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SIKKIM MANIPAL UNIVERSITY-DE Vernacular Programs Assignment format

1

Student Name: Course:

Registration Number: LC Code: 01522

Subject Name: Subject Code:

Q.1. Explain the browser components and its features.Answer:-

Browser componentsNow let us learn the architecture of a Web browser with the help of reference architecture.

This reference architecture is the basic architecture for Web browsers and helps you to easily

understand the various components that exist in the Web browser.

Figure 1.1: Main Components of Browser[1]

As shown in the figure 1.1 the Web browser consists of seven main components, each having

a specific task to perform and they are:

User in terface:It consists of an address bar where you can enter the URL, bookmark menu

to save the links of your favourite Web pages, back/forward button to navigate to the

previous Web page/next Web page, and so on.

Browser engine:It is the interface through which you can ask questions to the browser and

manipulate the rendering engine. It also sets the layout of a Web page formatted with HTML

tags within a browser.

Rendering engine:It is displays the content you had requested, after obtaining it from the

respective Web server.

Networking:It is used for calling the network for example, raising an HTTP request for a

URL connection through the server.

Display backend:It provides drawing tools, user interface widgets, and fonts that help to

display text and graphics.

Javascri pt interpreter:It is used to parse and execute the codes of written using the Javascript (refer Unit 6).
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Data storage:This enables the browser to save all the data on the hard disk and acts as the

database of the browser.

Features of browserNow that we have learnt about the components of a browser, let us now study some of the

most important features of a browser. The figure 1.2 shows the screen shot of the Microsofts

Internet Explorer Web browser. The arrows point to the features that are available on theWeb browser along with the name of the corresponding feature mentioned at the other end of

the arrow.

Figure 1.2: Web Browser and its Features

From the figure 1.2 you can see some of the features that are present as icons or buttons on a

Web browser. If you do not find it as a button you can find the same in one of the menus

provided in the menu bar. Let us now briefly discuss the features that are mentioned in the

figure 1.2:

Address field:This is the area on the browser window where you enter the Web page

address or URL. At the right end of this area, there is a small arrow pointing towards the

menu bar, when you click this arrow you will view a list of some of the Websites that you

have visited recently. When you click on these URLs you will view the respective Website or

else you can directly enter the address in the address field. After you enter the address you

can either press "Enter" or click on the "Go" button (which is present next to the downward

facing arrow button in some browsers).

Back and forward buttons:The back button is used to go back to the previous page that

you have opened in a particular browser window. The forward button allows you to view

pages that you have previously viewed in that browser window. In some browsers, there is a

small arrow pointing towards the menu bar arrow right next to these buttons, when you click

this arrow you will see the list of Websites that you have visited after opening the browser

window.
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Home button:When you click this button you will be able to view the page that you have

set as home page. A home page is a default page that opens when you open the browser

window.

Menu bar:A menu bar is a part of each browser window, it contains menus like File, Edit,

View, Favourites or Bookmarks, Tools and Help.

Refr esh or reload:When you click the refresh or reload button, the page is updated. For

example, if you think that the contents of a browser window may have changed since the last

time you viewed it, you can click this button to update the page.

Secur ity indicators:At the left corner of the window, a lock icon appears when you use a

browser and this is called padlock. If the padlock is in a lock position then you can say that

your server connection is secure, i.e. the data being sent and received by the server is

encrypted. This indicates that nobody else can access this data. There is another way to find

out whether your browser is secure or not and that is done by looking at the URL. If the URL

of your Website begins with "https://" for example, you enter an address "www.gofind.com"

in the address field and press enter or click "Go" then automatically the address changes to

"https://www.gofind.com" indicating that your browser connection is secure.

Status bar:This is a bar at the bottom of the browser window which indicates the URL of

the Web page currently being loaded into the browser window. It also displays the URL of

the link on which the cursor of your mouse is placed. While loading, the Web page shows a

progress indicator which shows how much percentage of a file has been downloaded.

Stop button:This button is used to stop the browser from loading the Web page on to the

browsing window.

Q.2. Describe in detail the building of webpage.Answer:-

Building a Web Page

Some of the basic aspects of Web layout that you need to keep in mind while designing a

Web page are:

Space and white space:Try to use the entire space available on the Web page. However,

make sure you do not overcrowd the page with too much information. You need to keep the

screen resolution in mind so that your text does not look too small or too large. You can usecolours to define spaces.

Images and graphics:Images and graphics are a major part of your Web layout. You needto make sure that you check the image size and position before you put it on the Web page.

Since, images have large impact on the audience than the text.

Text width:Often referred to as scan length this defines the number of words you can

display on one line. Most designers prefer to have seven to eleven words in a line just to

make sure that the user is able to read it without any difficult. Since, most people are not

comfortable reading lengthy sentences. Therefore, setting a proper width for your Web page

is very essential and improves the efficiency of the design.

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Once you finalise the Web layout you can easily build the Web pages. With the Web layout,

more than one designer can work on the same page and still maintain uniformity.

Q.3.How to use forms? Explain with an example.

Answer :-

Using a Form

You can create the forms using the tag. First you create the form element using

and tags. Next you define the elements that you want to display on the form

within the form element. The syntax of the form is as shown below:

Let us learn how to create some of the input elements that we use in a Web page form;

Text f ields:This is a single line input filed where you can enter the text. The example code

shows how to create it using the tag .

Password field:This field is similar to text field and the only difference is that you can view

the text you enter in the text field. However, in password field you cannot see the text that

you enter, for every character that you enter you see either an asterisks (*) or dot (.). You canuse the same tag that you used to create text field except that the value that you pass to the

attribute "type" will be "password". This signifies that the field is a password field. Using the

attribute "name" you can define a variable to store the password that you enter. The example

code for the password field is given below,

Radio buttons:This button allows you to select only one of the items from the given list.

For example, for a question asked in a form they provide four answers out of which only one

answer will be correct and you have to choose only one out of the four. In such cases, you

can use radio button. The code given below explains how to insert radio buttons on the Web

page.

Checkboxes:The code to define the checkboxes is shown below:
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Submit button:This button is used to send form data from the Web page to the Web server.

This button is created on the Web page using the example code shown below:

Q.4.Give an example for cascade style sheets and explain editing with

cascade style sheets in detail.

Answer:-

Web Page Editing with CSS

Formatting the textWe have learnt to create CSS class and also how to use them for apply styles in the HTML

document. Let us now learn how to format text on an HTML document using the class.

Text indention: This is used to align the text from the margin of the Web page. This is done

as shown below:

The above code line is a class that we have defined to apply an indentation of 30 pixel form

the margin. The "text-indent" is a CSS attribute to which we pass the appropriate indentation

value.

Text alignment:We can align the text using the CSS attribute similar to the HTML attributes

that we studied in Unit 2. For example:

Text decoration:This property is used to add effects such as underline, over-line or line-

through the Web page text. You can define a class as shown below to achieve text decoration,

In the above example code, the "decoration" is the name given to the class and "text-

decoration" it is the attribute used to decorate the text on the Web page. We are passing the

value "underline" which underlines the text on the Web page. We can pass other values suchas:
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Over-line:The value helps you to draw a line over the text on the Web page.

Line-through:This value helps you to draw a line through the text on the Web page.

Letter space:This allows you to fix the spacing between the text characters The example

code line for obtaining a character spacing of three pixels is given below:

Text transformation:The text transformation property helps you to control the capitalisation

of the text on the Web page. You can make the text all upper caps, lower caps or capitalise

the first character of every word in the given text. This is achieved by using the attribute

"text-transform". The code line for text transformation is as shown below:

Margins:Page, whether it is a page in your text book or the Web page, will have margins.

This is the portion of the page acts as the border for the page and within this border you can

insert the content. Figure 4.1 show a Web page along with its margin widths.

Using colours with CSS

Colour property:The colour property of the CSS enables you to change the colour of the textdisplayed on the Web page. Say for example, you want to create a class to change the colour

of the text to red then you can write the code as shown below:

Background colour :This property enables you to choose the background colour of the Web

page. With the help of the attribute "background-color", you can change the background

colour of the Web page.

Now, the entire body of the Web page will appear with a grey background, content within the

element will appear with a blue background and content within the

element will

appear with a green background.
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Q.5. Describe the working of search engine. What are the different types of

search engine? Explain with its application.

Answer:-

Working of a Search EngineSearch engines today are indexing and responding to billions of Web pages in a single day.

Let us now look at how all these happen.

Search engines use the following processes in its working: Web Crawling, Indexing,

Searching.

Web crawling:When you search for information by typing keywords in a search engine

Website it gives you a list of related information. Prior to listing the related information, it

has to find it. In order to retrieve information from the numerous Websites that exist on the

WWW, a search engine utilises special software robots known as spiders. The spiders are

simple programs that scan the Web pages to create a list or index of words that are found onthe Websites, and the process of creating a list or index of words by a spider is known as Web

crawling.

Indexing:After the spider program finishes the job of looking for information on the Web

pages, the search engines have to store the information such that it is useful for the users.

This is known as indexing. An efficient indexing helps us to quickly find information on the

Web.

Searching:It refers to the process of querying a search engine. A query should have at least

a minimum of one word. You can also have complex queries. Complex queries are built

using Boolean operators that help us to refine the search. For example, OR, AND, and NOTare known as Boolean operators. Table 9.1 illustrates the use each of these Boolean operators.

Types of search engineNow that you have learnt how a search engine works, let us now study the different types of

search engines.

The different types of search engines are: Crawler based search engines., Human powered

directories, Hybrid or mixed search engines.

Crawler based search engines:In this type of search engines the spiders crawl through the

Web and create a listing or index of words. Whenever a user enters a query or a keywordusing a search engine, the word is searched for against these listings or index. The index

consists of a copy of all the Web pages that is found by the spider. Whenever a change is

made to any of the Web pages, the spider will update the changes in the index.

Human powered directories:In this type of search engine there is a directory which gets

information from short descriptions about the websites along with the address and title of the

Web pages that are submitted by the webmasters. These submissions are later reviewed by

the editors. The disadvantage of human powered directories is that it can take months to get

your Website reviewed unless you take up a paid inclusion program.

Hybrid or mixed search engine:It is a combination or mixture of crawler based searchengines and human powered directories. The basic idea behind a hybrid search engine is to

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provide the users with a combination of results including spidered results and directory

results. Google and Yahoo are today using hybrid search engines. Google calls this Universal

Search.

Q.6.List the benefits and drawbacks of Lamp stack.

Answer:-Benefits and drawbacks of LAMP stack

It is open source software package and thus can be got free of cost. This helps organisations

to develop Web applications without spending hefty amounts for its licensing. Even though

Microsoft offers the ASP (Active Server Pages) extensions free of cost, they charge you for

their Operating System, database servers, and Integrated Development Environment (IDE).

It can be installed on a wide range of platforms. We can use Windows instead of Linux if

we are working on Windows platform, or use IIS instead of Apache Web server. This helps

us to adapt to our companies current environments by utilising the existing infrastructure.

It provides a greater support when compared to other commercially available software. This

is because the components of LAMP stack are open source and thus we can find support from

the actual developers who have worked on the project, and also from its community.

It is possible for us to find various modules that can be reused. These modules are built by a

community of developers who publish the modules developed by them. This saves time and

results in rapid development of Web applications.

It facilitates us with an efficient hardware support such as Linux that can run on almost all

servers. This is possible as it facilitates the administrator with the choice of running only

what is required to perform a particular job.

It offers greater performance as we use Linux. When compared to Windows, Linux scales

high in performance, memory management, and stability.

It is possible for us to find constant updates and improvements for the LAMP stack. As you

know, we can find developers and support communities that update new features and

enhancements constantly.

Despite of the above mentioned benefits LAMP stack has a few drawbacks. The drawbacks

of LAMP stack are as follows:

The main disadvantages of LAMP stack is in updating the applications. This is because,

whenever you have a new version released, we have to follow the same procedure that is used

in installing the applications, to update the changes.

There could be confusion as to where the application is installed as the application files are

not placed in the file system in a standard way.

One more disadvantage is that it is difficult to find people who are good and qualified in

developing Web applications on LAMP platform. Hence, organisations fear to switch to

LAMP.

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