michelin proprietary usaf presentation “near zero growth” radial tires february 25, 2003

Michelin Proprietary

USAF Presentation

“Near Zero Growth” Radial Tires

February 25, 2003


“NZG” TECHNOLOGY “NZG” TECHNOLOGY

Bias

Radial nylon

Radial NZG

Bias/ Radial/ NZG Radial Construction


“NZG” TECHNOLOGY

What is NZG ??

Our R&D Efforts have developed a new Reinforcing Material :

Higher Modulus than Nylon(Growth limited to less than 3%)

Modulus stable with temperature (Maintains geometry at high temperature)


0 5 10 15 20

Elongation (%)

Force

NEW CORD

NYLON CORD

Working Point when Tyre Inflated at nominal pressure

“NZG” Casing and Belt Plies are made of high tensile cords




Non inflated tyre : Nylon vs NZG Comparison

For a given tire size, because NZG grows less, it is designed to have a larger non-inflated diameter



Inflation+ 8 % diameterCentrifugal force+ 4% diameter

Centrifugal force+ 2% diameter

Inflation+ 6 % diameter

Centrifugal force+ 1 % diameter

Inflation+ 2 % diameter

Tire growth vs. initial size: Bias / Radial / NZG RadialTire growth vs. initial size: Bias / Radial / NZG Radial


Features and Benefits of NZG Technology



Feature: High modulus reinforcing cords

Advantage:

Fewer casing plies can offer a significant tire mass savings compared to standard radial or bias - up to 20% seen in some programs

Benefits:

Increased fuel savings or load capacityReduced moment of inertia produces less wear at touchdown, extending overall wear lifeReduction in maintenance costs for tire changes and wheel buildups



Feature: High modulus reinforcing cords

Advantage:

Reduced stretch - growth of the tire is limited to less than 3%

Benefits:

Enhanced resistance to foreign object damageDelay between tire mounting and assembly leakage pressure check for the purpose of stabilizing tire growth is reduced to one hourReduction in maintenance costs for tire changes and wheel buildups



Feature: Modulus stable with temperature

Advantage:

Reduction of the cold flat spotting effect seen in nylon based tires

Benefits:

Improved operating conditions at very low temperatures



Feature: Reduced tension in the tread and sidewalls

Advantage:

Better resistance to abrasion and foreign object damageLess sensitivity of the sidewall to aging and cracking due to ozone attack

Benefits:

Reduced early removals and therefore increased LPTReduced maintenance time and costs



Feature: Tire retains the performance capabilities inherent to the radial ply construction

Advantage:

Improved overload capabilityTire is more resistant to cyclic fatigue

Benefits:

Overall improved reliability



USAF Discussion ItemsUSAF Discussion Items



Review of Cut SectionsReview of Cut Sections



- Q: - Q: Description of venting of the Description of venting of the 49x17.0R20 26PR NZG tire49x17.0R20 26PR NZG tire

- A: Tire is vented using same procedure - A: Tire is vented using same procedure as other radialsas other radials



- Q: - Q: Data on NZG tire temperature vs. Data on NZG tire temperature vs. pressure in comparison to a conventional pressure in comparison to a conventional radial and bias tireradial and bias tire

- A: Experience shows that the contained - A: Experience shows that the contained air temperature can be slightly higher or air temperature can be slightly higher or lower than the standard radial, but is always lower than the standard radial, but is always much lower than the equivalent bias tiremuch lower than the equivalent bias tire



- Q: - Q: Data on how the NZG loads a wheel in Data on how the NZG loads a wheel in comparison to a conventional radius and bias comparison to a conventional radius and bias tiretire

- Q: Relative loading differences between NZG - Q: Relative loading differences between NZG tires >40” diameter and tires <40” in comparison tires >40” diameter and tires <40” in comparison to conventional tiresto conventional tires

- Q: Review of data provided to the wheel - Q: Review of data provided to the wheel supplier (Messier-Bugatti)supplier (Messier-Bugatti)



Data from the Airbus A-340 ProgramData from the Airbus A-340 Program

Comparison of Mechanical Properties for Comparison of Mechanical Properties for the Bias, Radial, and NZG Radial the Bias, Radial, and NZG Radial

MLGTireMLGTire



“NZG” TECHNOLOGYGrown Tire Static Load/DeflectionCurvesat the rated pressure 15.4 bar

barbarComparison between :54x21.0-23/36PR - Bias

1400x530R23/36PR - Nylon Radial1400x530R23/40PR - NZG radial

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

Radial Nylon

Radial NZGBias

Vertical Deflection (mm)

Ve

rtic

al L

oad

(kN

)



LONGITUDINAL STIFFNESSComparison between

1400x530R23/36PR - nylon radial1400x530R23/40PR - NZG radial

54x51.0-23/36PR - bias

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Longitudinal deflection (mm)

Lon

gitu

din

al L

oad

(d

aN

)

radial nylon; 9.9bar; 10000daN

radial NZG; 9.9bar; 10000daN

bias; 9.9bar; 10000daN



LONGITUDINAL STIFFNESSComparison between


54x51.0-23/36PR - bias

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

0 50 100 150 200 250

Longitudinal deflection (mm)

Lon

gitu

din

al l

oad

(da

N)






LATERAL STIFFNESSComparison between


54x51.0-23/36PR - bias

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

0 50 100 150

Lateral deflection (mm)

La

tera

l Loa

d (

da

N)






LATERAL STIFFNESSComparison between


54x51.0-23/36PR - bias

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

Lateral deflection (mm)

La

tera

l loa

d (

daN

)



Bias; 9.9bar; 20000daN


“NZG” TECHNOLOGYTORSIONALSTIFFNESSComparison between


54x51.0-23/36PR - bias

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0

Torsion Angle (°)

To

rsio

n to

rque

(m

.da

N)

Bias ; 9.9b ; 20000daN

Radial Nylon ; 9.9b ; 20000daN

Radial NZG ; 9.9b ; 20000daN

Bias ; 9.9b ; 30000daN

Radial Nylon ; 9.9b ; 30000daN




Cornering forceComparison between


54x51.0-23/36PR - bias

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Yaw angle (°)

Co

rne

ring

forc

e (

da

N)


Radial nylon ; 14.0b ; 10000daN

Bias ; 14.0b ; 10000daN


“NZG” TECHNOLOGYCornering force

Comparison between1400x530R23/36PR - nylon radial1400x530R23/40PR - NZG radial

54x51.0-23/36PR - bias

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

0 1 2 3 4 5

Yaw angle (°)

Co

rne

ring

forc

e (

da

N)



GY ; 14.0b ; 20000daN



Drag forceComparison between


54x51.0-23/36PR - bias

-2000

-1800

-1600

-1400

-1200

-1000

-800

-600

-400

-200

0

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Yaw angle (°)

Dra

g fo

rce

(d

aN

)



Bias ; 9.9b ; 10000daN



Drag forceComparison between


54x51.0-23/36PR - bias

-1200

-1000

-800

-600

-400

-200

0

0 1 2 3 4 5

Yaw angle (°)

Dra

g fo

rce

(d

aN

)



Bias ; 9.9b ; 20000daN


Data from the Falcon 2000 ProgramData from the Falcon 2000 Program

Comparison of Mechanical Properties for Comparison of Mechanical Properties for Radial and NZG Radial MLG TireRadial and NZG Radial MLG Tire



“NZG” TECHNOLOGYLoad vs Deflection Comparison

26x6.6R14/14PR/225 mph@ 190 psi

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Deflection (mm)

Lo

ad

(K

N)

NZG Radial Nylon Radial


“NZG” TECHNOLOGYLongitudinal Stiffness Comparison

26x6.6R14/14PR/225 mph@ 190 psi b / 3760 daN

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Deplacement (mm)

Lo

ng

itu

din

al F

orc

e (

Da

N)

Nylon Radial NZG Radial


“NZG” TECHNOLOGYLateral Forces Comparison 26x6.6R14/14PR/225 mph

@ 190 psi / 2820 daN

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Deplacement (mm)

Lat

eral

Fo

rce

(daN

)



“NZG” TECHNOLOGYCornering Forces Comparison

26x6.6R14/14PR/225 mph@ 190 psi / 3760 daN

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Yaw Angle (°)

Co

rner

ing

Fo

rces

(d

aN)



“NZG” TECHNOLOGYSelf Alignment Torque Comparison

26x6.6R14/14PR/225 mph@ 190 psi / 3760 daN

-50

-40

-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Yaw Angle (°)

Se

lf A

lign

me

nt

To

rqu

e (

m.d

aN

)



“NZG” TECHNOLOGYDrag Forces Comparison26x6.6R14/14PR/225 mph

@ 190 psi / 3760 daN

-200

-180

-160

-140

-120

-100

-80

-60

-40

-20

0

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Yaw Angle (°)

Dra

g F

orc

e (d

aN)



Data given to Messier-Bugatti for the KC-Data given to Messier-Bugatti for the KC-135/C-5 Program135/C-5 Program

Comparison of Rim Pressure Distributions Comparison of Rim Pressure Distributions for the Bias and NZG Tirefor the Bias and NZG Tire




As requested by Messier-Bugatti, Michelin has generated rim contact reactions data with finiteelement analysis for the 49x17R20 ( Radial ) and 49x17 type VII ( Bias ), main landing tire of theKC-135. Rim contact reactions have been generated for the following models and conditions :

Tires Models InflationPressure (bars)

Vertical Load Z (daN) Lateral Load Y (daN)

Unloaded 11.7 ( 169 psi ) 0 0Vertical Loading 11.7 17615 ( 39600 lbs ) 0Vertical Loading 11.7 24910 ( 56000 lbs ) 0Lateral Loading 11.7 24910 4895 ( 11000 lbs )

Table I - Description of tires models and calculation conditions.



Figure 1 – Rim contact pressures of inflated unloaded tiresInflation pressure = 11.7 barsRadial red / Bias green



Figure 2 - Rim contact pressures of inflated loaded tiresInflation pressure = 11.7 barsVertical load = 17615 daN Meridian 0°Radial Red / Bias green

Left side



Figure 3 – Rim contact pressures of inflated loaded tiresInflation pressure = 11.7 barsVertical Load = 17615 daN Meridian 180°Radial Red / Bias green

Left side



Figure 4 - Rim contact pressures of inflated loaded tiresInflation pressure = 11.7 barsVertical load = 24910 daN Meridian 0°Radial Red / Bias green

Left side



Figure 5 – Rim contact pressures of inflated loaded tiresInflation pressure = 11.7 barsVertical Load = 24910 daN Meridian 180°Radial Red / Bias green

Left side



Left side Right side

Direction of lateral deflection



Figure 6 - Rim contact pressures of inflated loaded tiresInflation pressure = 11.7 barsVertical load = 24910 daN ; Lateral load = 4895 daN Meridian 0°Radial Red / Bias green

Right side



Figure 7 - Rim contact pressures of inflated loaded tiresInflation pressure = 11.7 barsVertical load = 24910 daN ; Lateral load = 4895 daN Meridian 0°Radial Red / Bias green

Left side



Figure 8 – Rim contact pressures of inflated loaded tiresInflation pressure = 11.7 barsVertical Load = 24910 daN ; Lateral load = 4895 daN Meridian 180°Radial Red / Bias green

Right side



Figure 9 – Rim contact pressures of inflated loaded tiresInflation pressure = 11.7 barsVertical Load = 24910 daN ; Lateral load = 4895 daN Meridian 180°Radial Red / Bias green

Left side


- Q: - Q: Data on how landing gear loads might Data on how landing gear loads might be affected by NZG in comparison to a be affected by NZG in comparison to a conventional radial and bias tireconventional radial and bias tire

- A: The NZG forces are slightly higher - A: The NZG forces are slightly higher than a standard radial because it is stiffer, than a standard radial because it is stiffer, but are about the same as a bias tirebut are about the same as a bias tire



- Q: - Q: Data on carcass life (number of Data on carcass life (number of retreads) compared to a conventional retreads) compared to a conventional radial and bias tireradial and bias tire

- A: Retread experience on the NZG is - A: Retread experience on the NZG is minimal, but the carcass life is expected to minimal, but the carcass life is expected to be the same as other retreadable tiresbe the same as other retreadable tires



- Q: - Q: Updated design status of the Updated design status of the 49x17.0R20/26PR NZG and location of 49x17.0R20/26PR NZG and location of manufacturemanufacture

- A: Two designs will be tested to the final - A: Two designs will be tested to the final specification. The maximum weight will be specification. The maximum weight will be either 156 or 161 pounds. The protector ply will either 156 or 161 pounds. The protector ply will be nylon, and the skid depth will be 0.51 inch. be nylon, and the skid depth will be 0.51 inch. Estimated LCC index is 800.Estimated LCC index is 800.



NZG FOD Resistance DemonstrationNZG FOD Resistance Demonstration



Concorde Tire RequirementsConcorde Tire Requirements

Tire must survive specific damage at Tire must survive specific damage at high speedhigh speed Tire must then demonstrate residual Tire must then demonstrate residual strength during normal operationstrength during normal operation




Test on trailer in Almeria - Low speed


Bias/NZG Tire Test at 20 km/h in Almeria

Bias/NZG Tire Test at 20 km/h in Almeria

“NZG” TECHNOLOGYFOD resistance of Bias/NZG Radial

BIAS

NZG


“NZG” TECHNOLOGY“ NZG” FOD Resistance Demonstration High speed test on dynamometerin Ladoux


“NZG” TECHNOLOGY “NZG” TECHNOLOGYFOD Resistance Demonstration

After roll on blade at 324 km/h

Bias Tire blow out after roll on blade

NZG Tread band cut, no pressure loss, no debrisThen, completes 3 cycle test (no pressure loss, no debris)i.e 2 (taxi + take-off + landing + taxi) + 1 (taxi + overload continued take-off + landing + taxi)

BIAS

NZG radial


FOD Resistance Demonstration NZG - After roll on blade at 383 km/h

FOD Resistance Demonstration NZG - After roll on blade at 383 km/h


NZG “damaged” tire

Tire then successfully completed 3 mission cycle tests according to Concorde specification.



Current experience :Fully certified on Concorde (MLG)Fully certified on Falcon 2000/20/50 (MLG)

Certification in progress on A340-500/600 (MLG) - approval estimated 3/03Certification in progress on A330/A340 (MLG)Certification in progress on F16 Blocks 40 and 30 (MLG)Certification in progress on KC-135 (MLG) / C-5 (MLG/NLG)Certification in progress on B777-200LR/300ER (MLG)Certification in progress on Falcon 900 and 2000EX (MLG)Certification in progress on A319/320/321 (NLG)Certification in progress on Cessna Sovereign and Citation X (MLG)

Proposed on Falcon F7X (MLG)Proposed on A380 (MLG)



Thank You!

Questions?

michelin proprietary usaf presentation “near zero growth” radial tires february 25, 2003

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