ГБОУ СОШ 1347

Research work

Tatiana Pigulevskaya, 10 “v” formSupervisor Elena Soboleva

Moscow, 2018

Cockney Accent and Its Role in British Culture

2

CONTENTS

Introduction…………………………………………………………...……………3

Main part:

1. The history of cockney accent..…………………………………….…………....5

2. Distinctive features of cockney accent………………………………………..…8

3. Mockney as a variation of cockney accent……...…………………………...…13

Practical part:

§1. Cockney accent in literature………………………………………………..…15

1.1 Analysis of the accent’s role in Bernard Show’s play “Pygmalion”….…..…..15

§2. Cockney accent in cinema…………………………………………………….17

2.1 Analysis of the accent’s role in Gay Ritchie’s film “Lock, stock and two smoking barrels”………………………………………………………………….18

§3. Cockney accent in music……...………………………………………………19

3.1 Traditional cockney music…….……………………………………………...19

3.2 Oi-Punk……………………………………………………………………..…20

Conclusion………………………………………………………………………...21

Bibliography………………………………………………………………………22

3

INTRODUCION

This project work is devoted to the study of cockney accent.

The main aim of the project work is to study cockney accent, to identify the difference between literary English and the subject of studies and to determine the role of the studied accent in modern mass culture as well as in spoken English.

The object of the research is cockney accent.

The subject of the research is the role of Cockney accent in modern mass culture.

The main aim:

To study the historical development of cockney; To study the characteristic features of cockney; To search the role of cockney in modern British art and in the art of the

previous centuries.

The methods, which are used in this project work, are:

Theoretical research; Comparative method; Analytical method.

The main material of the work is based on books that contain material about linguistic researches and articles from the Internet relating to the topic of accents and dialects in modern spoken English.

The practical value of this research is that one can understand the value of cockney accent’s role in British literature, cinema and music.

The United Kingdom is perhaps the richest in variations of language country in the world. With countless regional English dialects and accents, which are shaped by thousands of years of historical development, few nations boast as many varieties of language in such a compact geography.

As it has been mentioned above, spoken English is rich in accents and dialects - variations in pronunciation, grammar and vocabulary that spread over a small area. An accent may be identified with the locality in which its speakers reside (a regional or geographical accent), the socio-economic status of its speakers, their ethnicity, their caste or social class (a social accent), or influence from their first language (a foreign accent). Secondary English speakers tend to carry over the intonation and phonetics of their mother tongue in English speech. Such accents are called by linguists “non-native pronunciation”. Another kind of accent

4

is called “native pronunciation”. The most famous “native” accents and dialects are Estuary English (Southeast British), West Country (Southwest British), Midlands English, Northern England English, Geordie, Welsh and Scottish English and Cockney, the subject of current research.

Accents play important roles in communication. An accent is a reflection of the unique background of each individual and many people take pride in their individual accent and style. However, having an accent may cause some difficulties in communicating with other English speakers, both at work and in social situations. That is why it is important to understand even some of widely spread accents.

5

THE MAIN PART

1. The history of cockney accent

Cockney is one of the most famous types of London vernacular. It is named after the scornful mocking nickname of the natives of London from the middle and lower strata of the population. The name “cockney” comes from the expression “cocken-ay”, which means cock’s egg. It was a medieval term referring to a small, deformed egg, supposedly put off by a cock.

A common view is that in order to be a cockney, one must have been born within earshot of Bow Bells, the bells of St Mary-le-Bow (Their ringing is heard no more than five miles from the church). St Mary-le-Bow is an historic church situated in the City of London. It was destroyed in 1666 by the Great Fire of London and later rebuilt by Sir Christopher Wren. Although the bells were destroyed again in 1941 in the Blitz, they had fallen silent on 13 June 1940 as part of the British anti-invasion preparations of World War II. Before they were replaced in 1961, there was a period of time when no "Bow Bell" cockneys could be born.

In the 16th century, this accent did not have the stigma of abnormal English. All citizens of London, except for a royal family and courtiers, spoke it. The transformation of the Cockney into a social dialect and its degradation to the level of wrong, "bad" English, occurred at the end of the 18th century, called the Age of Enlightenment. People, who spoke with this accent, were called cockneys. At the beginning of the 16th century, compatriots began to apply the term “cockney” or “cockny” to people who were born and grew up in cities and therefore were considered weaker ones. In the 17th century the term cockney was used as an expression of disregard and contempt, in any case, by the 17th century, it was used only in relation to the Londoners. Together with its native speakers, the language moved to the outskirts and became a dialect of eastern London, fueled by the acceptance of settlers from the neighboring counties, which were flooding London in the era of industrialization. A new stage in the life of the English language began. The central regions of London passed to the variant of English that became the basis of modern "literary English”.

In 1824, Sir Robert Peel formed the first police detachments, located on Bau Street in London. At that time they were called Bow Street Runners, Peelers, Boobies. It is known that the bearers of slang were residents of the impoverished areas of London, where terrible crime prevailed. The rhyming slang of cockney was a very successful language code. None of the police officers would ever have guessed what the representatives of the London East End are talking about. However, slang has become widespread among the working population, that is, at least half the

6

population of the capital. Instead of the word, phrases were used, rhyming with it. Thus, for example, the word "stairs" became "apples and pears", instead of "phone" used "dog and bone".

In addition, it is known that the true cockney dressed in a special way. They came up with special clothes, and not only for the "rank and file", but also for kings and queens. The Cockney men wore black suits decorated with shiny embroidery, while the Cockney women stood out of crowd with bright clothes, catchy make-up and underlined vulgar manners. In the early 20th century, the cockney spread beyond traditional borders of the East End, and not only in other parts London, but even in neighboring districts.

There are two main kinds of views on modern cockney accent development. Some linguists believe that London Cockney dialect gives way to "Bangladeshi English".

The famous London accent, spoken by Michael Kane, Ray Winston and Barbara Windsor, and who became famous through the musicals “My Fair Lady” and “Oliver!” is dying out and may completely disappear from the pubs and markets in 30 years . In his place comes a new hybrid accent, which in colloquial speech is called "Jafaican ", which originated in immigrant communities of the city. It consists of a mixture of phonetic features of English, African, Afro-Caribbean and Asian languages and slang.

7

Others think that cockney rhyming slang may have had its highs and lows but today it is in use as never before. In the last few years hundreds of brand new slang expressions have been invented – many betraying their modern roots, e.g. “Emma Freuds” is for “hemorrhoids”; (Emma Freud is a TV and radio broadcaster) and “Ayrton Senna”: tenner (10 pound note). That means that modern cockney slang tends only to rhyme words with the names of celebrities or famous people. Very few new cockney slang expressions do not follow this trend. The only one that has gained much ground recently that bucks this trend is “Wind and Kite” meaning “Web site”.

Now rhyming slang has started to develop more and more. In our time, native speakers distinguish three types of cockney accent:

1) classical- it is widely used and recognized since the time of Robert Peel; 2) modern – its lexical units compose and introduce modern media; 3) mockney (fake cockney) - mutated cockney, Cockney imitation by a

middle-class or upper-class man in England.

During over 700 years of history, there have been changes not only in the meaning of the term Cockney, but also in the areas of its use. The purpose of the dialect has changed: from the secret, code language, the London dialect of Cockney has become a common word game, and dialect speakers can themselves "invent" new meanings of words and put them into use.

8

2. Distinctive features of cockney

The cockney accent is characterized by a special pronunciation, which is irregular of speech. Here are typical features of the Cockney speech:

1) Cockneys always skip sound [h] at the beginning of the word. For example: "not ”alf” instead of “not half”; “ ome” instead of “home”; “ ole” instead of “hole”. Some significant changes in Basic English pronunciation occur from the accent of Cockney. Now it is considered literate to pronounce “onour” while the written form is “honor”. Here are some other examples:

Heir- “eir”; Heiress- “eiress”; Hour- “our”; Honest- “onest”.

2) The letter [l] and combination [ll] are pronounced as [u]. So, the word hell in the cockney will be pronounced like [eu], ill - [iu], pill - [piu], Phil- [fiu].

3) Cockneys drop the [h] sound at the beginning of words and the [r] sound at the end of words.  For example, "mother" becomes "mo-thah," and "car" becomes "cah".

4) For words that start with a [th] sound, like “think,” change the [th] to an [f]” as in “fink.” “Thought” becomes “fought,” and “thirsty” becomes “firsty.” For words that have a [th] sound in the middle, like “Northern,” replace it with a [v] sound, such as “Norvern.”

5) In short words such as “this” and “that” the loss of the first sound [th] occurs. In this way, the word “this” will be pronounced as [is], the word “that” is for sound [at], the word “the” is for [a].

9

6) The word “cat” evidences the typical short [a] sound. Cockneys change short [a] to sound more like the [a] in "father," for words with a short [a] sound in the middle, like "bath" and "can't."

7) They substitute an [l] for a [w] at the end of words. When an [l] sound is at the end of a word, a cockney can substitute the [l] for a vowel sound, like [w]. For instance, “pal” would sound like “pow,” and “trouble” becomes “troubow.”

8) In the cockney accent the glottal stop is used instead of [t] between the vowels (if the second syllable is not stressed). Examples are:

“Bottle” is pronounced as “bo’ a”; “Water” is for “wo’aa”; What is for “ua’”, get is for “ge’ ”, and so on, but “that” is for “at”,

that means that last [t] sound of the word is not reduced.

Speaking about the special rules of grammar used by cockney, linguists distinguish several non-strict rules, the usage of which is necessary in order to emphasize the vernacular, the contempt of speech:

The word “my” is usually replaced by “me”. Example: Instead of “my car is broken” they say “it's me car is broken”.

The words “was” and “were” are used in exactly the opposite way than in Standard English.Example: I was not talking to you. You was not there.

Cockneys use double negation.Example: You want some money? I is not got none. (Do you want money? I have nothing.)

The usage of negation “is not” instead of “am not”, “is not”, “are not”, “has not” and “have not”.Example: I is not coming (I will not come).

A striking aspect of Cockney, especially when compared with RP, is its effusive range of tone and emotion. Barltrop and Wolveridge comment: The East Londoner likes his utterances to be attention-catching whether they are

10

plaintive, indignant, gloomy or humorous … Nagging, anecdote, giving opinions and even greeting a friend in the street are done with the same mobility of voice, to squeeze the utmost meaning out of them, and it is noticeable in ordinary conversation.

The devices of vigorous delivery include a wide range of tones, emphatic loudness, strong facial expression, and vigorous body language. There is in particular pitch prominence on content words (nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs) and their vowels are often stretched, as in “You ‘ought to ‘ave SEEEEN it—it was ever so GOOOOD”. In tandem, Cockneys are generally more uninhibited socially (laughing loudly, complaining vigorously) than middleclass Londoners, a feature which may have been influenced by Gypsies, Jews, and Irish in the East End.

Cockney rhyming slang is a humorous slang first used by cockneys in the east end of London and now understood widely in London and throughout Britain. It was invented in London in the 1840s by market traders, costermongers (sellers of fruit and vegetables from handcarts) and street hawkers. It was probably first used as a cant – a language designed to disguise what was being said from passers-by. Today, cockney rhyming slang phrases have entered the British lexicon, and many are still used in London and indeed all around Britain.

The “cockney alphabet”- one of the best examples of rhyming slang’s usage.

11

Cockney rhyming slang phrases are derived from taking an expression which rhymes with a word and then using that expression instead of the word. For example the word “look” rhymes with “butcher’s hook“. In many cases the rhyming word is omitted – so you won’t find too many Londoners having a “butcher’s hook”, but you might find a few having a “butcher’s”.

The rhyming word is not always omitted so cockney expressions can vary in their construction, and it is simply a matter of tradition which version is used. Rhyming slang often includes humor. Many phrases make sarcastic or ironic references to their subjects. Examples include Trouble and Strife (that means “for wife”), Fat Boy Slim (and that means “for gym”).

Short list of cockney’s rhyming slang can be seen below:

Adam and Eve - Believe. Would you Adam and Eve it?

Abergavenny - an unusual name of penny.

Apples and Pears - Stairs. Get up those Apples and Pears to bed!

Artful Dodger - Lodger. Have you got an Artful Dodger living with you?

Barnet Fair - Hair. My Barnet (Fair) is so long, I'll have to go to the hairdresser's and get it cut.

Battle-cruiser - Boozer (drinker). He's a bit of a (Battle-) cruiser. I reckon he's had ten pints of beer already.

Boracic Lint - Skint (broke, without money). You couldn't lend me five pounds, could you? I'm completely Boracic (Lint).

Burton-on-Trent - Rent. I pay my Burton to my landlord every weekend.

Butcher's Hook - Look. Here! Take a Butcher's (Hook) at this!

China Plate - Mate (Friend). Hello, my old China!

Clickety-clicks - Sixty-six. The name of the number 66. Pay attention that in England there is a very popular game called Bingo. The game is notable for its terminology, in particular, the names of some numbers. For example, Dinky-doo is 22, Legs-eleven - 11, Two Fat Ladies - 88.  

Cocoa -Say so (Agree). Let's go to the pub! Do you Cocoa?

Dog and Bone - Phone. I was on the (Dog and) Bone when you knocked at the door.

Eighteen Pence - Sense. He hasn't got Eighteen Pence!

12

Jimmy Riddle - Piddle, Tiddle (To go to the toilet). He went for a Jimmy Riddle.

La-di-dah - Car. Quite a nice Lah-di-dah!

Loaf of Bread - Head. Think! Use your Loaf (of Bread)!

Mince Pie – Eye. Keep your Minces off my tea! If you're thirsty, you can get another one.

Mutt and Jeff - Deaf. Are you Mutt and Jeff? I said turn that music down.

Oxford Scholar - Dollar.

Plates of Meat - Feet. Get your Plates (of Meat) off my table!

Rosy Lea - Tea. Would you like a cup of Rosy (Lea)?

Tea Leaf - Thief. Come here, you little Tea Leaf!

Whistle and Flute - Suit. How do you like my new Whistle?

13

3. The Mockney accent as a variation of cockney

Some English-speaking actors use a fake accent in their speech for the comic effect, which is similar to the cockney, which is often called "mockney".

Mockney (a portmanteau of "mock" and "cockney") is an affected accent and form of speech in imitation of cockney or working class London speech, or a person with such an accent. A stereotypical mockney speaker comes from an upper-middle class background.

A person speaking with a mockney accent might adopt cockney pronunciation but retain standard grammatical forms, whereas the genuine cockney speaker uses non-standard forms.

It is an affectation sometimes adopted for aesthetic or theatric purposes, and at other times just to sound "cool", to generate street credibility, or to give the false impression that the speaker rose from humble beginnings and became prominent through some innate talent rather than the education, contacts and other advantages that a privileged background tends to bring. Britpop band Blur was said to have a "mockney, down-the-dogs blokey charm". Mick Jagger is often accused of being the first celebrity in modern times to overplay his regional accent in order to boost his street credibility.

Notable people described as using mockney speech:

Jamie Oliver 

Joe Swash

Damon Albarn

Lily Allen

Nigel Kennedy

Kate Nash

Guy Ritchie

Johnny Vaughan

George Osborne

Phil Tufnell

Danny Dyer

14

Lily Allen’s speech is a good reference example of mockney accent. She went to several posh independent schools, including one Prince Charles attended, but she fakes a now slightly dated east London accent.

The main feature of her ‘faked cockney’ is the glottal stop, which she uses fairly consistently; but she will also substitute [f] and [v] for the ‘th’ sound, and W for L; but in some of her interviews she uses these features only periodically, so one can reveal the fake accent. Most of her vowels are pronounced right, and she pronounces e.g. ‘issue’ like “issyoo” while most Londoners would say “ishoo”.

Lily Allen in 2011

15

PRACTICAL PART

The role of cockney accent in modern mass culture

§1. Cockney’s image in British literature.

Charles Dickens lived on the XIX century He was the most popular writer in England during his lifetime. His best works are “Oliver Twist”, “The Cold House”, “The Pickwick Papers”, “David Copperfield”, “Big Hopes”. Before starting his literary career, Dickens worked in a factory, then in a law firm as a clerk, and in 1828 he became a free reporter. His articles were noticed, and from then on the time of Dickens's creativity began. The first novels and psychological sketches, which were published in the newspapers, brought the young writer great glory.

Charles Dickens is one of the most famous writers, whose works contain the natives’ images of the East End. He used to depict the cockneys as funny, comic characters “from the crowd” or in the form of hooligans or gangsters that were using the slang in "Oliver Twist." In addition, other writers turned their eyes to the East End, but they did not try to give their caricatures the features of real people, as Dickens did. All of them were excessively serious in their propaganda of the image of an honest hard worker, so they did not allow their heroes to smile, joke, or entertain themselves, and especially drink alcohol or smoke. As these writers described, a native of the East End was either a very spoiled person, and the aim of their simple stories was to show the transformation of the first, namely, the rude and drunkard, into his complete opposite. This direction in literature was popular until the end of the 19th century and continued even in the 20th century. Among the writers who used the image of the cockney, mention Arthur Morrison, Edwin Pugh, William Pett Ridge and Clarence Rook.

1.1 The role of accent in Pygmalion

One of the most famous examples of accent’s role in people’s life is described in famous British play “Pygmalion”.

Pygmalion is a play by George Bernard Shaw, named after a Greek mythological figure. It was first presented on stage to the public in 1913. This play tells us a story about woman, whose name was Eliza Doolittle. She was a poor flower girl who just happens to meet the phonetic professors who decide to teach her how to speak with no accent and transform her to a part of a bet between friends. Eliza decides to ask these professors for help because of her problems: her stepmother drove Eliza out of her house, so the girl needed money. She was selling flowers on

16

the streets of London, but that was giving her only small earnings. She was dreaming of work in flower shop, but her strong accent was the obstacle on the way of her dream to come true. Eliza spoke with Cockney accent of the English language, a dialect that was associated with the suburbs of east London, the East End. Eliza would drop "h" at the beginning of words, so instead of saying "hat" she would say " 'at", but in some cases she would add "h" where it needn’t, for example she would say the word "ever" as "hever." Around the time when "Pygmalion" was published the East End of London grew to be associated with poverty and destitute, that is why she wasn’t given the job in flower shop. Afterwards the lessons of Professor Higgins helped her. She became a true lady, she got rid of cockney accent and was accepted into the society of the aristocrats. In addition, Eliza achieved her aim and opened a flower shop.

More than a hundred years ago, in the times of Shaw, it was difficult to escape from the social environment to which a person belonged from birth. Everyone had his own label: the plebeian, the bourgeois, or the aristocrat. Nevertheless, there still

were those who wanted something more, and they managed to move on. They could change their lives and prove that freedom, looseness of spirit, high culture make of a person a person. Nowadays it is much easier to change your social status because of modern structure of society- everyone tends to become more equal in

17

rights than before. There is no strict social class separation, or at least, most of civilized countries try to reach this aim. Nevertheless, people still judge others by the manner of speech, the way they look like, etc. For example, to this day you can get more business overseas if you speak clearly and effortlessly and if your accent is not as discernible. 

To sum it us, it is true, that your manner of speech, accent or dialect identify your personality in some way, but you can change everything if you work hard, make efforts to achieve your aim, just like Eliza Doolittle did.

§2. Cockney accent in cinema.

Cockneys have always been a kind of collective image of a commoner of London. Television has raised awareness of this image and particularly cockney Rhyming Slang to far greater heights. Classic TV shows such as “Steptoe and Son”, “Minder”, “Porridge” and “Only Fools and Horses” have done much to spread the slang throughout Britain and to the rest of the world.

Nowadays the cockney accent is strongly associated with some movies where cockneys are among the main characters. A short list of these movies can be seen below (The names of films and dates of release are taken from www.kinopoisk.ru):

Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels (1998); Snatch. (2000); Harry Brown (2009); The Prestige (2006); Witness for the Prosecution (1957); The First Great Train Robbery (1978); Ocean's Eleven (2001); Hooligans (2005); Four Weddings and a Funeral (1993); Ocean's Twelve (2004); Kingsman: The Secret Service (2015); The Football Factory (2004); Revolver (2005).

2.1 Cockney’s image in “Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels”.

18

The story is a heist film involving a self-confident young card sharp who loses £500,000 to a powerful crime lord in a rigged game of three card brag. To pay off his debts, he and his friends decide to rob a small-time gang who happen to be operating out of the flat next door.

In the episode where the barman tells the story of the head of the "black" mafia Rory Breaker, Guy Ritchie is mocking the English-speaking audience providing the scene with English subtitles. This joke is about the dialect of the East End, the Cockney language. This special type of London vernacular is not always clear even for English speakers, distinguishes East End residents from the rest of Londoners. Linguistic humor and the specific manner of filing remarks in the movie Richie is more important than the plot.

The character of Bacon is a Cockney from East End, so his speech is a great example of cockney’s image and accent’s use. He uses rhyming slang, glottal stops; he doesn’t pronounce some sounds strictly according to the rules of cockney accent. The way he earns money is completing his cockney image: he is hawking stolen goods on the street. As Bacon works his magic on the crowd, his partner in crime Eddy steps up and makes the first purchase, spurring the crowd into action.

Please remember that smoking weed is bad for your health. The episode is saved here for the integrity of the character's image.

19

The film finishes with the open final: Thick Tom hangs from the bridge with a mobile phone in the mouth, trying to reach the bundle with the weapon. It is ironic that the final scene takes place on the bridge, which leads to the expensive and prestigious area of Chelsea, a symbol of a better and more peaceful life. The weapons in the hands of the protagonists are simultaneously occupied by mobile phones - a sign of the coming changes that will bring a new century to the East End.

§3. Cockney in music.

3.1 Cockney pub songs.

As it was already mentioned above, cockney speakers are usually people from working class, the inhabitants of London’s outskirts. The life of an ordinary cockney was not as pleasant and easy as life of rich aristocrats from West London. One of the most famous facts that are known about them is that their favorite ways of relaxing after a hard working day was to visit one of English pubs. These pubs are worldwide famous, and that brings the glory to British beer. Cockneys pronounce the word bar like “near and far” or “jack tar”, also they call pub “Rub-A-Dub” or “Bath Tub”. They even have created their own kind of music, and it is still popular not only in London, but in Great Britain and Wales, Scotland and Ireland.

Typical songs include:

"Any Old Iron" "Daddy Wouldn't Buy Me a Bow Wow" "Knees Up Mother Brown" "My Old Man's a Dustman" "Nellie Dean" "Underneath the Arches" "Where Did You Get That Hat?"

20

3.2 Oi-punk music.

Oi! is the musical direction that appeared in England in the late seventies as a branch of punk rock, designed to bring the latter back to its true, working-class roots.Originally, the cry of “Oi!” was used in the dialect of Cockney and was intended to make people turn around on the street. Harry Bushel was the first to use the term “Oi!” as a new version of punk rock. He was following the footsteps of the song “Oi! Oi! Oi!” from the album Greatest Hits Vol. 2 of punk-rock group Cockney Rejects.

21

Cockney Rejects are an English punk rock band that formed in the East End of London in 1978. Their 1980 song “Oi, Oi, Oi” was the inspiration for the name of the Oi! music genre. The band members are loyal supporters of West Ham United, and pay tribute to the club with their hit cover version of “I'm Forever Blowing Bubbles”, a song traditionally sung by West Ham supporters. Cockney Rejects were formed in 1978 by brothers Jeff and Micky Geggus, with their brother-in-law Chris Murrell on bass and Paul Harvey on drums. Cockney Rejects debut at the Bridge House in Canning Town in June 1979 is considered a turning point for the band. 

As true cockneys, the Cockney Rejects were passionate football fans. They had a connection with football hooligans, and that brought the members of group problems with law.

Conclusion

An accent is a reflection of the unique background of each individual and many people take pride in their individual accent and style. Of course, cockney played an important role in the development of the English language, as we know it today.

22

Even some language phenomena, described in student’s books as exceptions to the rules are not violations in the strict sense of the word, but have their own explanation and history of occurrence. Cockney accent explains some exceptions in pronunciation, grammar rules, etc.

The Cockney accent was forming during long time, so it has its own history. It came through being just a secret code of London criminals from East End, being a kind of abnormal English and finally became a famous London accent.

Cockney’s speech is disdainful. They do not pronounce a number of sounds, they use the incorrect grammar, they rhyme and they skip some words in their speech. That is the way they stand out of the crowd. That is why the cockney accent is worldwide famous.

Cockney is a collective image of a London commoner, worker or criminal, and this cliché fixed in the minds of the audience for a long time. One can see many characters, which are speaking in a cockney accent in movies, books of British writers, TV-shows that are broadcasted in English-speaking countries. The cockneys seem to be citizens of their own small East-London-country, and this makes them seem to be very different from other British people.

That means that the culture of cockney strongly influenced British mass culture, as we understand it today.

Bibliography

1) Ellis, Alexander J. (1890). «English dialects: Their Sounds and Homes». (https://archive.org/stream/englishdialects00elligoog#page/n82/mode/1up/search/Cockney)

2) Wright, Peter (1981). «Cockney Dialect and Slang»

23

3) https://www.wikipedia.org4) http://www.cockneyrhymingslang.co.uk/5) http://dialectblog.com/british-accents/6) http://www.eastend-memories.org/cockney/cockney.htm7) Sivertsen, Eva (1960). «Cockney Phonology» (University of Oslo).8) https://www.kinopoisk.ru/lists/m_act%5Bkeyword%5D/10332/9) http://www.literaturepage.com/read/pygmalion.html