michelangelo di lodovico buonarroti simoni (b. 1475 ... · charles darwin 1809-1882 the origin of...
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MICHELANGELO di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (b. 1475, Caprese, d. 1564, Roma)
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Charles Darwin1809-1882
The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1858)
The Descent of Man (1871)
Darwin: Evolution durch Selektion
Voyage of the Beagle (1839)
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Zeit
Darwin: Evolution durch Selektion
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Zeit
Darwin: Evolution durch Selektion
Fortpflanzung - Variation
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Zeit
Darwin: Evolution durch Selektion
Fortpflanzung - Variation - “Vererbung” - Umwelt
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Zeit
Darwin: Evolution durch Selektion
Fortpflanzung - Variation - “Vererbung” - Umwelt
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Zeit
Darwin: Evolution durch Selektion
Fortpflanzung - Variation - “Vererbung” - Umwelt
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Zeit
Darwin: Evolution durch Selektion
Fortpflanzung - Variation - “Vererbung” - Umwelt
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Zeit
Darwin: Evolution durch Selektion
Fortpflanzung - Variation - “Vererbung” - Umwelt
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Zeit
Darwin: Evolution durch Selektion
Fortpflanzung - Variation - “Vererbung” - Umwelt
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Zeit
Darwin: Evolution durch Selektion
Fortpflanzung - Variation - “Vererbung” - Umwelt
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Zeit
Darwin: Evolution durch Selektion
Fortpflanzung - Variation - “Vererbung” - Umwelt
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Zeit
Fortpflanzung - Variation - “Vererbung” - Umwelt
Darwin: Evolution durch Selektion
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C. Darwin (1839) Voyage of the Beagle
Darwins Finken
Verschiedene Spezies ernährensich auf unterschiedliche Weise
(Samen, Insekten etc.)
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Oswald T. Avery 1877-1955
DNA als Erbmaterial
Avery OT, MacLeod CM, McCarty M (1944) J. Exp. Med. 79: 137-158
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DNA als Erbmaterial
James D. Watson1928-
Francis H.C. Crick1916-
Watson JD, Crick FHC (1953) Molecular structure of Nucleic Acids.
Nature 171: 737-738
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Kräfte der Evolution
Selektion Nachkommenzahl ist abhängig von der genetischen Ausstattung eines Organismus
Mutation Neue genetische Varianten entstehen durch Fehler bei der Verdopplung der DNA
“Drift” Die Nachkommenzahl von Organismenunterliegt zufälligen Schwankungen
65 Mio - heute (“Zeitalter der Säugetiere”)
530 Mio - 245 Mio (Vielfalt und Vergehen)
245 Mio - 65 Mio (“Zeitalter der Dinosaurier”)
2.5 Mrd - 530 Mio (Bakterien, erste Algen)
3.8 Mrd - 2.5 Mrd (erste Bakterien)4.5 Mrd - 3.8 Mrd (Entstehung des Sonnensystems)
Kanozoikum
Mesozoikum
Paläozoikum
Proterozoikum
Hadaikum
Archaikum
Prä
kam
briu
mP
han
ero
zoik
um
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1. Selektion
Ein Gen mit zwei Zuständen (“Allelen”) A und B
AA > AB > BB
Nachkommenzahl evolutionärer Effekt
A verdrängt B“direktionale Selektion”
AA > BB > ABA verdrängt B
oder B verdrängt A
AB > AA > BB A und B koexistieren“balanzierte Selektion”
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Sichelzellanämie und Malaria
- “Wechselfieber”, “Sumpffieber”- 300 Millionen Patienten weltweit- 1-2 Millionen Todesfälle pro Jahr- verursacht durch Plasmodium falciparum- übertragen durch die Anophelesmücke- P. falciparum dringt in Erythrozyten ein und verzehrt Hämoglobin
Hämoglobin-ß-Gen (HBB)
Genotyp Phänotyp
AA normalAS 20-40% SichelzellenSS 100% Sichelzellen
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percentage HbS
>1412-1410-128-10
6-84-62-4
Sichelzellen für P. falciparumschwerer zu penetrieren
Heterozygotenvorteil
endemicfalsiparum malaria
Sichelzellanämie und Malaria
HbS Heterozygote weniger anfällig gegen Malariainfektion
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2. Mutation
Hugo de Vries 1848-1935
“Die Änderungen des zahlenmäßigen Verhältnisses zwischen vorhandenen
Pangenen und die Entstehung neuer Arten von Pangenen bilden
die Hauptursache der Variabilität.”
“Die Entstehung von Prämutationen muß teilweise interne und teilweise
externe Ursachen haben. Dieersteren entscheiden darüber,
was geschieht; die letzteren bestimmen,
wann es geschieht”
rückübersetzt aus dem Englischen
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2. Mutation
Einzelbasen-Austausche70%
Mikroläsionen (≤≤≤≤20 nt)23%
Makroläsionen (>20 nt)7%
(neutrale) Rate von Einzelbasenaustauschen2×10-9 pro Nukleotid pro Jahr
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3. Drift
1 2 3 4 5 6
231635
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3. Drift
1 2 3 4 5 6
231635
234114
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3. Drift
1 2 3 4 5 6
231635
234114
565346
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3. Drift
1 2 3 4 5 6
231635
234114
565346
122562
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3. Drift
1 2 3 4 5 6
231635
234114
565346
122562
435525
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3. Drift
1 2 3 4 5 6
231635
234114
565346
122562
435525
341253
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3. Drift
1 2 3 4 5 6
231635
234114
565346
122562
435525
341253
152626
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3. Drift
1 2 3 4 5 6
231635
234114
565346
122562
435525
341253
152626
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3. Drift
1 2 3 4 5 6
231635
234114
565346
122562
435525
341253
152626
1 2 3 4 5 6
211161
116344
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3. Drift
1 2 3 4 5 6
231635
234114
565346
122562
435525
341253
152626
1 2 3 4 5 6
211161
116344
1 2 3 4 5 6
253555
356611
341114
441434
461656Fixationswahrscheinlichkeit: 100%für rot bzw. grün jeweils: 50%mittlere Spieldauer: 7,2
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Drift und Mutation im Gleichgewicht
He =4Nµµµµ
1+4Nµµµµ
He
Nµ
10-4 - 10-6 pro Generation
HeterozygotiePopulationsgrößeGenmutationsrate
log10(N)1 2 3 4 5 6
He
0,0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0 µ=10-4
µ=10-5
µ=10-6
Sewall Wright1889-1988
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“Bottlenecks” und “effektive Populationsgröße”
0 1 2 3 5 6 74 ... t-2 t-1 t
N0 N2
N4 N7
Nt-2 Nt
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“Bottlenecks” und “effektive Populationsgröße”
Ne = 1 t
1 Nii=0
t-1
Σ-1
0 1 2 3 5 6 74 ... t-2 t-1 t
N0 N2
N4 N7
Nt-2 Nt
Ne
“effektive Populationsgröße”
Homo sapiens: 10.000
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Ordnung: Primaten
Mensch/Menschenaffen
Altwelt-Affen
Neuwelt-AffenTarsierLorisLemuren
AffenHalbaffen
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Familie: Menschenaffen
Orang-Utan Gorilla Schimpanse/Bonobo Mensch
Mio yrs
0
5
10
15
20
Gibbon
Hominidenaufrechter, bipedaler Ganggroßes Gehirn
WerkzeugeSpracheKultur
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Paläoanthropologie
Mary D. Leakey1913-1996
Louis S.B. Leakey1903-1972Proconsul africanus - der erste Affe
Alter: ca. 20 Mio yrs
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Die HominidenArdipithecus ramidus
- ca. 4,4 Mio yrs- fragmentarische Fossilienfunde in Äthiopien (1994)- lange affenartige Zehen- und Fingerglieder- schimpansenähnliches Gebiß mit langen Reißzähnen- dünnes Zahnschmelz- Waldbewohner
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Die HominidenAustralopithecus afarensis
- ca. 3-4 Mio yrs- “Lucy” von Donald Johanson entdeckt in
Äthiopien (1978)
- lange affenartige Zehen- und Fingerglieder- 430-440 ml Gehirnvolumen
- ausgeprägte Prognatie (fliehende Stirn, vorstehender Oberkiefer)
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Die HominidenAustralopithecus africanus
- ca. 2,3-3 Mio yrs- “Taung Baby” von Raymond Dart
entdeckt in Süd-Afrika (1924)
- kleinere Reißzähnen als A. afarensis
- 440-480 ml Gehirnvolumen
- weniger ausgeprägte Prognatie als A. afarensis
- Arme länger als Beine- fehlender Schädelkamm
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Die HominidenHomo habilis/rudolfensis
- ca. 1,6-2,3 Mio yrs- Fossilfunde in Süd- und Ostafrika, China
- graziler Schädel und Knochenbau- 630 ml Gehirnvolumen
- kleine Backenzähne
- hohe Stirn- fehlender Brauenkamm- Werkzeuge, Hütten
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Die HominidenHomo erectus/ergaster
- ca. 30.000 - 1,8 Mio yrs- Fossilfunde in Afrika und Asien
- breites Gesicht- 800-1100 ml Gehirnvolumen
- fliehende Stirn
- dicker Schädelknochen- ausgeprägter Brauenkamm
Eugene Dubois1858-1940
Der “Java-Mann” (1891)
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Die HominidenHomo neanderthalis (?)
- ca. 30.000 - 250.000 yrs
- Fossilfunde in Europa und Asien
- 1300-1750 ml Gehirnvolumen
- Brauenkamm
- kein Prognatismus
- starke Wangenknochen
- ausgeprägtes Kulturwesen (Werkzeuge, Kunst, Waffen, Bestattungen, Kleidung etc.)
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Die HominidenHomo sapiens
- heute - ca. 200.000 yrs- weltweites Vorkommen/Funde
- 1400 ml Gehirnvolumen- kleiner “Brauenkamm”
- steile Stirn- graziler runder Schädel- kleine Frontzähnen - standardisierte Werkzeuge
in schnellem Wechsel
- Transport und Handel- Nicht-Stein-Industrie
- Siedlungen- Fischfang- wachsende Populationsdichte
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Multiregionaler Ursprung
Afrika Europa Asien Australien
Afrika
2 M
io y
rs
homo erectus
homo sapiens
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Multiregionaler Ursprung
Afrika Europa Asien Australien
Afrika
2 M
io y
rs
homo erectus
homo sapiens
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“Out of Africa”
Afrika Europa Asien Australien
Afrika
2 M
io y
rs
homo erectus
homo sapiens
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“Out of Africa”
Afrika Europa Asien Australien
Afrika
2 M
io y
rs
homo erectus
homo sapiens
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Molekulare Anthropologie
Population DNA-Sequenz (21 nt)
Japan TATGCTACATACAGGATGCAGFinnland TATGCAACCTACAGGTTGCAGSchimpanse“outgroup”
CAGGCTACCAACCTGATACAT
Bantu TAGACTATCTACCGGATGTAG
B J F
BJF
- 156
14
7-
-18
3
Japan Finnland Bantu Schimpanse
1 2
2
3
5
t =-ln(1-P)
µµµµ
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Die “molekulare Uhr”
mitochondrial DNA (maternale Vererbung)
- letzte gemeinsame Vorfahre vor ca. 200.000 Jahrenlokalisiert in Ost-Afrika
- engere Verwandtschaft zwischen Afrikanern undEuropäern als zwischen Europäern und Neandertalern
Y-chromosomale DNA (paternale Vererbung)
- letzter gemeinsamer Vorfahre vor ca. 200.000 Jahren - weltweite Ausdehnung “afrikanischer” Chromosomen- Rückmigration vor 10.000 bis 50.000 Jahren
autosomale DNA (Vererbung durch beide Geschlechter)
- letzte gemeinsame Vorfahren vor ca. 800.000 Jahren - afrikanischer Ursprung wahrscheinlich
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Die Debatte bleibt offen ...
“Out of Africa” multiregional
mitochondrial Y-chromosomal autosomal½N ½N 2N
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Genetik und “Rasse”Mountain JL, Cavalli-Sforza LL (1997)
Am. J. Hum. Genet. 61: 705-718.
144 Individuen12 Populationen75 DNA-Polymorphismen
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The Dawn of Man ?