michigan bees: honey, native, wild, invasive or wannabees · michigan bees: honey, native, wild,...
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Michigan Bees: Honey, Native, Wild, Invasive or Wannabees
Jason GibbsDepartment of EntomologyMichigan State University
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• Bees are vegetarian digger wasps• Most wasps are predators or scavengers
Bee wolf Sweat bee
What are bees?
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But…three species of bee in the genus Trigona are obligately necrophagous!
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Bees:
Most important pollinatorsRarely sting
Wasps:
Predators and parasitoidsSometimes sting
Flies, beetles, moths:
PollinatorsPredators and parasitoidsSometimes plant pests
The good, the bad and the ugly
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Characteristics of bees
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Characteristics of bees
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pollen
Characteristics of bees: pollen
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Black Yellow and black
Green Pale yellow
BrownBlue
Striped
Red
Dull green
Characteristics of bees: color
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Orange to brown, usually with striped abdomen
Smooth back leg
Only bee in USA with advance social behaviour
Only one to make lots of honey
Only bee to die after stinging
Honey bees
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Similar to bees, except: 1) bodies less hairy; 2) don’t carry pollen
Characteristics of wasps
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More wasps
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Characteristics of flies
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Flies: wasp and bee mimics
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• Michigan: 450 (minimum)
• Indiana: 420 (R. Jean unpublished data)
• Wisconsin: 391 (Wolf & Ascher 2009; Scott et al. 2011)
• Pennsylvania: 371 (Donovall & vanEngelsdorp 2010)
• New York: 446 (Scott et al. 2011)
Bees of Michigan: Comparison to other states
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Bees of Michigan Most counties poorly sampled
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1. Feed them
2. House them
3. Don’t kill them
How can I support pollinators in my garden?
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ALL SEASON
MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT
SPRING BEES SUMMER BEES
Miner beesCellophane beesMason beesCuckoo bees
Leaf‐cutter beesSquash beesLong‐horned beesWool‐carder bees
Bumble beesSweat beesCarpenter bees
Bees of Michigan ‐ Phenology
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beardtongue, Penstemon hirsutus
Native plant
golden Alexanders, Zizia aureacommon ninebark, Physocarpus opulifolius
late figwort, Scrophularia marilandicaswamp milkweed, Asclepias incarnataCulver's root, Veronicastrum virginicumyellow coneflower, Ratibida pinnatanodding wild onion, Allium cernuummeadowsweet, Spiraea albayellow giant hyssop, Agastache nepetoideshorsemint/spotted beebalm, Monarda punctataMissouri ironweed, Vernonia missuricacup plant, Silphium perfoliatumpale Indian plantain, Cacalia atriplicifoliaboneset, Eupatorium perfoliatumblue lobelia, Lobelia siphiliticapale‐leaved sunflower, Helianthus strumosusRiddell's goldenrod, Solidago riddelliiNew England aster, Aster novae‐angliaesmooth aster, Aster laevis
AugMay Jun Jul Sep OctApproximate Bloom Period
American elder, Sambucus canadensis
Apr
willow, Salix spp.
wild cherry, Prunus spp.black chokecherry, Aronia melanocarpa
silky dogwood, Cornus amomum
www.nativeplants.msu.edu Tuell et al. 2008
Season‐long bee‐attractive native flowers
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Homes for leafcutter and mason beesProvide nesting materials in sheltered spots around the garden.
Homes for cavity nesting bees
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Solitary bees and waspsHomes for cavity nesting bees
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Homes for cavity nesting bees
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Solitary ground nesting beese.g. miner/digger, sweat bees
Nest in soil between a few inches up to 3 feet or more down.
Most bees nest in the ground
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• Bee families in Michigan– Andrenidae
• (e.g., miner bees)
– Apidae• (e.g., honey bees, bumble bees, carpenter bees, squash bees)
– Colletidae• (e.g., cellophane bees)
– Halictidae• (sweat bees)
– Megachilidae• (e.g., leaf‐cutter bees, mason bees)
– Melittidae• (oil‐collecting bees)
Danforth et al. 2013
Bees of Michigan: The families
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• Richness: ~ 90 spp.
• Floral hosts: generalist & specialists
• Nests: ground
• Biology: solitary
Miner bees – Andrena spp.
What to plant: willows, chokeberry, red maple, hawthorn, goldenrod, astersAlso specialists of: spring beauties, Virginia waterleaf, blueberry, sunflower, black eyed susan, geranium, dogwood, ragwort
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Miner bees – Andrena spp.
• Important crop pollinators – (e.g. apples, cherries, blueberries, strawberries
Kent Loeffler
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Digger bee nest
Photos by Zach Portman
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Nest photos by D.L. Briggs
Miner bee nests
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Miner bee relatives ‐ panurgines
What to plant: goldenrod, asters
• Richness: Calliopsis (2 spp.), Pseudopanurgus (4 spp.)
• Floral hosts: generalist or specialists
• Nests: ground
• Biology: solitary
Calliopsis andreniformis (generalist) Pseudopanurgus andrenoides (specialist)
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Slide 33
GJ1 Gibbs, Jason, 1/18/2016
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Miner bee relatives – panurgine bees
What to plant: goldenrod, horsemint, ground cherry
• Richness: Perdita 7 spp.
• Floral hosts: specialists
• Nests: ground
• Biology: solitary/communal
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Nomada cuckoo bees ‐ Nomada
• Richness: ~ 40 spp.
• Biology: cleptoparasites
• Host bee: mostly Andrena
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Nest photo from Sommeijer et al. 2013
Cellophane bees – Colletes spp.• Richness: ~ 20 spp.
• Floral hosts: generalist & specialists
• Nests: ground
• Biology: solitary
What to plant: willows, red maple, goldenrod, boneset, nodding onionAlso specialists of: purple prairie clover, blueberry, heuchera
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From Michener 2007
Masked bees ‐ Hylaeus
• Richness: ~ 15 spp.
• Floral hosts: generalist & specialists
• Nests: cavities
• Biology: solitary
• Unique: carry pollen internally
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Melissodes, long‐horned bees
What to plant: sunflower, black eyed susan, coreopsis, cone flower, ironweed, thistle
• Richness: ~ 15 spp.
• Floral hosts: composite specialists
• Nests: ground
• Biology: solitary
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Melissodes, long‐horned bees
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Squash bees – Peponapis pruinosa• Richness: 1 sp.
• Floral hosts: specialist (cucurbits)
• Nests: ground
• Biology: solitary
• Unique: males sleep in flowers
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• Triepeolus – 8 spp.• parasites of apids like Melissodes
• Epeolus – 10 spp.• parasites of Colletes
• “smiley face bees”
Epeoline cuckoo bees
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Mason bees – Osmia• Richness: ~ 24 spp.
• Floral hosts: generalist & specialists
• Nests: cavities & ground
• Biology: solitary
• Some species are used as managed pollinators of spring orchard crops
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Mason bees – Osmia
What to plant: willows, butterfly weed, baptisia, cherryAlso specialists of: composites, blueberry, penstemon
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New mason bee in Michigan
• New state record• Exotic mason bee Osmia taurus Smith• Closely related to O. cornifrons (also exotic)
• Caught 1 male at Kellogg Bird Sanctuary, 16 April 2016• Closest records are from Pennsylvania, New York, West Virginia
J. Gibbs, unpublished dataUSGS BIML
Photo by Clay Bolt
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Mason bees – Hoplitis & Chelostoma• Richness: Hoplitis (5 spp.), Chelostoma (1 sp.,
but probably 3!)
• Floral hosts: generalist & specialists
• Nests: cavities
• Biology: solitary
Chelostoma philadelphi Hoplitis sp.
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Leaf‐cutter bees• Richness: ~ 26 spp.
• Floral hosts: generalist & specialists
• Nests: cavities & ground
• Biology: solitary
What to plant: milkweeds, baptisia, joe pye weed, Asteraceae, FabaceaeAlso specialists of: composites, campanula
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Leaf‐cutter bees
Use cut or masticated leaf pieces in nest construction
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Cuckoo leaf‐cutter bees ‐ Coelioxys• Richness: 11 spp.
• Biology: cleptoparasites
• Host bee: Megachile
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Wool‐carder bees ‐ Anthidium
© 2010 Ilona L.(Bugguide)
• Richness: 4 spp.
• Floral hosts: generalist & specialists
• Nests: cavities & ground
• Biology: solitary
What to plant: Vicia in sandy areas, near lakes
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Resin bees• Nests made of plant resins• Includes Dianthidium simile, Anthidiellum notatum and Heriades (4 spp.)• Solitary
Dianthidium simileDianthidium simile nest (from O’Brien 2008)
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Resin bees
Anthidiellum notatum
Makes single cells attached to plant stems
Heriades sp. – cavity‐nester
Stelis sp. – cuckoo bee
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Carpenter bees, giant and dwarf
• Richness: Xylocopa virginica, Ceratina – 4 spp.
• Floral hosts: generalist
• Nests: wood or stems
• Biology: solitary/subsocial
What to plant: black berries, sumac for Ceratina nests
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Sweat bees
• Richness: ~ 120 spp.
• Floral hosts: generalist, few specialists
• Nests: mostly ground, few in rotting wood
• Biology: solitary/communal/social
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Green sweat bees• Richness: 8 spp.
• Floral hosts: generalist – plant a diversity of flowers!
• Nests: mostly ground, Augochlora in rotting wood
• Biology: solitary/communal/social
• Genera: Agapostemon, Augochora, Augochlorella, Augochloropsis
Augochlora pura ‐ solitary, wood nester
Augochlora aurata – social, ground‐nester Agapostemon virescens – communal, ground nester
Agapostemonmale
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Dark sweat bees• Richness: 88 spp.
• Floral hosts: generalist, few specialists
• Nests: mostly ground, a few in rotting wood
• Biology: solitary/communal/social/social parasites
• Genera: Halictus (4 spp.), Lasioglossum (84 spp.)
Social parasite
What to plant: willows, composites (pretty much anything!)
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• New record for Michigan• Matinal/crepuscular• Specialist on Oenothera
The evening primrose sweat bee
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Specialist on Asteraceae (especially Helianthus)
Giant sweat bee Dieunomia
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Sweat bee nest
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Cuckoo sweat bees ‐ Sphecodes
• Richness: 20 spp.
• Floral hosts: visit for nectar only
• Biology: cleptoparasites
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• Specialist on wetland plant Lysimachia (yellow loosestrife)• Oil‐collecting• Last seen in MI in 1940’s
• Cleptoparasite Epeoloides pilosula (Apidae)• Of particular conservation interest
Images by Cory Sheffield
Oil collector –Macropis nuda (Melittidae)
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Bumble bees ‐ Bombus
• Richness: ~ 19 spp.
• Floral hosts: generalist
• Nests: rodent burrows, bunch grass, cavities
• Biology: social/social parasites
• What to plant: bee balm, golden rod, penstemon, vicia, composites, lobelia, baptisia, etc. – need bloom from April to October
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Bumble bee life cycle
Figure from Prys‐Jones & Corbet 1987
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Common bumble bees
Bombus auricomus Bombus bimaculatus Bombus borealis Bombus citrinus Bombus fervidus
Bombus griseocollis Bombus impatiens Bombus perplexus Bombus vagans
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Bombus affinis‐ in severe decline‐ not seen in MI since 1999‐ still present in WI, MN, IL, ON
Native bee declinesRusty‐patched bumble bee
Photos by Johanna James‐Heinz, near Peoria, IL Husband et al. 1980
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Bumble bee watch
Citizen science projectsBumble bee watch: bumblebeewatch.org
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Bumble bee watchbumblebeewatch.org
1) Add photo2) Pick location from map3) Provide date4) Floral record5) Other notes?6) Permission to display7) Use guide to guess ID8) Wait for verification
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Bees in Michigan are diverse (> 450 species)
Bees could use our help:1) Feed them: plant flowers2) House them: bare soil and bee hotels3) Don’t kill them: limit and avoid pesticides
Take pictures! and have fun watching them.
Closing points
Photos by Johanna James‐Heinz, near Peoria, IL Husband et al. 1980
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• Your local beekeeper groups
• Koppert Biologicals for bumble beeswww.koppertonline.com
• MSU Native Plants Website: www.nativeplants.msu.edu
• Xerces Society ‐ Farming for Beeswww.xerces.org
• USDA – NRCS and FSA Programs to payfor bee conservation practices
Additional resources
E2985
E2973
MSU Extension Publications
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Additional resources
E3282MSU Extension Publications
E3314
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QUESTIONS?