michigan in space - national space grant foundation · · 2015-12-10michigan in space fall 2015...

• 1 •

Prof. Alec Gallimore, DirectorMs. Bonnie Bryant, AdministratorMichigan Space Grant ConsortiumUniversity of Michigan

1049 FXB1320 Beal AvenueAnn Arbor, MI 48109-2140734 764 9508 phone734 763 6904 fax

www.mi.spacegrant.org

MSGC Executive Board Members

Ann Arbor Public Schools Mr. Michael Madison 734 994 1928

Calvin College Dr. Jason Smolinski 616 526 8711

Eastern Michigan University Dr. James Sheerin 734 487 4144

Grand Valley State University Dr. Bopaiah Biddanda 616 331 3978

Hope College Dr. Peter Gonthier 616 395 7142

Michigan State University Dr. Michael Velbel 517 353 5273

Michigan Technological University Dr. Robert Warrington 906 487 4371

Oakland University Dr. Laila Guessous 248 370 2233

Saginaw Valley State University Dr. Garry Johns 989 964 7145

University of Michigan Dr. Cinda Davis 734 615 4455

Wayne State University Dr. Darin Ellis 313 577 3040

Western Michigan University Dr. Massood Atashbar 269 276 3148

A publication of the Michigan Space Grant Consortium

Michigan in SpaceFall 2015 • Volume 16

Continued on next page...

Greetings all! We are pleased to announce that during funding interval 2014 – 2015, the MSGC supported 34 undergraduate and graduate fellowships across the state of Michigan, 11 Summer Research Opportunity Program internships (SROP), 3 internships at the University of Michigan, 1 Michigan Initiative on Student NASA Exploration Research (MISNER) Program, and 5 internships at NASA Center (Ames, LARSS, Marshall, JPL, and Langley). SROP is a long-standing minority student recruitment program that focuses on exposing rising sophomores, juniors, and seniors to on-campus research activities. SROP internships took place in the following University of Michigan departments: Biomedical Engineering, Chemical Engineering,

Director’s Notes Professor Alec GallimoreUniversity of Michigan

Associate Dean, Professor Alec Gallimore

Industrial and Operations Engineering, Materials Science and Engineering, and Mechanical Engineering. The MISNER Internship program provided internships at a Michigan high-tech business in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, Aerophysics, Inc., near Houghton. In addition to student

MSGC Director named Towner Professor of EngineeringWe are pleased to announce that the Richard F. and Eleanor A. Towner Professor of Engineering was added to Professor Alec D. Gallimore’s appointments on October 15, 2015. In April 2011, the endowed chair was established by Mr. Towner to recognize the teaching and scholarship of a distinguished faculty member in the University of Michigan’s College of Engineering.

Professor Gallimore received his B.S. in aeronautical engineering from the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in 1986. He received his M.A. and Ph.D. in aerospace engineering from Princeton University in 1988 and 1992, respectively. Professor Gallimore was also appointed as an Arthur F. Thurnau Professor in 2006. To read more about Professor Gallimore’s accomplishments, including his research interests, please go to the MSGC website: www.mi.spacegrant.org

His profile story can be found at:

http://www.engin.umich.edu/college/about/people/profiles/f-to-j/ alec-gallimore

Table of ContentsDirector’s Notes ......................................... 1

NASA Center Internships Summer 2014 ... 4

Summer 2014 Internships at the University of Michigan ............................... 6

Summer Research Opportunity Program (SROP) Summer 2014 .............................. 8

The Michigan Initiative on Student NASA Exploration Research Program (MISNER) Summer 2014 .......................................... 12

Fellowship Awards Undergraduate 2014 . 14

Fellowship Awards Graduate 2014 .......... 19

Seed Grant Awards 2014 ........................ 24

Program Awards 2014 ............................. 28

support, the MSGC funded 12 Research Seed Grant awards, 11 Pre-College Education awards, 5 Public Outreach awards, 8 Teacher Training awards, and 8 Educator Incentive awards. Ten of the program awards received supplemental funding in addition to base funding because their program targeted women, underrepresented minorities, and/or people with disabilities. Up to an additional $5,000 is available to augment any program award (Pre-College Education, Public Outreach, and/or Teacher Training).

The MSGC hosted the annual fall conference on Saturday, October 18, 2014. The keynote speaker was Professor James Cut ler.

(continued from previous page)

Alec Gallimore, Associate Dean for Academic Affairs, Arthur F. Thurnau Professor of Aerospace Engineering, and Richard F. and Eleanor A. Towner Professor of Engineering, speaks with graduate students at the Engineering Graduate Symposium about the research they have done during their academic tenures. The Symposium took place on the North Campus at the University of Michigan. The MSGC funds graduate students through the Fellowship Program each year.


Professor Cutler is an Associate Professor of Aerospace Engineering at the University of Michigan. His interests center on space systems – a multidisciplinary approach to enabling future space capability with particular emphasis on novel, nanosatellite missions. Professor Cutler is developing next generation communication capability and robust space computing infrastructure. He was the Co-PI on the first National Space Foundation space mission, the Radio Aurora Explorer (RAX). As chief engineer, he led a team of students that developed the satellite bus for the RAX mission in the laboratory he founded, The Michigan Exploration Laboratory

(MXL). Professor Cutler was the past director of the Space Systems Development Laboratory (SSDL) at Stanford, where he earned his Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering. Prior to coming to Michigan, he held industry research and design positions as well as consulting positions. He is also an advocate of the next generation of scientists and frequently talks to K-12 students about the path he took to becoming a research scientist and professor of Aerospace Engineering.

P r o f e s s o r C u t l e r ’ s k e y n o t e presentation was titled, CubeSats: Enabling Bold Flight to the Extremes. Conference guests were provided the following abstract of the presentation: CubeSats are transforming our approach to space and reinvigorating past generations while enabling new generations to boldly go where no one has gone before. They were conceived in the year 2000, when small satellites were mixed with a university in the fertile cradle of Silicon Valley. Researchers there asked, How small can we go and still do something useful? In the world of transistor, this makes sense, and has been described by Moore’s Law. Does it hold for space missions? In the talk, Professor Cutler explored small satellites and CubeSats, in particular. Example missions, along with some Michigan-centric flight opportunities, were discussed and lessons learned.

In these uncertain economic times it is crucial, more than ever before, to let your U.S. Representative know how important the Space Grant program has been in your life. It just takes a moment to take a sentence or two from your abstract to provide brief details about your project and another sentence or two about your experience while being supported by the MSGC. We know you are busy, but please do it today. Visit the Write Your Representative website at writerep.house.gov/writerep/welcome.shtml. If you do not know the name of your

• 2 •


• 3 •

…continued from previous page

Shown clockwise from left: U.S. Senator Gary Peters D-Michigan, Nona Cheeks (NASA Goddard Innovative Technology Partnerships Office Chief), Phillina Tookes (NASA Goddard Head of Legislative Affairs), Steve DeRees (Kelly's father), Chris Scolese (NASA Goddard Center Director), and Kelly DeRees.

Representative, the website easily answers that question, too. To show your support of the Space Grant Program to U.S. Senators from Michigan, please e-mail Senator Debbie Stabenow through her website: http://stabenow.senate.gov/. Please contact Senator Gary Peters, also through his website: http://peters.senate.gov.

And, a reminder to students who have been awarded by the MSGC for a fellowship or an internship, please: 1) leave your contact information with us and your mentor as you graduate (your personal e-mail address instead of the university e-mail address that you used before graduation) and 2) please respond to the survey that will be sent to you, from time-to-time, from

the National Space Grant Foundation – just a handful of questions. As you know, our government representatives are asked to closely scrutinize the budget so it is vital that we provide them with information that clearly shows that the Space Grant Program is making a difference across the country every day.

Dow High School Student Awarded a NASA Goddard Optimus Prime Spinoff Challenge AwardKelly DeRees and her partner, David Sugg (not pictured) from Glendora, CA, were award recipients of the NASA Goddard Optimus Prime Spinoff Challenge, a national design challenge issued by NASA. The challenge required student groups from around the country to develop innovative new uses for existing NASA technologies. Their project described several spin-off uses, including topographic mapping for laser scanning that was originally used to inspect

the mirrors on the James Webb Space Telescope. Following the award ceremony, Kelly was invited to Senator Peters’ office to present the project and discuss the important role that NASA’s Education Outreach Program have played in fostering her interest in engineering. Kelly just graduated from Dow High School in Midland and will be attending The Ohio State University (a member of the Ohio Space Grant Consortium), School of Engineering, to study

Materials Science. Kelly and David met through the NASA INSPIRE Onl ine Learning Community, designed for students grades 9 to 12, and have worked on previous NASA challenges together.

• 4 •Continued on next page...


NASA Center internshipsSummer 2014

The following are abstracts received from the students that participated in NASA Center Internships during the summer of 2014.

Elaine Apaza (far right) with her fellow interns, prepare a model of the V-22 Osprey for a V-STARS Photogrammetry shoot. Elaine Apaza was a summer intern at NASA Ames Research Center.

Minnae Chabwera (far right) with her fellow interns in their mentor’s lab with quadcopters, ground vehicles, and controllers, all critical to the completion of their summer research program. Minnae was a summer intern at NASA Langley Research Center for the Langley Aerospace Research Student Scholars (LARSS) program.

Eric Goodwin stands next to the Lunar Environment Test System (LETS). LETS is used to simulate the charging conditions found on the lunar surface, so scientists and engineers will be able to better understand the effects solar wind and lunar regolith have on man-made objects on the surface of the moon.

• 5 •



Meghan Ostermann met with U.S. Congressman, Bill Huizenga, in his D.C. office during Space Grant’s annual visit to Capitol Hill. Meghan received an MSGC Fellowship Award and interned at NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory.

Adam Weber holds TIGRESS, the Unmanned Aerial System that his team designed and built over the summer. Adam was a summer intern within the Aeronautics Academy at NASA Langley Research Center.

• 6 •



Internships at the University of MichiganSummer 2014Prince Kuevor, So-Hee Kang, and Kathryn Luczek interned in Professor James Cutler’s Michigan Exploration Laboratory (MXL). The following are photos showing some of their research experiences.

For more news about MXL, go to https://www.facebook.com/Michigan.Exploration?ref=hl

Prince Kuevor, So-Hee Kang, and Kathryn Luczek are shown working to fabricate flight quality harnesses for their most recent CubeSat. The photo shows a crimping tool that was generously donated by the manufacturer, Hirose Electric USA.

Prince Kuevor and team were excited about the operational flight momentum wheels for CADRE (CubeSat Investigating Atmospheric Density Response to Extreme Driving). This was the first time all three were connected in a flight-like configuration! These wheels will be used to point CADRE in the correct direction during flight.

• 7 •


How many engineers does it take to build a magnetic torque core? This team is finding out! The team will install the coil on the CADRE satellite to help provide attitude control.

Senator Debbie Stabenow met with Dr. Aaron Ridley and Kathryn Luczek to discuss their work on the CubeSat, CADRE. Dr. Ridley is an Associate Professor in the Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences at the University of Michigan.

Kathryn Luczek (front) and fellow MXL student, Kaitlyn, prepare to simulate the harsh conditions of launch using the vibration table in the Space Physics Research Lab at UM.


Summer Research Opportunity Program (SROP)Summer 2014The Summer Research Opportunity Program (SROP) is a long-standing student recruitment program for underrepresented minority students that focuses on exposing rising sophomores, juniors, and seniors to on-campus research activities in preparation for graduate school. SROP is supported by the Council of Graduate Schools, a Big Ten Plus consortium of graduate schools. The MSGC works with Rackham Graduate School to dedicate internship funds for additional SROP students.

Some SROP interns prepare a YouTube video summarizing their summer experience and research. Students can be looked up by name at: http://suresearch.engin.umich.edu/.

Eliana Almario at the 2014 Summer Research Opportunity Program Research Symposium. Over the summer, Eliana worked in Dr. Kira Barton’s Lab within the Department of Mechanical Engineering.

Maria Correa at the Summer Research Opportunity Program Research Symposium. Mar ia interned in Dr. Brian Denton’s Lab within the Department of Industrial and Operations Engineering.

• 9 •



Charles Davis and Xunchang Fei recover a degraded specimen fo r subsequen t t es t i ng and measurement.

Miriam Figueroa at the Summer Research Opportunity Program Research Symposium. Miriam interned in Dr. John Hoard’s Lab within the Department of Mechanical Engineering.

• 10 •



Gabrielle Maestas (middle) at the Summer Research Opportunity Program Research Symposium. Gabrielle interned in Dr. Nickolas Langhais’ Lab within the Department of Surgery.

Sarah Hammer re-suspending cell pellets of engineered E. coli strains for DNA isolation.

L to R: Eliana Almario, Sofia Lopez, Daniel Imazumi, Daniel Quevedo, and Maria Correa at the Summer Research Opportunity Program Research Symposium.

• 11 •


Wilson Perez at the Summer Research Opportunity Program Research Symposium. Wilson interned in Dr. David Remy’s Robotics and Motion Laboratory.

Gabriela Toledo at the Summer Research Opportunity Program Research Symposium. Gabriela interned in Dr. Steve Yalisove’s Lab within the Department of Materials Science and Engineering.

Note: Brittany Rodriguez interned in Dr. Lisa Larkin’s lab within the Department of Biomedical Engineering.


The Michigan Space Grant Consortium reaches students of all ages – from outreach programs designed to supplement K-12 classroom activities to undergraduate and graduate fellowship and internship programs that prepare students to enter the STEM field workforce.

Michael Hergert solders surface mount components onto a double low-pass filter board to test some LabVIEW software he wrote to test filter board en masse. The filter boards contain eight low-pass filters for cleaning up the power going to the SpaceMicro computer. Michael was a summer intern at Aerophysics near Houghton in the upper peninsula of Michigan. Michael is an undergraduate student at Michigan Tech University. The Michigan Initiative on Student NASA Exploration Research Program (MISNER) worked with Aerophysics, Inc. to get Michael onboard for a summer internship.

Michigan in Space

Peter Schwankl (l) and Johann Dahm are shown designing a balsa wood glider which would later be flown in the François-Xavier Bagnoud’s Atrium (at UM). This outreach activity was hosted by the MSGC in 1999, when the boys were just 10 years old. Today, Johann is a Ph.D. candidate in the Department of Aerospace Engineering at UM. Peter is a graduate student in the Department of Technology Studies at EMU (EMU is an academic affiliate within the MSGC) and works in the Information and Technology Services Department at UM.

Connie Atkisson is a Middle School educator with the Detroit Public School system. She was awarded an MSGC K-12 Educator Incentive award in order to partially support her trip to the 2015 Global Learning and Observation that Benefits the Environment (GLOBE) Conference in California. GLOBE encouraged students to be a part of this program which is comprised of leading state and country leaders, scientists, and researchers from around the world. Shown here is a student at the Marine Research Center on Catalina Island. The Wrigley Marine Center is doing studies on several types of fish. The students helped them by counting opaleye and sheephead fish, among others. Water samples were also gathered from an outcrop of rock know as Bird Rock. Water sample were also collected to check dissolved oxygen levels and temperatures at these depths. During these times, students were expected to develop a research question with their team and use the data to determine their answer.

• 13 •


Dr. Lenell Allen, and 2013 SROP (Summer Research Opportunity Program) intern, Richard Carrillo, at the fall conference of the Great Midwestern Region of the National Space Grant College and Fellowship Program that was held at the Science Center of Iowa in September 2014. Dr. Allen is the Director of the NASA Space Grant Program. Richard shared the experiences he had as an SROP intern at the University of Michigan and the impact that it had on his life. Richard is currently attending the University of Florida, working on solar thermochemical energy conversion.

Dr. Kristina Lemmer with her team in the Aerospace Laboratory for Plasma Experiments at Western Michigan University. Dr. Lemmer is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering at WMU. She earned her Ph.D. in Aerospace Engineering from the University of Michigan in 2009. Her mentor was the MSGC director, Professor Alec Gallimore. Dr. Lemmer was an MSGC Fellowship award recipient, an MSGC Executive Board member while she served as an assistant professor at Central Michigan University, and she participated in the NASA Jet Propulsion Lab’s Summer Faculty Research Program.

Deb Dila preparing to collect and identify microbes in Lake Michigan water samples (photo courtesy of the McLellan lab, School of Freshwater Sciences, UW-Milwaukee). GVSU Graduate and MSGC Graduate Fellowship recipient, Deb Dila’s, findings are online in the Journal of Great Lakes Research and featured in the new issue of InterChange – the magazine of GVSU’s Regional Math and Science Center. Dr. Bopi Biddanda wrote the commentary and is the MSGC Campus Representative at GVSU.

http://www.gvsu.edu/rmsc/interchange/connections-for-the-stem-classroom-299.htm

• 14 •



2014 Fellowship Undergraduates

Nathan McReynoldsCalvin CollegeModeling the Ongoing Evolution of the Asteroid Belt

As interest in the formation of the solar system is growing, scientists are looking toward the asteroid belt for answers. The asteroid belt acts like the tree ring of the solar system by recording some of the early history of the system. But the belt is being changed by collisions, the Yarkovsky effect and gravitational resonances. Our research focuses on quantifying the rate of those changes so that we can integrate back to find its properties at the end of the planet formation period. To do this we have made a census of asteroid collision debris, called families, in the relatively clean Koronis Zone. From this census our proposed project will compute the rate of family formation from the observed family sizes and ages. We will compare this value to a theoretical rate in order to get a ground truth test of the collisional threshold value assumed in that theory.

Fred JordanEastern Michigan UniversityUnderstanding the Growth and Depositional History of the St. Clair River Delta

Deltas are landforms that are formed at the mouths of rivers from deposition of sediment that is being carried out by a river. Though deltas are common depositional environments, they are uncommon in the Great Lakes region. The focus of this research is the St. Clair River Delta, which is the largest freshwater delta in the Great Lakes and one of the largest in the world. Located at the mouth of the St. Clair River and marking the border between the U.S. and Canada, little research has been conducted concerning this delta and this research aims to understand the growth and depositional history of the delta through the use of fieldwork, aerial photo interpretation, and satellite remote sensing. Though the main focus of this research is to understand the growth and depositional history, some attention will be put towards how humanity has shaped and influenced the delta.

Eric ArmstrongGrand Valley State UniversityConstraints on the temperature and pressure conditions of movement along a terrane-bounding deep crustal fault in the Southern Appalachians

The plate collisions that built the Appalachian Mountains of North America resulted in accretion of oceanic crust onto the continent in several localities. Previous work suggests that these ancient oceanic terranes were subducted to a great depth before fragments were emplaced into the continental crust.

I propose to study the emplacement of one of these ancient oceanic terranes, the Buck Creek complex of North Carolina. Thermobarometry using electron microprobe data and whole-rock geochemical analysis will be applied to rock samples collected from an exposure of the Chunky Gal Mountain Fault, which we believe is related to emplacement of the complex. These techniques will allow me to constrain temperatures and pressures during history of movement along the fault and therefore infer the sequence of events along the fault during the time of deformation.

Catlin SchalkGrand Valley State UniversityDiode-laser Based Measurement of Molecular Parameters Relevant to Atmospheric Studies

In this project, a homebuilt infrared (IR) diode laser spectrometer will be used to determine the pressure-broadening coefficient (PBC) for the carbon monoxide molecule with neon as a colliding gas. This experiment is a continuation of a project I have been working on since the beginning of

Catlin Schalk(left)participated in the poster presentation session at the MSGC Fall Conference.

Nathan McReynolds and Cara Alexander were part of Professor Larry Molnar’s research team.

• 15 •



John BaranskiHope CollegeComputational Modeling of Snap-Through for Light Responsive Arches

Azobenzene-functionalized polymers have great potential in the design of soft robotics and in the design of actuation devices. Azobenzene is a chemical compound composed of two phenyl rings linked by an N=N double bond. When the sample polymer is held at both ends in an arched configuration and then exposed to the appropriate wavelength of light, deformation occurs near the center and the entire arch snaps in one direction. The overall goal of this research project is to better understand and model the photomechanical snap-through caused by irradiating a z o b e n z e n e - f u n c t i o n a l i z e d polymers. The observed actuation characteristics will be modeled using a computational finite element modeling approach to analyze the relationships between the various parameters of the system. The models produced by the program will be used in the design of actuation systems.

Skylar HeidemaHope CollegePatterning Self-Oscillating Gels

Hydrogels are a type of soft material made up of lightly cross-linked polymers that are highly hydrophilic. Self-oscillating hydrogels combine an oscillating chemical reaction with responsive hydrogels. In these gels chemical oscillations produced by the Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction lead to mechanical swell-deswell oscillations. These materials have the potential to be used as soft actuators, microfluidic pumps, or as

this semester. Pressure-broadening coefficients are used in creating accurate functions to match the line shapes in IR absorption spectra. Having accurate line shape models can allow for accurate integration of the absorbance peak and, in turn, facilitates the determination of gas concentrations and gas densities in samples. Using this method to generate PBCs opens doors to alternative, possibly more convenient and affordable, ways to measure gas concentrations within the Earth and interstellar atmospheres.

Ryan BackmanHope CollegeThe Mechanical Response of Polymer Films to Infrared Radiation

This research project seeks to create and ascertain the physical properties of a stimuli-responsive material that generates mechanical motion when exposed to infrared radiation. The compound will be made of a polymer film containing s-dibenzocyclooctadiene cross links, which we will be synthesized under the supervision of our adviser. It will be designed and tested in order to obtain data about its mechanical properties (stress, strain, mechanical work, etc.). This kind of actuator could have many uses in active surface technology, where surfaces are imbued with useful and changing propert ies such as texture or structure. Goals of this experiment are to improve the mechanical work and ease of synthesis of this material over existing responsive materials.

a form of chemical energy harvesting. A primary objective for our project is to improve on existing self-oscillating gel systems by synthesizing a new self-oscillating hydrogel material that has the ability to be easily patterned. The patterning property that is being explored can then be used to synchronize a large network of oscillating gel patches, which in turn can be used to produce large cooperative and complex motion.

Jesse IckesHope CollegeCompton Scattering Cross Sections in Strong Magnetic Fields: Advances for Neutron Star Applications

Various telescopes including Fermi have detected steady non-thermal X-ray emission in the 10 - 200 keV band from strongly magnetic neutron stars known as magnetars. Magnetic inverse Compton scattering is believed to be a leading mechanism producing this X-ray radiation. Generated by electrons possessing ultra-relativistic energies, this leads to attractive simplifications of the magnetic Compton cross section. We previously addressed this case, developing analytic expressions using spin-dependent widths that contain Sokolov and Ternov basis states, focusing on ground state-to-ground state scattering. Such scattering in magnetar magnetospheres can cool electrons down to mildly-relativistic energies. These situations necessitate the development of general magnetic scattering cross sections, where the photons acquire incident angles relative to the magnetic field in the rest frame of the electron, with the intermediate state excited to arbitrary Landau levels. The Compton cross section is developed for photon polarization dependence and includes the correct spin-dependent widths.

• 16 •



from a simple expression and a deviation function which depended upon a single variable, the discriminant of the quadratic density function. A new independent variable for the deviation function has recently been identified and will be studied in detail during this project. A mathematical study of the underlying equation of state and phase equilibrium models will be done to investigate why the empirically determined deviation function has been successful. The goal of the project will be to derive a correct deviation function from the theoretical models if possible, or at least to improve and simplify the empirical results.

Stephanie VincentHope CollegeUsing remote sensing to map a geological unit in southwestern Sweden

The Stensjö association is a belt of unusual rocks at the eastern margin of the Sveconorwegion Orogen, in southwestern Sweden. It is comprised of metamorphosed volcanic and sedimentary rocks that are important to understanding the events that led up to the continental collisions which formed the supercontinent Rodenia. My primary goal is to determine the geographic extent of the Stensjö association. The MSGC funded portion of the study will occur at Hope College. Before this work starts I will spend four weeks in Sweden investigating known occurrences of the Stensjö Association. At Hope College I will use magnetic and gravity anomaly maps, LIDAR, Satellite images and aerial photography to create a remote sensing profile of the known occurrences of the Stensjö association. I will then use this profile to identify other potential occurrences of the Stensjö association and to create a tentative map.

Audrey LaRocheHope CollegeBrittle Fracture Zones in the Eastern Segment of the Sveconorwegian Orogen

The Grenville-Sveconorwegian Orogen marks continental collisions that created the supercontinent Rodinia in a major event in Earth history. The eastern margin of this orogen occurs in southwestern Sweden. Brittle fractures in this area may be due to uplift and thermal relaxation during final stages of the continental collision. Before the MSGC-funded part of this research starts I will spend four weeks in Sweden examining and collecting samples from fractures tentatively identified on Lidar images. The MSGC-funded portion will be done at Hope College. Here I will examine my samples with a scanning electron microscope focusing on evidence for fluid-rock alteration. I will use remote sensing data (magnetic anomaly maps, Lidar, satellite images, and aerial photographs) to create profiles for different sets of fractures in the areas studied in Sweden. These profiles will be used to extend my map of brittle fracture zones throughout the eastern margin of the Sveconorwegian Orogen.

Daniels VessellsHope CollegeRefinement of a Quadratic Equation of State to Model Liquid-Vapor Equilibrium

Chemical engineers use cubic equations of state to estimate physical properties for different substances at various conditions. This project extends previous work to accurately calculate vapor pressure from reduced temperature and the acentric factor, a substance-specific parameter. A previously formulated quadratic density approximation allowed calculation of vapor pressure

Roger GuilloryMichigan Tech UniversityCharacterization of the Biocompatibility of Zinc-Magnesium Alloys for Bioabsorbable Coronary Stenting

A material that is bioabsorbable is needed not only for coronary stenting, but many other practical medical applications such as screws, sutures etc. Biomaterial implants that are permanent can cause chronic inflammatory responses and rejection from the host. These implants are prone to a cascade of many other complications including extrication of the implant. The recently innovated Zinc-Magnesium (Zn-Mg) alloys (2-8%wt) at Michigan Technological University for bioabsorbable stent implants are promising, but a solid study to holistically investigate the biocompatibility of these implants in vivo is non-existent. It is critical to set a model to adequately characterize the biocompatibility of this new generation material. This project will investigate key factors of biocompatibility such as chronic and acute inflammation, neo-intimal hyperplasia, necrosis and localized immune response in order to characterize the feasibility of this new alloyed material for bioabsorbable coronary stents, and many future medical implants.

Roger Guillory, depicted in the background, with Dr. Jeremy Goldman of MTU’s Biomedical Engineering, examining an inflammatory response to a biodegradable stent material, collected from the microscope.

• 17 •



Laura LynchMichigan Tech UniversityPrevention of Secondary Lymphedema with Biomaterial Hydrogels

Secondary lymphedema is a common consequence of breast cancer surgery, caused by axial lymph node dissection (ALND). Secondary lymphedema results from damage to the lymphatic system, which prevents fluid from being adequately drained from the affected limb. In our previous research, our lab has shown that a major cause of secondary lymphedema may be the extensive fibrotic scarring that occurs due to the ALND surgery, which inhibits fluid flow and lymphatic regeneration across the site of injury. To prevent this scar tissue formation, we intend to use a fibrin or collagen based hydrogel, implanted at the site of injury. We hypothesize that these hydrogels will minimize fibrosis and thereby increase the natural regeneration of lymphatic function and flow, effectively preventing the appearance of secondary lymphedema.

Anais BrownOakland UniversityEvolutionary history of hyperthermophilic bacteria: early divergence or recent adaptions?

Thousands of fully sequenced prokaryote genomes are routinely used to explore evolut ionary innovations and adaptive histories through time. Until recently however, some groups of prokaryotes have remained under-studied, such as the hyperthermophiles high-temperature loving Aquificae and Thermotogae, mostly because of lack of information. Today, more than 20 hyperthermophile genomes are available, allowing us to test

Dustyn TubbsSaginaw Valley State UniversityExploring facial expression as a necessary improvement to biometric systems for security and novel future applications in long-distance space exploration technology

Biometric systems based on facial recognition have a wonderful potential for security. Although these systems are still in their nascence, that potential could be not only used to ensure physical and informational security, but provide resources that can help create innovative space technologies for our exploration, science, and economic future. With how young these systems are, they are highly susceptible to a variety of attacks. This research will study how integrating facial expression can improve valid detection in these systems.

Jennifer BerryUniversity of MichiganAir and Snow Chemistry of the Juneau Icefield: Impacts of Black Carbon on Snow Albedo

In the last few decades, there has been a rapid acceleration in the melting rates of Arctic glaciers and icesheets, partially dependent on air temperature, as well as how much solar radiation the snow and ice grains absorb, which is determined by their albedo. Deposition of atmospheric aerosols determines snow and ice albedo. I propose to conduct real-time atmospheric particle measurements at several locations across the Juneau Icefield and collect snow samples at the same locations at different depths to analyze their composition in a laboratory in order to improve our understanding of the impacts of black carbon on snow albedo and glaciers.

hypotheses about the origin of life and characteristics of the last universal common ancestor. We propose to analyze these sequences with computational approaches in order to investigate their phylogenetic placement and timing of evolution. Our primary objective is an improved understanding of the evolution of early life and an estimation of the time of the origin of the hyperthermophiles. This information will be a valuable asset in our quest to understand the evolution of the early biosphere on Earth, and adaptations to planetary-scale environmental changes through time.

Michael CulverOakland UniversityMathematical Modeling of Prokaryotic Speciation

Astrobiology sets out to address deep questions about our existence: how did we get here, is there anyone else, and what is the nature of our future? Prokaryotes, unicellular organisms that lack a nucleus look to play a big role in helping us to answer those questions. In this proposal, we aim to derive a mathematical model for prokaryotic speciation in relation to a planetary-scale atmospheric change from anoxic to oxic (oxygen lacking to oxygen having). This model will make use of the continuous nature of evolution and contain differential equations. Computer software will be used to visualize the solutions to the model. The derivation and solutions to this model will allow us to gain a greater understanding of prokaryotic speciation, and what effect oxygen may have played in triggering the evolution of new species and genetic innovations.

• 18 •


Jillian CelliniUniversity of MichiganNew Particle Formation and Growth Events in the Arctic

The Arctic is undergoing climate change at a rapid rate with record sea ice loss. Atmospheric particles have important implications for cloud formation, snow chemistry, and air quality; however, the number concentrations and sources of these particles in the Arctic are poorly constrained. Measurements of size-resolved particle number concentrations were made using a scanning mobility particle sizer at the NOAA Observatory in Barrow, Alaska. In this project, we examine new particle formation and growth events, during which particles are likely formed via gas-phase chemistry and then grow via condensation to greater than 20 nm in diameter over the course of several hours. We are characterizing the timescales, growth rates, and meteorological conditions associated with each event that was not influenced by the town of Barrow. The observations made in this study will be used to better understand the influence that these particles have on the environment in the Arctic.

Alexandra FergusonWestern Michigan UniversityOptimal Control of Biological Neurons

U n d e r t h e d i r e c t i o n o f D r. Melinda Koell ing (Department of Mathematics) and Dr. Damon Miller (Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering), neuron models will be studied by simulating nonlinear differential equations based on the classical Hodgkin-Huxley equations. Optimal control methods will be applied to those models to find reduced energy input currents that

Spencer WatzaWestern Michigan UniversityTechnology Demonstration of Proximity Operations with Multi-Rotor using Low-cost Hardware

A technology demonstration is being performed at Western Michigan University for small Unmanned Aer ia l Systems (sUAS). The purpose of the demonstration is to test the capabilities of the low-cost commercial off the shelf hardware available for sUAS. The unmanned platform is a multi-rotor aircraft equipped with an Arduino flight controller, Xbox Kinect, Android smartphone, small robotic arm, and a mini computer for onboard processing. The system should have all of the processing capabilities, requiring little interaction with the ground station. To test the capabilities of the hardware and full system, the UAS will perform a mission involving navigating an unknown space while searching for the target and avoiding obstacles. Once the target is found, the UAS will move to interact with the target before returning to home.

enable a neuron to track a desired membrane voltage. The utility of this application in finding optimal currents in a biological neuron will be investigated using electrophysiology techniques. Work in optimal control is related to NASA Strategic Plan Goal 3.3, which addresses demonstrating and developing critical technologies to improve NASA programs in terms of cost and capabilities. This research may also find use in studying the effects of space on nervous systems. This opportunity will assist me in accomplishing my educational goals by allowing me to gain expertise in mathematical modeling, optimal control, and electrophysiology.

Alexandra Ferguson and John Stahl assist Dr. John Jellies with electrophysiology techniques for optimally stimulating biological neurons of leeches.

The Proximity Operations Drone (POD) prepares to test new hardware and software calibrations inside a 450 cubic-foot test chamber.


genes are expressed in response to heat stress, and (3) whether climate change is affecting organisms at deeper depths in the oceans. Since coral are very sensitive to temperature changes, our species may be a bioindicator of increasing concern (i.e. ocean warming).

Kenji AonoMichigan State UniversityNoise-shaped Online Learning in EMG Sensors

Biopotent ia ls such as hear t , muscle, or brain activity can be measured using electrocardiography, e l e c t r o m y o g r a p h y ( E M G ) , and e lect roencephalography, respectively. The applications that stem from these measurements are numerous, and include such example as: subvocal speech recognition, tracking pilot health in real-time, and providing improved human-computer interaction. Current methods for extracting these signals will often suffer from motion-artifacts, which arise from a moving subject (even subtle movement such as breathing), that disrupt the voltage potentials induced onto a sensor. The research proposed in this project is to explore motion-artifact reduction of wearable EMG sensors using stochastic optimization techniques from Michigan State University.

Daniel CerminaroMichigan Tech UniversityManagement of Geotechnical Features in Transportation Infrastructure Using Remote Sensing

Current practices for geotechnical a s s e t m a n a g e m e n t a l o n g transportation corridors are mostly focused on restoring the asset after failure, as opposed to identifying and remediating hazardous conditions before their occurrence. The reason

John SkutnikGrand Valley UniversityQuantifying the effect of climate change on Hawaiian mesophotic coral: Using the depth generalist Montestrea spp. as a model organism to re-seed reefs damaged by ship groundings, disease, and climate change

Shallow water coral reef ecosystems have been deteriorating naturally prior to the early 1900’s but their loss has been exacerbated due to anthropogenic in f luences, primarily climate change. Deeper photosynthetically dependent reefs, referred to as Mesophotic Coral Ecosystems (MCE), however, are thought to be buffered from disturbances routinely encountered by shallow water reefs because of their depth. I propose to test how the MCE coral species, Montastrea cavernosa, responds to thermal stress. This study will reveal (1) the thermal limit of M. cavernosa in which climate change causes bleaching, (2) how physiologically relevant

2014 Fellowship Graduates

Katherine ShomskyEastern Michigan UniversityThermal Conductivity and Emission in Trees

The whole climate of the Earth can be thought of in terms of macroclimates, which can further be divided into microclimates. The conditions in a given microclimate are affected by local factors such as topography, wind, and the presence of large structures such as buildings and trees. In this project, we seek to model the overnight thermal emission from trees in their dormant state, enhancing our understanding of Earth System Science. We will consider trees based on their geometric structure and surrounding climate. Beginning in Winter 2014, I will measure temperature at various points surrounding selected trees using an IR thermometer, and then in Spring through Fall, we will work together to develop a model of thermal emission and conductivity based on the data. By considering trees in their dormant state, our results and models may be adapted to other nonliving structures, including rock structures on other planets.

Katherine Shomsky analyzing temperature data from trees and the corresponding weather conditions.

John Skutnik prepares Montastraea cavernosa (coral) for surfacing using shade cloth to mitigate light stress. Coral were obtained from Conch Reef in Islamorada Florida.

• 20 •



in the geosciences. Scientists can broaden participation by engaging in community-inspired investigations with tribal schools. Nah Tah Wahsh Public School Academy, a Native American K-12 school, is located within a Potawatomi community in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. The focus of the proposed research is the creation and implementation of interdisciplinary Earth System i n v e s t i g a t i o n s t h r o u g h t h e collaborative efforts of researchers, Nah Tah Wahsh educators and community members. A mixed-method approach will be used to evaluate whether these inquiry-based Earth Systems lessons, centered on culturally relevant places, generate greater interest in STEM topics and improve knowledge of geoscience concepts and scientific practices among Nah Tah Wahsh students.

Brice GrunertMichigan Tech UniversityImpacts of physical drivers on phytoplankton community composition in the Bering Sea

Sea ice dynamics and physical mixing in the Bering Sea are variable processes that impact phytoplankton a b u n d a n c e a n d c o m m u n i t y composition. Phytoplankton cell

determine DOC biodegradability, long-term datasets to identify current and historical DOC export, and remote sensing to estimate stream DOC export at the scale of the Lake Superior watershed.

Emily GochisMichigan Tech UniversityIncreasing Native American involvement in geosciences through interdisciplinary

For centuries Native Americans cultures have understood the complexities of Earth Systems yet are historically underrepresented

for lacking a proactive geotechnical asset management system is that geotechnical assets are extensive and assessing their condition using traditional site inspections is laborious and costly. However, the recent advancements in commercial remote sensing techniques allow for the collection of accurate measurements of ground displacements. These displacement measurements could provide a valuable alternative to traditional laborious site inspections to determine the condit ion of a geotechnical asset. In order to effectively integrate a proactive geotechnical asset management system, we need a comprehensive understanding of the most effective r e m o t e s e n s i n g t e c h n i q u e . Through this proposed research, I plan to use optical remote sensing to analyze potential failures in geotechnical assets along M10 Highway in Michigan and George Parks Highway in Alaska.

Ashley CobleMichigan Tech UniversityQuantity and biodegradability of dissolved organic carbon in Lake Superior tributaries

DOC plays an important role in aquatic ecosystems because it affects water quality, influences ecosystem processes, and transports heavy metals. In northern ecosystems climate change will influence DOC dynamics in both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, but knowledge of the quantity and quality of DOC exported from streams to the Great Lakes is limited. To understand how DOC in northern aquatic ecosystems will respond to climate change we first need to improve our estimates of the quantity and quality of DOC currently exported from streams by incorporating measurements across seasonal and spatial scales. I propose to estimate seasonal and annual loads of biodegradable DOC from streams to Lake Superior utilizing field/lab-based measurements to

Ashley Coble filters river water in the lab while setting up an experimental incubation to determine the biodegradability of dissolved organic carbon.

Brice Grunert and Erin Cafferty collecting water samples to compliment optical profiles of Lake Superior aboard NOAA’s Great Lakes R/V 5501.

• 21 •



electrodynamic tether, only a few meters long, can provide milligram-to-gram-level satellites with complete drag cancellation and even the ability to change orbit. The goal of this project is to improve our understanding of the tethered systems interaction with the ionosphere by conducting ground-based plasma experiments that capture critical characteristics of the space environment. By further investigating plasma contactor, we aim to better understand the feasibility of the dual ultra-small satellite EDT propulsion concept.

Andrew BurtonUniversity of MichiganPatterned Thin Film Sensor Circuits for Structural Damage Detection

Improved structural performance characterization is critical for the future of the aerospace industry as aging structural components and innovative material design pose safety challenges for structural systems. Multifunctional materials with self-sensing capabilities provide a potential solution to such challenges as a means for changing the way we monitor aerospace structural components. We utilize one such

tailings reveal an indirect relationship between apparent thermal inertia and near-surface strength, which demonstrates the potential utility of thermal remote sensing for predicting the dusting susceptibility of tailings. This research will explore if satellite-based thermal remote sensing can detect spatial and temporal changes in surface strength at the tailings impoundment scale.

Iverson BellUniversity of MichiganInvestigating the Potential of Miniature Electrodynamic Tethers to Enhance Capabilities of Ultra-small Sensor Spacecrafts

The success of nanospacecraft and the evolution of the millimeter-scale wireless sensor network concept have generated interest in smartphone-sized spacecraft, either as stand-alone satellites or as elements in a maneuverable fleet. The need for propulsion is evident: not only would a fleet require the maneuverability of each satellite, but flat satellite wafers also can have an inherently short orbital life in low Earth orbit due to atmospheric drag. I have found that an insulated

size is largely regulated by mixing dynamics and nutrient transport into the photic zone. This carries implications for carbon and nutrient cycling, net primary productivity, and overall ecosystem function. In situ shipboard observations of [Chl], phytoplankton composition and CDOM will be used for assessment and refinement of semi-analytical algorithms for processing remotely sensed imagery of the Bering Sea. Surface and sub-surface moored instrumentation in the Eastern Bering Sea will be used to determine the primary physical drivers, and mixing rates between distinct water masses. The effects of sea ice dynamics and physical drivers on phytoplankton abundance and community composition in the Bering Sea will be observed. Outcomes are relevant to NASA’s Ocean Carbon and Biogeochemistry element of the U.S. Carbon Cycle Science Program.

Bonnie ZwisslerMichigan Tech UniversityThermal Remote Sensing for Dust Susceptibility Monitoring of Mine Tailings Impoundments

Mine tailings impoundments are among the largest earthen structures in the world, and are heavily regulated for the hazard of air pollution from blowing tailings. Dusting events, like the 1996 occurrence at Michigan’s Empire Mine, can deposit dust miles from impoundments and affect respiratory health. Monitoring the susceptibility of tailings to dusting traditionally involves collecting dust samples from monitoring stations, providing a tiny sampling area. This often leads to susceptible areas going unnoticed until dusting occurs. Thermal remote sensing may prove useful to more thoroughly monitor the susceptibility to dusting of tailings. Laboratory experiments using thermal remote sensing of

Iverson Bell prepares an experiment to simulate the space environment on earth.

• 22 •



resonators, a timing unit will be designed that shows a high tolerance to both thermal, acceleration, and radiation based perturbations while improving frequency accuracy by 10X and acceleration sensitivity by a 100X compared to current quartz resonator technology. Our approach utilizes a novel array of passively and actively compensated silicon resonators that allows for greatly reduced frequency shift over a wide temperature range while maintaining extremely high performance. Over the past year, we have demonstrated the ability to precisely control the temperature sensitivity of resonators using passive compensation. Future research on this proposal will focus on further improving performance and stability of the resonator and the design of a weighted compensation algorithm to achieve a wide range of temperature stability.

emulating ship-emitted aerosols can be generated with an oxy-hydrogen flame burner and characterized with Raman microscopy to determine size, morphology, and composition. Sulfate species are of particular interest, as sulfate compounds are formed on particles by conversion of SO2 gas, which is known to be emitted from the combustion of ship fuel. Sulfate aerosol act as cloud condensation nuclei, facilitating the formation of clouds in a ship’s wake, creating ship tracks. Space-based technology, such as MODIS and MISR, can be used to measure the albedo of ship tracks in the Great Lakes, providing insight when combined with ship logs and fuel type, regarding aerosol properties and SO2 oxidation investigated by laboratory studies.

Adam PeczalskiUniversity of MichiganChip-Scale Precision Timing Unit for PicoSatellites Chrysalis

This proposal aims to address the need for a low size, power, and weight-timing unit for use in picosatellites. By utilizing batch fabrication and miniaturization offered by MEMS

material to address these challenges through the development of a carbon nanotube polymer composite thin film sensor for spatial strain sensing and embedded analog signal processing as required by aerospace structures. These sensors are comprised of a strain-sensing impedance element and analog circuit elements that enhance the functionality of the original sensor. Sensor circuits are fabricated with processes commonly used in microelectromechanical systems allowing for exceptional capabilities in a light yet robust final product. The mechanical and electrical properties of fabricated sensors are characterized through laboratory testing.

Rebecca CraigUniversity of MichiganInvestigation of Ship-Emitted Aerosol Particles

Ship-emitted aerosols are a large source of anthropogenic pollution affecting climate change and other atmospheric processes, yet very little is known about the optical properties of these particles and how they impact the macroscale properties of clouds. Particles

Adam Peczalski answers a question during his conference presentation at the International Conference on Solid-State Sensors, Actuators, and Microsystems in Anchorage, Alaska. Adam’s research focuses on designing and fabricating ultra-stable timing references for space and other demanding applications.

Andrew Burton testing the resistive response of polymer nanocomposites to strain for applications in structural sensing.

• 23 •


Tyler TallmanUniversity of MichiganIntegrating Conductivity-Based Structural Health Monitoring with Current Architectures

Commercial aviation has begun to embrace composites such as carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRP) as primary structural materials. Despite the many advantages of composites, damage detection remains a challenging task. Herein, I propose to investigate the potential of integrating electrical impedance tomography (EIT) with existing commercial-aviation composite structures for structural health monitoring (SHM). Damage to CFRP composites results in local changes in conductivity which can be located by EIT. Because the proposed SHM can be used continuously and in real-time, it supplements existing maintenance and inspection schedules by tracking damage

diagnostic will eliminate the need for long, expensive lifetime wear tests, and allow researchers to understand real time erosion and how thruster operating conditions affect erosion rates in a single short duration test. Real time erosion diagnostic testing once developed could then be applied to magnetically shielded thrusters to determine whether erosion is occurring, and if so at what rate.

initiation and propagation during operation and between inspections. Integration will exploit lightning strike protection systems which are already in place as electrodes for EIT. Although this proposal is primarily research focused, it is also excellently suited to incorporate an undergraduate research assistant. The undergraduate research assistant will learn valuable modeling and data acquisition skills.

Andrew HineWestern Michigan UniversityErosion Measurement Techniques of Electric Propulsion Thrusters

The ultimate goal of the proposed research is to develop in-situ techniques to accurately measure erosion rates of the BN acceleration channel wall inside Hall thrusters using state-of-the-art radiation emiss ion spect roscopy. Th is

Ensuring the safety of composite structures through early and accurate damage identification is a formidable challenge. This research addresses that challenge by imparting electrical conductivity to traditionally insulating composites through the addition of nanofillers. Because the conductivity of a nanofiller-based material depends on well-connected nanofiller networks, damage that breaks the connection between nanofillers results in a conductivity loss. The nanofillers therefore act as an integrated sensing network giving unprecedented insight into the damage state of the composite and locating conductivity losses becomes tantamount to locating damage. Shown here, electrical impedance tomography is employed to locate impact damage to a glass fiber/epoxy laminate composite manufactured with carbon black filler. Both the impact location and resulting crack damage are clearly identified demonstrating the potential of this approach.


Darren ProppeCalvin CollegeIs anthropogenic noise a reliable signal of habitat quality?

Anthropogenic noise is increasing as urbanization expands across the planet. Studies have shown that a number of animal species, especially those that communicate vocally, are less common in noisy areas. In light of this, many predict a general decline in songbirds in the coming decades. However, a recent study suggests songbirds may habituate to noise over time. Similarly, according to signal detection theory, it is possible that songbird species are

that I have used in the past but have not had access to here at Calvin College. In pursuit of this objective, I’ve developed a connection with Prof. Horia Petrache of IUPUI (Indiana University, Purdue University Indianpolis), who has an excellent apparatus for making small angle X-ray diffraction measurements. With Prof. Petrache’s full support, I plan spending my upcoming sabbatical at IUPUI, combining experimental measurements and modeling to reveal the structure of lipid-sugar interactions and initiating a promising collaboration.

2014 Research Seed Grant Program Award Recipients

Paul HarperCalvin CollegeX-ray diffraction measurements of Lipid-Sugar-Water Mixtures

Lipids and sugars are foundational building blocks for life. Interestingly, primitive lipids and sugars can be found in carbonaceous chondrite meteorites, suggesting that the primordial soup may have been stocked by extraterrestrial sources. Both modern and primitive lipids include membrane-forming lipids that can self-assemble to form containers or vesicles. These vesicles are extensively used by cells in numerous capacities; indeed, a cell membrane can be thought of as large, highly augmented vesicle. Intriguingly, fatty acids (simple lipids) have been shown to exhibit pre-biotic patterns of self-assembly, growth and division. In modern cells, sugars are known as protectants against freezing and dehydration; surprisingly, the basic features of lipid membrane - sugar interaction remain an area of active investigation. Consequently, the nature of lipid-sugar-water interactions is relevant to understanding both current living systems and pre-biotic systems that may have played key roles in the origin of life. My students and I have made measurements of the phase diagrams and phase transition kinetics of lipid-water and lipid-water-sugar mixtures. We have presented our results at national Biophysical Society meetings and have recently published some of our work. Along with phase diagrams and kinetic information, we’ve developed a model for sugar-lipid interaction. The next step in this work is to obtain structural information via X-ray diffraction that can put our model to the test. X-ray diffraction is a tool

Darren Proppe’s research team on an early morning point-count to assess whether birds are responding to song playback.

• 25 •



of box turtles and to help mitigate the impacts of climate change on threatened ectotherms.

Miguel AbrahantesHope CollegeImplementation of a Tetrahedral Robotic Platform

This research topic belongs to the area of robotics. The proposal will describe a research project intended to develop a multi-agent robotic platform based on Tetrahedral Robotics. This type of robot belongs to a family of walker robots first introduced by NASA/Goddard Center. In the past few years, our research has been done in the area of Tetrahedral Robotics and a new direction is intended in areas of multi-agent, multi-unit, multi-robot collaboration. The question we eventually will try to answer is how autonomous multi-agent robotic structures can collaborate in order to perform complex tasks. In coordinating and controlling such a team of robotic units, it is sensible to make use of tools and the software platform that provides a rich array of libraries and control algorithms for interacting with electronic sensors and actuators. Doing so allows us to build on existing work and extend the analysis to different structures and applications.

Matthew SmithHope CollegeA Facile Approach to Responsive Polymer Films Driven by Near-IR Sensitive Dibenzocylcooctadiene

Respons i ve , mu l t i f unc t i ona l polymeric materials hold great promise as lightweight actuators, autonomous morphing surfaces, and as components in responsive energy harvesting devices. Indeed modular components made from these materials, combined like building

to light, which will aid us in producing’ crop’ plants to aid human survival in space or to endure environmental hardships on earth brought about by climate change.

Jennifer MooreGrand Valley State UniversityProject Title: Survival, nesting, and sex ratios of temperature-sensitive species at the northern edge of their range

Global climate change affects the physiology, distribution, habitat selection, phenology and demography of animals and plants. Due to their sensitivity to environmental conditions, ectothermic species, especially those with temperature-dependent sex determination, are particularly vulnerable to changing c l imat ic condi t ions. Here we propose to investigate the effects of temperature on nests and survival of early life stages of eastern box turtles in northern Michigan, where they inhabit the northern edge of their broad geographic range. We will track neonatal box turtles using radiotelemetry, and use known fates models to estimate cohortspecific annual survival rates. We will also collect thermal profiles of nests to estimate hatchling sex ratios under current and future temperature regimes, and model the environmental factors that affect nest fates. We predict that neonate survival will be low, but will increase with age, and will be strongly dependent upon temperatures during the overwintering period. Further, we predict that nest success will be low, and hatchling sex ratios will be female-biased, and this bias will increase under future climate regimes. The results of this study will provide a baseline for future models of population viability, and will be used locally (by the USDA Forest Service) and more broadly to improve conservation management

less common in noisy areas due to fear of novel signals rather than an inherent reduction in fitness. In this case, habituation to these signals may correlate with a relaxation of the negative behaviors associated with the novel signal, and a successful return to noisy habitats. My objective is to test this hypothesis in a four year study which: 1) assesses our ability to draw birds into simulated noisy areas by combining a novel noise signal with conspecific songs, a signal known to represent safe habitat; 2) examines the fitness of birds living in noisy areas; 3) tests whether negative behaviors associated with noise subside over time; and 4) investigates our ability to use conspecific songs to attract noise sensitive songbirds into roadside habitats that are otherwise high quality sites. These results are expected to kick-start research into new methodologies for songbird conservation in noisy areas, or lend further support for more traditional methods for noise mitigation.

Matthew ChristiansGrand Valley State UniversityUnderstanding LRB E3 ligase formation within Phytochrome signaling.

Phytochromes are the photoreceptors involved in red and far-red light responses and control numerous plant processes including germination, flowering and plant defense. The LRB proteins are E3 igases that play a role in the phytochrome-signaling pathway. They form an active complex with the scaffolding protein Cullin in a light dependent manner and function to target specific proteins for degradation. I propose to investigate the exact light requirements for active complex assembly, and determine the function of the CL domain (a previously unknown domain) in’ regulating LRB E3 complex assembly. This information will further our understanding of how plants respond

• 26 •



u s i n g s o l i d p h a s e p e p t i d e synthesis and characterized using spectroscopic techniques (NMR, IR, etc.). Two series of compounds will be examined, Stylissamide X, which prevents migration of cancer cells, and Dianthins G and H, which influence osteoblast proliferation. Osteoblast proliferation can result in increased bone density, and this is particularly relevant in space research as astronauts tend to experience bone density loss due to extended stays in low gravity environments. Fol lowing their synthesis and characterization, the reported biological activity of these compounds will be confirmed. Subsequent s t ruc tureact iv i ty relationship studies will be conducted by systematically replacing selected amino acids with alternate amino acids in an attempt to identify compounds with improved bioactivity.

Andrew AultUniversity of MichiganMineral Dust Transport and Deposition to Sensitive High Elevation Snowpack in the Western Rocky Mountains

Mineral dust represents one of the largest sources of aerosol in the atmosphere, estimated at 2000 Mt per year, 75% of which is redeposited on land. Dry deposited dust has been shown to impact snow cover albedo, and snowmelt timing, runoff intensity, and runoff yields. Some of the greatest sources of uncertainty are at high elevations where elevated dust layers are transported, yet few observations are available to constrain these processes. The San Juan Mountains in southwest Colorado provide an ideal location to study dust source, modification, and deposition processes, because deposition in this region has been l inked to al terat ions in water resources for the southwest United States. The proposed seed research would involve scouting of sites, a pilot

Domain Reflectometry sensor. The TDR sensor together with thermal couples, which is suitable for the measurement of the PCC in the selected porous materials, will be fabricated and calibrated. The sensor will be utilized to measure the PCC by strictly following a specially designed procedure. The measured PCCs will be analyzed using the physically-based equation proposed by the PI. The parameters in the equation will be obtained by means of curve fitting to the measured results. The values of the parameters for different porous materials will be categorized and compared. The research will not only offer a definite answer to the wide existence of the PCC, but also obtain the characteristics of that of different porous materials. The research will provide a clear understanding of phase transition of water in porous materials which is currently absent. The resultant conclusions may advance many engineering applications involving the freezing process of porous materials. The research thus will lay down a necessary basis for the exploration in extraterrestrial environments, where both porous materials and the phase change of water or other liquid are very likely to exist. Also, this study will open a new research area for the PI and will answer a key question for preparing a solid proposal which will be submitted to the NSF.

Jennifer ChaytorSaginaw Valley State UniversitySynthesis and Structure-Activity Relationship Studies of Bioactive Cyclic Peptides

Cyclic peptides have been found in many plant and animal species. Many of these cyclic peptides display useful biological activities which are attractive in the health industry as potential therapeutics for common diseases. In this project, bioactive cyclic peptides will be synthesized

blocks would provide a flexible platform for addressing rapidly changing operating requirements. Polymer systems responding to a variety of stimuli have been developed and each enjoys specific advantages. However, despite many recent advances for these materials, several challenges remain, such as, degradation of response at high cycle numbers and limited power output. Herein we propose the development of an expanded suite of polymer materials responsive to heat and near infrared radiation. These materials have the potential for high fidelity behavior at high numbers of cycles and increased work and power output. The development of these materials will augment considerably the current set of responsive polymer materials and add to the technology readiness level of NASA and the commercial sector.

Zhen LiuMichigan Technological UniversityPhase Composition Curves in Frozen Porous Materials

The relationship between unfrozen water content and temperature, which is referred to as the Phase Composition Curve (PCC) in frozen soils, has long been observed. However, this relationship has not been extensively studied and widely used, possibly due to the lack of a physical understanding. Recent studies of the PI succeeded in obtaining a physical description, a physically-based equation, and a physic-empirical prediction method for this relationship. Basedon the common nature of porous materials, it is hypothesized that there is a relationship between unfrozen water content and temperature in all frozen porous materials. This study will experimentally investigate the existence of the PCC in typical porous materials. Optimization analyses will be conducted for the design of a Time

• 27 •


source for alternate energy. One way to improve the sustainability of our electricity based energy source is through scavenging waste heat with thermoelectric generators. Thermoelectric generators are solid-state devices with no moving parts and are silent, reliable and environment friendly green method for power generation.

Kristina LemmerWestern Michigan UniversityStudying Simple Molecular Ionization using Radiation Emission Spectroscopy

Much of today’s cutting edge plasma research topics involve simple molecular plasma dynamics; however, even the most simple of molecular plasmas are not well understood. Areas of research requiring understanding of molecular discharges include alternative propellant electric propulsion, plasma actuators as control surfaces for airplanes, water purification, non-thermal plasma discharges for medical uses, and exhaust gas scrubbing. When plasmas are created from molecular gases, there are a variety of processes that must be studied and understood such as molecular dissociation, ionization of the molecule as a whole and its dissociated components, charge exchange cross-sections, and a multitude of collision types. Proposed here is a first step toward further understanding of molecular plasma discharges. Radiation emission spectroscopy will be used with a CCD camera operating in kinetic mode to determine the presence and relative concentration of species as a function of time in a glow discharge and capacitively coupled discharge, operating on both nitrogen and argon.

bromine. However, our inadequate knowledge of Arctic snow chemistry is limiting our ability to predict the spatial distribution of tropospheric bromine monoxide (BrO), measured by satellite remote sensing. The proposed project involves chemical analysis of snow obtained over the Arctic Ocean during spring 2013. Comparisons with remote sensing of sea ice characteristics and BrO will yield insights into the spatial distribution of bromine chemistry.

Susil PutatundaWayne State UniversityThermoelectric Properties of Carbon Nanotube Reinforced Metal Matrix Composite

The primary focus of this research proposal is on the creation of a carbon nanotube re in fo rced metal matrix composite based on Iron-Aluminium system and characterizing its thermoelectric behavior. Thermoelectric materials have emerged as major engineering materials in recent years because of their potential applications as a

study to collect preliminary snow and aerosol samples, and analysis to generate preliminary data for use in full-scale proposals to NASA and other federal and non-federal funding sources.

Kerri PrattUniversity of MichiganLinking Arctic Snow Chemistry to Sea Ice Conditions and Tropospheric Bromine

The Arctic is characterized by unique atmospheric photochemistry in the springtime due to reactions on ice and snow-covered surfaces. Therefore, with the rapid transformation and loss of sea ice due to climate change, there is an urgent need to characterize these chemical interactions with the frozen surface. Recent efforts identified the surface snowpack as the primary source of reactive bromine to the Arctic troposphere, and chemical criteria were determined for the ability of a snow sample to produce reactive

Professor Andrew Ault shows postdoctoral researcher, Jessica Axson, and graduate student, Hongru Shen, how to secure their atmospheric particle sampler at the high mountain site in Colorado.


math and science classes needed to successfully pursue a college major in STEM, and to advance to a career in the field. This program will invite both middle school young women and their parents to campus to encourage interest in STEM fields. This will include specific programming for parents to help them encourage young women to pursue STEM fields, and to help them understand the career and educational opportunities in STEM areas for young women and the expectations they need to hold to keep young women on track for STEM success. This will take place through a 4-session program, held on Saturdays.

James SheerinEastern Michigan UniversityOur Place in Space

Awards: Teacher Training Program

NASA seeks to foster partnerships with tomorrow’s educators today. To this end, we propose to develop a new entry-level interdisciplinary course for pre-service teachers designed to meet state K-12 science

at a pivotal stage of considering science as a possible career, Michigan dune managers who benefit from research collaborations and results they could not otherwise obtain, and members of the Michigan public who are introduced to the applications of Earth systems science.

Russell OlwellEastern Michigan UniversityTo Mars and Beyond: STEM workshops to build STEM interest and commitment among middle school girls and their parents/guardians

Award: Pre-College Education Program

Pre-college Programs can build girls’ enthusiasm and motivation for STEM fields, but without parental support for course taking and career exploration in these areas, many girls will not pursue these subjects in high school or college. In middle school, when science and math become identified as boys stuff, many girls turn away from these subjects, not taking on the high school level advanced

2014 MSGC Program Awards

Deanna van DijkCalvin CollegeEnhancing science literacy through student Earth science research on Lake Michigan dunes

Award: Public Outreach Program

The First-Year Research in Earth Sciences (FYRES): Dunes project promotes science literacy and engagement through student Earth systems science research experiences focused on Michigan coastal dunes. Specifically, the funding will make possible 1) student research at dune sites which forms the content of the public outreach program; 2) student presentations to dune managers and the local community through oral, visual and written media; 3) student presentations and participation at a regional conference; and 4) outreach materials including a dynamic website and print materials directed to the general public and high-school students. Audiences include upper-level high-school and beginning college students who encounter the excitement of dune research

During data collection for a FYRES research project, three first-year students investigate characteristics of planted dune vegetation near Lake Michigan. The FYRES Research Mentor for the research team (visible in photo background) is available nearby if there are questions.

Elementary and middle school girls and their parents at EMU’s Saturday STEM program build models of the surface of Mars.

• 29 •



under-represented groups. There has been a 10-year tracking study on the impact of the camp. As a pre-college enrichment program, STEPS has been very successful in encouraging young ladies to pursue further education in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics.

Brian BodenbenderHope CollegeTeach the Beach, Commune with the Dune, Understand the Sand: Pre-College Field and Classroom Studies of Open Sand Environments Using GigaPan Photography

Awards: Pre-College Education and Teacher Training Programs

This project engages high school students and teachers in Earth

education and teacher certification requirements using NASA resources integrated into each lesson module. The course lessons will address scientific knowledge of life, physical, and Earth systems and processes, encountered from Earth throughout the solar system. Particular emphasis will be placed on application of new knowledge to the exploration of our geospace environment surrounding Earth. Extensive use will be made of data from NASA’s latest missions, including Van Allen Probes, NPOESS, and MMS scheduled for operations during the project year. By integrating resources from the latest NASA missions into each lesson module, education students will become familiar with NASA’s role in science education and prepare them to inspire the next generation of explorers in partnership with NASA.

Sara MaasGrand Valley State UniversityScience Technology & Engineering Preview Summer (STEPS) Camp

Award: Pre-College Education Program with Augmented Support

Science Technology & Engineering Preview Summer (STEPS) Camp for Girls is an all-girl, day camp introduction to the world of science, technology, and engineering. Campers participate in aviation-themed activities revolving around building and flying their own radio-controlled airplane. The main objectives of STEPS Camp at Grand Valley State University are building self-esteem, confidence, and se l f -e f f i cacy, increas ing content knowledge and interest in engineering, science, and technology, and nurturing teamwork. Participation in unique field trips, such as touring an investment casting facility, flying in a Cessna airplane, and exploring a corporate hangar, are also integrated into the curriculum. The camp is for girls entering seventh grade with focused recruiting applications from

STEPS campers work at sanding their wings to make a smooth airfoil.

system science research as partners monitoring a network of field study sites to measure sand transport in open sand environments. It includes a workshop to introduce teachers to the goals, instruments, software, and methods for field site monitoring and outfit teacher-student research teams with supplies and equipment needed to develop and oversee their own research sites. Students will monitor sand accumulation and erosion in open sand areas along the Lake Michigan shoreline using the GigaPan photographic system which takes a series of overlapping digital photos, merges them into a panorama, and displays the panorama on a website. It lets researchers, including pre-college teachers and students, quickly and repeatedly record the height of sand on erosion pins distributed across open areas to measure

A 360-degree panorama of a sand dune along the shoreline of Lake Michigan at Saugatuck Harbor Natural Area, Michigan. This 1,994 megapixel image is stitched from 320 individual photos. It was taken during the Field Studies using Gigapixel Photography Workshop, which was part of the MSGC Teacher Training and Pre-College Education grant, Teach the Beach, Commune with the Dune, Understand the Sand: Pre-College Field and Classroom Studies of Open Sand Environments Using GigaPan Photography. To zoom in and explore the panorama, visit http://gigapan.com/gigapans/175572 .

• 30 •



John Gierke and Emily GochisMichigan Technological UniversityProfessional Development for Teachers to Incorporate Place-Based and Culturally Centered Earth System Investigations in Pre-college Curricula at Native American Community Schools

Award: Teacher Training Program with Augmented Support

This project will engage teachers in professional development activities to promote p lace-based and culturally centered Earth Systems investigations in diverse K-12 classrooms. School culture and curricula have a strong influence on students’ decisions for the future. Integrating Earth Science into STEM curricula through inquiry based investigations of examples relevant to their community has potent ial for engaging Native American students and increasing underrepresented populations’ par t ic ipat ion in geosciences. However, many teachers have little formal background in Earth Science, are unaware of the presence of local geoheritage examples and are inexperienced in pedagogical practices needed to integrate these places into their standards-based curriculum. Teacher will investigate several local and regional examples during a summer teacher institute aimed at improving Earth Science literacy and modeling effective pedagogical practices. During the school year teachers will further develop teaching methods through pedagogical mini-workshops and will ultimately implement a field-based, culturally grounded investigation with their students.

seasonal changes, the effects of individual storms, and changes in sand movement associated with recent low lake levels.

Eric Mann and Susan Ipri BrownHope CollegeEngineering the Future Academies

Awards: Pre-College Education and Teacher Training Programs with Augmented Support

The Center for STEM Inquiry at Hope College, in partnership with Muskegon Area Regional Math and Science Center, will offer Engineering the Future Academies. Designed as a learning experience for high school students, a research and mentorship opportunity for STEM education majors, and as professional development for teachers, the summer academy will immerse four 10-student engineering design teams in a one-week on-campus challenge. Undergraduates, partnered with area teachers, will tailor the curriculum and assess the impact of this experience on both teacher and student participants with respect to STEM attitudes, beliefs, and dispositions. Follow-up contact with participating high school students and teachers will be conducted during the subsequent school year. A fall professional development session at the Math and Science Center will be held to for 20 additional teachers in which our summer teachers and undergraduates will play a significant role in their continuing development as future STEM education leaders.

Alexandria GuthMichigan Technological UniversityTeacher Institute: Exploring the Geology of Michigan’s Upper Peninsula A Field Trip Guide & Summer Teacher Institute for Grades 4-12 Educators

Award: Teacher Training Program

This project engages teachers in learning Earth Sciences via hands-on, geology field trips in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. These trips are mostly described in a previously created field guide, Exploring the Geology of Michigan’s Upper Peninsula: A Field Trip Guide for Grades 4-12 Educators, which will be updated and expanded to include new trips planned for this year. Teachers will be accompanies by geologists, and expert guests will be invited to further introduce teachers to UP geology. The project will support the instructor pay needed to run the institute, while minimizing what teachers need to pay. The collected registration fees will be used to cover supplies, transportation, lodging, meals, and coordination support from the Michigan Tech Center for Science & Environmental Outreach.

• 31 •



Douglas OppligerMichigan Technological UniversityUnderwater Remotely Operated Vehicles for Teaching STEM Concepts.

Award: Teacher Training Program with Augmented Support

The workshops proposed here wil l be targeted toward those who teach to groups traditionally underrepresented in STEM (Rural, Low Income and Minority, including female) in metro Detroit and (if augmentation funds are granted) rura l Upper Peninsula. Each workshop will host 6 to 10 schools. Each school will send a team of two to three teachers to learn how to build and use underwater remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) to teach concepts in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM). Using underwater ROVs to teach these concepts is an excellent way to engage and excite students as well as to connect them to the Great Lakes, emphasizing the relevance of the lakes to their lives and well being. Our proposed workshop sites were chosen to potentially attract from a wide area encompassing both urban (high minority) schools as well as those in small underserved, under-resourced rural districts.

Marlene LappeusMichigan Technological UniversityHigh Impact STEM Outreach Utilizing the Michigan Tech Mobile Laboratory at the Michigan Civil Air Patrol Summer Cadet Encampment

Award: Public Outreach Program

Michigan Tech is home to a versatile mobile laboratory that travels the North American continent serving as a venue for a wide range of educational opportunities. Hands-on discovery based learning activities are an effective means of enabling students to grasp and retain complex topics in engineering and science. Students excel when they can relate an individual concept to the overall larger context of product development and societal advancement. The Mobile Lab will be utilized to deliver hands-on, high-impact STEM based explorations at the 2014 Michigan Civil Air Patrol Summer Cadet Encampment. Explorations designed to demonstrate how aeronautics and engineering subsystems for space work, and illustrate the importance of STEM education and career fields in continuing to improve and move along the pathway towards sustainable air and space transportation. This project engages students and provides opportunities to explore STEM activities and concepts that are fundamental to the aeronautic and space technologies.

Stephen PatchinMichigan Technological UniversityEngineering Olympics


Michigan Technological University’s Center for Pre-College Outreach proposes a collaborative effort with Michigan Tech’s Engineering Fundamenta ls depar tment to develop an Engineering Olympics competition for high school students. This project would engage schools in both eastern and western Upper Michigan, containing largely rural populations. Schools would receive 4 engineering challenges where they would have to create a vehicle or self-powered mechanism to successfully complete the task. Performance measures will be used to determine rankings of success. Students would then be put into teams to perform ‘instant engineering challenges’, utilizing the engineering design process as a group to successfully construct a structure/vehicle as a solution to the problem. There will be an Engineering Olympics conducted on both the campus of Michigan Technological University and Lake Superior State University.

• 32 •



Amy HilavacekSaginaw Valley State UniversityThe SVSU Summer Mathematics Opportunities (SuMO) Camp


The SVSU Summer Mathematics Opportunities (SuMO) Camp is a fou r -week long day camp which targets at-risk and under-represented minority middle school students from Saginaw and Bay Counties. Middle school students are brought together with high school and college student mentors and SVSU faculty in a cooperative and supportive learning environment.

Chris Kobus, Lorenzo Smith, and Laura DinsmooreOakland UniversityEarth System Science STEM Camps

Awards: Pre-College Education, Public Outreach, and Teacher Training Programs with Augmented Support

A continuing comprehensive, hands-on, activity-based outreach and education program is proposed he re to de l i ve r subs tan t i ve Earth system sciences training to three separate populations – K-12 students (especially Pontiac which has a large population of disadvantaged students), K-12 teachers (Next Generation Science Standards – NGSS), and the broader community. The shorter workshops and longer STEM camps are to be continuing activities that were initiated with MSGC funding that we hope will eventually be self-sustaining. The efforts are STEM-centered, hands-on experiences where attendees learn fundamental knowledge and then apply this to such active learning exercises as constructing dye-sensitized solar cells, making biodiesel from vegetable oil, pelletizing wood and switchgrass to run furnaces that displace fossil fuels, and assessing structures at a very basic level to reduce energy consumption. This is in addition to utilizing the Oakland University campus as a l iving laboratory with many innovative technologies installed throughout, which enhances the educational goals here.

The camp is designed to increase awareness and interest in the STEM fields in a population that is typically under-represented in these fields. Middle school students are exposed to higher-level discovery concepts both through interactive lectures by SVSU faculty and through a series of enrichment activities and games. Discovery topics could range from fractals to computer science to space applications. Students also receive instruction and reinforcement in basic mathematical skills and concepts so that these higher-level concepts and future learning opportunities will be accessible. Finally, mentoring relationships are established which boost self-esteem and confidence for both mentor and mentee.

Camp coordinator Jan Hlavacek setting up a bottle rocket for launching.

• 33 •


Peter LawrieOrion’s QuestOrion’s Quest Authentic Space-Based Research


In 2014 Or ion’s Quest (OQ) celebrates a decade of bringing world-class, space-based research into the classroom, putting students in the role of research assistant suppo r t i ng au then t i c NASA research being conducted on the International Space Station (ISS). The last 10 years have seen us inspire in excess of 18,000 students in the STEM areas. With our Jubilee year as a launch pad lifting us off into new directions, we will continue bringing research from the ISS to middle and high school science classrooms but with a brand new experiment (Mission). Additionally, the development of exciting new activities incorporating popular video and social media tools into our repertoire of activities will provide the means to expand the number of participants coming from low socioeconomic regions, including greater Detroit and rural areas of Michigan, with an additional emphasis on increasing the number of minority and female participants.

Alec Gallimore and Bonnie BryantUniversity of MichiganMSGC K-12 Outreach Program

Awards: Pre-College Education and Public Outreach Programs with Augmented Support

The University of Michigan’s K-12 Outreach Program is designed to supplement classroom activities with lessons we have developed on aerospace and space science along with hands-on activities. We find that K-12 students bond with our staff of UM undergraduate and graduate students who are not much older than they are. This combination has been successful for over 25 years, giving us the tools to spark the interest of students that have not connected to science and math in the past, and to foster those who have. From the feedback we receive from educators throughout the state, we believe this program continues to make a difference in the lives of K-12 students in Michigan. Events range from activities held within an afternoon class to multi-day, all-day events working with the same group of students or different groups of students. We are again applying to the Pre-College Education Program and the Public Outreach Program, with a request for augmented support in order to continue serving the needs of women and minorities. We continue to expand the web-based resources available on the site for support of this outreach program (mi.spacegrant.org)

Jason LeeDetroit Area Pre-College Engineering Program (DAPCEP)Summer Galaxy Academy & Earth System Science Teacher Workshops

Awards: Pre-College Education and Teacher Training Programs with Augmented Support

Summer Galaxy Academy is designed to introduce aerospace engineering to high school girls and promote personal, academic, and professional achievement. The students work collaboratively as companies to compete in an aerospace engineering design challenge centered on launching rockets. Rigorous appl icat ion o f a lgebra ic , geomet ry, and trigonometry skills, coupled with sophisticated use of video analysis technology, challenges the girls to apply textbook concepts to real-life problems in aerospace engineering. Students attend three classes: Engineering Concepts, Engineering Math, and Engineering Soft Skills.

Earth System Science Teacher Workshops is a series of three workshops focused on giving 25 DAPCEP In-School teachers the tools and resources necessary to guide their DAPCEP students to create science fair projects centered around earth system science. These workshops are integrated into DAPCEP’s annual Summer Institute for in-school teachers.

michigan in space - national space grant foundation · · 2015-12-10michigan in space fall 2015...

Documents