq Bs‡iRx kã mnR‡eva¨Zvi Kvi‡YB evsjv cÖwZk‡ã AcwiewZ©Z ivLv n‡q‡Q| †hgb: dvskb, wjwgU, †mU, MÖæc, wis, AvBwWqvj, wdj&W BZ¨vw`| wKš‘ Ôwdj&WÕ k‡ãi cwie‡Z© KLbI Avevi Ô†ÿÎÕ eëüZ n‡q‡Q|

8. †ek wKQz †ÿ‡Î ÔKiYÕGi cwie‡Z© ÔAvqbÕ eënvi K‡i bZzb cvwifvwlK kã Pqb Kiv n‡q‡Q| †hgb: partial pivotingGi evsjv cÖwZkã ÔAvswkK KxjKxKiYÕ bv K‡i ÔAvswkK KxjKvqb Kiv n‡q‡Q|

9. GKB Bs‡iRx k‡ãi cvwifvwlK evsjv kã wVK †i‡L wewfbœ wel‡qi †ÿ‡Î Zv eëüZ n‡q‡Q| G cybive„wË eënviKvixi D‡Ï‡k¨B wb‡ew`Z n‡q‡Q|Õ

6492wU kãm¤^wjZ cwifvlv‡KvlwU‡Z MwY‡Zi PweŸkwU wel‡qi cwifvlv c„_Kfv‡e Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q| G PweŸkwU welq n‡jv:

1.cvwUMwYZ (Arithmetic), 2. exRMwYZ (Algebra), 3. R¨vwgwZ (Geometry), 4. K¨vjKzjvm (Calculus), 5. KwYK R¨vwgwZ (Conics), 6. wÎ‡KvYwgwZ (Trigonometry), 7. Nb R¨vwgwZ (Solid

Geometry), 8. hyw³we`¨v (Logic), 9. †mU ZË¡ (Set Theory), 10. we‡kølY MwYZ (Analysis), 11. AvaywbK exRMwYZ (Modern Algebra), 12. U‡cvMwYZ (Topology), 13. AšÍiK mgxKiY (Differential Equations), 14. ejwe`¨v (Mechanics), 15. D”PZi we‡kølY MwYZ (Higher

Analysis), 16. AšÍiK R¨vwgwZ (Differential Geometry), 17. cÖevnx ejwe`¨v (Fluid

Mechanics), 18. MvwYwZK c×wZ (Mathematical Methods), 19. †R¨vwZwe©`¨v (Astronomy), 20. cwimsL¨vb (Statistics), 21. Acv‡ikbm wimvP©/ Kg©‡KŠkj M‡elYv (Operations Research),

22. Kw¤úDUvi (cwiMwYK) †KŠkj I mvswL¨K we‡kølY (Computer Technique and Numerical

Analysis), 23. Av‡cwÿK Zv ZË¡ (Theory of Relativity) Ges 24. †Kvqv›Uvg ejwe`¨v (Quantum

Mechanics)|

cwifvlv‡KvlwUi f‚wgKv Z_v ÔMwYZ cwiµgvÕi m¤úv`Kxq‡Z Av‡iv D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q: Ô... D”P ch©v‡qi cÖvq mKj eB-B Bs‡iRx‡Z †jLv| AaybvKv‡j wKQz wkÿK evsjv fvlvq MwY‡Zi eB iPbv K‡i‡Qb| ZvÕ†ek Avkvi K_v| wKš‘ wewfbœ ch©v‡qi eB¸‡jvi w`‡K ZvKv‡j GUv úóZB cÖZxqgvb nq †h, Ôhvi †hgb, Zvi †ZgbÕ Ñ fv‡e iPbvi cwifvlv eëüZ n‡q‡Q| A‡bK †ÿ‡ÎB GK eB‡q eëüZ cwifvlvi mv‡_ Ab¨ eB‡qi cwifvlvi ¯^vfvweK wgj †bB|G Ae¯’v A¯^w¯ÍKi n‡jI A¯^vfvweK bq G Kvi‡Y †h, G ch©šÍ QvÎ, wkÿK, AwffveK Ges Ab¨vb¨ eënviKvix‡ì R‡b¨ mgwš^Z †Kvb Dc‡hvMx cwifvlv M‡o D‡Vwb| evsjv GKv‡Wgxi 1971 Gi cwifvlv Kv‡ji µgavivq evwm n‡q †M‡Q|


Ôevsjv‡`k MwYZ mwgwZ gv‡S-g‡a¨ ms¯‹vi I Pq‡bi gva¨‡g A‡bKUv AMÖmi n‡jI ZvÕ cÖPvi I cÖPjb eë¯’vi Afv‡e eûjvs‡kB eënviKvix‡ì cÖ‡qvRb †gUv‡Z cv‡iwb| welqwU Aek¨B wØ-wfwËK Ñ GKw`‡K mwgwZ, Aciw`‡K eënviKvix Ñ AvMÖn Dfq w`K †_‡KB cÖ‡qvRb| mg‡qi `vwe‡Z cwigvR©bI cÖ‡qvRb|ZvÕQvov D”PZi MwY‡Zi A‡bK welqB G ch©šÍ m„ó cwifvlvq ¯’vb cvqwb| Avi G †cÖÿvc‡UB MwYZ mwgwZ GKwU m¤¢ve¨ c~Y©v½ MwYZ cwifvlv‡Kvl msKj‡bi welqwU LyeB iæ‡Z¡i ms‡M we‡ePbvq †i‡L mdj cwimgvwßi w`‡K GwM‡q G‡m‡Q| ....Õ

KvwiMwi cwifvlv‡Kvlwm‡j‡Ui †dÂzM‡Ä Aew¯’Z cÖvK…wZK M¨vm mvi KviLvbvi Kg©xe„‡›ì Øviv msKwjZ, m„wRZ I cÖKvwkZ eënvwiK KvwiMix cwifvlv mvB‡K¬v÷BjK…Z fv‡e cÖKvwkZ nq 1973 mv‡ji †deªæqvwi gv‡m| AZGe cÖPwjZ A‡_© GwU †Kv‡bv gyw`ªZ cy¯ÍK/ cyw¯ÍKv bq| wKš‘ evsjv cwifvlv‡Kvl cÖYqb cªqv‡mi BwZnvm iPbvi †ÿ‡Î Gi D‡jøL Acwinvh©| cwifvlv‡KvlwU iPbv I msKj‡bi vwqZ¡ huviv cvjb K‡i‡Qb Zuviv †KD †jLK, M‡elK wKsev cÖKvkbvKg©x wQ‡jb bv| Zuviv KvR Ki‡Zb mvwnZ¨-ms¯‹…wZPP©vi cªavb †K›`ª evsjv‡`‡ki ivRavbx XvKv †_‡K A‡bK `~‡i GKwU cÖvK…wZK M¨vm mvi KviLvbvq| †mLv‡b e‡m KvwiMwi cwifvlv‡Kvl cÖYq‡bi R‡b¨ Zuviv wKfv‡e DØy× n‡jb Ges bvbviƒc cÖwZK‚jZv †cwi‡q Ae‡k‡l KvRwU †kl Ki‡Z cvi‡jb Zvi weeiY i‡q‡Q eBwUi Ôwb‡e`bÕ As‡k| G Ôwb‡e`bÕ cwifvlv cy¯ÍK cÖYqb KwgwUi mfvcwZ knx`yjøvn gRyg`v‡ii:

ÔweMZ 70-71 Gi MY-Av‡›`vj‡bi mgqB Avgv‡ì Kg©xMY ^Ztù‚Z©fv‡e KviLvbvi wewfbœ kvLvq wKQz wKQz evsjv cÖPjb Avi¤¢ K‡ib| ^vaxbZv jv‡fi ci evsjvfvlvi cÖwZ Avgv‡ì ^vfvweK Av‡eM Ges RvZxq Rxe‡bi me©¯Í‡i evsjvfvlv cÖPj‡bi miKvix wm×v‡šÍ KviLvbvi mKj Kv‡R evsjv Pvjyi cÖeYZv I AvKvsLv [AvKv•ÿv] e¨vcKfv‡e e„w× cvq|

ÔwKš‘ GB ch©v‡q cÖPwjZ Bs‡iRx KvwiMix k‡ãi Dchy³ evsjv cÖwZk‡ãi Afve Ges KviLvbvi wewfbœ wefv‡M evsjv kã eënv‡ii AmvgÄm¨ZvRwbZ Amyweav we‡klfv‡e cÖKU n‡q D‡V| D³ Amyweav ~ixKiYv‡_© KviLvbvi g¨v‡bRvi Rbve †gvL‡jQzi ingvb MZ 24.2.72 Zvwi‡L AvU m`m¨ wewkó GKwU cwifvlv‡Kvl cÖYqb KwgwU MVb K‡ib|

Ôe¯‘Z GwU GKwU weivU vwqZ¡| cÖPwjZ Bs‡iRx KvwiMix k‡ãi evsjvfvlvq Dchy³ cÖwZkã †bB| KwiMix k‡ãi †Kvb cwifvlvI G ch©šÍ cÖYxZ nqwb| †Kvb ms¯’v G Kv‡R n¯Í‡ÿc K‡i‡Qb e‡jI Avgiv Rvb‡Z cvwiwb| ej‡Z †M‡j m¤ú~Y© GKvKxB Avgv‡ì G c`‡ÿc MÖnY Ki‡Z nq| me©cÖ_g cÖ‡Póv wPiw`bB me©vwaK wec¾bK| myZivs G e¨vcv‡i ¯^vfvweK wØav-ms‡KvP _vK‡jI KZ©e¨‡eva Ges AvšÍwiKZvB wQj Avgv‡ì GKgvÎ m¤^j|Õ

m¤ú`Kxq Z_v f‚wgKvq Av‡iv D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q †h, Ôevsjv GKv‡WgxK…Z cwifvlv cyw¯ÍKv Ges KwjKvZv †_‡K cÖKvwkZ cwifvlv †_‡K wKQz mvnvh¨Õ Zuviv MÖnY K‡i‡Qb| G Qvov cwifvlv D`&fveb ev Dcw¯’Z Kivi †P‡qI Gi cÖv‡qvwMK †hvM¨Zvi w`KwUi cÖwZB Zuviv AwaK g‡bv‡hvM cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb|

cyw¯ÍKvwU‡Z cwifvlvi †h †kªYxweb¨vm Kiv n‡q‡Q Zv n‡jv: 1. wefvM I kvLv mg~n, 2. c`, 3. KvwiMix kã, Ges 4. mvaviY kã| ¯^vfvweKfv‡eB KvwiMwi k‡ãi cwigvYB G‡Z me©waKÑ 15 †_‡K 125 c„ôv ch©šÍ|


eënvwiK cwifvlvGB wbe‡Üi †jLK KZ…©K msKwjZ I m¤úvw`Z eënvwiK cwifvlv 2008 mv‡ji †deªæqvwi gv‡m XvKv¯’ Abycg cÖKvkbx KZ…©K cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ nq| eBwUi f‚wgKvq †jLv n‡q‡Q, Ô... nv‡Zi Kv‡Q hw` Ggb GKwU eB _v‡K †hwU wewfbœ wel‡qi cwifvlv mÜv‡bi Kv‡R mnvqK nq Zvn‡j KZ myweavB bv n‡Zv|Õ g~jZ GB wPšÍv †_‡KB eënvwiK cwifvlv msKj‡bi cÖqvm|

cwifvlv wbg©v‡Yi Ab¨vb¨ cÖqvmcwifvlv-cywóKv cÖYqb QvovI cwifvlv wbg©v‡Yi I msKj‡bi cÖqvm Avgiv jÿ Kwi †K›`ªxq evsjv Dbœqb †evW© I cieZ©xKv‡j evsjv GKv‡Wgxi D‡`¨v‡M cÖKvwkZ D”Pwkÿv¯Í‡ii wewfbœ cvV¨cy¯ÍK I cvV¨mnvqK cy¯Í‡Ki †jLKMY KZ…©K ¯^-¯^ cy¯Í‡K cwifvlv ms‡hvRb cÖqv‡mi g‡a¨| GB cwifvlv-ms‡hvR‡bi g~j KviY wQj welqwfwËK Dchy³ cwifvlvi AcÖZzjZv Ges cwifvlv - cyw¯ÍKv mnRjf¨ bv nIqv| GQvov †K›`ªxq evsjv Dbœqb †evW© Ges cieZ©xKv‡j evsjv GKv‡Wgx †hme cwifvlv cyw¯ÍKv cÖKvk K‡iwQj †m¸wji AwaKvskB cÖ‡qvRbvbymv‡i ms‡kvwaZ, cwigvwR©Z, cwiewa©Z I cyb©gyw`©ªZ bv nIqvq hy‡Mvc‡hvMx Pvwn`vi †hvMvb w`‡Z Amg_© n‡q cowQj| d‡j A‡bK †jLK I Abyev`K wewfbœ k‡ãi bZzb cwifvlvi cÖ¯Íe K‡ib Ges †mme cwifvlv Zuv‡ì †jvLvq eënvi Ki‡ZI ïiæ K‡ib| fwel¨‡Z cwifvlv-cyw¯ÍKv ms‡kvabKv‡j Gme cwifvlv A‡bK mvnv‡h¨ Avm‡Z cv‡i- G wel‡q m‡›`n †bB|

cwifvlv cÖm‡½ AviI wKQz Av‡jvPbvcwifvlv wb‡q Av‡jvPbv cÖm‡½ AviI wKQ we‡ePbv I Av‡jvPbvi D‡jøL Ki‡Z †M‡j Aveyj gbmyi Avng`, Av‡Zvqvi ingvb, W. gyn¤§` Gbvgyj nK, W. Avwbmy¾vgvb Ges b~iæj û`vi bvg D‡jøL Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|

Aveyj gbmyi Avng` 1966 mv‡j ÔGKw`bI †ìx bqÕ cÖe‡Ü wkÿv I miKvwi KvRKg© Ges Rxe‡bi me©‡ÿ‡Î evsjv cÖPj‡bi c‡ÿ gZ w`‡q evsjvq cvV¨ eB †bB, cÖ‡qvRbxq cwifvlv †bB, Dchy³ wkÿK †bB, miKvwi †emiKvwi Awd‡m I Av`vj‡Z evsjv Pvjy nq wb, cÖ¯‘wZi Av‡M evsjv Pvjy Kivi

O†Póv wkÿvi gv‡b AebwZ NUv‡e BZ¨vwZ ARynvZ I gZvgZ‡K LÐb Kivi †Póv K‡iQb| e¨ Mwe`ªƒc, fvev‡eM Ges AvšÍwiKZvi m‡½ wjwLZ GB cÖe‡Ü wZwb ej‡Z †P‡q‡Qb cwifvlv m„wói Rb¨ Avi

20GKw`bI †`wi bv K‡i evOjv cÖPj‡b GwM‡q hvIqv DwPZ|Õ wZwb wj‡L‡Qb-

Avm‡j wKš‘ cwifvlvi hyw³Uv GKUv ARynvZ gvÎ| A_P GB cÖkœUvB eûKvj awiqv wKQz †jv‡Ki gv_vi wel nBqv Av‡Q| A‡bK weØvb cwÐZ GKv‡R Zuv‡ì g~jëvb mgq bó Kwiqv‡Qb| Awfavb NvwUqv, g¯ÍK Av‡jvob Kwiqv wKQz ÔBsivRxÔ k‡ãi Ôevsjv cÖwZkã evwni KwiqvwQ‡jb| ÔBsivRxÕ I ÔevsjvÕ yBwU k‡ãB †Kv‡Ukb gvK© w`jvg| KviY †h k‡ãi cÖwZkã Giv evwni Kwiqv‡Qb †mUvI Bs‡iRx bq, †hUv evwni Kwiqv‡Qb, ZvI evsjv kã bq| Avm‡j GKUv j¨vwUb k‡ãi GKUv ms¯‹…Z cÖwZkã ˆZqvi Kwiqv‡Qb gvÎ| H j¨vwUb kãwU Ges Agb nvRv‡iv MÖxK, Rvg©vb, divmx I BUvwjqvb kã Bs‡iRx fvlvq M„nxZ nBqv‡Q| Bs‡iRx ni‡d †jLv‡ZB Ime kã †egvjyg BsivRx kã nBqv wMqv‡Q| evsjv ni‡d wjwL‡jB Ime †Zgwb evsjv kã nBqv hvB‡e| g¯ÍK Awfavb ZQbQ Kwiqv Im‡ei ms¯‹…Z ev Ab¨ †KvbI fvlvi


cÖwZkã Avwe®‹vi ev Zqvi Kwievi †Kvb cÖ‡qvRb bvB| bvnK †m †Póv huviv Kwi‡eb, Zuviv Dwbk kZ‡Ki fvUcvovi cwÐZ‡ì gZB fzj Kwi‡eb| Zuviv KvMR Kjg †`vqvZ BZ¨vw` Aviex k‡ãi evsjv cÖwZkã evwni Kwievi KZ †PóvB bv KwiqvwQ‡jb| G ai‡bi †Póv ïay cÐkªg bq, fvlvi weKvk I mg„w×i weiæ‡× `ykgwbI| fvlvi D‡Ïk¨B nBj wb‡Ri g‡bi fve Aci‡K eySv‡bv, †h me kã Avgiv ewj I eywS, Avgv‡ì K_vevZ©vq †h me kã Pvjy nBqv‡Q, †h fvlviB nDK, †m kã evsjv kã| †m m‡ei cwifvlv m„wói K_v GK‡Pv‡U wWm&wgm& Kiv DwPZ|

Z‡e, nu¨v, GKw`K w`qv Avgv‡ì cwifvlv m„wó Kwi‡Z nB‡e| †mUv eo I `yiæ”Pvi we‡`kx kã‡K †QvU I myD”Pvi Kiv| †Lv` BsivRx fvlxivI Kwiqv‡Q we‡`kx kã wbevi †ejvq| GgbwK BsivRx eo eo kã‡KI Zviv †QvU Kwi‡Z‡Q| BDwbfvwm©wU‡K Ôfvwm©wU; †je‡iUix‡K Ôj¨veÕ, cvewjK †i÷z‡i›U‡K ÔcveÕ, wd«wR‡Wqvi‡K Ôwd«m&Õ, GKRvwg‡bkb‡K ÔGKRvgÕ BZ¨vw` nvRv‡iv eo kã‡K Zviv ms‡ÿc Kwiqv‡Q| Avgv‡ì RbMYI cwÐZ‡ì mvnvh¨ QvovB AW©viwj‡K Av`©vwj, †eÂ‡K †ewÂ, †Ue&j‡K †Uwej, eUj‡K †evZj, W±i‡K Wv³vi, nmwcUvj‡K nvmcvZvj, g¨vwR‡÷ªU‡K g¨vwR÷vi, K›UvKUi‡K K›UK`vi, Mfb©‡g›U‡K Mei‡g›U, †UªRvwi‡K †ZiRywi, ÷ªv¤ú‡K Bó¤î, ¯‹zj‡K BkKzj, †÷kb‡K BkwUkvb, wU‡KU‡K wUKU, Wvej‡K Wej, †MÖwUs‡K †MivwUb, wm‡g›U‡K wejvZx gvwU, K¨vc‡Ub‡K KvcZvb, Uv‡c©›UvBb‡K Zvwc©b, Awdm‡K Awdm, K‡b©k‡K Kviwbk, UP©jvBU‡K wUcevwZ, wUDeI‡qj‡K wUcKj, eªvk‡K eyiæk, †KUj‡K †Krwj BZ¨vw` nvRv‡iv kã‡K mnR, mij I wgwó k‡ã cwiYZ Kwiqv‡Q| GB mijiƒ‡c †m me kã †egvjyg evsjv kã nBqv wM‡q‡Q| GB cÖ‡mm Aweivg AvRI Pwj‡Z‡Q, Pwj‡e| `vjvb Bgvi‡Zi ivRwg¯¿x †hvMvwjqv, Rvnv‡Ri Lvjvkx-myKvbx, †Kwe‡bU dv‡g©i KvVwg¯¿x, Kj-KviLvbvi †gKvwbK, wg‡ji kªwgK, QvcvLvbvi K‡¤úvwRUi, g¨vwkbg¨vb BZ¨vw` nvRvi nvRvi fvlvKi Avgv‡ì Rb¨ cwifvlv iPbvi KvR Kwiqv hvB‡Z‡Q| G‡ì gy‡L D”PvwiZ we‡`kx kãmg~‡ni †h iƒc‡K cwÐ‡Ziv e‡jb Acåsk, Avm‡j †m¸wjB Hme k‡ãi ev½vjxiƒc, myZivs Avgv‡ì cwifvlv| Avcbviv cwifvlvi Zvjv‡k, Awfavb, jyMwZ©, wWKkbvwi bv NuvwUqv G‡ì Kv‡Q hvb| Avgvi e¨w³MZ Rxe‡bi GKwU AwfÁZvi K_v ewj‡ZwQ| BsivRx b‡f‡ji Ô†eÛ Ae w` wifviÕ, ÔGj‡ev Ae w` wifviÕ I ÔevjR Ae w` wifv‡iÕi cybtcybt D‡jøL †`wLqv I‡ì evsjv cÖwZkã LuywR‡Z jvwMqv †Mjvg| A‡bK Awfavb NuvwUjvg, A‡bK eÜz‡K Z¨³ Kwijvg| dj nBj bv| Ô†eÛÕ I ÔGj‡evÕ `yBUv b`xi euvK e‡j Awfav‡biv| eÜzivI e‡jb ZvB| wKš‘ kã yBwUi cÖ‡qvM Zv e‡j bv| Avi evj&‡Ri A_© Awfav‡bi g‡Z †Kvb wRwb‡mi cÖk¯Í, ùxZ ev D`&MZ Ask| Gi GKUvI b`xi e¨vcv‡i †evaMg¨ bq| Kv‡RB Avgvi gv_vi wel bvwgj bv| Ggb mgq MÖv‡gi evox‡Z †Mjvg| †ÿZ Lvgvi †`wL‡Z Kvgjv‡ì Kv‡QI hvB‡Z nBj| Zviv b`xi av‡i KvR Kwi‡ZwQj| †QvU b`x| AvuwKqv euvwKqv Pwjqv‡Q| wKQzÿ‡Yi g‡a¨B Avwg b`xi evj&RI †`wLjvg| †eÛ Ges Gj‡evi cv_©KÏ eywSjvg| Kvgjv‡ì mv‡_ Avjv‡c eywSjvg Mv‡½i euvK †Vk I Kzwbfv½v I‡ì Rb¨ gvgywj kã| evwo hvIqvq Ggb Avb›` Gi Av‡M cvB bvB| KviY MÖv‡g wMqvwQjvg Ávb weZi‡Yi AnsKvi jBqv| wdwiqv Avwmjvg Ávb jvf Kwiqv AebZ g¯Í‡K| GB fv‡e j¨v½y‡qR d‡g©k‡bi I f‡K‡evjvwi m„wói †h KvRwU Avgv‡ì


A‡cÿv RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ Pwj‡Z‡Q, evsjv‡K wkÿvi gva¨g Kivi mv‡_ GKvR wkwÿZ 21mgv‡RI ïiæ nB‡e| Zv‡Z Gi cÖ‡mm ªæZ nB‡e Ges GjvKvKzkv`v nB‡e|

Aveyj gbmyi Avng` cwifvlv mgvav‡bi cÖqv‡m we‡`wk k‡ãi Ôevsjv AcåskÕ eënvi Ges wewfbœ Kg©‡ÿ‡Î wbhy³ kªgRxex gvby‡li wbZëënvh© kã cwifvlv wn‡m‡e MÖn‡Yi K_v e‡j‡Qb|cwifvlv wbg©v‡Yi BwZnvm LuyR‡j †`Lv hvq, Giƒc civgk© Zuvi c~‡e©I †KD †KD cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb| Z‡e Zuvi e³‡e¨ †h bZzbZ¡ Zv n‡jv Ôevsjv‡K wkÿvi gva¨g Kivi mv‡_ mv‡_ GKvR wkwÿZ mgv‡RI ïiæ nB‡eÕ A_©vr evsjv‡K wkÿvi gva¨g Kiv n‡j cwifvlv mgm¨vi A‡bK mgvavb Zv‡Z cvIqv hv‡e| Z‡e e¨½-we`ªƒc I Rxeb †_‡K †bqv „óv‡šÍi gva¨‡g wZwb †h mgvav‡bi mycvwik K‡i‡Qb Zv m¤¢eZ cwifvlv mgm¨vi e¨vcK cwim‡ii c‡ÿ mvwe©K mgvavb wn‡m‡e MÖnY‡hvM¨ n‡e bv| fvlvZvwË¡K Aa¨vcK gbmyi gymvi e³e¨ G cÖm‡½ §iY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| wZwb wj‡L‡QbÑ

Aveyj gbmyi Avng` GKwU RbwcÖq hyw³aviv‡K ewjôfv‡e Zuvi cÖe‡Ü m¤úªPvi K‡i‡Qb, GB hyw³i `ye©jZv wbwnZ Av‡Q cwifvlvi Drm wba©vi‡Yi mgm¨vi g‡a¨| evOjv cwifvlvi Drm wK n‡e Ñ G cÖ‡kœi Reve w`‡Z †M‡j fvlvZvwË¡¡K‡K AbymÜvb Ki‡Z n‡e evOjv kãvejxi cÖv_wgK Drm wK? G‡ÿ‡Î †`Lv hvq ïay evOjv bq. Zver fviZxq fvlvi cÖv_wgK Drm ms¯‹…Z| BD‡ivcxq fvlvi †hgb cÖv_wgK Drm j¨vwUb , †Zgwb| myZivs j¨vwUb k‡ãi e¨vcv‡i BD‡ivcxq fvlvi g‡a¨ †h iKg ms¯‹viewR©Z MÖnYkxjZv †`Lv hvq, †Zgwb ms¯‹…‡Zi e¨vcv‡iI fviZxq fvlv¸‡jvi me©ms¯‹vi

22ewR©Z MÖnYkxjZv †`Lv‡bv DwPZ|

Avwbmz¾vgvbwkÿvi gva¨g wn‡m‡e evsjv cÖPj‡bi we‡ivwaZvi cÖavb KviY wn‡m‡e huviv cwifvlvi Afv‡ei K_v evievi e‡j _v‡Kb, Zuv‡ì †m `vwe‡K Avwbmy¾vgvb hyw³MÖvn¨ g‡b K‡ib wb| 1966 mv‡j ˆ`wbK B‡Ëdv‡K cÖKvwkZ Ôcifvlv I cwifvlvÕcÖe‡Ü wZwb wj‡L‡QbÑ

Avgiv †h evsjv e¨vcK eënv‡ii `vex Rvbvw”Q, Zvi KvRKg© Ges covïbv Pj‡j e¨vciUv mnR‡eva¨ n‡eÑ GUv cÖavbZg hyw³| wKš‘ cwifvlvi †ÿ‡Î GK_v APj| cwifvlv e¨vcviUvi ¯îƒc GB †h, evsjvq †nvK Bs‡iRx‡Z †nvK, †jv‡K Zv mn‡R †ev‡S bv| welqUv m¤ú‡K© hvi aviYv †bB Zvi Kv‡Q ÔAw·‡RbÕ Avi Ô A¤øRv‡bÕ †Kvb cv_©K¨ †bB| fvlvi g‡Zv e¨vcKZv cwifvlvi jf¨ bq e‡jB fvlvi eënvi cwifvlvi gyLv‡cÿvx nIqv DwPZ bq| A‡bKUv GB Kvi‡bB cwifvlv¸‡jv hZ bv †Kvb fvlv-we‡k‡li kã, Zvi †P‡q A‡bK †ekx H we`¨v-wel‡qi c`| Bs‡iRxi m‡½ Avgv‡ì †hvM cÖZ¨ÿ e‡j Bs‡iRx cwifvlvB Avgv‡ì eB c‡Î eëüZ n‡”Q| Gi evsjv iƒcvšÍi bv Ki‡j †h evsjvq H kv‡¯¿i Ávb cwi‡ekb Kiv m¤¢e bq, GUv †Kvb hyw³hy³ K_v bq, B‡›`v‡bkxqiv bvwK we‡`kx cwifvlv eRvq †i‡LB wkÿvi gva¨g e`‡j‡Q| ÔAw·‡RbÕ‡K Zviv Aw·‡RbB e‡j| AvgivI ZvÕ Ki‡Z cvwi| Zv‡Z K‡i c„w_exi ÁvbfvÐv‡ii GKUv eo As‡k cÖ‡ek Kivi mg‡q Avgv‡ì Avevi evsjv cwifvlvi fvlvšÍi LuyR‡Z n‡e bv| cwifvlv wn‡m‡e we‡`kx kã¸‡jv MÖnY Ki‡j Avgv‡ì fvlvI mg„× n‡e| Ges cwifvlv msK‡Ui nvZ Gwo‡q ÁvbweÁv‡bi MÖš’ iPbvq GLbB cÖe„Ë nIqv m¤¢e n‡e|

ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡b †h me wRwb‡li ms¯ú‡k© Avgiv Avwm, †m me e¯‘i bvg †h fvlv‡ZB


†nvK bv †Kvb, Zvi m‡½ Avgv‡ì mnR cwiPq M‡o I‡V | KvMR,Kjg, †cwÝj Avgiv GZB wP‡bwQ †h G¸‡jv †h wfbœ fvlvi kã †m¸‡jv fz‡jB †MwQ| evwjk I Av`vjZ, †`vqvZ I LvZv, iægvj I Pkgv, RvnvR I Rvbvjv, Avbvim I Kwc, Kvgiv I Mvgjv, †c‡iK I wgw¯¿, †ij I wiKkv-Gi me wKQzB Ab¨ fvlv †_‡K †bIqv |

23G¸‡jvi fvlvšÍ‡ii cÖ‡qvRb nqwb, GLbI †bB|

wbZëënvh© e¯‘i bvg I `bw›`b Rxe‡bi cwiwPZ wel‡qi m‡½ †h †Kvb gvby‡li †h mnR cwiPq N‡U †m¸wji bv‡gi D‡jøL K‡i A‡b‡KB †hgb cwifvlvi R‡b¨ mnR‡eva¨ I cwiwPZ kã wbwe©ev‡` MÖn‡Yi K_v wewfbœ mg‡q e‡j‡Qb, Avwbmy¾vgvbI Zvi cybiæ‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| wZwb KwVb cwifvlv wbg©v‡Yi mgv‡jvPbv K‡i e‡j‡Qb, ÔwgDwbwmc¨vwjwU‡K †cŠimfv ej‡j ÿwZ †bB, Z‡e ejvi ìKviI †bB| wKš‘ BDwbqb †evW©‡K Rbc` cl©` ( PjwšÍKv `ªóe¨) ejv wbZvšÍ nvm¨Ki| †Zgwb

24Ô†Uwj‡dvb‡KÕ Ô`~i fvlYÕ ej‡j Kv‡Qi wRwbl‡KB ïay ~i Kiv n‡e|Õ Z‡e cÖÖm½Z ejv Avek¨K, wek kZ‡Ki lv‡Ui `k‡K ÔwgDwbwmc¨vwjwUÕ‡K †cŠimfv ejvi †Zgb we‡kl cÖ‡qvRb bv _vK‡jI eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`‡k †mwU Ô†cŠimfvÕ bv‡gB AwaK cÖPwjZ I cwiwPZ| Ô†Uwj‡dvbÕ Aek¨ Ô`~i fvlYÕ ev ~ivjvcbx †Kv‡bvwUB n‡Z cv‡iwb, Avw` Ô†Uwj‡dvbÕ bv‡gB GLbI weivwRZ| Z‡e nvj Avg‡ji wWwRUvj cÖhyw³i Ô†gvevBj †dvbÕ (mobile phone) Aek¨ Ôgy‡Vv‡dvbÕ bv‡gI AvL¨vwqZ n‡”Q GLb|

25OAvwbmy¾vgv‡bi e³e¨ cÖm‡ M gbmyi gymv e‡j‡Qb:

Avwbmy¾vgv‡bi mgv‡jvPbvi †hŠw³KZv ^xKvi K‡i wb‡qI ej‡Z nq cwifvlv m„wói Avek¨KZv ïaygvÎ mnR‡eva¨Zvi g‡a¨ †bB| Zvi Ab¨ cÖ‡qvRbI Av‡Q| cwifvlv m„wói GKwU cÖ‡qvRb n‡”Q cwiwPwZ| Aci cÖ‡qvRb n‡”Q AvwfavwbK| ... cÖwZkã bv n‡j Awfavb P‡j bv| †m Rb¨ cÖwZkã I cwifvlvi g‡a¨ †h m~² cv_©K¨ Av‡Q Zv we‡klfv‡e Zz‡j aiv cÖ‡qvRb|

Av‡Zvqvi ingvbAv‡Zvqvi ingvb cwifvlv wbe©vPb ev MVb wb‡q we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb Ges ZvwË¡K welqI Zv‡Z Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb| wZwb cwifvlv wbe©vPb ev MV‡b Amyweavi KviY¸wj‡K PviwU †kªYx‡Z fvM K‡i‡Qb,†hgbÑ

1. Dchy³ ev mwVK A_©en k‡ãi Afve,

2. mvaviY ev mnR‡eva¨ k‡ãi AcÖZzjZv,

3. mvaviY fvlvq mgv_©K wKš‘ cwifvlvq wewfbœv_©K kãvewji Dchy³ evsjv cÖwZk‡ãi msL¨víZv, Ges

4. AÜ-Abyev`-cÖeYZv A_©vr bZzb kã mÜv‡bi †Póv bv K‡i we‡`wk k‡ãi AvÿwiK (iƒc) MÖn‡Yi B”Qv|

26GB PviwU Kvi‡Yi †h Av‡jvPbv wZwb K‡i‡Qb Zvi Askwe‡kl wb‡P Zz‡j aiv n‡jv|

cÖ_g KviY: GK GK fvlvi cÖKvkfw½ GK GK iKg Ges A‡bK kã Avi ev»vivB myôzfv‡e fvlvšÍ‡i wb‡q Avmv Am¤¢e| Bs‡iRx Phrenology (ey¨rcwË: MÖxK Phren=


mindloges= science) †h A_©wU enb K‡i The science of the human mind that connects the mental faculties with certain parts of the brain and professes to discover the character from an examination of the skull, - Zv‡K I fvlv‡ZI GK K_vq cÖKvk Kievi Dc‡hvMx kã Avi †bB| e¯‘Z †h †Kv‡bv fvlv‡ZB AwaKvsk cvwifvwlK k‡ãiB cÖwZkã †bB| G mg¯Í k‡ãi A_©‡ev‡ai R‡b¨ ZvB e¨vL¨v GKgvÎ mnvq| GB kãwUi cÖwZkã wn‡m‡e Ôgvw¯Í®‹ we`¨vÕ Ôg‡bvwe`¨vÕ, ÔKcvj jÿY we`¨vÕ BZ¨vw` hv-B eënvi Kiv hvK bv †Kb, g~j k‡ãi mwVK A_© wKQz‡ZB cvIqv hv‡e bv hwÌ kãwUi mij ey¨rcwËMZ A‡_©i m‡½ Ôg‡bvwe`¨vÕ kãwUi A‡_©i m¤ú~Y© wgj i‡q‡Q| Ôstop watchÕ ej‡Z Avgiv mg‡qi m~² wn‡m‡ei R‡b¨ Ggb GK Nwoi K_v eywS, hv †h †Kv‡bv gyn‚‡Z© _vwg‡q †Ìqv m¤¢e| G Nwo‡K evsjvq Ô_vgvb NwoÕ ej‡j ZvB Ôstop watchÕ-Gi mwVK A_©wU AbbyavweZB †_‡K hvq| (cÖm½Zt D‡jøL‡hvM¨, evOjv GKv‡Wgx †_‡K cÖKvwkZ cwifvlv cyw¯ÍKvgvjvq Ôc`v_©we`¨vÕ L‡Ð Ôstop

watchÕ-Gi cÖwZkã †Ìqv n‡q‡Q Ô_vgv NwoÕ, wKš‘ ÔimvqbÕ L‡Ð cÖwZkã cvB Ô_vgb NwoÕ|) Motion study-Gi mwVK evsjv cÖwZkã cvIqv †Zv `~‡ii K_v, Gi A‡_©i KvQvKvwQ †h‡Z cv‡i, Ggb †Kv‡bv evsjv kã AvR Aewa Avwe®‹„Z nqwb|

wKš‘ G RvZxq k‡ãi evsjvq cÖwZkã MVb Am¤¢e n‡jI Avgv‡ì wek¦vm mgm¨vwUi AšÍZtc‡ÿ GKwU AvswkK mgvavb m¤¢e| GB mgvavb Avgiv Ki‡Z cvwi A‡_©i w`K †_‡K g~j k‡ãi wbKUZg †Kv‡bv kã MVb ev wbe©vPb K‡i| jÿYxq ÔPhrenologyÕ kãwUi mij ey¨rcvwËMZ A_© g‡bvwe`¨v| wKš‘ eënviRvZ A_© ev †`¨vZbv (connotation) Ab¨ wKQz A_©vr cwifvlvq kãwU g~j A_© †_‡K wePz¨Z Ges wfbœv‡_© eëüZ| Ges cvwifvwlK A_©wU eënv‡ii d‡jB cÖwZwôZ n‡q‡Q| evsjvq Ôgw¯Í®‹ we`¨vÕ kãwUi mvaviY A_© AZ¨šÍ ¯úó| wKš‘ eënv‡ii gva¨‡g ÔPhrenologyÕ-Gi g‡Zv GwUiI cvwifvwlK †`¨vZbv m„wó ev cÖwZôv m¤¢e| [evsjv GKv‡Wgx cÖKvwkZ wPwKrmvweÁvb cwifvlv eBwU‡Z ÔPhrenologyÕ k‡ãi cwifvlv Kiv n‡q‡Q ÔK‡ivwU Aa¨qb we`¨vÕ- cÖeÜKvi] G K_v mwZ¨ †h, †Kv‡bv kã‡K mvaviY A_© †_‡K wePz¨Z K‡i bZzb cvwifvwlK A‡_© cÖwZwôZ Kievi cÖqv‡mi d‡j cÖ_g w`‡K wKQz weåvwšÍ †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e, GB ch©v‡q beM„nxZ cÖwZk‡ãi m‡½ eÜbxi g‡a¨ g~j kãwUI eëüZ n‡j weåvwšÍi wbimb NU‡e|

†h mg¯Í we‡`kx k‡ãi evsjv cÖwZkã MVb ev wbe©vPb GKvšÍB Am¤¢e, -AšÍZtc‡ÿ AvcvZZ †m¸wj‡K mivmwi evsjvq Avg`vwb Kiv Qvov Aewk¨ MZ¨šÍi †bB| Ges Ggb Avg`vwb evsjv fvlvq Zvi Avw`Kvj †_‡KB †Zv P‡j‡Q| GB-B ¯^vfvweK| †Kbbv, fvlvgv‡ÎB MÖnYkxj; cÖ‡qvRb‡ev‡a we‡`kx kã MÖn‡Yi cÖeYZv Zvi ¯^fveRvZ| evsjv Kievi ARynv‡Z GB cÖeYZv‡K A¯^xKvi Ki‡Z hvIqv Kvh©Z evZzjZv| MVbhy‡Mi K_v bv nq ev`B †Ìqv †Mj, AvRI wK Ab¨fvlvi kã‡K Avcb †Kv‡j VuvB †Ìqvi A‡f¨m Bs‡iRx fvlvq K‡g‡Q? AwaKš‘ mwVK cªwZkã †hLv‡b ixwZg‡Zv mnRjf¨, †m‡ÿ‡ÎI we‡`kx kã‡K AÿZ †`‡n N‡i G†b †Zvjevi bwRiI †Zv Kg †bB| bvbvb Kvi‡Y †Zgb NUbv Av‡MI N‡U‡Q Ges GL‡bv NU‡Q| Ô†ijI‡q †ókbÕ-Gi evsjv Ki‡Z hvIqvi cÖqvm GLb Avgv‡ì nvwmiB D‡`ªK K‡i|Ô†cvó AwdmÕ-Gi GKwU cÖwZkã †Zv ixwZg‡Zv Pvjy| Zey GB kãwU AšÍ¨R K‡i ivLevi


K_v KqRb fv‡eb? Ô¯úyrwbKÕ-Gi Bs‡iRx ev Rvg©vb cÖwZkã MVb Am¤¢e wQ‡jv bv| wKš‘ †jŠn hewbKvi AšÍiv‡ji wbixk¦iev`x †`‡ki GB kãwU AvR c„w_exi Z_vKw_Z ¯^vaxb, cig Avw¯ÍK †`k¸wj‡ZI gnv Av`‡i eëüZ n‡”Q|

wØZxq KviY: Ggb `„óvšÍ mwZ¨B ARmª wgj‡e, †hLv‡b g~j cvwifvwlK kã mswkøó fvlvq AócÖni eëüZ, wKš‘ Zvi evsjv cÖwZk‡ãi eënvi ixwZg‡Zv mxgve×| D`vniYÑCrystal= ùwUK, Heating= Zvcb, Air- conditioning= kxZvZc wbqš¿Y, Telephone= `~ifvlY hš¿, Casual leave AvKw¯§K QzwU, Anti-Air Craft=wegvb weaŸsmx, Air force=wegvb evwnbx, Missile= †ÿcYv¯¿ BZ¨vw`|

Z…Zxq KviY wn‡m‡e Av‡Zvqvi ingvb mvaviY fvlvq mgv_©K (A_ev cÖvq mgv_©K) wKš‘ cwifvlvq wewfbœv_©K kãvewji evsjv cÖwZk‡ãi msL¨víZvi K_v D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| ÔGB mgm¨vwU †evSv‡bvi Rb¨ wZwb wbgœwjwLZ `„óvšÍ¸‡jv w`‡q‡Qb| h_v- ÔSchemeÕ, ÔProjectÕ, ÔProgrammeÕ Ges ÔPlanÕ (ÔcwiKíbvÕ, ÔcÖKíÕ, ÔKg©m~PxÕ Ges ÔcwiKíbvÕ) ÔVelocityÕ ÔMomentumÕ, ÔMotionÕ, ÔMovementÕGes Speed (Ô†eMÕ, MwZÕ, ÔZ¡iYÕ ev Ôea©gvb †eMÕ, Ô†gv‡gbUvgÕ ev Ôe¯‘MwZÕ Ges Ô`ªæwZÕ) Avi ÔSystem Ges Method,(Ôeë¯’vÕ, Ôc×wZÕ) BZ¨vw`| Kvh©Zt me©`vB wewfbœv_©K, Ggb K‡qKwU kãI gv‡S gv‡S Ic‡ii kã¸wji g‡Zv Amyweavi m„wó K‡i _v‡K| D`vniY ÔForceÕ

27ÔPoorerÕ Ges ÔEnergyÕ (evsjvq meKwU k‡ãiB cÖwZkã Ôkw³Õ|)

PZz_© KviY cÖm‡½ Av‡Zvqvi ingvb D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb †h, KviYwU Ôme©vs‡k Avgv‡ì m„wó Ges m‰ee© K…wÎg|Õ AvÿwiK Abyev` cÖeYZvi g~j KviY G‡`‡k cÖPwjZ mg¯Í we‡`wk cvwifvwlK kã‡K g~‡ji AvKv‡i ev g~j †`¨vZbvmn evsjv fvlvq cÖwZkwãZ Kivi Awfjvl| wZwb e‡j‡Qb, we‡`‡ki eû cvwifvwlK kãB Avgv‡ì Rb¨ Acwinvh© bq Ges wewfbœ fvlvi cÖKvkfw½i wewfbœZvi iæb A‡bK k‡ãiB fvlvšÍiB ïay KwVb bq, Kvh©Z Am¤¢e| GB m‡½ †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv k‡ãi mvgvwRK mvs¯‹…wZK cUf‚wg ev †`¨vZbvi K_vI we‡eP¨| †m‡ÿ‡Î mwVK cÖwZkã Avwe®‹v‡ii Rb¨ mgq e¨q bv K‡i

28GKvwaK kã eënvi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|

Av‡Zvqvi ingvb Z…Zxq KviY cÖm‡½ D`vniY wn‡m‡e †hme k‡ãi D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb †m¸wji †ÿ‡Î kã Abyhvqx cwifvlv mywbw`©ó Kivi gva¨‡g mgm¨vi mgvavb m¤¢e n‡Z cv‡i| †hgbÑ B‡Zvg‡a¨ hv Kiv n‡q‡Q Zv‡Z wbw`©ó cwifvlv¸wj n‡”QÑ Scheme-cwiKí, Project-cÖKí, Programme-Kg©m~wP, Plan-cwiKíbv, Velocity-†eM, acceleration-Z¡iY, momentum-fi‡eM, motion-MwZ, movement-Pjb (ivR‰bwZK A‡_© ÔAv‡›`vjbÕ), speed-`ªæwZ, system-c×wZ (c`v_©weÁv‡bi †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv eB‡q Ômyeë¯’vÕ kãwU eënvi K‡i cwifvlvwU Av‡iv mywbw`©ó Kivi †Póv n‡q‡Q, Z‡e †mwU †Zgb MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv jvf K‡iwb|), method-cÖYvwj, force-ej, power-ÿgZv, (ê`y¨wZK welq cÖm‡½ Ôwe`y¨rÕ), energy- kw³, BZ¨vw`|

b~iæj û`vb~iæj û`v Zuvi ywU cÖe‡Ü eÁvwbK cwifvlvi mgm¨v m¤ú‡K© Zuvi gZvgZ e¨³ K‡i‡Qb| cÖ_g cÖeÜ Ôevsjv fvlvq êÁvwbK cwifvlv mgm¨vÕ (evOjv GKv‡Wgx cwÎKv: 13 el©, wØZxq msL¨v, kªveY- 1375/1969) cÖKvwkZ nevi AvU eQi ci Zuvi wØZxq cÖeÜ Ôevsjv cwifvlv cÖYqb bxwZ cÖm‡½Õ (mvßvwnK wewPÎv: 21†k †deªæqvwi msL¨v, 1977) cÖKvwkZ nq| AvU eQ‡ii eëav‡b iwPZ wØZxq cÖe‡Ü Zuvi cwifvlv m¤úwK©Z fvebv¸‡jv AwaKZi cwiYZ e‡jB g‡b nq| cwifvlv mgm¨vi îƒc


m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z wM‡q wZwb cÖ_‡gB D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb, Ôevsjvfvlvq G hver AvaywbK ÁvbweÁv‡bi e¨vcK PP©v nq wb e‡j GB fvlvq we‡kl bvg ev cvwifvwlK kã¸wj M‡o †Zvjvi †Zgb my‡hvM n‡q I‡V wb| GLb †mB †Póv Ki‡Z wM‡q †`Lv hv‡”Q †h, AvaywbK ÁvbweÁv‡bi fve I aviYvmg~n cwigv‡Y GZ †ewk Ges cÖK…wZ‡Z GZ Awfbe I RwUj †h, evsjvfvlvi Awfav‡bi mxwgZ msL¨K Ges cÖPwjZ I AvU‡cŠ‡i kãvejxi mvnv‡h¨ †m¸wj‡K Abvqv‡m cÖKvk Kiv m¤¢e n‡”Q bv, cÖ‡qvRb n‡”Q AmsL¨ bZzb evsjv cvwifvwlK kã m„wói| GBme bZzb kã m„wó Kivi e¨vcv‡i †Kvb bxwZ‡Z AMÖmi nIqv

29DwPZ †m m¤ú‡K© wKQz Av‡jvPbv KivB eZ©gvb cÖe‡Üi D‡Ïk¨|Õ

cwifvlvi ewkó¨ Ges cÖ‡qvRb I eënvi m¤ú‡K© b~iæj û`v cÖ_‡gB e‡j‡Qb-

... †Kv‡bv wel‡qi cwifvlv ej‡Z †evSvq †mB wel‡qi Av‡jvPbvq eëüZ Ggb wKQz kã hv mswkøó we‡kl we‡kl aviYv‡K h_v_©fv‡e, wbf©yjfv‡e, Ø¨_©nxbfv‡e cÖKvk K‡i _‡K| GKwU we‡kl aviYvi (concept) Rb¨ GKwU we‡kl kã †eu‡a †Ìqv nq; GB we‡kl kãwU‡KB Avgiv cvwifvwlK kã ewj|H we‡kl aviYvi Ges Zvi cÖKvkK cvwifvwlK kã, GB Df‡qi ga¨Kvi m¤úK© Ggb n‡e †h H aviYvi Rb¨ Ab¨ †Kv‡bv kã eëüZ n‡e bv| GB KovKwo †Kej GB R‡b¨B, hv‡Z K‡i ÁvbweÁv‡bi Av‡jvPbvq whwb hv †h-fv‡e ej‡Z Pvb mswkøó wel‡q AwfÁ A‡bïvI †hb wVK Zv-B Ges †mBfv‡eB eyS‡Z cv‡ib| fvlvq k‡ãi cvwifvwlK cÖ‡qvM I mvaviY cÖ‡qv‡Mi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ GBLv‡b †h, mvaviY cÖ‡hv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î GKB kã Øviv GKvwaK fve cÖKvk Kiv Ges GKvwaK kã Øviv GKB fve cÖKvk Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i, wKš‘ cvwifvwlK cÖ‡qv‡M memgq GKwU kã †Kej GKwU fveB cÖKvk Ki‡e| ZvB `bw›`b eënv‡ii †Kv‡bv kãI hLb weÁv‡bi †Kv‡bv wel‡qi cwifvlvq M„nxZ nq ZLbI GB cv_©K¨ jÿYxq| D`vniY ¯îƒc, Bs‡iRx‡Z work kãwU mvaviY Av‡jvPbvq wewfbœ cÖm‡½ wewfbœ A‡_© cÖ‡qvM Kiv n‡q _v‡K, wKš‘ GKB kã hLb ejweÁv‡bi cwifvlvq eëüZ nq ZLb Zv‡K Ô†Kv‡bv e¯‘‡Z cÖhy³ †Kv‡bv ej (Force) Ges cÖ‡qvMwe›`y †_‡K Zvi AwZµvšÍ `~i‡Z¡i ¸YdjÕ GB msÁvq †eu‡a †Ìqv nq| Giƒc †ÿ‡Î GB wbqš¿‡Yi d‡j Ges bZzb A_© MÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g A‡bK mvaviY kã cvwifvwlK ¸iæZ¡ AR©b K‡i ejv P‡j| Zvn‡j †`Lv hv‡”Q, cwifvwlK kã n‡”Q we‡klÁ‡ì Kv‡Ri nvwZqvi¯îƒc, hvi D‡Ïk¨ Bs‡iRx‡Z hv‡K e‡j Ôhitting the nail on the headÕ A_©vr wVK K_v wVK g‡Zv ejv| Ges Kv‡Ri nvwZqvi e‡jB cvwifvwlK kã huv‡ì cÖv‡qvR‡b m„wó Zuv‡ì KvR myôzfv‡e PjvUvB eo K_v, mvaviY †jv‡Ki Kv‡R cvwifvwlK k‡ãi A_© †evaMg¨ n‡jv wKbv †m cÖkœB AevšÍi| cwifvlvi Avi GKwU êwkó¨ n‡”Q wjwLZ iƒ‡ci cÖvavb¨, cvwifvwlK k‡ãi eënvi ejvi †P‡q †jLv‡ZB A_©vr eBcy¯Í‡K, cÎ-cwÎKvq, cÖeÜvw`‡Z †ewk n‡q _v‡K| ZvB weÁvbx‡ì cÖ‡qvR‡b hw` yiæ”Pvh© fvix cvwifvwlK kã m„wó nq Zvi weiæ‡×I Awf‡hvM K‡i jvf

30†bB|

GB cÖe‡ÜiB Ab¨Î b~iæj û`v h_v_©B D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb †h cwifvlvq Ggb A‡bK bvg ev cvwifvwlK kã cvIqv hv‡e †h¸‡jv cÖ_g bvgKi‡Yi mgq mwVK _vK‡jI c‡i ÔbZzb Z_¨ Avwe®‹…Z nevi d‡jÕ fz‚j cÖgvwYZ n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ †m cwifvlv e`jv‡bv nqwb ev hvq wb| †hgb- D`vniY¯îƒc, ÔatomÕ kãwU MÖxK ÔatomosÕ K_v †_‡K G‡m‡Q, Gi A_© Ôhv‡K fvM Kiv hvq bvÕ| GB bvgKi‡Yi mgq


atom-†K AwefvR¨ e‡jB g‡b Kiv n‡Zv| c‡i cÖgvwYZ n‡q‡Q, †Kej atom-B bq, Gi wfZ‡iI 31

nucleus-I wefvR¨, Zey atom bvgwUi cwieZ©b nq wb|Õ Abyiƒcfv‡e Aw·‡Rb I nvB‡Wªv‡Rb bvg `ywUi D`vniYI wZwb D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb|

OcvwifvwlK kã m„wói cÖwµqv Av‡jvPbv cÖm‡ M byiæj û`v wj‡L‡QbÑ

cvwifvwlK kã m„wói cÖwµqv yÕiKg n‡Z cv‡i- GKwU‡K Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi cÖZ¨ÿ, AciwU‡K c‡ivÿ| cÖZ¨ÿ cÖwµqvq cvwifvwlK kã m„wó nq ZLb, hLb weÁvbx ev M‡elK bejä fve I aviYvi Rb¨ bvg wbe©vPb K‡ib| whwb KvRwU K‡ib wZwb hyrmB bv‡gi Rb¨ nq wb‡Ri fvlvi kãm¤¢vi †_‡K kã †e‡Q †bb A_ev †Kv‡bv we‡`kx fvlvi k‡ãvcv`v‡bi mnvqZvq GKwU bZzb kã ‰Zwi K‡ib| cvwifvwlK kã ˆZwii e¨vcv‡i cvðvZ¨ RM‡Zi weÁvbxiv AwaKvsk †ÿ‡ÎB cÖvPxb MÖxK I jvwZ‡bi k‡ãvcv`vb †Luv‡Rb, Ges Zv g~jZt `ywU Kvi‡Y: cÖ_gZt Hme k‡ãvcv`v‡bi Øviv wewfbœ ai‡bi †hŠwMK kã MVb Kiv hvq, wØZxqZt ÁvbweÁ‡bi Ph©vq MÖxK I jvwZb †_‡K kãFY MÖn‡Yi HwZn¨ BD‡ivcxq fvlvqB i‡q‡Q e‡j beMwVZ cvwifvwlK kã mn‡RB GB me fvlvq cÖmvi jvf Ki‡Z cv‡i| kã wbe©vP‡bi Drm hvB †nvK, cÖZ¨ÿ cÖwµqvq cvwifvwlK kã m„wói mgq mswkøó aviYvwU mvg‡b _v‡K| A_©vr mivmwi ÔconceptÕ †_‡K ÔtermÕ Zwi nq| Avi c‡ivÿ cÖwµqvq cvwifvwlK kã Zwi nq ejv †h‡Z cv‡i ZLb, hLb ÁvbweÁv‡bi Z_¨vw` fvlvšÍwiZ nevi cÖ‡qvR‡b GK fvlvi cvwifvwlK k‡ãi Rb¨ Ab¨ fvlvq Zvi Zzj¨ iƒc wba©vwiZ nq| GLv‡b cwifvlv cÖYqbKvixi „wói wVK mvg‡b _v‡K mswkøó aviYvi e`‡j Zvi cÖwZwbwaZ¡Kvix we‡`kx fvlvi kãiƒcwU| Giƒc †ÿ‡Î h‡_ó mZK© bv n‡j we‡`kx kãiƒ‡ci Avov‡j jyKv‡bv cÖK„Z aviYvwU D×vi K‡i wbR fvlvq Dchy³ cvwifvwlK kã ˆZwii D‡Ïk¨ e¨vnZ n‡Z cv‡i| cvwifvwlK kã cÖZ¨ÿ ev c‡ivÿ †h cÖwµqvqB ˆZwi †nvK bv †Kb, cwifvlv cÖYqbKvix‡K Aek¨B Rvb‡Z n‡e †Kvb& we‡kl aviYvi Rb¨ wZwb kã wbe©vPb Ki‡Qb, Ges GKB m‡½ mswkøó fvlvi kãMVb ixwZ m¤ú‡K©I Zuvi fv‡jv Ávb _vK‡Z n‡e| huviv GB kZ© `ywU c~iY Ki‡Z mÿg, †Kej Zuv‡ì ØvivB mv_©K

32cwifvlvq Zwi Kiv m¤¢e|

byiƒj û`v Av‡iv e‡j‡Qb, Ôe¯‘Zt evsjv cwifvlv Zwii e¨vcv‡i Bs‡iRx, MÖxK, jvwZb, LuvwU evsjv, ms¯‹„Z BZ¨vw` †h †Kv‡bv kãB Dchy³ we‡ewPZ n‡Z cv‡i hw` Zv cwifvlv eënviKvixi cÖ‡qvRb h_vh_fv‡e †gUv‡Z mÿg nq| cvwifvwlK kã wbe©vP‡bi e¨vcv‡i †h welqwU we‡kl ¸iæZ¡ cvevi

O`vwe iv‡L Zv n‡jv kãwUi m‡½ Ab¨ kã I cÖZ¨qvw` †hvM K‡i GKB aviYvi m‡ M m¤úwK©Z cvwifvwlK kã cwievi Zwi Kivi ÿgZv| †Kv‡bv we‡`kx k‡ãi hw` evsjv cÖZ¨qvw` MÖn‡Yi ÿgZv

O_v‡K Z‡e Zv Abvqv‡mB evsjv fvlvi A Mxf‚Z n‡Z cv‡i| ... evsjv cwifvlvq bZzb kã Pq‡bi †ÿ‡Î ms¯‹…Z kãg~j Ges DcmM© cÖZ¨qvwì mvnvh¨ MÖn‡Yi cÖ‡qvRb Acwinvh©fv‡eB †`Lv †`q, †Kbbv LuvwU evsjv k‡ãi mvnv‡h¨ mgvme× I cÖZ¨qwb®úbœ kã MV‡bi m¤¢vebv mxwgZ| Avgv‡ì fzj‡j Pj‡e bv †h, MÖxK I jvwZ‡bi m‡½ BD‡ivcxq fvlv¸wji †h m¤úK©, ms¯‹…‡Zi m‡½ evsjvfvlvi

33Abyiƒc m¤úK© i‡q‡Q|Õ

cªeÜwUi Dcmsnv‡i b~iæj û`v evsjv cvwifvwlK kã wbe©vP‡bi Rb¨ GKwU bxwZgvjv Abymi‡Yi 34

cÖ¯Íve K‡i‡Qb| bxwZgvjvwU n‡”Q:


1. GKB A_© wb‡`©‡ki Rb¨ wewfbœ kã (synonym) Ges wewfbœ A_© wb‡`©‡ki Rb¨ GKB kã (homonym) êÁvwbK Z_¨vwì myôz cÖKvk e¨vnZ K‡i weavq h_vm¤¢e GKwU gvÎ Bs‡iRx cvwifvwlK k‡ãi Rb¨ GKwUgvÎ evsjv cÖwZkã wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e|

2. Bs‡iRx cwifvlvi mgv_©K kãmg~‡ni (synonyms) Rb¨ c„_K c„_K evsjv cÖwZkã hv‡Z ˆZwi bv nq †mw`‡K jÿ¨ ivL‡Z n‡e, D`vniY¯îƒc, cigvYy-weÁv‡b eëüZ decay

constant, disintegration constant, transformation constant GB wZbwU mgv_©K k‡ãi Rb¨ wZbwU c„_K evsjv cÖwZkã Zwi bv K‡i GKwUgvÎ evsjv cÖwZkã wba©viY Ki‡Z n‡e|

3. †Kv‡bv Bs‡iRx kã hw` ÁvbweÁv‡bi wewfbœ kvLvq wewfbœ A_© wb‡`©k K‡i Zvn‡j c„_K c„_K evsjv cÖwZkã wbe©vwPZ n‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e wfbœ cÖwZkã hw` BwZg‡a¨B Pvjy bv n‡q _v‡K Zvn‡j Bs‡iRxi b¨vq evsjvqI wewfbœ kvLvq GKB cÖwZkã ivLv hvq wKbv †f‡e †`L‡Z n‡e|

4. †Kv‡bv evsjv kã hw` GKwU we‡kl Bs‡iRx cvwifvwlK k‡ãi Rb¨ wbe©vwPZ nq Zvn‡j †mB kã GKB kvLvq Ab¨ †Kv‡bv Bs‡iRx cvwifvwlK k‡ãi evsjv cÖwZkã wn‡m‡e wbe©vwPZ n‡e bv|

5. evsjv cÖwZkã wbe©vP‡bi †ÿ‡Î mswkøó Bs‡iRx kãwUi †Kej evwn¨K A_© wePvi bv K‡i kãwU weÁv‡bi cwifvlvq †h we‡kl msÁvi cÖZxKx bvg wn‡m‡e eëüZ n‡”Q Zvi cÖwZ jÿ¨ †i‡L A_©vr AšÍwb©wnZ A_© ev e¨Äbv Abyaveb K‡i Dchy³ evsjv cÖwZkã wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e|

6. wbev© wPZ cwÖ Zkã h_vm¤e¢ mswÿß n‡Z n‡e, †Kbbv cvwifvwlK kã gj~ Zt cZÖ xKx bvg gvÎ|

7. †hme Bs‡iRx cvwifvwlK kã evsjvfvlvq êÁvwbK mvwn‡Z¨ eûj cÖPwjZ †m¸wj h_vm¤¢e evsjv cwifvlvq ivLvi †Póv Ki‡Z n‡e|

8. Z_vKw_Z AvšÍR©vwZK kã Abyev` bv K‡i mivmwi evsjvq MÖÖn‡Yi †ÿ‡Î kã¸wji AvšÍR©vwZKZvi `vwe we‡ePbv K‡i †`L‡Z n‡e| h_v_© aviYv †c‡Z n‡j †Kv‡bv Bs‡iRx

OcvwifvwlK k‡ãi m‡ M divmx, Rvg©vb I iæk GB wZbwU fvlvq eëüZ mswkøó cÖwZkã¸wj Zzjbv K‡i †`Lv †h‡Z cv‡i| †Kv‡bv Bs‡iRx cvwifvwlK kã hw` GB fvlv wZbwUi †h -†Kv‡bv `ywU‡Z cÖvq Awfbœ iƒ‡c cvIqv hvq Zvn‡j H kãwU‡K AvšÍR©vwZK e‡j MY¨ Kiv Pj‡e| G e¨vcv‡i †Kv‡bv Av`k© eûfvwlK êÁvwbK k‡ãi Awfav‡bi mnvqZv wb‡Z n‡e| BD‡ivcxq fvlvmg~‡n eëüZ eY©gvjv †_‡K evsjv eY©gvjv †h‡nZy Avjv`v, Kv‡RB †Kej k‡ãi D”PvwiZ iƒcB Avgv‡ì we‡eP¨| wewfbœ fvlvq D”PvwiZ iƒ‡ci wfbœZv cwijwÿZ n‡j Bs‡iRx‡Z D”PvwiZ iƒcwUB Avgv‡ì MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e|

9. Bs‡iRx‡Z GKvwaK k‡ãi Avw` eYm© g‡~ ni mgš‡q †hme cvwifvwlK kã Zwi n‡q‡Q †m¸wji D”PvwiZ iƒc evsjvq Mn„ xZ n‡e| †hgb, Radar (Radio-Detection and Ranging), Laser

(Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation) BZ¨vw`|O10. †Kv‡bv Bs‡iRx kã evsjvq MÖn‡Yi †ÿ‡Î †mB k‡ãi m‡ M wewfbœ cÖZ¨q †hv‡M wb®úbœ

kã¸wji evsjvKi‡Yi m¤¢ve¨ZvI wePvi K‡i †`L‡Z n‡e| †Kv‡bv we‡kl fvlvq eëüZ cÖZ¨qvw` wbwe©Pv‡i Ab¨ fvlvq MÖnY Kiv P‡j bv weavq M„nxZ we‡`kx k‡ãi m‡½ evsjvfvlvi MVb cÖK…wZ Abyhvqx hw` evsjvfvlvq eëüZ cÖZ¨qvw` †hvM Kiv hvq Zvn‡j †miƒc kã MÖnY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i, wKš‘ Zv m¤¢e bv n‡j H we‡`kx k‡ãi ’‡j Dchy³ evsjv (Zrmg ev Z™¢e) kã LuyR‡Z n‡e|



11. we‡`kx DcmM© I cÖZ¨q¸wji ’‡j evsjv DcmM© cÖZ¨‡qi eënvi me©Î GKiƒc n‡Z n‡e|

12. cvwifvwlK kã kÖæwZgayi I mnR‡eva¨ n‡Z n‡e Ggb vwe †gUv‡bvi †Póv †hLv‡b hZUv m¤¢e Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i, Z‡e g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e †h, kÖæwZgvayh© I mnR‡eva¨Zvi †P‡qI †h ¸YwU cvwifvwlK k‡ãi Rb¨ AwaK ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Zv n‡jv Ø¨_©nxbZv| AviI g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e †h, wew”Qbœfv‡e wPšÍv K‡i we‡kl GKwU Bs‡iRx ev MÖxK-jvwZb k‡ãi Rb¨ GKwU mnR‡eva¨

Oevsjv cÖwZkã wbe©vPb Ki‡jB Pj‡e bv, H we‡`kx k‡ãi m‡ M m¤úwK©Z cÖZ¨qwb®úbœ Ab¨ kãmg~‡ni R‡bÏ Dchy³ cÖwZkã wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e|

13. LuvwU evsjv k‡ãi mvnv‡h¨ mgvme× I cÖZ¨qwb®úbœ kã MV‡bi m¤¢vebv mxwgZ e‡j cwifvlvq bZzb kã Pq‡bi †ÿ‡Î ms¯‹…Z kãg~j I DcmM©-cÖZ¨qvwì mvnh¨ MÖnY Acwinvh©| Z‡e A‡nZzK KwVb I y‡e©va¨ ms¯‹…Z kã hv‡Z Avg`vbx bv nq †m w`‡K jÿ¨ ivL‡Z n‡e|

gyn¤§` Gbvgyj nKgyn¤§` Gbvgyj nK cwifvlv m¤ú‡K© 1973 mv‡j †jLv cÖe‡Ü Zuvi gZvgZ e¨³ K‡i‡Qb| cÖe‡Üi

35†k‡l cwifvlv m¤ú‡K© Zuvi g~j e³‡eï †h mvi-ms‡ÿc wZwb Dc¯’vcb K‡i‡Qb Zv n‡jv:

cÖ_gZt evsjv-fvlv Avgv‡ì †`‡ki ivóªfvlviƒ‡c bxwZMZ I eënvwiKfv‡e ^xK…wZ jvf Kivq, †`‡ki me©Î cwifvlv m„wói ZvwM` evsjvwe‡ivax I evsjv-mg_©K wkwÿZ mgv‡Ri g‡a¨ eûj cwigv‡Y †e‡o †M‡Q| evsjvwe‡ivaxiv bvbv ARynv‡Z Awdm-Av`vjZ, I wek¦we`¨vjq¸wj‡Z evsjv Pvjy Ki‡Z Aÿg e‡j bvivR, Avi AwkwÿZ †jv‡Kiv BwZg‡a¨ bvbv kã wb‡Ri gZ KÕ‡i KvR Pvwj‡q hv‡”Q|

wØZxqZt cvwifvwlK kã msÁvevPK A_©vr †h-mg¯Í K_v, fvebv-wPšÍv, wµqv-Kg©, ixwZbxwZ GKwU K_v ev k‡ãi Øviv †evSvevi Rb¨ eëüZ n‡e, memgq †mB kã ev K_v ZvB †evSv‡e| GB Rb¨B cvwifvwlK kã †evSevi AwaKvwi‡f` Av‡Q| xN©w`b mK‡j wg‡j †Kvb wewkó kã‡K we‡kl fve-cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ eënvi Ki‡jB, Zv wewkóZv AR©b KÕ‡i cvwifvwlK g~wZ©‡Z AvZ¥cÖKvk K‡i Ges M„nxZ nq|

Z…ZxqZt: huviv cwifvlv ˆZwi Ki‡eb I cwifvlvi Kv‡Ri fvi †b‡eb, Zuv‡ì evsjv fvlvq we‡kl Ávb Aek¨K| G Kv‡R we‡kl Drmv‡niI cÖ‡qvRb Av‡Q| ˆb‡j Zuviv Zuv‡ì Kv‡R K…ZKvh© n‡eb bv| Zuv‡ì‡K fvlv-we‡kl‡ÁiI mn‡hvwMZv jvf Ki‡Z n‡e| Zv bv nÕ‡j ˆZwi Kiv cwifvlvq A‡bK ÎæwUwePz¨wZ †_‡K hv‡e| AwaKš‘, cwifvlv mvwnwZ¨K-fvlv nÕ‡jI Pj‡e bv| cwifvlv‡K êÁvwbK cÖK…wZi fvlvq iƒc w`‡Z n‡e|

PZz_©Zt weÁv‡bi cwifvlvi A‡bK¸wj Ggb kã Av‡Q, hv‡K AvšÍR©vwZK kã eÕ‡j wbw`©ó Kiv hvq| A_P G-¸‡jv †Kvb RvwZ-we‡k‡li eÕ‡j wbw`©ó Kiv P‡j bv| G¸‡jv‡K wb‡R‡ì evsjv fvlvi aŸwb I iƒcZvwË¡K cÖK…wZ Abymv‡i AvZ¥¯’ KÕ‡i fvlvi A½xf‚Z KÕ‡i wb‡Z n‡e| Zv‡Z Avgv‡ì fvlvI DbœZ n‡e, Avgv‡ì QvÎ‡ì wkÿvi †ÿÎI †`‡k m¤úªmvwiZ Ges we‡`‡k mnRZi n‡e|

cÂgZt weÁvb wkÿvi †ÿ‡Î †hgb gb‡K me©vwaK ms¯‹vi †_‡K Db¥y³ ivL‡Z nq, Zvi cwifvlv ˆZwii †ejvq fvlv-eënv‡ii e¨vcv‡iI †Kvb we‡kl wkÿv, ms¯‹…wZ I


fvlvi cÖwZ AwZwi³ cÖeYZv †_‡K gb‡K gy³ ivL‡Z nq| ÔcwifvlvÕ fvlvMZ cÖKvk-ÿgZvi Afve m~wPZ K‡i| G- Afve c~iY Kivi Rb¨ †h-fvlviB Avkªq wb‡Z nq, m¤ú~Y© wbtm‡¼v‡P Zv MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e| BD‡ivcxq fvlvi †ejvq jvwZb-MÖxK fvlvi mvnvh¨ Qvov êÁvwbK cwifvlv GKiƒc APj| evsjvq êÁvwbK cwifvlv ˆZwii †ejvqI ms¯‹…Z fvlvi mvnvh¨ Qvov Pj‡e bv| huviv ms¯‹…‡Zi bvg ïb‡jB bvK wmuU&Kvb, Zuv‡ì‡K G fvlvZvwË¡K mZ¨ †g‡b wb‡Z n‡e|

lôZt cwifvlvi †ÿ‡Î AbyKiY, AbymiY, MÖnY ev eR©b `ylYxq bq| Avek¨K g‡Zv Zv Ki‡Z n‡eB| Z‡e, Zv Kievi Av‡M †m KvR Kivi ÿgZvI AR©b Ki‡Z n‡e, bB‡j AbyKiY n‡e fuvovwg, AbymiY n‡e wec_MvwgZv, MÖnY n‡e `y®úvP¨ Ges eR©b n‡e g~pZv|

gbmyi gymvi AbymÜvbevsjv fvlvq ÁvbweÁv‡bi PP©vi †ÿ‡Î GKmgq h_v_© cwifvlvi Afve Ges KwVb cwifvlvi eënvi cÖavb mgm¨v e‡j A‡b‡KB g‡b Ki‡Zb| Zuv‡ì `vwe wQj mnR‡eva¨ cwifvlv MV‡bi I Pq‡bi| Aa¨vcK gbmyi gymv ÔevOjv cwifvlv KwVb cÖwZfvZ nq †Kb?Õ wel‡q GKwU Rwic cwiPvjbv K‡ib weMZ kZ‡Ki Avwki k‡K| †mwU cÖwZ‡e`b AvKv‡i cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ nq PÆMÖvg wek¦we`¨vj‡qi evsjv wefvM KZ…©K cÖKvwkZ M‡elYv cwÎKv ÔcvÛzwjwcÕ‡Z| cieZ©xKv‡j GB cÖwZ‡e`bwU AšÍfz©³ K‡i 1995 mv‡j evsjv GKv‡Wgx †_‡K evOjv cwifvlv: BwZnvm I mgm¨v bv‡g Zuvi GKwU eB cÖKvwkZ

Onq| eBwU‡Z wZwb cwifvlv mgmv, mgm¨vi m~Îcv‡Zi BwZnvm, e Mxq mvwnZ¨ cwil‡ì cvwifvwlK D‡`¨vM, c~e© evOjvq cwifvlv mgm¨vi bevqb, Ges cwifvlv m¤ú‡K© mgKvjxb wPšÍv BZ¨vw` wk‡ivbv‡g cwifvlvi BwZnvm Ges cwifvlv Pqb I MV‡bi mgm¨v m¤úwK©Z welqmg~n wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| eBwU‡Z gbmyi gymv Zuvi cwiPvwjZ Rwic, Rwi‡ci DËi we‡kølYmn cwifvlv cwieZ©‡bi GKwU QKI AšÍfz©³ K‡i‡Qb| Av‡jvPbvi wewfbœ ch©v‡q wZwb cwifvlvi bvbvwea w`K m¤ú‡K© Zuvi e¨vL¨v, cwifvlvwe`&M‡Yi gZvgZ I fvlvZvwË¡K we‡kølY Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb| evsjv cwifvlvi BwZnvm Abyaveb I cwifvlv-PP©v m¤ú‡K© AewnZ nIqvi c‡ÿ gbmyi gymvi eBwU iæZ¡c~Y©| evsjv cwifvlv m¤ú‡K© AvMÖnx e¨w³gvÎB G eBwU cvV K‡i we‡klfv‡e DcK…Z n‡Z cv‡ib, †Kbbv Zuvi Av‡jvPbvi wfwË cÖavbZ fvlvweÁvb|

weMZ kZ‡Ki mË‡ii `kK ch©šÍ evsjv cwifvlv wb‡q †h weZK© I †jLv‡jwL n‡q‡Q Zvi cÖvq me weeiYB gbmyi gymvi eBwU‡Z i‡q‡Q| B`bxs cwifvlv wel‡q AvMÖn I Av‡jvPbv †Zgb †Kv_vI †`Lv hvq bv| †K›`ªxq evsjv Dbœqb †evW© I cieZ©xKv‡j evsjv GKv‡Wgx †h-me cwifvlv‡Kvl cÖKvk K‡i‡Q, Zvi A‡bK¸wjiB cwigvR©bv, ms‡kvab I cwiea©b cÖ‡qvRb| bZzb bZzb Avwe®‹vi I D™¢ve‡bi cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z weÁvb I cÖhyw³i †ÿ‡ÎI A‡bK bZzb welq I aviYv wbqZ Avgv‡ì Rxe‡b hy³ n‡”Q| †mme aviYv ev wel‡qi RbÏ bZzb cvwifvwlK kã Pqb, MVb ev MÖn‡Yi cÖ‡qvRb Abyf‚Z n‡”Q| me‡P‡q eo K_v - cwifvlv Pqb I MVb GKwU Pjgvb cÖwµqv, fvlvi g‡ZvB RxešÍ I MwZkxj|

Z_¨m~Î1. iZœv †Nvl, evsjv cwifvlvi yÕk eQi, mvwnZ¨‡jvK ms¯‹iY, KjKvZv, 1988, c„ôv 113|

2. iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi, evsjv kãZË¡, Z…Zxq ^Zš¿ ms¯‹iY, KjKvZv, 1399, c„ôv 183-84|

3. H, c„ôv 185|

4. H, c„ôv 199|

5. H, c„ôv 200|O O6. weRbwenvix fÆvPvh©, e Mfvlv I e Mms¯‹…wZ, cÖ_g ms¯‹iY, KjKvZv, 1985, c„ôv 14-15|

7. ˆeÁvwbK cwifvlv, cÖ_g ms¯‹iY, KjKvZv, 1960, c„ôv -9|

8. weRbwenvix fÆvPvh©, c~‡e©v³, c„ôv 18|

9. e`iæÏxb Dgi, c~e© evOjvi fvlv Av‡›`vjb I ZrKvjxb ivRbxwZ, 1g LÐ, cÖ_g ms¯‹iY, XvKv, 1970, c„ôv 275|

10. gbmyi gymv, evOjv cwifvlv: BwZnvm I mgm¨v, cÖ_g ms¯‹iY, XvKv, 1995, c„ôv 31|

11. gbmyi gymv, c~‡e©v³, c„ôv 31|

12. H, c„ôv 32|

13. H, c„ôv 32|

14. H, c„ôv 32|

15. H, c„ôv 32|O O16. mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq, Ôev Mjv fvlvq eÁvwbK cwifvlvÕ, ûgvqyb AvRv` (m¤úv`K), ev Mjv fvlv,

wØZxq LÐ, ms‡kvwaZ wØZxq ms¯‹iY, XvKv, 2001, c„ôv 506-07|


18. W. byiæj Bmjvg I Ab¨vb¨, Av_©bxwZK cwifvlv-†Kvl, cÖ_g ms¯‹iY (wØZxq gy`ªY), XvKv, 1972,c„ôv [ `yB]|

19. c`v_©we`¨v cwifvlv‡Kvl, cbg©yw`ªZ ms¯‹iY, XvKv 1990, c„ôv mvZ|


21. gbmyi gymv, c~‡e©v³, c„ôv 36-37|



24. gbmyi gymv, c~‡e©v³, c„ôv -39|






[A_©bxwZ‡Z †bv‡ej cyi¯‹vicÖvß AgZ©¨ †mb Zuvi †bv‡ej cyi¯‹v‡ii A_© w`‡q cwðge½ I evsjv‡`‡k †gŠwjK wkÿv, cÖv_wgK ^v¯’¨ cwiPh©v Ges bvix Dbœqb †ÿ‡Î M‡elYv I wbixÿvag©x cÖKí ev¯Íevqb Kivi j‡ÿ¨ cÖZxPx Uªvó cÖwZôv K‡i‡Qb| Aa¨vcK †mb G Kv‡R wb‡RB mwµq I AvMÖnx n‡q KiYxq Kv‡Ri m~wP w¯’i K‡i‡Qb, M‡elYv †_‡K cÖvß Z_¨-cÖgvYvw` †`‡L‡Qb Ges cÖPviYvq †hvM w`‡q‡Qb| eZ©gvb cÖeÜwU 2009 Gi wW‡m¤^‡i cÖKvwkZ cwðge‡½i cÖv_wgK wkÿvi Ici cÖZxPx cwiPvwjZ M‡elYvi f‚wgKv hv cÖvq GK `k‡Ki eëav‡b cwiPvwjZ `ywU Rwi‡ci d‡ji Zzjbvg~jK cÖwZ‡e`b| Aa¨vcK †mb Rwi‡ci Zvrch©c~Y© dj¸‡jv wbixÿY K‡i Gi Ici †h Mfxi ch©‡eÿY Ges mycvwik K‡i‡Qb Zv cwðge‡½i evB‡iI cÖv_wgK wkÿvi †ÿ‡Î Dbœq‡bi RbÏ h‡_ó cÖvmw½K|cwÖ Z‡e`‡bi ¸iæZc¡ Y~ © welq: †kYª x I eYw© fwËK Amwy eavMÖ ZÍ v, wkÿvµ‡gi †evSv, cvÖ B‡fU cov]

GK `kK Av‡M cwðge‡½ cÖZxPx Uªvó (fviZ) Ges mxgv‡šÍi Icv‡i evsjv‡`‡k Gi m‡nvì kvLv cÖZxPx cÖwZwôZ n‡qwQj| evsjv‡`k †K›`ª cÖavbZ †mLvbKvi wK‡kvix Ges ZiæYx‡ì mvgwRK Dbœqb‡K iæZ¡ w`‡”Q, GwU we‡kl K‡i hye-gwnjv mvsevw`K hviv MÖvg evsjv †_‡K cÖwZ‡e`b †cÖiY K‡i, Zv‡ì ÿZv Dbœq‡b mn‡hvwMZv I cÖwkÿY cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K| Aci w`‡K, fvi‡Z GB Uªv‡÷i Kv‡Ri cÖavb jÿ¨ n‡”Q cÖv_wgK wkÿv Ges cÖv_wgK ^v¯’¨ cwiPh©vi AMÖMwZ mvab| Gi m‡½ AviI wKQz wba©vwiZ KvRI Uªv‡÷i i‡q‡Q †hgb y‡h©v‡M ÎvY mnvqZv cÖ`vb|

hwÌ cÖZxPx Uªv÷-Gi GKwU Kg©m~wP n‡”Q bZzb ¯‹zj cÖwZôv (Dwol¨vi cÖZxPx ¯‹zj mwµq Ges myôzfv‡e Pj‡Q), wkÿv‡ÿ‡Î Avgv‡ì cÖavb KvR n‡”Q c~e© fvi‡Z m~Pbv c‡e© cwðge½ Ges SvoL‡Ði wKq`vs‡k Pvjy wkÿv eë¯’v‡K wbixÿY, g~j¨vqb Ges Gi LuywU-bvwU fyjåvwšÍ Luy‡R †ei Kiv| Avgiv G AÂ‡j †ek wKQz ‹zj Rwic K‡iwQ hwÌ †h-†Kvb gvb`‡Ð GKwU AÂ‡ji mvwe©K wPÎ †ei Kiv Am¤¢e, ZeyI H AÂ‡ji cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡i Ggb ch©vß Z_¨ GBme M‡elYvi gva¨‡g AwR©Z n‡q‡Q hvi wfwË‡Z PjwZ wkÿv eë¯’vi mejZv I `ye©jZv m¤^‡Ü wKQz mvaviY wm×v‡šÍ †cuŠQv‡bv m¤¢e| G cÖm‡½ Avgv‡ì Rb¨ mePvB‡Z ¸iæZ¡c~Y© n‡”Q †h, G AÂ‡j cÖv_wgK ¯‹z‡ji wkÿv †hme cÖavb mgm¨vi m¤§yLxb nq †mme mgm¨v m¤^‡Ü Avgiv ^”Q aviYv jvf K‡iwQ Ges Hme cÖwZK‚jZv‡K ms‡kvab Kivi mywbw`©ó cÖ‡Póv m¤^‡ÜI aviYv jvf K‡iwQ|

m‡iRwgb Rwic: Kg©m~wPi m~Pbv j‡Mœ Ges ev¯Íevq‡bi ci Avgv‡ì cÖ_g cÖ¯’ Rwi‡ci KvR cwðge‡½i 6wU †Rjvq ˆèPqb c×wZ‡Z wbe©vwPZ cÖv_wgK ¯‹zj¸‡jv‡Z 2001-02 mv‡j m¤úbœ nq| m¤úªwZ 2008-09 mv‡j Avgiv Avevi H GKB ‹zj¸‡jv‡Z cybtRwic Kwi| G Rwi‡ci D‡Ïk¨ wQj mvZ eQi ci GB ‹zj¸‡jv‡Z wkÿv Kvh©µ‡gi Av‡`Š DbœwZ n‡q‡Q wKbv, n‡j Zv wKfv‡e n‡q‡Q, ‹zj¸‡jv mvZ eQi ci wK Ae¯’v‡b †cuŠ‡Q‡Q-Gme welq †`Lv|

cwðge‡½i cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡ii wkÿv*

AgZ©¨ †mb


* eZ©gv‡b nvf©vW© wek¦we`¨vj‡q Ugvm WweøD †jg›U wek¦we`¨vjq cÖ‡dmi Ges A_©bxwZ I k©‡bi Aa¨vcK| wZwb 1998 mv‡j A_©bxwZ‡Z †bv‡ej cÖvBR jvf K‡ib|

GB cÖwZ‡e`‡b Avgv‡ì me©‡kl M‡elYvi dj mvZ eQi Av‡M cÖvß Z‡_ï m‡½ Zzjbvg~jK g~j¨vqb K‡i Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q| Avgv‡ì cÖ_g cÖ‡¯’i M‡elYv¸‡jv Avgv‡ì‡K G GjvKvi cÖv_wgK wkÿvq cÖ‡qvRbxq cwieZ©b m¤ú‡K© mycvwik cÖbq‡Y wb‡`©kbv w`‡qwQj| †h Kg© cwiKíbv M„nxZ n‡qwQj Zv‡Z wb‡gœv³ cÖwZ‡laKg~jK c`‡ÿc AšÍf©z³ wQj-

- AMÖMwZi Rb¨ wkÿK BDwbqb¸‡jvi m‡½ HKë×fv‡e KvR Kivi Riæwi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv, ¯‹zj wkÿK‡ì Kvh©Ki f‚wgKv (wkÿK Abycw¯’wZ n«vm Ges AmyweavMÖ¯Í cwiev‡ii wkï‡ì cÖwZ we‡kl g‡bv‡hvM`v‡b wkÿK‡ì mnvqZv cÖ`vb AšÍf©y³ wQj)

- wkÿK-AwffveK KwgwUi wbqwgZ Ges MVbg~jK f‚wgKvi ¸iæZ¡ (we‡klZ A_©‰bwZK I mvgwRKfv‡e AmyweavMÖ¯Í cwiev‡ii AwffveK‡ì mv‡_ wkÿK‡ì gZwewbgq I †hvMv‡hvM e„w× Kiv)

- wkï‡ì cywógvb e„w× I m~Pbvj‡Mœi wkÿvi AMÖMwZi Rb¨ ycy‡i ivbœv Kiv Lvevi mieiv‡ni cÖ‡qvRbxqZv, (Avgv‡ì Av‡Mi M‡elYvq cÖvqkB Ae‡njvi wkKvi wkï‡ì cywó c~i‡Yi m‡½ m~Pbv wkÿvi gv‡bi m¤úK© AbymÜvb Kiv n‡qwQj)

- ¯‹zj cwi`k©b eë¯’vi ÿwqòz Ae¯’v cv‡ë †Ìqvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv (†hwU mv•NvwZKfv‡e Kg f‚wgKv †i‡L‡Q, KL‡bv KL‡bv cÖvq f‚wgKvnxb, Aw¯’Z¡nxb n‡q †M‡Q)

- KwZcq ¯‹z‡j we‡kl K‡i wkïwkÿv †K‡›`ª (SSK) AwZwi³ wkÿv mnvqZv cÖ`vb Ges `ªæZZi †eZb cÖ`vb wbwðZKiY Ges Ab¨vb¨ cÖkvmwbK eë¯’vi Dbœqb msNU‡bi iæZ¡

- ¯‹z‡ji wkï‡ì cÖvB‡fU cv‡Vi Ici `ªæZ ea©bkxj wbf©ikxjZv‡K wbiærmvwnZ Kivi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Ges ¯‹z‡j cÖvB‡fU cv‡Vi cwic~iK wkÿveë¯’v MÖnY (cÖwZ‡e`‡b wewfbœ cÖKvi Dcvq mycvwik Kiv n‡q‡Q)|

mgevqx cÖ‡Póv Ges mnvqZvg~jK †evSvcovAvgv‡ì †ek wKQz cÖ¯Ívebv, hwÌ me bq, M‡elYvKv‡j ev¯Íevqb Kiv n‡qwQj Ges Avgiv Avgv‡ì KvR I wkÿv Kvh©µ‡gi g~j¨vqb miKvi, Z_¨ gva¨g Ges Rbmvavi‡Yi g‡bv‡hvM AvKl©‡Y mÿg nIqvi Rb¨ Zv‡ì cÖwZ K…ZÁ| †`Lv †M‡Q, KL‡bv Avgv‡ì wKQz mycvwik cÖv_wgK wkÿvi Dbœq‡bi bZzb wfZ Zwi K‡i‡Q, KL‡bv Ab¨ mycvwik Gme †ÿ‡Î †K›`ªxq Ges cÖv‡`wkK miKv‡ii Øviv ^Kxq wKš‘ bZzb cÖ‡Póv MÖn‡Y †hŠw³K mnvqZv cÖ`vb K‡i‡Q (†hgb, ga¨v‡ý ivbœv Kiv Lvev‡ii eë¯’v I wkÿK- AwffveK KwgwUi mfvi mØënvi)| Avgv‡ì Kv‡Ri ixwZ Abyhvqx ‹zjwkÿv Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ AvšÍwiKfv‡e Kg©iZ ms¯’v¸‡jv, †K›`ªxq Ges cÖv‡`wkK miKvi, wkÿK BDwbqb¸‡jv‡K mn‡hvwMZv cÖ`vb Ges Dfqcÿ wg‡j wb‡R‡ì Kv‡Ri †`vl µwUi Av‡jvPbv-mgv‡jvPbv Kiv nq| G ixwZ cÖwZôv Øviv Avgiv mswkøó me c‡ÿi AskMÖnY Ges mn‡hvwMZv jvf K‡i DcK…Z n‡qwQjvg|

1 2hLb †_‡K Avgiv cÖv_wgK wkÿK BDwbq‡bi we‡kl K‡i, ABPTA I WBPTA -i m‡½ GK‡Î KvR Kivi myweav jvf K‡iwQjvg, ZLb †_‡K BDwbq‡bi KZ©v e¨w³‡ì m‡½ Avgv‡ì gZ I we‡kølY wewbgq Kivi d‡j G AÂ‡ji cÖv_wgK wkÿvi mgm¨v I m¤¢vebvi c~Y© aviYv jv‡fi cÖqvmwU mdj n‡qwQj| BDwbqb¸‡jvi m‡½ cÖZxPx Uªv‡÷i †ek wKQz †hŠ_ mfv AbywôZ n‡q‡Q hv‡Z

* 1. All Bengal Primary Teacher's Association

2. West Bengal Primary Teacher's Association


wekvjmsL¨K cªv_wgK ‹zj wkÿK mwµqfv‡e AskMÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb| wkÿK BDwbq‡bi mn‡hvwMZvi d‡j Avgv‡ì cÖv_wgK wkÿvi mgm¨v m¤ú‡K© aviYvi A‡bK Dbœqb N‡U| Aci c‡ÿ Zviv Avgv‡ì cÖ¯Íve ev¯Íevq‡b A‡bK mvnvh¨ K‡i‡Q| Dciš‘ cÖ‡Z¨K eQi Avgiv wkÿK, AwffveK, wkÿv‡ÿ‡Î Kg©iZ e¨w³eM© Ges wkÿv we‡klÁ‡ì wb‡q †gvUvgywU GKwU eo Av‡jvPbv mfvi Av‡qvRb K‡iwQ| GB mfv¸‡jv cwðge‡½i ¯‹zj wkÿvi Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq ¸iæZ¡c~Y© mycvwik D™¢veb K‡i‡Q †h¸‡jvi Ici Avgiv AviI AbymÜvb K‡iwQ| Avgiv we‡klZ AwffveK I wkÿK‡ì cÖwZ K…ZÁ huviv Avgv‡ì m‡½ †hvM w`‡qwQ‡jb, cÖvqB Zuv‡ì G Kv‡Ri Rb¨ h‡_ó ¯’vb mdi Ki‡Z n‡q‡Q, †mLv‡b Zuviv Zuv‡ì wbR¯^ we‡kølY¸‡jv mfv¸‡jv‡Z Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z Ges mswkøó mgm¨v¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© Avgv‡ì Ávb‡K mg„× Ki‡Z wbqwgZ Dcw¯’Z †_‡K‡Qb|

wkÿvµ‡gi AwZwi³ fviwewfbœ `‡ji (evev-gv, wkÿK, BDwbqb I miKvwi Kg©KZ©v Ges GKB ai‡bi Dbœqb †ÿ‡Î Kg©iZ ms¯’v¸‡jv) m‡½ wbqwgZ mfv¸‡jv ‹z‡ji PjwZ wkÿv Kvh©µ‡gi iæZ¡c~Y© Ask¸‡jv‡K cyb:bxwiÿv I ms¯‹v‡ii Rb¨ Avgv‡ì we‡kl g‡bv‡hvM cÖ`v‡b mvnvh¨ K‡i‡Q Ges Avgv‡ì wbR¯^ Rwic I AbymÜv‡bi dj‡K mg„× K‡i‡Q| D`vniY wn‡m‡e ejv hvq, GB cÖwZ‡e`‡b GKwU Ab¨Zg iæZ¡c~Y© welq wn‡m‡e miKvwi wkÿvµ‡gi welqe¯‘ Ges m~Pbv wkÿv¯Í‡ii wkÿvMÖnYiZ †QvU wkï‡ì wkÿvµ‡gi †h †evSv enb Ki‡Z nq Zvi Ici †ewk †Rvi cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q‡Q| cÖ_vbyhvqx miKvwi wkÿvµg wkï‡ì ¯‹z‡ji cvV †k‡l evwo‡Z cv‡Vi `vwe K‡i hv cÖvqB AwZwi³ Ges A‡hŠw³K (we‡klZ A‡hŠw³K †mme cwiev‡ii wkï‡ì Rb¨ hv‡ì evev-gv Zv‡ì kk‡e wb‡Riv KL‡bv ‹z‡j hvevi my‡hvM jvf K‡ib wb)| GB cÖwZ‡e`‡b cÖv_wgK ¯‹y‡ji wkky‡ì cÖvB‡fU covi Ici AvcvZ:`„wó‡Z Abo, AUj wbf©iZvi m‡½ Aev¯Íe AwZwi³ fvix wkÿvµ‡gi welqe¯‘i GKwU `„p m¤úK© m¤^‡Ü Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|

eY©‡f` I †kªYxMZ Ae¯’v‡bi Øviv cÖfvweZ Amyweavi we‡kølYAvgv‡ì Av‡jvPbvq wØZxq welq wn‡m‡e evisevi D‡V G‡m‡Q †kªYxMZ evav hv ‹zjeqmx Rbgvby‡li g‡a¨ we‡f‡ì †`qvj ˆZwi K‡i| wkwÿZ cwievi †_‡K AvMZ wkï‡ì mgm¨vi PvB‡Z ¯‹zj wkÿvq AvMZ cÖ_g cÖR‡b¥i wkï‡ì wewfbœ ch©v‡q A‡bK †ewk I wecyj mgm¨vi gy‡LvgywL n‡Z nq| ZvQvov we`¨v AR©b mdjfv‡e m¤úbœ Ki‡Z AmyweavMÖ¯Í †Mvôxi wkï‡ì wkÿ‡Ki †h g‡bv‡hvM Ges ‹z‡ji my‡hvM-myweavi cÖ‡qvRb nq Avq I A_©‰bwZK m¤ú‡ì Afve Ges cÖwZwôZ mvgvwRK †kªYxweb¨v‡m Zv‡ì wbPz e‡M© Ae¯’v‡bi Kvi‡Y †mme jvf Kiv Zv‡ì Rb¨ `yiƒn n‡q I‡V| A_©‰bwZK †kªYxwefv‡Mi m‡½ eY© wefv‡Mi ¯úó m¤úK© _vK‡jI Gi cÖfve eY©‰el‡gï cÖfv‡ei MwÐ †cwi‡q A‡bK ~i ch©šÍ AwZµg K‡i hvq| Aek¨B GwU mwVK †h wbgœ e‡Y©i gvbyl Ges Avwèvmxiv mvgvb¨ wKQz e¨wZµg Qvov mvaviYfv‡eB AmyweavMÖ¯Í †Mvwôi AšÍf©y³ (GB e¨wZµ‡giv cÖavbZ wbw`©ó wKQz wbgœ eY© wn›`y †_‡K Av‡m, wbgœ e‡M©i Avwèvmx †Mvôx †_‡K cÖvqB bq)| hv‡nvK, G ‡j AviI AšÍf©y³ n‡e gymwjg `wi`ª †Mvôx hv‡ì RbmsL¨v HwZnvwmK Kvi‡Y DËi cÖ‡`k I AÜ« cÖ‡`‡ki gymwjg RbmsL¨vi PvB‡Z cwðge‡½ Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e A‡bK †ewk| myZivs, hwÌ gymwjg †Mvôx‡K AmyweavMÖ¯Í †Mvôx‡Z †kªYxe× Kiv hvq bv (cÖK…Zc‡ÿ GB wel‡q h_v_© †kªYxMZ we‡køl‡Yi Afv‡e mv¤úªwZK wKQz weZwK©Z, åvšÍ e³e¨ G Amyweavi Rb¨ vqx), cwðge‡½ GKwU eo gymwjg Rb‡Mvôx


A_©‰bwZK I mvgvwRK AmyweavMÖ¯Í †kªYx wn‡m‡e cwiwPwZ †c‡q‡Q| †h †Kv‡bv ev¯Íe Ae¯’vi Mfxi AbymÜv‡b †ei n‡q Avm‡e HwZnvwmKfv‡e MwÛe× A_©‰bwZK I mvgvwRK Amyweav¸wj †hm‡ei Øviv GB GjvKvi AwaKvsk gymwjg cwievimn wbgœ e‡Y©i wn›`y I wbgœ e‡M©i Avwèvmx RbmsL¨v HwZnvwmKfv‡e AvµvšÍ n‡q P‡j‡Q| ejvevûj¨, GB me AmyweavMÖ¯Í cwiev‡ii wkï‡ì D³me Amyweavi Rb¨ Ab¨ wkï‡ì PvB‡Z †ewk g‡bv‡hvM I mnvqZv cÖ‡qvRb| Avgv‡ì Rwi‡ci dj we‡køl‡Yi mgq hLb Avgiv wm×všÍ I cÖ¯Ívebv cÖYqb KiwQjvg ZLb Avgv‡ì GB †kªYxMZ AmyweavMÖ¯ÍZv‡K „pfv‡e we‡ePbv Ki‡Z n‡q‡Q|

cyb:Rwic Ges cÖvß djm¤úªwZK cyb:Rwic Avgv‡ì‡K my‡hvM cÖ`vb K‡i‡Q

1) cwðge‡½i cÖv_wgK wkÿvi eZ©gvb Ae¯’vi g~j¨vqb Ki‡Z

2) G †ÿ‡Î †Kvb AMÖMwZ mvwaZ n‡q‡Q A_ev nq wb Ges Avi wK Kiv iKvi, Zv †`L‡Z

3) †h ms¯‹vi ev¯Íevqb Kiv n‡q‡Q Zvi Kvh©©KiZv Ges Zvi d‡j †h cwieZ©b msNwUZ n‡q‡Q Zv cixÿv Ki‡Z|

wkÿvi m‡½ RwoZ KZ©„cÿ, miKvi Ges wkÿK BDwbqb, Z_¨ gva¨g, RbMY‡K Avgv‡ì Rwic †_‡K cÖvß dj AewnZ Ki‡Z †c‡i Avgiv we‡klfv‡e Avbw›`Z|

Zvrch©c~Y© DbœwZ2001-02Ges 2008-09 Gi Rwi‡c cÖvß iæZ¡c~Y© d‡ji Zzjbvg~jK wPÎ nÕj:

1) cwðge‡½ weMZ mvZ eQ‡i cÖv_wgK wkÿvq fwZ© nvi Ges wkÿv_©xi wkLb gv‡b Zvrch©c~Y© DbœwZ msNwUZ n‡q‡Q

2) G dj m‡Ë¡I G †ÿ‡Î GL‡bv eZ©gvb ÎæwU Ges mnvqZvi mxgve×Zv i‡q‡Q hv ~i Ki‡Z n‡e|

wbwðZfv‡e G‡ÿ‡Î nZvk nevi †Kvb NUbv †bB, G Z_¨ ^xKvi Kivi iæZ¡ GB †h, nZvkv Avkv f½ K‡i Ges nvj †Q‡o †Ìqvi w`‡K cwiPvwjZ Ki‡Z cv‡i| ev¯Íe‡ÿÎ †_‡K cÖvß DcvË †`‡L GUv wek¦vm Kivi h‡_ó KviY Av‡Q †h, †hŠw³K cÖ‡Póv¸‡jv hLb myôzfv‡e ev¯ÍevwqZ nq ZLb †m¸‡jv cÖ‡Póvi wbw`©ó jÿ¨¸‡jv AR©b K‡i| ejvevûj¨, G‡ÿ‡Î DjøwmZ nIqviI †Kvb ¯’vb †bB| KvR¸‡jv m‡šÍvlRbKfv‡e GwM‡q‡Q (miKviKZ©„K ev¯Íevqb Kiv ms¯‹vi KvR Ges wkÿK BDwbq‡bi mn‡hvwMZv cÖvq †ÿ‡Î Dbœq‡bi AvbyôvwbK cÖ‡Póv‡K h‡_ó mnvqZv K‡i‡Q )| hvB †nvK, AviI A‡bK KvR Kivi cÖ‡qvRb i‡q‡Q|

c_Ö ‡gB Dbwœ Z jÿ Ki‡Z †M‡j †`L‡Z n‡e wkÿv_x© fwZi© D”P nvi ïay bq, G m‡½ †`Lv †M‡Q fwZ-© nIqv D‡j‡ø hvM¨ wkÿv_x© ‡ì Mo Dcw w’ Zi D”P nvi (cvÖ _wgK ‹jz I wkïwkÿv †K› ª Df‡qi h_vµ‡g 58% Ges 64% nvi Dfq †ÿ‡Î 75% G Dbxœ Z n‡q‡Q)|

wØZxqZ: hwÌ wkÿK Abycw¯’wZi mgm¨v eRvq i‡q‡Q, Zey Avgv‡ì èPqb wfwË‡Z wba©vwiZ ‹zj cwi`k©‡bi w`b wkÿK Abycw¯’wZi nv‡i jÿYxq n«vm †`Lv †M‡Q (G nvi cÖv_wgK ¯‹z‡j 20%†_‡K 14% G Ges wkïwkÿv †K‡›`ª 15% †_‡K 8% †b‡g G‡m‡Q)| ZvQvov cÖwZ ‹z‡j wkÿK msL¨vI e„w× †c‡q‡Q|


Z…ZxqZ: wkÿK‡ì wkÿv`v‡bi †ÿ‡Î AwffveK‡ì mš‘wói nviI e„w× †c‡q‡Q (G nvi cÖv_wgK ¯‹z‡j 52% †_‡K 64% G Ges wkïwkÿv †K‡›`ª 70% †_‡K 75% G DbœxZ n‡q‡Q), hwÌ G nvi `ywU Avgv‡ì jÿ¨ †_‡K A‡bKUvB `~‡i i‡q‡Q| wkï‡ì wkÿvi AMÖMwZ m¤ú‡K© AwffveK‡ì mš‘wóI jÿYxqfv‡e e„w× †c‡q‡Q (G nvi cÖv_wgK we`¨vj‡q 42% †_‡K 71% Ges wkïwkÿv †K‡›`ª 49% †_‡K 73% G DbœxZ n‡q‡Q)|

PZz_©Z: 2001-02G ¯^vaxbfv‡e M„nxZ wkÿv_©x‡ì K…wZZ¡ cwigvcK cixÿvi dj Avgv‡ì wbivk K‡i‡Q, †hgb, K¬vm w_ª I K¬vm †dvi Gi 30% wkÿv_©x wb‡R‡ì bvg ch©šÍ wjL‡Z cv‡i wb| G †ÿ‡Î jÿYxq DbœwZ N‡U‡Q, bvg wjL‡Z bv cviv wkÿv_©xi msL¨v 30% †_‡K 5% G †b‡g G‡m‡Q (hwÌ nvi 0% nIqv DwPZ, ZeyI G †ÿ‡Î DbœwZi nviwU jÿ bv Kiv †evKvwg n‡e)|

cÂgZ: cÖvq AwaKvsk cÖv_wgK ¯‹y‡j I wkïwkÿv †K‡›`ª ga¨vý †fvR‡bi eë¯’v Kiv n‡q‡Q hvi DcKvwiZv-wkï‡ì Ici wkÿvMZ Ges cywóMZ cÖfve ¯úó n‡q D‡V‡Q| e¯‘Z wkÿv_©x Dcw¯’wZi e„w×‡Z ga¨vý Lvev‡ii cÖwZ AvKl©Y AvswkK cÖfve †d‡j‡Q e‡j †evSv hvq, hwÌ wkÿK BDwbq‡bi cÖ‡Póv wkÿK Abycw¯’wZ‡K n«vm K‡i A‡bK AÂ‡j ¯‹z‡ji wkÿveë¯’v‡K AvKl©Yxq K‡i Zzj‡Z h‡_ó mnvqZv K‡i‡Q|

lôZ: wkÿK- AwffveK mwgwZi mfv A‡bK †ewk AbywôZ n‡”Q, we‡kl K‡i gv- wkÿK mwgwZ iƒ‡c GwU †ewk mwµq n‡q‡Q|

†hme ev` cov wel‡q KvR Ki‡Z n‡eAMÖMwZ Zvrch©c~Y© n‡jI GL‡bv A‡bK eo eo duvK †dvKi i‡q †M‡Q hv c~iY Ki‡Z n‡e| GgbwK †h me †ÿÎ Dc‡i D‡jøwLZ n‡q‡Q, †h¸‡jv‡Z fv‡jv DbœwZ N‡U‡Q, †m¸‡jv‡ZI cÖv_wgK ¯‹zj eë¯’v‡K cÖK…ZB m‡šÍvlRbK MY¨ Ki‡Z n‡j wkÿv_©x‡ì K…wZ‡Z¡i gvb Dbœq‡b AviI A‡bK`~i c_ cvwo w`‡Z n‡e|

hwÌ wKQz ms¯‹vi KvR ev¯Íevqb Kiv n‡q‡Q, †hgb ga¨vý †fvR‡bi eë¯’v (GwU AviI we¯Í…Z Kiv DwPZ), Ab¨ †ÿ‡Î (†hgb ¯‹yj cwi`k©b eë¯’v Ges cÖvB‡fU covi Ici wbf©iZv n«vm Kivi Rb¨ eë¯’v †bIqv) AR©b Lye mvgvb¨| myZivs AMÖMwZi Rb¨ mgq‡ÿcY bv K‡i GLb `„pZvi mv‡_ mvg‡bi w`‡K GwM‡q hvevi cÖ‡qvRb|

cÖvB‡fU cov Ges wkÿvµ‡gi †evSvcÖvB‡fU covi Ici wbf©iZvi †ÿ‡Î DbœwZ bv N‡U AebwZ n‡q‡Q| cÖvB‡fU co–qv wkÿv_©x‡ì nvi wKQzUv EaŸ©gy Lx n‡q‡Q (cÖv_wgK ¯‹z‡ji †ÿ‡Î 57%†_‡K 64% Ges wkï wkÿv †K‡›`ªi †ÿ‡Î 45%†_‡K 58% n‡q‡Q)| Gi †cQ‡b wbwnZ KviY ïaygvÎ e¨w³ Av‡qi e„w× Øviv cÖvB‡fU cvV MÖn‡Yi ÿgZv e„w×B bq, eis AwffveK‡ì g‡a¨ cÖvB‡fU cov‡K ÿgZv _vK‡j GKwU Acwinvh© eë¯’v wn‡m‡e w`‡b w`‡b „pZi nIqv aviYv‡KI KviY wn‡m‡e MY¨ Ki‡Z n‡e (62% †_‡K eZ©gv‡b 78% evev-gv wek¦vm K‡ib †h GwU Acwinvh©)| hviv cÖvB‡fU co–qv bq ZvivI (54%) Rvwb‡q‡Q †h Zviv GwU wb‡”Q bv †h‡nZz cÖavbZt GwU †bevi Avw_©K ÿgZv Zv‡ì †bB| c„w_exi ^ímsL¨K †`‡ki g‡a¨ fvi‡Z cªv_wgK ¯Í‡ii wbgœ †kªYx‡Z ch©šÍ cÖvB‡fU covi ìKvi Av‡Q e‡j g‡b Kiv nq| BD‡ivc, Av‡gwiKvq, GgbwK A‡bK Dbœqkxj †`‡kI †QvU wkï‡ì cvV †kLvi Rb¨ cÖvB‡fU covi Ici wbf©ikxjZvi bwRi †bB| †ewRs-G wcwKs BDwbfvwm©wUi QvÎ‡ì Kv‡Q cÖv_wgK ¯‹z‡ji †QvU


wkï‡ì Rb¨ cÖvB‡fU covi eë¯’v m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z wM‡q welqwU †evSv‡Z LyeB Kó nw”Qj †Kbbv †kªvZv‡ì Kv‡Q Ggb eë¯v’wU ARvbv, inm¨c~Y© Ges A‡eva¨ wQj|

hvB †nvK, m¤úwª Z Gwkqv I DËi AvwdK« vi wKQz †`‡k, Rvcvb, †Kvwiqv Ges ZvBIqv‡b cvÖ _wgK ‡Í i cvÖ B‡fU covi nvi ew„ × †c‡q‡Q hwÌ G‡Kev‡i †QvU wkï‡ì Rb¨ GwU bq| G welqwU‡K cvÖ B‡fU coq– v‡ì Ab¨ wkï‡ì mv‡_ wkÿvq cwÖ Z‡hvwMZvgj~ K mwy eavjv‡fi Dcvq wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kivi dj wn‡m‡e †`Lv n‡”Q| GgbwK †hme †ÿ‡Î cvÖ B‡fU cov cvÖ _wgK wkÿvi cvV`v‡bi cwici~ K wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡Q Ges wkÿvi gv‡bi AMMÖ wZ mva‡b eëüZ n‡”Q (fvi‡Zi AwaKvsk NUbvq cvÖ B‡fU cov Avbôy vwbK cvV`v‡bi cvÖ q weKí eë¯v’ q cwiYZ n‡q‡Q), GB cvÖ B‡fU covi GKwU Zvrchc© Y~ © †bwZevPK cfÖ ve c‡y iv wkÿveë¯v’ i Ici c‡o‡Q| GwU AviI †ewk ÿwZi KviY nq hLb cvÖ B‡fU cov ÔAcwinvhÕ© n‡q I‡V (hv fvMëvb‡ì Rb¨ cwÖ Z‡hvwMZvgj~ K mwy eavq mxgve× _v‡K bv), we‡klZ, fvi‡Z hLb AwaKvsk c_Ö g cRÖ ‡b¥i ¯‹jz wkÿv_x© ‡ì GB Kw… Îgfv‡e ˆZwi ÔAcwinvhZ© vÕ MnÖ Y Kivi ÿgZv †bB| Rvcvb Ges †Kvwiqvi RbÏ cvÖ B‡fU covi Pj ÿwZnxb bvI n‡Z cv‡i, wKš‘ GUv fvi‡Zi Rb¨ AwZ-ÿwZKi †Kbbv GwU wkï‡ì Ômevi Rb¨ ‡gŠwjK wkÿvÕi mgvbvwaKvi‡K `‡~ i mwi‡q †`q (hLb cvÖ _wgK ‹‡z ji G‡Kev‡i wbPz †kYª x‡ZI GwU cwici~ K eë¯v’ n‡q vu ovq)|

myZivs G cÖkœ IVv DwPZ †h, †Kb GB mgm¨v fvi‡Z GZ „pwfwË jvf K‡i‡Q Ges GB ÔAcwinvh©Õiƒc MÖnY K‡i‡Q? cÖkœ nj, GB M‡elYvi †cÖwÿ‡Z cwðge‡½ GB Aceë¯’v‡K ~i Kivi me cÖ‡Póv m‡Ë¡I GwU ye©jZi bv n‡q weMZ kZK¸‡jv‡Z kw³kvjx n‡jv †Kb? †h-wkÿv mn‡RB †kªYxK‡ÿ MÖnY Kiv m¤¢e, hvi Rb¨ ¯‹zj¸‡jv cwiKwíZfv‡e ˆZwi Kiv n‡q‡Q Zvi ¯’vb †Kb cÖvB‡fU covi Ici wbf©iZvi AbvKvw•ÿZ ixwZwU `Lj K‡i wb‡q‡Q? Gi DË‡ii †Luv‡R wkÿK, BDwbqb Kg©KZ©v, AwffveK, wkÿv cÖkvmK Ges mvaviY gvby‡li m‡½ Av‡jvPbv K‡i †h GKwU cÖavb KviY cvIqv †Mj, Zv nj, cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡i wK KZUzKz cvV Ki‡Z n‡e Zvi Rb¨ cÖYxZ Pvwc‡q †Ìqv wkÿvµ‡gi †evSv| cÖK…ZB G †evSv GZB fvix Ges cÖv_wgK wkÿvi Rb¨ D”PvKv•ÿx †h

1) ¯‹z‡ji cvV`vb mgq †kl nevi ciI wkÿv_©x‡ì cvVc~iY Kievi cÖ‡qvRb nq Ges

2) GB wbw`ó© we‡klvwqZ Ávb cÖ v‡bi Rb¨ wkÿK‡ì h‡_ó kgª Ges c‡Ö Póvq mgq e¨q Ki‡Z nq A_P ZviciI wkï‡ì †gŠwjK mvÿiZv ÿZv I wnmv‡ei ÿZv (†hgb cov, †jLv I MwYZ) AR‡© b †_‡K hvq èy j© Zv Ges ¯‹‡z j †mme wkï‡ì Rb¨ `ÿZvi chv© ß Abky xj‡bi m‡y hvMI mg‡qi Afve nq|

K¬vm w_ª I K¬vm †dvi -G cÖv_wgK wkÿv MÖnYiZ‡ì g‡a¨ hviv co‡Z cv‡i bv Zv‡ì nvi GL‡bv 17%, wjL‡Z bv cvivi nvi 19% Ges mnR MwY‡Zi AsK Ki‡Z cv‡i bv 26%, A_P Zviv ‹z‡ji wbqwgZ wkÿv_©x|

Avm‡jI A‡b‡KB hviv GBme mnR mvaviY †gŠwjK `ÿZv fv‡jvfv‡e AR©b K‡i‡Q Zviv cÖvqkB cÖvB‡fU covi mnvqZvq G¸‡jv AR©b K‡i‡Q, ïaygvÎ wbqwgZ ¯‹z‡j covïbvi gva¨‡g bq| ¯‹y‡j cvV`v‡bi mxgve× N›Uvq wkÿ‡Ki c‡ÿ me wkÿv_©x‡K mdj cvV`vb Ki‡Z cviv‡K Avðh©RbK g‡b bv n‡Z cv‡i,†h‡nZz cwðge½mn fvi‡Z LyeB Kg eqmx wkï‡ì RbÏ Ôevwoi KvRÕ†K ixwZ wn‡m‡e MÖnY Kiv n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ c„w_exi Ab¨ As‡k †QvU wkï‡ì Rb¨ Ôevwoi KvRÕ†èvi ixwZ G‡Kev‡iB


AcÖPwjZ (Gi A_© AšÍZ ¯‹zj wkÿvi m~Pbv j‡Mœi cÖ_g K‡qKeQi †kl bv nIqv ch©šÍ)| Avgv‡ì †`‡k G iv‡R¨ cÖv_wgK wkÿvaviv m¤ú‡K© Avgv‡ì aviYv g~jZ wKQz †ÿ‡Î fzj c‡_ GwM‡q †M‡Q hv Avgiv GLb Dc¯’vcb Kie| mvaviYfv‡e ¯‹zj wkÿvq Ges we‡klZ cÖv_wgK wkÿvi m~Pbvj‡Mœ cxov`vqK KviY¸‡jv Avgv‡ì c~‡e©i cÖwZ‡e`‡b we¯Í…Zfv‡e Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| we‡kl K‡i ¯‹z‡ji wkÿv_©x‡ì GB ÔcÖvB‡fU covÕ GK ai‡bi êlg¨g~jK †kªYx-abx Ges `wi`ª, weËevb I weËnx‡b wef³ K‡i‡Q| GwU GKw`‡K †hgb wkÿ‡Ki `vwqZ¡ Kwg‡q †`q, †Zgwb GwU wkÿv`v‡b Ab¨vh¨fv‡e Zv‡ì †K›`ªxq f‚wgKv I ¸iæZ¡‡K n«vm K‡i| †h‡nZz m¤úbœ Ges cÖfvekvjx cwievi¸‡jvi ¯‹z‡ji Kg©m~wPi ¸YMZ gvb wb‡q gv_ve¨_v _v‡K bv, †m‡nZz ¯‹z‡j mvwe©K eë¯’vi Dbœqb NUv‡bv AviI `~iƒn n‡q c‡o (¯‹z‡ji cvV`vb mg‡qi ci cwic~iK wkÿv‡K abëv` w`‡Z nq)| GwU me wkïi cÖviw¤¢K wkÿv MÖn‡Yi †gŠwjK AwaKvi‡K Kvh©Kifv‡e evavMÖ¯Í K‡i Ges me©RbxbZvi cwie‡Z© gvbm¤§Z wkÿvi j‡ÿ¨ mgv‡Ri myweavRbK Ae¯’v‡b _vKv‡ì Rb¨ ÔcÖvB‡fU covÕ‡K GKwU myweav wn‡m‡e a‡i †bevi aviYv‡K „pZi K‡i|

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GLv‡b GB c‡q›UwU‡Z †Rvi †Ìqv n‡”Q †h Avgiv hZ `p„ Zvi m‡½B Gm‡ei cwÖ Zweavb eë¯v’ ev¯eÍ vq‡bi †Póv Kwi bv †Kb, hZÿY chš© Í bv gj~ wkÿvµ‡gi ms¯‹vi Kiv nq ZZÿY cvÖ B‡fU covÕi Ici wbfi© Zv ì~ Kiv KwVb n‡e| GwUB GB cwÖ Z‡e`‡bi cwÖ Zcv`¨ welq hvi Ici Avgiv †Rvi w`w”Q| Z‡e GKB m‡½ Avgiv AZx‡Z ‹jz wkÿvi GB AÿgZv ZwiKvix cvÖ B‡fU covi Ici wbfi© Zv ì~ Ki‡Z G chš© Í hZ mcy vwik Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges Ab¨ cšv’ q eZg© v‡b GB wbfi© Zvi weiæ‡× jovB‡q hv wKQz Kiv n‡”Q Zvi †Kvb wKQ‡z KB †QvU KiwQ bv| Avgiv Ley B m‡PZb †h, cvÖ _wgK ‡Í ii wkÿvi wkÿvµ‡gi mnRxKiY Ges G‡K ixwZe× Kivi welqwU GK`j gvbly ‡K kswK& Z K‡i Zjz ‡e hviv mdjZv bv Avmv m‡ËI¡ wkÿvµ‡g D”PvKv•ÿx cqÖ vm, D”PZi welqe ‘ †hvM Kiv‡K wkÿv‡K D”Pgvb m¤úbœ Kivi DËg cšv’ wn‡m‡e †`‡L _v‡Kb| eva¨Zvgj~ K ¯‹jz wkÿvµ‡gi c‡Ö qvRbxq As‡ki †ewk wKQz Kievi weiæ‡× bB Avgiv| wkÿvµ‡gi †evSv nv« m hw` ÿ cwiKíbvi gva¨‡g Kiv nq Zvn‡j †m‡ÿ‡Î fv‡jv Ki‡Q Ggb wkÿv_x© iv evwo‡Z m¤e¢ Z cvÖ B‡fU wkÿ‡Ki mn‡hvwMZvq AviI †ewk wKQz Abky xjb Ki‡Z cv‡i hvi m‡y hvM †_‡KB hv‡e| GLv‡b †h weZKw© U Kiv n‡”Q Zv n‡”Q mvaviY cvÖ _wgK ¯‹‡z ji wkÿvq Ôevwoi KvRÕ c‡y ivcwy i Ac‡Ö qvRbxq (wKš‘ evwo‡Z cwici~ K wkÿv Aek¨B hviv AviI wkL‡Z AvMnÖ x Zv‡ì Rb¨ wbwl× n‡e bv), we‡klZ cvÖ _wgK ¯‡Í ii wkÿv_x© ‡ì evwlK© cixÿv I †kYª x cixÿvi mdjZvi Rb¨ ‹‡z ji evB‡i evwoi covkby vi Ici †hb wbfi© Ki‡Z bv nq| GB fv‡eB BD‡ivc-Av‡gwiKv Zv‡ì wkï‡ì cvÖ _wgK ‹‡z j wkwÿZ K‡i‡Q hLb Zviv eZg© vb fvi‡Zi GKB wkÿv¯‡Í i Ae¯v’ b KiwQj| wVK GB cšv’ qB G gny ‡‚ Z© mviv cw„ _ex R‡y o †`‡k †`‡k mevi Kv‡Q †gŠwjK ‹jz wkÿv‡K †cŠu Qv‡bv n‡”Q, hwÌ Hme †`‡ki Rb‡Mvôx cRÖ ‡b¥i ci cRÖ b¥ a‡i AviI †ewk wkwÿZ n‡q IVvq Zv‡ì cwievi¸‡jvi wkï‡ì evwoi Kv‡R mvnvh¨ Kivi ÿgZv ew„ × †c‡q‡Q|


c„w_ex†Z Ôevwoi KvRÕ ïiæi eqm †`k †f‡` wewfbœ, Z‡e cÖv_wgK wkÿvi ïiæi †kªYx‡Z hLb cov, †jLv I mnR AsK Ki‡Z †kLv‡bvi Ici †Rvi †Ìqv nq †mLv‡b Ôevwoi KvRÕ K`vwc bq| fvi‡Zi cÖv_wgK wkÿvi wkÿvµ‡gi †evSvi mgm¨vwU GLv‡bB Acwimxg ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| GB cÖwZ‡e`‡b wkÿvµ‡gi AwZwi³ †evSv mswkøó wKQz mgm¨vi Av‡jvPbv i‡q‡Q †h¸‡jv wbim‡bi eë¯’v MÖnY Kiv ìKvi| hvB †nvK, Kvh©Ki cwiKíbv cÖYqb I ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ cªv_wgK ¯Í‡ii cvV¨m~wPi ms¯‹vi Kivi c~‡e© KZ¸‡jv wel‡q AbmyÜvb Riæwi GB Rb¨ †h, †gŠwjK mvÿiZvi wZbwU ÿZv-cov, †jLv I AsK Kivi ÿZv AR©‡bi jÿ¨ hvi Ici cieZ©x wkÿvi Ab¨vb¨ mewKQz †kLvi ÿgZv wbf©i K‡i, †mwU †hb wkÿvµ‡g cÖvavb¨ jvf K‡i| G¸‡jv †kLvi cÖwµqvq †QvU wkï‡ì Rb¨ evwoi KvR-Gi †Kvb RvqMv †hb bv _v‡K hv evev-gvÕi mvnvh¨ MÖnY‡K eva¨Zvg~jK K‡i Ges †h- mvnvh¨ AwaKvsk wbiÿi I wi`ª evev-gv w`‡Z Aÿg|

wkÿK, wkÿv we‡klÁ, GgbwK evev-gv‡q‡ì g‡a¨ G wel‡q AwfÁ e¨w³ i‡q‡Qb, myZivs eZ©gv‡bi cÖv_wgK wkÿvi AKvh©KiZvi Dcv`vb¸‡jv e`‡j w`‡Z hyw³m½Z wkÿvµg ms¯‹v‡ii P¨v‡jÄ †gvKvwejv Amva¨ n‡e bv| Z‡e †KD †hb G K_v g‡b bv K‡ib †h, wkÿvµg ms¯‹vi Kiv n‡j cÖvB‡fU covi cÖPjb ~i n‡q hv‡e (cÖvB‡fU co–qv‡ì Zzjbvg~jK myweavi cÖwZ AvMÖ‡ni Kvi‡Y GwU `~i Kiv KwVb n‡e), wKš‘ cÖv_wgK ¯‹z‡ji wbPz †kªYx‡Z cov‡jLvi m~Pbvq †h-cvV †kªYxK‡ÿ †kLv m¤¢e Zv wewfbœ c×wZ, hvi g‡a¨ wkÿvµg ms¯‹vi GKwU, eënvi K‡i cÖvB‡fU covi cÖPjb‡K eÜ Ki‡Z n‡e| GB AwZ Riæwi welqwU ch©vß fv‡e Av‡jvwPZ nq wb| †`Lv hv‡”Q fvi‡Z Ges we‡kl K‡i cwðge‡½ cÖv_wgK wkÿv cÖ`v‡bi †ÿ‡Î GKwU fzj Ges cÖv_wgK wkÿvi AKvh©KiZvi KviY wn‡m‡e wkÿvµ‡gi †evSv‡K KL‡bv LuywU‡q †`Lv nq wb|

†kªYx wefw³i dj ch©‡eÿYAvgv‡ì M‡elYvq cÖv_wgK wkÿv‡K wkÿv_©x‡ì †`vi †Mvovq †cuŠQv‡bvi †ÿ‡Î †h cv_©K¨ †`Lv †M‡Q Zv we¯§qKi| c~‡e© Av‡jvwPZ wbgœeY© ev wbgœ eM©xq Avwèvmx †_‡K gymwjg m¤úª`v‡qi AmyweavMÖ¯ÍZvi welqwU ïay eY© ev m¤úª`vqMZ cUf‚wgi m~PK gvÎ bq eis GwU msL¨vZ‡Ë¡i w`K †_‡K †kªYx êlg¨RvZ mvgvwRK c½y‡Z¡i GKwU iæZ¡c~~Y© wb‡`©kK| GwU we‡ePbvq †i‡L Avgiv GB †Mvôx¸‡jvi cv‡k Ab¨‡ì wkÿvMZ K…wZ‡Z¡i cv_©K¨wU †`L‡Z cvwi hv †kªYxMZ c½yZ¡‡K wKQzUv cÖwZdwjZ K‡i| †`Lv hv‡”Q K¬vm _ªx I K¬vm †dvi -Gi wn›`y wbgœe‡Y©i 13% wkï,25% gymwjg wkï I 29% wbgœeM©xq Avwèvmx wkï co‡Z mÿg nq wb| Ab¨‡ì †ÿ‡Î G nvi 8% gvÎ| K¬vm _ªx I K¬vm †dvi -Gi ÔAb¨Õ †Mvôxi 8% wjL‡Z cv‡i wb, A_P wbgœe‡Y©i 13%, gymwjg wkïi 27% Ges wbgœ eM©xq Avwèvmx wkïi 43% wKQzB wjL‡Z mÿg nq wb| ÔAb¨ `‡jiÕ 8% wjL‡Z cv‡i wb e‡j DjøwmZ nevi †Kvb KviY †bB eis ewÂZ †Mvôx¸‡jvi AK…ZKvh©Zvi D”P nvi mevi wbweo Ges Riæwi g‡bv‡hvM `vwe K‡i| GB †kªYxMZ AmyweavMÖ¯ÍZvi wPÎ bvbvgyLx cÖwZ‡laK eë¯’v `vwe K‡i| Avgv‡ì c~eeZ©x cÖwZ‡e`‡b Avgiv cÖv_wgK ‹zj I wkïwkÿv †K›`ª¸‡jvi †h¸‡jv‡Z AmyweavMÖ¯Í †kªYxi wkï‡ì msL¨v †ewk, †h¸‡jv wkÿv DcKiY, Ab¨vb¨ myweavwì †ÿ‡Î Ae‡nwjZ Ae¯’vq i‡q‡Q †m¸‡jv‡Z †fŠZ myweavmn Ab¨vb¨ myweav e„w×i iæ‡Z¡i Ici †Rvi †Ìqv n‡qwQj| we‡kl K‡i wkïwkÿv †K›`ª¸‡jvi cÖwZ we‡kl bRi †Ìqv iKvi KviY G¸‡jv‡K †Kvb GK mgq cÖv_wgK ‹z‡j DbœxZ Ki‡Z n‡e, Gi d‡j G¸‡jv‡Z mvaviY my‡hvM-myweav e„w× cv‡e| ¯§Z©e¨, G¸‡jv‡ZB wbgœeY©, Avwèvmx I gymwjg wkïiv †ewk msL¨vq i‡q‡Q| ‹zjwkÿv mgv‡Ri †kªYxMZ evav‡K †f‡½ †èvi Rb¨ GKwU cÖavb kw³


n‡Z cv‡i Ges Avgv‡ì‡K G wel‡q mZK© _vK‡Z n‡e †h wkÿveë¯’vq wewfbœ iKg myweav msewjZ ¯‹zj _vKvi Kvi‡Y wkÿv †hb mgv‡Ri †kªYxMZ Abgbxq wefvR‡bi †Ìqvj‡K AÿZfv‡e eRvq ivLvi g‡a¨B †kl n‡q bv hvq| wkÿvi GKwU b~¨bZg ewkó¨-†hgb, GKwU †kªYxK‡ÿi Rb¨ GKRb wkÿK, Gme‡KI wkÿvi YMZ gvb iÿvi Rb¨ iæZ¡c~Y© kZ© wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Ki‡Z n‡e|

Ôevwoi KvRÕ Ges ÔcÖvB‡fU covÕi welqI †kªYxMZ wefw³i m‡½ m¤úK©hy³| AmyweavMÖ¯Í †kªYxi wcZv-gvZvi wkï hviv cÖ_g cÖR‡b¥i wkÿv_©x Zv‡ì c‡ÿ Ôevwoi KvRÕ MÖnY Kómva¨ nq| AmyweavMÖ¯Í Aí wkwÿZ evev gv‡q‡ì c‡ÿ Zv‡ì wkï‡ì KiYxq Ôevwoi Kv‡RÕ †Kvb iK‡gi mnvqZv †Ìqv KwVb n‡q c‡o| myZivs GwU †Kvb Avðh©RbK NUbv bq †h Zviv Zv‡ì wkï‡ì cÖvB‡fU wkÿK wb‡qv‡Mi mvg_©¨ AR©‡bi cÖZxÿv K‡i, wKš‘ ev¯Í‡e AwaKvsk †ÿ‡Î Zviv Zv‡ì GB mvnvh¨ w`‡Z Amg_© nq| Gi cwiYwZ ïay Avkvf½ I nZvkv bq, eis wkÿvq wcwQ‡q _vKvi DËivwaKvi esk ci¤úivq Ae¨vnZ _v‡K| cÖv_wgK ¯‹z‡j I wkïwkÿv †K‡›`ª evwoi KvR-Gi cÖ‡qvRb‡K †h wkïiv wbgœ‡kªYx‡Z †gŠwjK `ÿZv-co‡Z, wjL‡Z, AsK Ki‡Z †kLvi Kv‡R iZ i‡q‡Q Zv‡ì Rb¨ h_v_© mvwe©K eë¯’v MÖnY Øviv †kªYxK‡ÿB c~iY Ki‡Z n‡e| Ôevwoi KvRÕ-Gi we‡ivwaZv Kivi k³ wfZ n‡”Q †kªYxK‡ÿ Kvh©Ki wkÿvi eë¯’v Kiv (hv Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q)| me wkïi Rb¨ †gŠwjK gvbweK AwaKvi wn‡m‡e cÖv_wgK wkÿv‡K cwiKíbv Kivi mgq eY© I †kªYx‡f‡ì cÖfve‡K we‡ePbvq wb‡j Gme evav DrcvU‡bi †hŠw³K KviY¸‡jv AviI k³ wfwË jvf Ki‡e|

DcmsnvifviZ, Z_v cwðge‡½i cÖv_wgK wkÿvi eûgyLx mgm¨vi mgvav‡bi Rb¨ †Kvb hv`yi ewUKv †bB| wkÿv‡ÿ‡Î AmdjZvi wewfbœ ai‡bi Drm¸‡jv‡K `~i Ki‡Z eûgyLx †KŠkj MÖnY cÖ‡qvRb| GB ¯^xKv‡ivw³‡Z †Kvb civRq †bB| e¯‘Z: 2001-02 Ges 2008-09Gi AbymÜvbx Rwic †_‡K weMZ mvZ eQ‡i cwðge‡½ cÖv_wgK wkÿvq †h Zvrch©c~Y© DbœwZ msNwUZ n‡q‡Q Zv GB `„p Cw½Z †`q †h, mgm¨v †R‡b wPwKrmv Kiv n‡j Ges „p msKíe× bxwZ MÖnY Kiv n‡j ªæZ jÿYxq cwieZ©b Avbv m¤¢e| eZ©gvb cÖwZ‡e`‡bi we‡kl †dvKvm n‡”Q- cÖv_wgK ‹z‡ji wkÿvµ‡gi ecøweK ms¯‹v‡ii cÖ‡qvRbxqZv hvi Øviv †QvU wkï‡ì Rb¨ Ôevwoi KvRÕ†K AcÖ‡qvRbxq K‡i †Zvjv, ÔcÖvB‡fU covÕi Ici wbf©iZv ~i Kiv, eY© I †kªYx wefw³i †bwZevPK cÖfve‡K wkÿvi mdjZvi †ÿ‡Î evav wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kivi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Ges Gm‡½ Avgv‡ì c~‡e©i cÖwZ‡e`‡bi bxwZ msµvšÍ mycvwi‡ki cÖvmw½KZv| GgbKx †h-me †ÿ‡Î A‡bK mvdj¨ AwR©Z n‡q‡Q †hgb, wbqwgZ ivbœv Kiv ga¨vý †fvR‡bi eë¯’v‡K cÖvwZôvwbKxKiY, wkÿK-AwffveK mwgwZi wbqwgZ Kvh©Ki eënvi, G¸‡jv‡K AviI mdj K‡i †Zvjvi Rb¨ Gme myweavi cÖmvi I gv‡bvbœqb Kiv m¤¢e| GKBfv‡e wkï wkÿv‡K‡›`ªi mdjZv, ¯‹zj wkÿvi Dbœq‡bi D‡`¨v‡M mgv‡Ri AskMÖn‡Yi BwZevPK cÖfve †_‡K †evSv hvq mgv‡Ri kw³‡K MVbg~jK I mgwš^Z Kivi iKvi i‡q‡Q, †Kbbv wkï wkÿv‡K›`ª GKw`b AvbyôvwbK ‹z‡j cwiYZ n‡e|

GB cÖwZ‡e`‡b web‡qi m‡½ Avgiv bvbv iK‡gi mycvwik Dc¯’vcb K‡iwQ hvi g‡a¨ Avgv‡ì Av‡Mi cÖwZ‡e`‡bi wKQz welqe¯‘‡K we¯Í…Zfv‡e Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| Gm‡½ Hme mgm¨vi †bc‡_ï KviYmg~n‡KI D‡b¥vwPZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| Avkv Kwi †mme Bmy¨ miKvi, wkÿK BDwbqb, RbMY Ges Z_¨ gva¨g¸‡jvi KvQ †_‡K AZx‡Zi gZB eZ©gvb cÖwZ‡e`‡bi `yÔwU †K›`ªxq Bmy¨‡K Riæwi we‡ePbvq wb‡Z we‡kl Av‡e`b Rvbve| †h Bmy¨ `yÕwU Avgv‡ì cÖ_g Rwic Ges wØZxq cyY:Rwi‡c


cÖvß dj Ges wkÿK, evev-gv, cÖkvmK, wkÿv we‡klÁ I RbM‡Yi m‡½ e¨vcK Avjvc Av‡jvPbvi wfwË‡Z M„nxZ n‡q‡Q, Zvi cÖ_gwU, ^xKvi Kiv †h cÖv_wgK Í‡i K‡Vvifv‡e wkÿvµg ms¯‹vi Kivi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv i‡q‡Q hv G Íi †_‡K Ôevwoi KvRÕ I ÔcÖvB‡fU covÕ†K AcÖ‡qvRbxq I wbg~©j Ki‡e, wØZxqwU, wkÿvq wbgœgv‡bi K…wZ‡Z¡i m‡½ †kªYxMZ Ae¯’v‡bi cÖwZeÜKZvi f‚wgKv‡K ¯^xKvi K‡i h‡_vchy³ eë¯’v MÖnY Kiv n‡e|

GB Bmy¨ yÔwU ci®úi m¤úK©hy³| AviI fv‡jvfv‡e ej‡Z †M‡j, mgm¨v mgvav‡b ci®úi cwic~iK wewfbœ Dcv`vbm¤úbœ eûgyLx †KŠkj MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ Avgiv G cÖwZ‡e`‡b hyw³ cÖ`k©b K‡iwQ| `yÔwU mgm¨vi ci®úi m¤ú„³Zv Avgv‡ì G wek¦vm cÖ`vb Ki‡Q †h, my¯úó wbivgq eë¯’vi j‡ÿ¨ eû w`K †_‡K mgm¨v‡K AvµgY Kiv n‡j fv‡jv dj Avm‡e Ges Gdj `ªæZB Avm‡e| G Kv‡R Riæwi wfwË‡Z c`‡ÿc MÖnY Kiv iKvi, †Kbbv mgm¨v¸‡jvi Drm Mfx‡i Ges †QvU wkï‡ì cÖwZ msNwUZ `xN©w`‡bi Ab¨v‡qi cÖwZweavb Kiv Avgv‡ì cÖ_g KZ©e¨|

UxKv1. cÖZxPx (evsjv‡`k Uªv÷) cÖ‡dmi †ingvb †mvenv‡bi †bZ…‡Z¡ Avgv‡ì g~j D‡Ïk¨ wb‡q

Ab¨vb¨‡ì mvnv‡h¨, we‡klZ dR‡j nvmvb Av‡e`-Gi †bZ…‡Z¡ eª¨vK-Gi mnvqZv MÖnY K‡i KvR Ki‡Q| yÔ†Uv Uªv÷B 1998 mv‡ji wW‡m¤î gv‡m cÖvß Avgvi †bv‡ej cÖvBR-Gi A_©vq‡b cÖwZwôZ n‡q‡Q|

2. M‡elYv, we‡kl K‡i ev¯Íe‡ÿ‡Î Z_¨-DcvË AbymÜvb I we‡kølY KvRwU cÖKí cwiPvjK Kzgvi ivYvi my‡hvM¨ ZË¡eav‡b n‡q‡Q Ges GB cÖwZ‡e`‡bi AwaKvsk Ask ZuviB cÖYxZ| G Kv‡Ri cÖ‡Z¨KwU Í‡i Zuvi D‡`¨vM Ges cwiPvjbv ÿZv wQj LyeB iæZ¡c~Y©|

3. 2001-02 Gi Rwic KvRwU `y fv‡M cwiPvjbv Kiv nq, m~Pbvq exif‚g, cyiæwjqv Ges cwðg †gw`bxcyi Ges c‡ii evi ea©gvb, gywk©`vev` I vwR©wjs‡K AšÍfy©³ Kiv nq| cÖ_g Rwi‡ci dj AgZ©¨ †mb-Gi f‚wgKvmn cÖZxPx wkÿv cÖwZ‡e`b-1 (w`jøx, TLM Books I cÖZxPx Uªv÷, 2002) Ges `yÕwU Rwi‡ci †hŠ_ Z_¨-DcvË evsjv cÖKvkbv, cÖZxPx wkÿv cÖwZ‡e`b-G (KjKvZv †`ÕR cvewjwks, 2004) cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| 2001-02 I 2008-09 Gi ywU Rwi‡ci Zzjbv G cÖwZ‡e`‡b Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q|

4. GLv‡b Avgv‡K we‡kl K‡i †MŠZg †Nv‡li †bZ…‡Z¡ †Rjv cÖv_wgK ¯‹zj KvDwÝ‡ji D‡jøL‡hvM¨ mn‡hvwMZvi K_v ej‡Z nq, whwb Avgv‡ì Z_¨-DcvË Ges mycvwik m¤ú‡K© g~jëvb Dc‡`k w`‡q‡Qb|

5. †`Lyb Mark Bray, Adverse Effects of Private Supplementary Tutoring: Dimensions, Implications and Government Responses (Paris: International Institute for Educational Planning, UNESCO, 2003)

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Philosophy) cwieZ©b| cÖ¯ÍvweZ RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ 2009-G wkÿK cÖwkÿY Aa¨v‡q †`‡ki eZ©gvb cÖPwjZ wkÿK cÖwkÿY eë¯’vi cwiw¯’wZ eY©bv K‡i ejv n‡q‡Q:

Ô†`‡k cÖPwjZ wkÿK cÖwkÿY eë¯’v LyeB MZvbyMwZK, Am¤ú~Y©, mb`cÎ me©¯^, ZË¡xq we`¨vcÖavb, eënvwiK wkÿv Ac~Y©, gyL¯’we`¨vi Ici wbf©ikxj Ges cyi‡bv cixÿv c×wZi Abymvix|...Õ

(Aa¨vq 24, c„: 58)

Kv‡RB GB wkÿK cÖwkÿY eë¯’v †h-wkÿK ˆZwi Ki‡Q, ZvivI LyeB MZvbyMwZK, Am¤ú~Y©, mb`cÎ-me©¯^, ZË¡xq we`¨vcÖavb, eënvwiK wkÿv Ac~Y©, gyL¯’we`¨vi Ici wbf©ikxj Ges cyi‡bv cixÿv c×wZi Abymvix GKwU wkÿv-eë¯’vi Rb¥ †`‡e GUvB ¯^vfvweK| g~jZ Avgv‡ì cÖPwjZ wkÿv-eë¯’v GLbI 70-Gi `kK c~e©eZ©x AvaywbK hy‡Mi cwRwUwf÷ (Positivism) avivwbf©i AvPiYev`x wkLb aviYvq wek¦vmx| Gaviv wek¦vm K‡i †h, gvbyl Kxfv‡e wkL‡e Zv Av‡M †_‡K wVK K‡i †Ìqv iKvi hv me‡ÿ‡Îi Rb¨B GKBfv‡e cÖ‡qvM‡hvM¨| A_©vr †kLvi †ÿ‡Î wkÿv_x©i cQ›`, †kLvi aib Ges cvwicvwk¦©K cwi‡e‡ki cÖfve G avivg‡Z ¸iæZ¡c~Y© bq| d‡j wkÿK-†Kw›`ªK, gyL¯’-wbf©i, ZË¡‡Kw›`ªK, b¤îwfwËK g~j¨vqbwbf©i, mvwU©wd‡KUgyLx, wbq‡g Ave× GK wkÿv KvVv‡gv ˆZwi nq (Fosnot, 1996; Steffe & Gale, 1995)|

cieZx©Kv‡j DËi-AvaywbK (†cv÷-gWvb©) wPšÍv avivq GKwU vk©wbK ch©v‡qi cwieZ©b (Paradigm

Shift) N‡U (wPÎ 2)| gvby‡li †kLvi aib, êwPÎ¨ Ges cvwicvwk¦©K cwi‡e‡ki cÖfve‡K we‡ePbvq G‡b G `vk©wbK avivq wkLb-‡kLv‡bv cÖwµqvq cwieZ©b Avbv nq, hv Kb÷ªvw±wf÷ (Constructivism) aviv bv‡g eûj cwiwPZ| G gZev` wkï‡Kw›`ªK I cwiw¯’wZwbf©i wkLb-‡kLv‡bv cÖwµqvi m~Pbv K‡i (Fosnot, 1996; Steffe & Gale, 1995)| d‡j wkÿK cvV`v‡bi MZvbyMwZK `vwqZ¡ †Q‡o wkL‡b mvnvh¨Kvixi (Facilitator) f~wgKv MÖnY K‡ib| G‡Z ÔgyL¯’ wbf©iÕ wkÿv e`‡j wM‡q Ômgm¨v mgvavb wbf©iÕ (Problem Solving based) I Ôcvwicvwk¦©KZv wbf©iÕ (Context based

Education) wkÿvi PP©v ïiæ nq| wkÿKiv wkLb-†kLv‡bv c×wZ wn‡m‡e mgm¨v-wbf©i wkLb, jxq wkLb, ev¯Íe cwiw¯’wZ-wbf©i wkLb, AvZ¥cÖwZdjbg~jK PP©v (wi‡d¬w±f cÖ¨vKwUm), mn‡hvwMZvg~jK wkLbeë¯’vi PP©v ïiæ K‡ib (Fosnot, 1996; Steffe & Gale, 1995)| hwÌ G c×wZ¸‡jv cÖ_‡g eënvi nZ we‡kl Pvwn`v-m¤úbœ wkï‡ì wkL‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨, hv cieZ©x mg‡q g~javivi wkÿv_x©‡ì wkL‡bI Kvh©Ki wn‡m‡e cÖgvwYZ nq| wKš‘ Avgv‡ì wkÿveë¯’v GLbI Kb÷ªvw±wf÷ aviYvi cwic~Y© PP©v ïiæ K‡i wb| Kv‡RB, cÖv_wgK wkÿv Dbœqb Kg©m~wPi gva¨‡g Avgv‡ì wkÿveë¯’vq Gai‡bi YMZ cwieZ©b Avb‡Z cvi‡jB †Kej cÖK…Z GKxf‚Z wkÿv k©b ev¯Íevqb m¤¢e|


Kb÷ªvw±wf÷ (Constructivism) avivwbf©i wkÿv k©b mKj wkïi wkLb Dc‡hvMx cwi‡ek m„wó‡Z mnvqK e‡j Zv AvR GKxf‚Z wkÿv ev¯Íevq‡bi RbÏ Dc‡hvMx e‡j we‡ewPZ nq| wkÿveë¯’vq G ai‡bi cwieZ©b Avb‡Z n‡j wkÿvµg, wkÿK cÖwkÿY eë¯’v, we`¨vjq eë¯’v, wkÿv cÖkvmb I g~j¨vqb eë¯’vq Avg~j cwieZ©b Avbv cÖ‡qvRb|

2. RvZxq ch©v‡q GKxf~Z wkÿvwelqK ev¯Íevqb †KŠkj cwiKíbv ˆZwi †`‡ki wkÿveë¯’vq wewfbœ ¯Íi i‡q‡Q| †hgb: cÖvK-cÖv_wgK I cªv_wgK wkÿv ¯Íi, gva¨wgK wkÿv ¯Íi Ges D”P wkÿv ¯Íi| cÖwZwU ¯Í‡iB GKxf‚Z wkÿv ev¯Íevqb cÖ‡qvRb Ges G‡ÿ‡Î ev¯Íevqb †KŠk‡j mgš^qI cÖ‡qvRb| Aciw`‡K cÖwZwU wkÿv ¯Í‡i c„_K KZ¸‡jv wkÿvavivI we`¨gvb| D`vniY¯îƒc ejv hvq, D”P wkÿv Í‡i cÖ‡KŠkj, wPwKrmv, KvwiMwi, K…wl, AvBb cÖf…wZ aviv i‡q‡Q, hvi cÖwZwU‡ZB GKxf‚Z wkÿv ev¯Íevqb Ki‡Z n‡j wKQy AZ¨vek¨Kxq mvaviY avc AbymiY Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| GmKj mvaviY avcmg~n‡K mgwš^Z K‡i RvZxq ch©v‡q GKwU GKxf‚Z wkÿvwelqK ev¯Íevqb ‡KŠkj cwiKíbv (National Inclusive Education Implementation Plan-NIEIP) Zwi Ki‡j wkÿveë¯’vi †h-†Kvb ¯Í‡ii †h-†Kvb avivq GKxf‚Z wkÿv ev¯Íevq‡b †Kvb AmvgÄm¨ ˆZwi n‡e bv| GmKj mvaviY avcmg~‡ni K‡qKwU wbgœiƒc:

K. wkÿv cÖwZôv‡b fwZ©i wb‡`©kbv

L. fve wewbgq/†hvMv‡hvM †KŠkj

†i‡bumv cieZ©x I 70-Gi `kKc~e©eZ©x AvaywbK hyM

(Modern Era)

cwRwUwf÷ (Positivism) avivwbf©i AvPiYev`x(Behaviorism) wkLb-‡kLv‡bv aviYv

G avivq g‡b Kiv nq- gvbyl Kxfv‡e wkL‡e Zv Av‡M †_‡K wVK K‡i †ÌqvìKvi hv me‡ÿ‡Î GKB iKgfv‡e cÖ‡qvM‡hvM¨| A_©vr †kLvi ‡ÿ‡Î

wkÿv_x©i cQ›`, †kLvi aib Ges cvwicvwk¦©K cwi‡e‡ki cÖfveG avivq ¸iæZ¡ †cZ bv|

wkÿ‡Ki g~j `vwqZ¡ cvV`vb|

wkÿK-†Kw›`ªK, GKgyLx, gyL¯’wbf©i, ZË¡‡Kw›`ªK, b¤îwfwËK g~j¨vqbwbf©i, mvwU©wd‡KU gyLx, wbq‡g Ave×-----GK wkÿv KvVv‡gv|

70-Gi `kK cieZ©x DËivaywbK hyM(Post-Modern Era)

Kb÷ªvw±wf÷ (Constructivism) aviv

G aviv gvby‡li †kLvi aib,êwPÎ¨ Ges cvwicvwk¦©K cwi‡e‡ki cÖfve‡K

we‡ePbvq G‡b wkLb-‡kLv‡bv cÖwµqvqcwieZ©b wb‡q Av‡m|

wkÿK cvV`v‡bi `vwqZ¡ †Q‡o wkL‡b mvnvh¨Kvixif~wgKv MÖnY K‡ib| ÔgyL¯’ wbf©iÕ wkÿv e`‡j wM‡q Ômgm¨v-mgvavb wbf©iÕI Õcvwicvwk¦©KZv wbf©iÕ(Problem Solving based/

Context based Education) wkÿvi ïiæ nq| wkÿKMY wkLb-†kLv‡bv c×wZ wn‡m‡e mgm¨v wbf©iwkLb, `jxq wkLb, ev¯Íe cwiw¯’wZ wbf©i wkLb,AvZ¥cÖwZdjbg~jK PP©v (wi‡d¬w±f cÖ¨vKwUm),mn‡hvwMZvg~jK wkLb eë¯’vi PP©v ïiæ K‡ib|

wPÎ 2: wk¶v `k‡© bi cwieZb©


M. wkÿv cÖwZôv‡b cÖ‡ekMg¨Zvi wb‡`©kbv

N. jvB‡eªwi I m¤ú` e¨e¯’vcbv

O. wkÿvµg mnRxKiY cÖwµqv

P. AvšÍtavc µvwšÍKvjxb mn‡hvwMZv msµvšÍ wb‡`©kbv

Q. gvbe-m¤ú` Dbœqb msµvšÍ wb‡`©kbv

R. g~j¨vqb e¨e¯’vcbv

S. wkÿv cÖkvmb msµvšÍ wb‡`©kbv

T. †idv‡ij mn‡hvwMZv msµvšÍ wb‡`©kbv

G mKj wel‡q hw` GKwU mvaviY bxwZgvjv NIEIP-‡Z D‡jøL Kiv nq, Z‡e †h-‡Kvb chv©‡qB mKj wkÿv_©xi Pvwn`v c~i‡Y GKxf‚Z wkÿv ev¯Íevq‡b †Kvb mgm¨v ev aviYvMZ AmvgÄm¨ Zwi n‡e bv| wPÎ: 3-G NIEIP Gi avcmg~n‡K D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q|

EnrollmentGuideline

CommunicationStrategies

Human ResourceDevelopment

AccessibilityGuideline

Library & ResourceManagement

CurriculumFlexibility

Transition SupportService

Referral Support

EducationalAdministration

Evaluation &FeedbackStrategies

National Inclusive Education Implementation Plan

(NIEIP)

Pre-primary & Primary Level NIEIPSecondary Level NIEIP

Tertiary Level NIEIP

wPÎ 3: RvZxq ch©v‡q GKxf‚Z wkÿvwelqK ev Íevqb †KŠkj cwiKíbv(National Inclusive Education Implementation Plan-NIEIP)


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DcmsnvicÖwZK‚j `„wófw½B Avgv‡`i †`‡k GKxf‚Z wkÿv ev¯Íevq‡bi eo evav| mKj wkÿv¯Í‡ii Rb¨ GKxf‚Z wkÿv AvR mg‡qi `vwe, hv ev¯Íevqb n‡Z cv‡i GKwU GKxf‚Z wkÿvevÜe wkÿvbxwZi gva¨‡gB| Avi G c_ a‡iB GKw`b iwPZ n‡e GKxf‚Z mgvR †hLv‡b gvby‡l gvby‡l †Kvb †f`v‡f` _vK‡e bv| Z‡eB‡Zv gvbeRb¥ mv_©K I cwic~Y© n‡e|

Z_¨m~Î:1. wkÿv gš¿Yvjq (2009): RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ (PzovšÍ Lmov) 2009, MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`k miKvi|

2. AvBb, wePvi I msm`welqK gš¿Yvjq (2000)| evsjv‡`k msweavb, MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`k miKvi|

3. Ahsan, M.T. & Burnip, L. (2007) Inclusive education in Bangladesh. Australasian Journal of Special Education (AJSE). Vol 31, No 1, 61-71.

4. Directorate of Primary Education-DPE & Centre for Services and Information on Disability-CSID (2002). Educating Children in Difficult Circumstances: Children with Disabilities. Dhaka: CSID.

5. Fosnot, C.T. (1996). Constructivism: Theory, Perspectives and Practice. NY: Teachers College Press.

6. Steffe L.P. & Gale, J. (1995). Constructivism in education. USA: Lawrence Eribaum Associates, Inc.

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