michigan space grant consortium fall conference october … · alexander medema – hope college 8....

MICHIGAN SPACE GRANT CONSORTIUM Fall Conference

October 12, 2019

University of Michigan Palmer Commons, 4th floor

100 Washtenaw Ave, Ann Arbor, MI 48109

Participant Packet

Table of Contents Presenter Instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Schedule at a Glance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Diagram of Palmer Commons, 4th Floor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Program Schedule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Poster Sessions and Presenters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Oral Presentation Abstracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Poster Presentation Abstracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Presenter Instructions

Speakers

• Talks are scheduled 10 minutes apart. A 6-7 minute talk with ~3 minutes Q&A is recommended.

• Before the conference, each speaker will be provided with a link to a Box folder in the cloud. Speakers should upload their Powerpoint presentation to that folder by Friday night.

• On the day of the conference, speakers should come to the podium before their talk to familiarize themselves with accessing their file.o Presenting in Session 1 – come to the podium during Poster Session Ao Presenting in Session 2 – come to the podium during luncho Presenting in Session 3 – come to the podium during Poster Session B

• Take the presentation PowerPoint file on a flash drive as a back-up.

Poster presenters

• Posters have been assigned a specific location. See the diagram in this packet to identifythe location that corresponds with the number assigned to your poster.

• Tacks will be supplied.• Presenters must attend the duration of the Poster Session in which they are scheduled

(see Poster Sessions - Summary).• Presenters in Poster Session A (morning) should have their posters up before 9:00am and

taken down by 1:15pm.• Presenters in Poster Session B (afternoon) should put up their posters between 1:15 and

1:45pm.• Posters must be removed by 5:45pm.• Posters not removed by 5:45pm may be subject to damage or loss.

Schedule at a Glance

7:30 am Registration open 8:00 am Breakfast begins 9:00 am Keynote Session 10:55 am Poster Session A 11:45 am Oral Presentation Session I 12:45 pm Lunch 1:50 pm Oral Presentation Session II 2:55 pm Poster Session B 3:45 pm Oral Presentation Session III 5:00 pm Adjourn

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2019 MSGC Fall Conference PROGRAM SCHEDULE

Saturday, October 12, 2019 Palmer Commons, 100 Washtenaw Ave., Ann Arbor, MI

4th Floor – Forum Hall, Great Lakes Rooms, and Atrium 4 University of Michigan, Central Campus

7:30 Registration and poster set-up

8:00 Breakfast (Great Lakes Room)

9:00 Welcome (Forum Hall) Prof. Mark Moldwin, Executive Director, MSGC

9:10 Lessons on Mission Success from the Apollo and Space Shuttle Programs Keynote Address (Forum Hall) Dr. Tony England, Apollo Astronaut, Dean of the College of Engineering and Computer Science University of Michigan Dearborn

9:55 Aerospace, Space, and Beyond for the State of Michigan (Forum Hall) Gavin Brown, Executive Director, Michigan Aerospace Manufacturers Association

10:35 A Collaboration – Michigan Launch Initiative and the AFA-Michigan (Forum Hall) Randy Whitmire, President, Air Force Association - Michigan

10:55 Poster Session A (Great Lakes Room and Atrium 4)

11:45 Oral Presentations Session 1 (Forum Hall)

Improved Modeling of the Thermospheric Density via CubeSat Ephemeris Assimilation Daniel A. Brandt|Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering|UM|Ann Arbor, Michigan

A More Comprehensive Theory of Contact Binary Star Evolution Michaela Blain|Physics & Astronomy|Calvin University|Grand Rapids, Michigan

Testing Contact Binary Star Evolution with the Extensive OGLE Archive Sarah Whitten|Physics and Astronomy|Calvin University|Grand Rapids, MI

Charge-Sign-Dependence of Solar Modulation at the AMS, BESS and PAMELA observations of cycle 23 Ilias Cholis|Physics|Oakland University|Rochester, MI

Understanding the Regions Around Supermassive Black Holes at the Centers of Galaxies Jake Miller|Physics|Wayne State University|Detroit, MI

Compact Localized Augmented Work-Station (CLAWS) Riley Schnee and Cesar Mu|Computer Science Engr. and Aerospace Engr.|UM|Ann Arbor, MI

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12:45 Lunch (Great Lakes Room and Atrium 4)


From STEM to STEAM: Incorporating Art into the Roger That! Symposium Karen Gipson|Brookes College|GVSU|Allendale, MI

Inspiring Future STEM Teachers through Engineering the Future Academies Carley Laird|Hope College|Holland MI

Physiological Responses to Upper Body Aerobic Exercise with Blood Flow Restriction Benjamin Cockfield|Kinesiology and Integrative Physiology|Michigan Technological University|Houghton, MI

Intracellular Electrometer Used for Electrophysiology Experiments in Biological Neurons Lucas Essenburg|Electrical & Computer Engineering|Western Michigan University|Kalamazoo, MI

Impact of Microgravity on the accumulation of DNA damage in Human Embryonic Kidney Cells Ann J. Fuelle|Chemistry|Oakland University|Rochester, MI

Initial Photochemical Transformation of Dissolved Free Amino Acids under Sunlit Irradiation in Water Ryan Kibler|Civil and Environmental Engineering|Michigan Technological University|Houghton, MI

2:55 Poster Session B (Great Lakes Room and Atrium 4)


Developing a General Compton Scattering Cross-Section in Strong Magnetic Fields Meredith Bomers|Physics|Hope College|Holland, MI

Setting Foot on Mars - A Big Step & Even Greater Leap for Undergraduate and Graduate Students to Achieve Joshua Gonzalez|Kinesiology|Michigan Tech University|Houghton, MI (et. al.)

Heavy Equipment Tracking: Estimote Beacon Implementation Trent Bekker|Mechanical Engineering|University of Michigan – Dearborn|Dearborn, MI

Excavation Hardware Experimentation Amber George|Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering|UM |Ann Arbor, MI

Multi-fluid MHD Modeling of Europa's Plasma Interaction: Effects of Asymmetric Density in the Neutral Atmosphere Camilla Harris|Climate and Space Sciences and Engr.|University of Michigan|Ann Arbor, MI

Exploring the Geochemical Characteristics of the SW Ethiopian Flood Basalts R. Alex Steiner|Earth and Environmental Sciences|Michigan State University|Lansing, MI

4:50 Closing Comments

5:00 Adjourn

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POSTER SESSIONS AND PRESENTERS

Poster Session A

1. Investigating Multiple Stellar Populations in M13Willem Hoogendam – Calvin University

2. Development of a Flexible Battery Using Printed Electronic Technology on Paper SubstratesJustOne Crosby – Western Michigan University

3. Navigation & Orientation for Returning a Launched Rocket/Payload by ParafoilOscar Schott – Calvin University

4. Using the OGLE Archive to Understand Two Subclasses of Contact Binary SystemsLauren Henderson – Calvin University

5. An Improved Habitability Index for Mars ExplorationBrian D. Wade – Michigan State University

6. Improved Robotic Software in Unexpected Environmental Scenarios Using AIKatherine G. Skocelas – Grand Valley State University

7. Basic Comparison of High-Level Programming LanguagesAlexander Medema – Hope College

8. Generalized Antoine and Wagner equations consistent with the predictions of the Soave-Redlich-

Kwong equation of state using similarity variablesArmandine Uwimana – Hope College

9. Investigation of Pressure Effects on Plume Properties of a Low-Cost Hall Effect ThrusterThomas V. Kerber – Western Michigan University

10. The Identification of Cloud Forest Landslides in Monteverde, Costa Rica, Using High-Resolution

Satellite Imagery and Machine LearningEric Leu – Hope College

11. Investigation of strontium-doped hydroxyapatite coating methods for iron oxide nanoparticlesCarmen Chamberlain – Hope College

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12. Effect of Bacterium Redox Activity on Current Transients in Single Bacteria–Electrode CollisionsAnna Tarach – Grand Valley State University

13. Local Air Quality Data Categorization to Improve Environmental Science EducationBaylee Kurzynski – Hope College

14. Energizing our World - Innovating with Renewable EnergyChelsea Ridge – Grand Valley State University

15. Oakland University MSGC Pathway to External GrantsLaila Guessous – Oakland University

16. 2019 STEPS CampSara Maas – Grand Valley State University

17. Extended Radiometric Age Signatures in Relation to Southern Patagonian MagmitismMadison Kortas – Michigan State University

18. Extreme Life: Exploring Photosynthetic and Chemosynthetic Microbial Mats in Lake Huron's

Submerged SinkholesBopi Biddanda – Grand Valley State University

19. Understanding the Impact of Chronic Low Dose Radiation on Mental Health and Behavior in MiceVictoria Parker|Corine LaFrenier – Hope College

20. Anthropogenic Noise does not Impact Nestling Health in Eastern BluebirdsHyeryeong Choi|Dena Baker – Calvin University

21. Demonstration of Single Ion Channel Activity in Lipid Bilayers with Temperature ControlAlex Van Kooten|Brian Seper – Calvin University

22. Do bacteriophages with gene-dense genomes have a reproductive advantage?Angela Vito – Hope College

23. Temperature and Bilayer Composition Effects on Gramicidin A Ion ChannelsUnBrian Seper|Alex VanKooten – Calvin University

24. Old and Deer: A Study of Peridotites in Michigan's Upper PeninsulaRachel Merz – Eastern Michigan University

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25. Cenozoic Magmatism in East Africa: A Mineral Analysis of the Lokitaung BasaltsRayn Phillips – Michigan State University

26. Geochemical and Spatial Variability at a Microscopic ScaleErika Miciuda – Michigan State University

27. Mapping Sand Dune Complexes Using Drones and Ground-Based ImageryPaul Pearson – Hope College

Poster Session B

1. Designing Self-Adaptive Algorithms for Cognitive SpacecraftNasim Nezamoddini – Oakland University

2. Evaluating a Virtual Reality-based Interface for Teaching HumanoidsWing-Yue G Louie – Oakland University

3. Propulsion System Optimization for a Gas-Electric Hybrid DroneAlyssa Lalko– Oakland University

4. Analyzing the relationship between rotation measurements obtained from radio sources and total

electron content (TEC) obtained from GNSS stations in AfricaSerenity Monroe – University of Michigan

5. Mapleseed ProjectJason Figueroa – University of Michigan

6. DUST: Spaceborne Mesh Network CommunicationsTaylor Sun – University of Michigan

7. Simultaneous Optical and Electrical Spin-Torque Magnetometry at the GHz frequencies

Mouhamad Hammami – Oakland University

8. Quantifying the existence and preferred direction of propagation of ionospheric structuresLetty Loeza – University of Michigan

9. Search for L5 Earth Trojans with DECamLarissa Markwardt – University of Michigan

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10. Featherweight Heaterless Hollow Cathode CharacterizationMargaret Mooney – Western Michigan University

11. Open-Source Hardware Implementation of a SpaceWire RouterKristi Stefa – Oakland University

12. Miniature Tether Electrodynamics Experiment: Propellantless Propulsion for Small SatellitesGeoffrey Jenkins – University of Michigan

13. GSFC's Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) Units and their Impact on Outdoor Air

QualitySheyenne Harris – University of Michigan

14. Analysis on San Francisco Fire Department Dispatch Calls and their relationship to the Elevation of

the Call SourceAbdulrahman Zaiter – Saginaw Valley State University

15. Reaching Students with Science at a Strategic Moment: The Appeal of Earth Science Research on

Lake Michigan DunesKatherine Benedict | Paul Duimstra – Calvin University

16. Keeping Young Math and Science Enthusiasts HookedFeryal Alayont – Grand Valley State University

17. A 3D Physical Model to Experience how the Human Body Works First HandJana Hendrickson – Michigan Technological University

18. Processing of Porcine Internal Mammary Arteries for Human Bypass Graft ApplicationsKelsey LeMay – Michigan Technological University

19. Evaluations of Microgravity on DNA RepairKaitlin Lowran – Oakland University

20. Prebiotic synthesis of amides in hydrothermal environmentsZiming Yang – Oakland University

21. Analysis of immunity and symbiosis of the Northern Star Coral from future climate impactsTyler E. Harman – Grand Valley State University

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22. Competitive interactions between native Brook Trout and introduced Brown Trout: an exploration of

niche partitioning using temporal and spatial diet analysesFrederick Jack Glassen - Grand Valley State University

23. On the Brink of Extinction: An Analysis of Temperature Resistance in Staghorn coralCassidy Rae Gilmore – Grand Valley State University, Annis Water Resources Institute

24. Geochemical Comparison of Lake Superior Dikes and Micro Mapping of Geological Thin SectionsErik Eikey – Michigan State University

25. Mountains out of Molehills: Probing the Plumbing of Incipient Volcanic EdificesChristopher Svoboda – Michigan State University

26. La Angelita Basalts: Chemical Signatures in Patagonian MeltsSydney Lauren Gable – Michigan State University

27. Exploring factors that affect the dynamics of cyanobacterial blooms in Muskegon Lake, Michigan, a

model Great Lakes EstuaryJasmine Mancuso - Grand Valley State University, Annis Water Resources Institute

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Oral Presentation Abstracts

Session 1

Improved Modeling of the Thermospheric Density via CubeSat Ephemeris Assimilation

Daniel A. Brandt|Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering|University of Michgian|Ann Arbor, Michigan

The thermosphere is the abode of the International Space Station, numerous research satellites, and a plethora of space debris. It is the region for which nearly all Extreme Ultraviolet radiation is absorbed, and it is highly responsive to diurnal variation, changes in EUV radiation, and fluctuations in the intensity of the interplanetary magnetic field. Empirical atmospheric models, the most widely used of which is NRLMSISE-00, poorly model the thermospheric density response during geomagnetic storms, reducing the accuracy of orbital propagators, hampering our ability to estimate the time and location of satellite reentry, and jeopardizing our ability to perform accurate spacecraft collision avoidance. The storm-time inaccuracy of these models reflects a major gap in our understanding of how the thermosphere responds to intense geomagnetic energy influx on short timescales. We present a method for addressing NRLMSISE-00 density under-prediction during geomagnetic storms using satellite two-line element sets (TLEs), and an in-house orbital propagator, the Spacecraft Orbital Characterization Kit (SpOCK), as the components of a calibration routine that minimizes orbit error. This method will sever to improve our capabilities of space situational awareness, serving the needs of science, industry, and national defense, as well as enable us to gather more insight into the nature of the thermospheric reaction to enhanced geomagnetic and solar activity.

A More Comprehensive Theory of Contact Binary Star Evolution

Michaela Blain|Physics & Astronomy|Calvin University|Grand Rapids, Michigan Lauren Henderson|Physics & Astronomy|Calvin University|Grand Rapids, Michigan Sarah Whitten|Physics & Astronomy|Calvin University|Grand Rapids, Michigan Lawrence Molnar|Physics & Astronomy|Calvin University|Grand Rapids, Michigan

A contact binary star system consists of two stars orbiting each other so closely that they share a common atmosphere. While these objects are the most common type of eclipsing binary star, there is little consensus about how they form, live, and die. Last year, we presented a preliminary framework for the later stages of contact binary evolution. First, the two stars evolve off the main sequence conserving mass and angular momentum, gradually increasing in orbital period and becoming more extreme in mass ratio. Second, a critical mass ratio is eventually reached at which a tidal instability causes the orbital period to rapidly decrease. Finally, overflow of the shared Roche Lobe causes an exponential decrease in orbital period and merger. We now add to this the physical mechanisms of formation. First, interaction with a third body brings the initially wide binary closer together. Second, angular momentum loss through magnetic breaking completes

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the process of bringing the two into contact. Each stage of our evolutionary theory can be tested with observations or numerical simulations. In this presentation, we present two such tests. Timing updates on the set of seven systems we identified last year with large orbital period time derivatives test our hypothesis that these stars are in the late tidal instability stage. Numerical estimations of apsidal precession rates can be used to determine the short period cutoff, thereby testing our formation hypothesis

Testing Contact Binary Star Evolution with the Extensive OGLE Archive

Sarah Whitten|Physics and Astronomy|Calvin University|Grand Rapids, MI Michaela Blain|Physics and Astronomy|Calvin University|Grand Rapids, MI Lauren Henderson|Physics and Astronomy|Calvin University|Grand Rapids, MI Lawrence Molnar|Physics and Astronomy|Calvin University|Grand Rapids, MI

A contact binary star system consists of two stars orbiting each other so closely that they share a common atmosphere. Soszynski et al. (2016) presented 425,000 eclipsing binary stars from the OGLE brightness variability survey of the galactic bulge, the most extensive archive of eclipsing binary stars in existence. We classified these systems based on the shape of their light curves. Analyzing those systems with the most complete data, we identified 184,000 as contact binaries and 96,000 as detached binaries. We corrected the period distribution of contact binary stars for systematics caused by the limiting magnitude of the survey, yielding the first reliable estimate of the long period tail of this distribution. Less than 1% of contact binary stars have periods as long as the high period derivative binaries we have identified as late evolutionary stage systems. We used the Phoebe software package to interpret the contact binary light curve shapes in terms of mass ratio and other parameters. The relation between mass ratio and orbital period that we found was consistent with our simple evolutionary theory based on conservative mass transfer.

Charge-Sign-Dependence of Solar Modulation at the AMS, BESS and PAMELA observations of cycle 23

Ilias Cholis|Physics|Oakland University|Rochester, MI

Our basic theoretical understanding of the sources of cosmic rays and their propagation through the interstellar medium is hindered by the Sun, that through the solar wind affects the observed cosmic-ray spectra.This effect is known as solar modulation. However recently released cosmic-ray data and publicly available measurements of the solar wind properties allow us to test the analytical modeling of the time-, charge- and energy-dependence of solar modulation. Using the well established time-dependence of solar modulation we will show clear evidence for its charge and energy dependence.

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Understanding the Regions Around Supermassive Black Holes at the Centers of Galaxies

Jake Miller|Physics|Wayne State University|Detroit, MI Edward Cackett|Physics|Wayne State University|Detroit, MI

Reverberation mapping is a technique that allows for the measurement of the sizes of accretion disks around supermassive black holes in active galactic nuclei (AGN). Several reverberation mapping campaigns find disk sizes three times larger than predicted by standard disk models. This may be due to continuum emission from the broad line region (BLR) clouds orbiting AGN and not the accretion disk, or challenge our understanding of the structure of accretion disks. To better understand this, a three year monitoring campaign of nearby AGN will take place using the Wayne State University Zowada Observatory. Zowada Observatory will perform reverberation mapping of ~10 AGN a year, monitoring the AGN for at least 90 days consecutively, with a cadence of at most 2 days between observations. These data will test the structure nearby to supermassive black holes and will be used to search for correlations between observed time lags and black hole mass, disk size, mass accretion rate, and other properties of AGN. I will present an overview of this project including some initial results.

Compact Localized Augmented Work-Station (CLAWS)

Sahil Farishta|Computer Science Engr. and Aerospace Engr.|University of Michigan|Ann Arbor, MI Chenyang Lyu|School of Information|University of Michigan|Ann Arbor, MI Cesar Mu|Computer Science Engineering|University of Michigan|Ann Arbor, MI Rupal Nigam|Computer Science Engineering|University of Michigan|Ann Arbor, MI Emily Rassel|Aerospace Engineering|University of Michigan|Ann Arbor, MI Riley Schnee|Computer Science Engineering|University of Michigan|Ann Arbor, MI

The Compact Localized Augmented Work-Station (CLAWS) team from the University of Michigan works to design and develop augmented and virtual reality (AR/VR) systems for space exploration applications. Last year, CLAWS was 1 of 12 teams accepted to the 2019 NASA SUITS challenge. For this challenge, the team designed and developed an augmented reality system on the Microsoft Hololens to provide an astronaut with seamless access to pertinent EVA information, without unwanted intrusions. The user interface includes mission instructions, astronaut health data, spacesuit status, and warnings. A key feature of the system is the capability to scan QR codes and pull up relevant information, such as how to open an airlock. Everything is displayed on a single screen in a minimalist manner and can be accessed through voice commands for hands-free access. In April 2019, the CLAWS team traveled to Houston, TX to test their prototype at Johnson Space Center with NASA engineers. The team received valuable feedback from experienced professionals and incorporated that into their final design.

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Session 2

From STEM to STEAM: Incorporating Art into the Roger That! Symposium

Karen Gipson|Brookes College|GVSU|Allendale, MI Samhita Rhodes|Engineering|GVSU|Allendale, MI Deana Weibel|Anthropology & IRIS|GVSU|Allendale, MI

The “Roger That!” symposium is a two-day celebration of space exploration, named in honor of astronaut Roger B. Chaffee, a native Grand Rapidian who lost his life in the Apollo 1 fire. Since its inception, “Roger That!” has been a collaboration between Grand Valley State University (GVSU) and the Grand Rapids Public Museum (GRPM), offered in downtown Grand Rapids. The third iteration of the “Roger That!” symposium, held in February 2019, expanded upon past offerings with an extensive and intentional incorporation of art into the offerings, truly transforming the event from S-T-E-M into S-T-E-A-M. The activities began with artist J Brett Grill describing the creation of his statue of Roger B. Chaffee that now resides in front of the Grand Rapids Children’s Museum. The art theme continued throughout the day with a much greater diversity of projects in the design competition for 4th -6th grade students and GVSU art students displaying commemorative artwork they had created for the symposium. The plenary session on the role of planetariums in communities also combined art and science, as one of the planetarium directors had been trained as an artist and the other as a scientist. This year’s evening keynote presentation was delivered by astronaut Nicole Stott, the first person to create a watercolor painting in space; she inspired audiences including hundreds Girl Scouts at GVSU on Friday evening and at GRPM Saturday morning with her message to “Dream Big!”

Inspiring Future STEM Teachers through Engineering the Future Academies

Carley Laird|Undergraduate|Hope College|Holland MI Susan Ipri Brown|Engineer|Hope College|Holland MI Carrie Dummer|Education|Hope College|Holland MI

Participating in the development and instruction of hands-on STEM camps significantly impacts upcoming teachers’ educational experiences. In the summer of 2019, Holland Public Schools (HPS) sent 60 fifth and sixth graders to attend an inquiry-based STEM camp at Hope College through the Engineering the Future Academies funded by the Michigan Space Grant Consortium. Two teachers from the HPS STEM program and one undergraduate education major came together to create and pursue two separate weeks of the camp. The undergraduate student was provided the unique opportunity to serve as the lead curriculum developer under the mentorship of the in-service teachers, and to lead additional undergraduate science and education majors providing assistance with camp preparation and classroom management. The opportunity to develop and lead project-based, hands-on lessons in a camp environment provided a unique learning opportunity for the pre-service teacher with positive ramifications for her future educational roles.

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Physiological Responses to Upper Body Aerobic Exercise with Blood Flow Restriction

Benjamin Cockfield|Kinesiology and Integrative Physiology|Michigan Technological University|Houghton, MI

Jana Hendrickson|Kinesiology and Integrative Physiology|Michigan Technological University|Houghton, MI

Isaac Wedig|Kinesiology and Integrative Physiology|Michigan Technological University|Houghton, MI Steven Elmer|Kinesiology and Integrative Physiology|Michigan Technological University|Houghton, MI

Blood flow restricted exercise (BFR) can improve muscular size, strength and aerobic capacity and may be an effective way to maintain astronaut health during extended space travel. Our purpose was to evaluate physiological responses to arm-cranking BFR and determine the efficacy of its use as a mode of exercise training. We hypothesized that BFR will elicit greater cardiorespiratory strain, metabolite build-up, and pain compared to exercise without BFR. Healthy adults (N=3) completed 3 arm-cranking conditions: low-load (LL, 40% VO2max), low-load with BFR (LLBFR, 40% VO2max), and high-load (HL, 80% VO¬2max). During LLBFR, blood flow was restricted using a cuff (5cm) inflated to 70% of limb occlusion pressure. Heart rate, oxygen consumption, deoxygenated hemoglobin (HHb) and pain were recorded. Compared to LL, heart rate tended to increase during LLBFR (13±3%) and increased further during HL (48±6%). Oxygen consumption tended to be greater in HL (2.0±0.8) compared to LL (1.0±0.4) and LLBFR (1.1±0.5). HHb rose to a similar extent during HL (9.3±8.3) and LLBFR (9.1±4.6) compared to LL (3.1±3.2). Pain tended to be higher in LLBFR (3.1±1.3) than HL (1.1±1.2) and not present in LL. Results indicate LLBFR has lower cardiovascular demand with similar muscular stress as HL but with more pain. LLBFR may therefore elicit similar muscular improvements seen in HL but at LL intensity. Continued data collection will assist in developing an effective arm cranking BFR training program.

Intracellular Electrometer Used for Electrophysiology Experiments in Biological Neurons

Lucas Essenburg|Western Michigan University|Kalamazoo, MI

The Western Michigan University Neurobiology Engineering Laboratory conducts research in energy-efficient electrical stimulation of biological neurons. Experimental work requires an intracellular electrometer to inject nanoamp-level currents into a biological neuron and to measure its membrane voltage response. In order to fully understand the generation of such minute currents, an `in-house' electrometer was designed, constructed, and validated. This required exploration of various design trade-offs including precision of generated nanoamp-level currents vs. susceptibility to noise, portability vs. functionality, and cost vs. functionality. The electrometer was successfully used to stimulate and measure responses of neurons from the medicinal leech Hirudo Verbana.

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Impact of Microgravity on the accumulation of DNA damage in Human Embryonic Kidney Cells

Ann J. Fuelle|Chemistry|Oakland University|Rochester, MI Kaitlin Lowran|Chemistry|Oakland University|Rochester, MI Colin G. Wu|Chemistry|Oakland University|Rochester, MI

In outer space, astronauts undergo direct exposure to oxidative stress and UV radiation due to a low-oxygen environment and the absence of an ozone layer. Although prolonged oxidative stress and UV radiation damages genomic DNA and requires repair mechanisms, the long-term effects of microgravity on these cellular repair mechanisms are not fully understood. The purpose of this study is to determine how microgravity impacts the proliferation and DNA repair pathways of Human Embryonic Kidney (HEK293) cells. We measured the effects of hydrogen peroxide, bleomycin, and camptothecin on HEK293 cells under normal gravitational conditions and microgravity simulation. Hydrogen peroxide (oxidative stress) elicits damage that mimics the conditions of outer space, while bleomycin and camptothecin caused double-stranded and single-stranded breaks respectively. Treatment occurred at timed increments while the cell viability, physical morphology, and nucleic DNA damage were monitored using a variety of biochemical assays. We found that all reagents induced concentration-dependent DNA damage in normal gravitational conditions while damage was variable under microgravity simulation. Furthermore, DNA damage increased under microgravity simulation alone. We conclude the extent of mutagenic damage observed is specific to HEK293 cells and plan to replicate these studies in cardiomyocytes, dermal fibroblasts, and retinal cells. The experimental outcomes seek to increase the safety of space travel.

Initial Photochemical Transformation of Dissolved Free Amino Acids under Sunlit Irradiation in Water

Ryan Kibler|Civil and Environmental Engineering|Michigan Technological University|Houghton, MI Daisuke Minakata|Civil and Environmental Engr.|Michigan Technological University|Houghton, MI

With more than half of the nation’s drinking water affected by wastewater discharge from upstream and more indirect and direct reuse of treated wastewater, human health and ecotoxicological impacts resulting from effluent organic material (EfOM) will increase. Dissolved free amino acids (DFAAs), nitrogen components of EfOM, are essential nitrogen sources for microorganisms and play important roles in global N-cycling in natural aquatic environments. Several DFAAs including histidine, methionine, and tyrosine in sunlit surface waters are susceptible to direct and indirect photochemical transformation with reactive oxygen species. In this study, we investigated the reaction kinetics and initial reaction mechanisms involved in the fate of DFAAs through bench-top photolysis experiments. Three surrogate compounds were chosen in the presence of surrogate dissolved organic matter (DOM). We quantified the contributions of triplet excited state of DOM, singlet oxygen, hydroxyl radicals to the initial photodegradation of DFAAs in the presence of surrogate DOM.

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Session 3

Developing a General Compton Scattering Cross-Section in Strong Magnetic Fields

Meredith Bomers|Hope College|Holland, MI

Various X-ray space telescopes have detected steady soft X-ray emission originating from highly magnetized neutron stars called magnetars. Within their magnetospheres, accelerated electrons interact with and boost X-ray photons through the quantum electrodynamic process known as Compton scattering. This is the preferred mechanism for the production of the high-energy tails observed in magnetar thermal X-ray spectra. Through the implementation of Sokolov & Ternov (S&T) spin states, there exist analytic expressions for the spin-dependent lifetimes of excited-state charged particles in magnetospheres. These expressions are required to determine the spin-dependent Compton scattering cross section. We are developing correct, spin-dependent compact analytic expressions for the Compton cross section to eventually be used in Monte Carlo simulations of magnetars’ X-ray emission. These expressions enable the graphical analysis of the specific effects of intermediate and final charged particle spin states as well as the role of linear polarization modes in photon intensities. This will allow for more accurate and efficient modeling of magnetars and may help in understanding distinct features between highly magnetized and conventional gamma-ray pulsars. This research is made possible by the generous support of a Clare Boothe Luce Research Scholars grant to Hope College from the Luce Foundation, the Michigan Space Grant Consortium, and the Hope College Department of Physics.

Setting Foot on Mars - A Big Step and Even Greater Leap for Undergraduate and Graduate Students to Achieve

Joshua Gonzalez|Kinesiology|Michigan Tech|Houghton, MI Jessica Bruning|Kinesiology|Michigan Tech|Houghton, MI Isaac Wedig|Kinesiology|Michigan Tech|Houghton, MI Andrea Serrano|Kinesiology|Michigan Tech|Houghton, MI Benjamin Cockfield|Kinesiology|Michigan Tech|Houghton, MI Sarah LewAllen|Biology|Michigan Tech|Houghton, MI Nehemiah McIntyre|Kinesiology|Michigan Tech|Houghton, MI Jessica Pitts|Kinesiology|Michigan Tech|Houghton, MI Jana Hendrickson|Kinesiology|Michigan Tech|Houghton, MI

Fifty years ago, the United States did the impossible by sending humans to the Moon. A human mission to Mars now looms on the horizon. Sending astronauts deep into space presents a “big step” and even “greater leap” for humankind. A major limiting factor is the human body. Understanding how microgravity affects the human body is paramount for astronaut health and mission success. The project objective is to establish how humans would physically move on Mars and survive the three-year trip. Our team consists of 9 undergraduate and graduate students with backgrounds in biomedical engineering, biological sciences, and exercise physiology. How will astronauts physically move on the Martian surface? To simulate human movement on Mars,

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we are using a treadmill and mechanical system to partially unload body weight to achieve 38% of Earth’s gravity. We are performing brief walking and running trials (5min, 0.5-5.0m/s) while oxygen consumption is measured. Data are used to calculate the energy cost of movement (kcal/kg/km) and determine the optimal movement strategy. How can exercise be used to maintain astronaut health during the three-year journey? We are also developing a three-year exercise plan for astronauts to carry out before, during, and after the journey to Mars. Through integration of engineering, experimental design, human subject data collection, and professional development opportunities, our team will achieve the project objective and share these findings with NASA.

Heavy Equipment Tracking: Estimote Beacon Implementation

Trent Bekker|Mechanical Engineering|University of Michigan – Dearborn|Dearborn, MI

In an effort to understand the usage of heavy equipment at Stennis Space Center, tracking unit projects have been researched and developed. This information is key to helping SSC understand how to redistribute heavy equipment so that they are used more effectively and efficiently. The location data collected is also desired to feed into the Stennis Geographic Information System (GIS). Having location data uploaded to the GIS will allow operators to know where they are in real time which will reduce the time it may take to find them. To track heavy equipment LoRa GPS units and Estimote asset tracking beacons were researched over the last year by Center Operations interns. Ultimately, Estimote tracking beacons were selected and implemented in the form of two case studies on forklifts at SSC while people at Johnson Space Center (JSC) looked at testing the LoRa system for their bicycle tracking project. To accurately set up beacons in areas that best tested the equipment, case studies were developed. Information regarding where forklifts travelled to and the frequency at which they did so was collected to form the case studies. Estimote’s proximity beacons which communicate via Bluetooth were selected for a case study involving one forklift travelling inside and outside. Estimote LTE beacons were selected for a second case study tracking a forklift travelling only outside. In the Summer of 2019 the beacons are scheduled to be implemented onto units with the data collected used to

Excavation Hardware Experimentation

Amber George|Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering|University of Michigan |Ann Arbor, MI

There are limited resources on extraterrestrial bodies and current launch vehicles can only send finite resources on deep space missions. That being said, transporting resources needed for deep space missions is extremely expensive, it can cost tens of thousands of dollars per pound to send items into orbit. In order to sustain life and establish outposts on other celestial bodies, we need to find a way to utilize the resources that are readily available in these environments. This process is called In Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU), which is comprised of prospecting for, collecting, processing, and storing materials found on other celestial bodies, then using them for

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construction, science applications, propulsion, and other purposes. ISRU is a major focus of Swamp Works in the Engineering Development Lab. Swamp Works has developed an excavation robot, Regolith Advanced Surface Systems Operations Robot (RASSOR), that specializes in excavating regolith from the lunar surface. RASSOR has a novel set of digging and collecting tools known as bucket drums. My project was to create RASSOR bucket drums that were scaled to fit into the system used in a parabolic flight experiment. I used CAD to design and 3D print a scaled down version of the RASSOR bucket drums to be used in this experiment. Our experiment was focused on the flow of regolith through the scaled bucket drum geometry in simulated lunar gravity.

Multi-fluid MHD Modeling of Europa's Plasma Interaction: Effects of Asymmetric Density in the Neutral Atmosphere

Camilla Harris|Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering|University of Michigan|Ann Arbor, MI Xianzhe Jia|Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering|University of Michigan|Ann Arbor, MI James A. Slavin|Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering|University of Michigan|Ann Arbor, MI Gabor Toth|Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering|University of Michigan|Ann Arbor, MI Martin Rubin|Physikalisches Institut|University of Bern|Bern, Switzerland

Europa orbits Jupiter within Jupiter’s magnetosphere, that region of space which is dominated by the planetary magnetic field and by plasma originating from Jupiter’s moon Io. Europa’s subsurface ocean and weak atmosphere interact with Jupiter’s magnetic field and magnetospheric plasma to form the plasma interaction. We have developed a 3D multi-fluid magnetohydrodynamic model for Europa’s plasma environment that solves for the bulk properties of 3 ion fluids (magnetospheric O+, ionospheric O+ and O2+), an electron fluid, and the electromagnetic fields near the moon. We include a distribution of neutral O2 that represents Europa’s atmosphere and provides the neutral source for ionization and charge exchange mass-loading in our simulation. Here we investigate how variations in the density of Europa’s atmosphere affect the interaction. We find that we can explain the magnetic field observations of the Galileo mission’s (1995-2003) E15 flyby by incorporating the effects of solar illumination on Europa’s atmosphere. NASA’s upcoming Europa Clipper mission will sound Europa’s subsurface ocean using the magnetic field; models for Europa’s plasma interaction will be critical for interpreting this magnetic field, because the plasma interaction generates magnetic signatures that can obscure the signal. Our work demonstrates that the state of Europa’s neutral atmosphere is a crucial factor in the magnetic signatures of the plasma interaction.

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Exploring the Geochemical Characteristics of the SW Ethiopian Flood Basalts

R. Alex Steiner|Earth and Environmental Sciences|Michigan State University|Lansing, MIT. O. Rooney|Earth and Environmental Sciences|Michigan State University|Lansing, MIRayn Phillips|Earth and Environmental Sciences|Michigan State University|Lansing, MILiam Peterson|Earth and Environmental Sciences|Michigan State University|Lansing, MI

The largest structures of planet Earth are regions termed large low-shear velocity provinces (LLSVP). These enigmatic structures are found deep in the mantle beneath the Pacific and African plates and appear to be closely associated with mantle plumes generating large igneous provinces (LIP). The East African LIP was formed by a series of magmatic pulses, generating two temporally distinct flood basalt provinces; the first in the Omo and Turkana basins of Ethiopia and Kenya at ca.45-34 m.y.a., the second on the NW Ethiopian plateau at ca. 31-28 m.y.a. The presence of these two events raises questions about the thermochemical state of the mantle: are the two events are caused by a single plume moving to the north; or are two distinct plume heads interacting with the lithosphere? To test this concept, we use trace element compositions from basalt samples within each province and attempt to generate a comparable composition using mantle melting model HAMMS1. We found that the lava suites of the two flood basalt provinces are generated from two difference source compositions. Therefore, we conclude that lavas from the two provinces are generated from distinct mantle sources that may be a function of multiple compositionally variable plume heads, instead of a single migrating plume. An important implication of this is that the LLSVP generating the mantle plumes is heterogeneous in composition, spawning many plumes with similarly heterogeneous characteristics.

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Poster Presentation Abstracts Session A 1. Investigating Multiple Stellar Populations in M13 Willem Hoogendam|Physics and Astronomy|Calvin University|Grand Rapids, Michigan Jason Smolinski|Physics and Astronomy|Calvin University|Grand Rapids, Michigan Globular clusters were once the archetype of a simple, homogeneous stellar population. However, in recent decades more observations have revealed the existence of two different stellar populations in globular clusters distinguished by elemental differences. Our research is a continuation of last summer’s research on a new method of identifying multiple stellar populations in globular clusters through color photometry. We utilized a different color index, U-B, to separate the different populations and investigate a reported radial segregation among the two populations within M13, with the chemically-enriched group being more centrally concentrated and the unenriched being more uniform throughout the cluster, as described in the literature. However, our result did not match the literature we were expecting to match. However, a more recent study reported a lack of radial segregation in this cluster. Our results are consistent with no radial segregation among the two populations in M13. 2. Development of a Flexible Battery Using Printed Electronic Technology on Paper

Substrates JustOne Crosby|Chemical and Paper Engineering|Western Michigan University|Kalamazoo, MI Since the dawn of civilization, humans have attempted to push the boundaries of dimensional limitations. From the invention of the wheel for vast applications of motion to the creation of the space shuttle to access the worlds beyond our own, humans have used technology to access a freer quality of life. Today, electronics are a primary tool used in many capacities daily for communication, movement, sensory, etc. Batteries enable these electronics to perform in many capacities, yet their conventional state is stiff and bulky, preventing elastic movement and innovative design. Flexible batteries could bring electronics into a new age of dimensional freedom. Using printed electronic technology on flexible substrates would allow cost-effective commercial manufacturing of thinner electrical components. Incorporating paper substrates brings recyclable or biodegradable properties to this innovative design, bringing a more environmentally friendly device to the electronic industry. During this study, we conduct a literature review of past and present technology related to flexible battery design, fiber based insulating solutions, and printed active components, to develop a battery that combines these elements into one printed-flexible cost effective, paper-based cell. In conjunction with this review, we are establishing a plan for design and fabrication that is feasible for large-scale manufacturing. Results from this review and the products of this research will be presented.

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3. Navigation & Orientation for Returning a Launched Rocket/Payload by Parafoil Oscar Schott|Space Systems Academic Group|Naval Postgraduate School|Monterey, CA

Calvin University, Grand Rapids, MI My goal during my summer’s research was to create a viable form of navigation intended for use with a parafoil-guided payload from rocket launches or high altitude balloons. The largest challenge I met in completing my goal was finding a suitable method for correcting the payload’s course without the use of a magnetometer (aka a compass), as we cannot rely on the magnetometer because magnetic interference generated by the payload renders it a very light paperweight, and without the ability to reference bearing, it is very difficult to complete the course corrections needed to navigate to a specified target. My initial use of GPS failed. Additionally, I coded, and engineered a gyro/accelerometer combination which will be able to detect turbulence, something the magnetometer is not capable of. Accuracy, on the other hand, is something the two sensors cannot achieve without further perfection of my algorithm, which is a work in progress. 4. Using the OGLE Archive to Understand Two Subclasses of Contact Binary Systems Lauren Henderson|Physics and Astronomy|Calvin University|Grand Rapids, MI Michaela Blain|Physics and Astronomy|Calvin University|Grand Rapids, MI Sarah Whitten|Physics and Astronomy|Calvin University|Grand Rapids, MI Lawrence Molnar|Physics and Astronomy|Calvin University|Grand Rapids, MI A contact binary star system consists of two stars orbiting each other so closely that they share a common atmosphere. We have identified 184,000 contact binary stars from the OGLE archive. We used the Phoebe software package to interpret the contact binary light curve shapes in terms of mass ratio, orbital inclination, the ratio of stellar temperatures, and fillout factor. Fillout factor is the extent to which two stars are sharing their atmospheres, ranging from 0 for minimal contact to 1 for maximum contact. We used our fits to characterize the dependence of these four parameters on orbital period. Contact binaries have traditionally been subdivided into W and A-types. W-types generally have orbital periods less than ~0.4 days and show a shallower eclipse when the small star is in front of the larger, indicating the smaller star is slightly warmer. Conversely, A-types generally have longer periods and deeper primary eclipses, indicating the larger star is warmer. Our analysis of the OGLE data confirms the temperature dependence on orbital period, extending this out to periods of 1.4 days. Furthermore, it shows the A-types also have much greater fillout factors. By correcting for a nuance in how Phoebe defines temperature ratio, we establish that the A-type systems in fact have equal temperatures. Temperature equality makes sense given the deep contact indicated by large fillout factors.

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5. An Improved Habitability Index for Mars Exploration Brian D. Wade|Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences|Michigan State University|East

Lansing, MI Michael A. Velbel|Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences|Michigan State University|East

Lansing, MI NASA’s Mars 2020 rover and ESA’s ExoMars 2020 rover will be the first spacecraft since NASA’s Viking landers on Mars in 1976 to seek evidence of life on another planet. Importantly, NASA’s rover will collect the first-ever Martian samples for return to Earth, to be brought back by a future spacecraft, thereby permitting a rigorous search for a second origin of life. Selecting sites from which those invaluable samples are to be collected will require thorough assessment of habitability. The group that advises NASA’s Mars Exploration Program, the Mars Exploration Program Analysis Group (MEPAG), has identified a need for approaches that not only assess whether a site is habitable, but whether one site is more habitable than another, i.e., the ability to evaluate relative habitability. One approach that could meet this need is the use of a habitability index (HI). Such an index exists, Stoker’s HI, which consists of several factors, each one an environmental variable assigned a value from 0 to 1, for determining the probability of there having been liquid water, energy sources, essential chemical elements, and physicochemical conditions suitable for life. We have improved Stoker’s HI by adding factors for determining the probability of biosignature preservation, which MEPAG considers a key criterion in selecting sites for life detection missions, and thus crucial for selecting Earth-return samples. 6. Improved Robotic Software in Unexpected Environmental Scenarios Using AI Katherine G. Skocelas|Computing & Information Systems|Grand Valley State University|Allendale, MI Byron DeVries|Computing & Information Systems|Grand Valley State University|Allendale, MI Unexpected environmental scenarios are capable of causing even the most well-thought-out software systems to behave undesirably. Identifying and mitigating these scenarios is critical to the development of autonomous software systems that necessitate a high level of assurance of success. Our research leveraged search-based artificial intelligence techniques to automatically generate executable models of software systems based on those models’ behavior in the face of unexpected environmental scenarios (also identified via search-based techniques). We illustrated our methods by automatically generating an executable model for a LIDAR-equipped robot capable of autonomous navigation in pedestrian environments and comparing it to a manually defined solution. We found that the AI-generated model was better suited to both foreseen and unforeseen environmental conditions due to optimization within the simulated environment. Additional comparison between the simulated and real-world results are necessary to truly compare the manually defined and automatically defined software due to the reality gap. This comparison, and a theoretical basis for the comparison, has been identified as future work.

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7. Basic Comparison of High-Level Programming Languages Alexander Medema|Physics|Hope College|Holland, MI Jules Kouatchou|Computational and Information Sciences and Technology Office|NASA Goddard Space

Flight Center|Greenbelt, MD Fourteen simple test cases were used to compare Python, Julia, Java, Scala, IDL, R, and Matlab, with Fortran and C included as a baseline. The test cases were implemented from the angle of a novice programmer who is not familiar with the optimization techniques available in the languages. The tests aimed to highlight the strengths and weaknesses of each language rather than to claim one language’s superiority to the others. Measurements recorded the elapsed time to complete the same test case operation with each of the different languages. The performance was investigated in four main categories: loops and vectorization, string manipulations, numerical calculations, and input/output. Specific measurements tested the speed of memory access, recursion, file processing, matrix calculations, iterative solvers, and other common applications in scientific computing. No single language outperformed the others in all of the tests. Expected trends were demonstrated, such as which languages offer faster performance when using iteration versus vectorization, and that intrinsic functions operate more quickly than equivalent inline code. The performance of numerical calculations in each language was found to significantly depend on the specific task. Performance of I/O operations was found to depend more strongly on hardware resources than the language used. 8. Generalized Antoine and Wagner equations consistent with the predictions of the Soave-

Redlich-Kwong equation of state using similarity variables Armandine Uwimana|Engineering|Hope College|Holland, Michigan Michael Misovich|Engineering|Hope College|Holland, Michigan Chemical engineers use the Wagner and Antoine equations to correlate vapor pressure as a function of temperature for various substances; however, they do not describe the entire vapor pressure curve from the triple point to the critical point. Methods of finding generalized Antoine and Wagner equation constants consistent with the predictions of the Soave-Redlich-Kwong (SRK) equation of state were studied. Calculations were simplified using two similarity variables. Common adjusted temperature, η*, combined reduced temperature and acentric factor, and common adjusted pressure, ψ*, combined reduced pressure and reduced temperature. Results of an iterative SRK vapor pressure algorithm were transformed into a data set of the new similarity variables. Antoine and Wagner constants were empirically determined by nonlinear least squares to achieve less than 0.05 percent relative deviation from SRK predictions. Three common adjusted temperature subranges, from the critical point down to 0.23, were needed for the Wagner equation. Only the C constant was fitted by least squares for the Antoine equation, with the A and B constants determined by exact calculation at the endpoints of common adjusted temperature ranges. Five common adjusted temperature subranges, from the critical point down to 0.18, were needed for the Antoine equation.

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9. Investigation of Pressure Effects on Plume Properties of a Low-Cost Hall Effect Thruster Thomas V. Kerber|Mechanical and Aerospace Engr.|Western Michigan University|Kalamazoo, Michigan Matthew J. Baird|Mechanical and Aerospace Engr.|Western Michigan University|Kalamazoo, Michigan Ron Fitzgerald McGee-Sinclair|Mechanical and Aerospace Engr.|Western Michigan University

|Kalamazoo, Michigan Kristina Lemmer|Mechanical and Aerospace Engr.|Western Michigan University|Kalamazoo, Michigan Facility effects in electric propulsion (EP) are differences in operation between testing in vacuum chambers and operation of the device in space. There are two primary categories of facility effects: electrical effects stemming from the grounded metal chamber that is surrounding the device during testing and pressure effects due to the background pressure being orders of magnitude higher in testing compared too space. These pressure effects manifest themselves in two ways, ingestion of background neutrals into the thruster which acts as additional propellant and artificially increases performance, and Charge Exchange Collisions between beam ions and background neutrals. A background pressure facility effects study was performed at Western Michigan University’s Aerospace Laboratory for Plasma Experiments using the low-cost Western Hall Thruster with a 44-mm discharge channel (WHT-44). A Faraday probe mounted on an R-Theta stage was used to collect Ion current density profiles at four axial locations and eleven background pressures. Divergence half-angles and utilization efficiencies were shown to have pressure dependences similar in nature to those seen in other pressure facility effects studies done at lower background pressures with other Hall thrusters. The divergence half-angles were extrapolated to true vacuum with a 46.7-degree half-angle at 7.5 thruster diameters downstream. The highest current and mass efficiencies calculated where 51% with a beam efficiency of 69%. 10. The Identification of Cloud Forest Landslides in Monteverde, Costa Rica, Using High-

Resolution Satellite Imagery and Machine Learning Eric Leu|Mathematics|Hope College|Holland, MI Dr. Brian Yurk|Mathematics|Hope College|Holland, MI Landslides are a vital contributor to the biodiversity of montane cloud forest ecosystems. Associated with major rain or seismic events, they open gaps in the tree canopy, changing illumination, humidity, and temperature levels, shifting habitat patches for pioneer plant germination. With the increasing accessibility of satellite imagery, the feasibility of visually identifying landslides and other geological features through remote sensing is apparent. Thus, the goal of our research was to conduct a machine learning model for the automatic classification of landslides and other geological features over large sets of satellite imagery, allowing close examination of disturbance mechanisms and geospatial patterns contributing to landslide formation. Using imagery over the Monteverde Cloud Forest Reserve from the 4-band Planetscope and 5-band RapidEye satellite constellations, we have created a model capable of sorting individual pixels among terrain into distinct geological classes, applying decision trees and

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the random forest machine learning classifier as well as texture measures and topographic variables. Ground truthing allowed correction for Type I and Type II errors identified by our model, and we were able to achieve an overall accuracy of 99% for our classification scheme tested against our validation data. Images preceding and post major rain events (Hurricane Nate, Otto) were run through our model to generate a time series emphasizing the effects of the storms. 11. Investigation of strontium-doped hydroxyapatite coating methods for iron oxide

nanoparticles Carmen Chamberlain|Chemistry|Hope College|Holland, MI Strontium has a demonstrated ability to balance bone growth and resorption rates in osteoporosis treatments. However, the systemic side effects of orally administered strontium drugs are severe. Strontium-doped hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (Sr-nHAps) offer an alternative, non-toxic vehicle. As a new approach to generating core-shell nanoparticles, we synthesized and isolated iron oxide nanoparticles and exposed them to ionic solutions known to deposit hydroxyapatite layers. We varied the Ca:Sr ratio in these solutions. We have characterized a sample of the resultant materials by SEM, EDS, and TEM. To investigate Sr2+ leaching from the hydroxyapatite, Sr-nHAps were shaken in ionic solutions designed to simulate bodily fluids (SBF). ICP-OES was used to quantify the amount of Sr2+ leached into the SBF at various time points. Further, the compositional and structural changes that occur due to Sr2+ leaching were examined by EDS and SEM. Similar experiments are underway for the core-shell particles. 12. Effect of Bacterium Redox Activity on Current Transients in Single Bacteria–Electrode

Collisions Anna Tarach|Chemistry|Grand Valley State University|Allendale, MI Scott Thorgaard|Chemistry|Grand Valley State University|Allendale, MI Electrochemical bacteria collision experiments were performed using the previously untested redox mediator N,N,Nʹ,Nʹ-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine (TMPD) to understand the influence of the mediator on current transients observed in bacteria–electrode collisions. When individual bacteria come near or collide with an ultramicroelectrode(UME), they change the flux of redox species to its surface, which produces a current transient (typically 1–100 pA) that varies with the bacterium’s physical and chemical characteristics. Increasing current transients were observed during bacteria collisions at an ultramicroelectrode (UME) where TMPD was oxidized to TMPD2+, suggesting that the bacteria reduce the twice oxidized form of TMPD (TMPD2+) that is evolved from the UME, regenerating TMPD•+ to be oxidized again at the UME surface, which increases the measured current. L. lactis and S. saprophyticus demonstrated significantly different increasing transient heights, indicating that this method may be used to discriminate between bacteria species based on bacterial redox activity. To our knowledge, this is the first time such an

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effect has been measured at the single bacterium level. Fluorescence microscopy revealed that bacteria approach the UME with trajectories which reverse upon reversal of the current sign. This suggests that competition between electrophoresis and electroosmotic flow affects transport of bacteria to the UME, as well as whether they adsorb to the surface. 13. Local Air Quality Data Categorization to Improve Environmental Science Education Baylee Kurzynski|Engineering|Hope College|Holland, MI Susan Ipri Brown|Engineering|Hope College|Holland, MI Portable air quality monitors have shown to be an effective tool for inquiry-based learning in the middle and high school grades. Students are guided through creating their own research questions and testing protocols to collect relevant data. As the monitoring project gains traction in local schools, the question of how the large amounts of monitoring data can be used to further support the students’ learning needs to be addressed. Research done in citizen science and big data collection indicate there are great benefits of involving students in the scientific process. Since the data is local and ‘real’, the students can develop a sense of responsibility and involvement in their community. One goal of this research is to facilitate the retrieval of air quality data from the database so that teachers may more easily incorporate it into their classrooms. Another goal of this research is to formulate lessons that tie to Michigan science standards. Python based data management will be used to query the database for sufficient, complete data. Additionally, this data can be combined with regional weather data to enhance student learning and environmental literacy. 14. Energizing our World - Innovating with Renewable Energy Chelsea Ridge|Regional Math & Science Center|Grand Valley State University|Allendale, MI Kristofer Pachla|Regional Math & Science Center|Grand Valley State University|Allendale, MI Austin Phillips|Regional Math & Science Center|Grand Valley State University|Allendale, MI In June, 2019, 46 middle school aged students participated in the MSGC supported Energizing our World at Grand Valley State University (GVSU). This program was designed to engage students in a critical area: exploring renewable and sustainable energy generation in the era of climate change. In collaboration with GVSU faculty, GVSU Office of Sustainability Practices, and Consumers Energy, the goal of the camp was to spark an interest in students who may not otherwise have the opportunity. Students in this camp participated in learning sessions with focus on introductions to energy, renewable sources, energy storage, sustainability practices, as well as hands-on field trip activities. Throughout the week, students participated in an innovation lab. During the Innovation Lab, students connected various sessions to answer an overarching question: How might we live more sustainably in various biomes? The lab culminated in the presentation of student prototypes varying in scope from a sustainable community to snow powered snowmobiles. Student iterated their designs throughout the week. At the end of the

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week, students had the opportunity to explain their prototypes to experts in the field and their families. Participant demographics reflected a recruiting focus for equity of access with just under half of participants self-identified as racial/ethnic minorities and over half the participants identified as women. Both groups are underrepresented populations in STEM. 15. Oakland University MSGC Pathway to External Grants Laila Guessous|Mechanical Engineering|Oakland University|Rochester, Michigan For over 20 years, the Michigan Space Grant Consortium (MSGC) has supported the research and outreach activities of numerous faculty and students in STEM fields throughout the state of Michigan through research seed grants, fellowships and other programs. These grants have assisted faculty and students at Oakland University (OU) in particular in making advances in a wide range of fields and in motivating and better preparing K-12, undergraduate and graduate students for STEM careers. Yet, as much as these grants have been successful at allowing faculty and student recipients to embark in new research areas in line with NASA strategic interests, a continuing challenge at a smaller, less resource-rich institution such as Oakland University has been translating research seed grants into larger, externally funded grants. The goal of this project was to leverage funding from the MSGC alongside funding from the OU Research Office, as well as other OU and grant funds to provide assistance to MSGC-funded faculty with grant writing and research activities and MSGC-funded students with travel funds to for example present their research findings at conferences. This poster presents some of the results of this initiative, including success with support of faculty travel and collaborations, student travel, grant writing workshops, and assistance with grant proposals. 16. 2019 STEPS Camp Sara Maas|Padnos College of Engr. and Computing|Grand Valley State University|Grand Rapids, MI The Science Technology & Engineering Preview Summer (STEPS) Camp for Girls at Grand Valley State University is an aviation-themed day camp offered to girls the summer before 7th grade. Each girl manufactures and constructs a radio-controlled airplane, which is flown at the conclusion of the camp. Additional activities include knowledge enrichment sessions on topics such as aerodynamics, renewable energy, biomedical engineering, impromptu design, computer aided drafting, introduction to coding, flight simulation, and FIRST robotics. Interactive and engaging visits to off-site locations provide high-impact experiences for the girls as they gain an inside look at different STEM pathways. Campers are purposefully surrounded by strong female STEM role models throughout the camp as well. Overall, STEPS Camp strives to spark girls’ interest in STEM fields. By the end of the camp the hope is that their confidence will soar as high as their airplanes (which is quite high).

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17. Extended Radiometric Age Signatures in Relation to Southern Patagonian Magmitism Madison Kortas| Earth and Environmental Sciences|Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI Christopher Svoboda|Earth and Environmental Sciences|Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI Tyrone Rooney|Earth and Environmental Sciences|Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI For over 20 years, the Michigan Space Grant Consortium (MSGC) has supported the research and outreach activities of numerous faculty and students in STEM fields throughout the state of Michigan through research seed grants, fellowships and other programs. These grants have assisted faculty and students at Oakland University (OU) in particular in making advances in a wide range of fields and in motivating and better preparing K-12, undergraduate and graduate students for STEM careers. Yet, as much as these grants have been successful at allowing faculty and student recipients to embark in new research areas in line with NASA strategic interests, a continuing challenge at a smaller, less resource-rich institution such as Oakland University has been translating research seed grants into larger, externally funded grants. The goal of this project was to leverage funding from the MSGC alongside funding from the OU Research Office, as well as other OU and grant funds to provide assistance to MSGC-funded faculty with grant writing and research activities and MSGC-funded students with travel funds to for example present their research findings at conferences. This poster presents some of the results of this initiative, including success with support of faculty travel and collaborations, student travel, grant writing workshops, and assistance with grant proposals. 18. Extreme Life: Exploring Photosynthetic and Chemosynthetic Microbial Mats in Lake

Huron's Submerged Sinkholes Bopi Biddanda|Annis Water Resources Institute|GVSU|Muskegon, Michigan Tony Weinke|Annis Water Resources Institute|GVSU|Muskegon, Michigan Steve Ruberg|Great Lakes Environmental REsearch Lab|NOAA|Ann Arbor, Michigan Microbial life in submerged sinkhole ecosystems of the Laurentian Great Lakes is relatively understudied. We studied the filamentous benthic mat-forming cyanobacteria consisting primarily of Oscillatoria-like cells growing under low-light, low-oxygen and high-sulfur conditions in Lake Huron’s submerged sinkholes using in situ observations, in vitro measurements and time-lapse microscopy. Gliding movement of individual filaments ranged from ~50 µm per minute or ~15 body lengths per minute to ~215 µm per minute or ~70 body lengths per minute – rates that are rapid relative to non-flagellated/ciliated microbes. Filaments exhibited precise and coordinated positive phototaxis towards pinpoints of light and congregated under the light of foil cutouts. Pebbles and pieces of broken shells placed upon the mat in intact sediment cores were quickly covered by vertically motile filaments within hours. Coordinated horizontal and vertical filament motility optimize mat cohesion and dynamics, photosynthetic efficiency and sedimentary carbon burial in modern-day sinkhole habitats where life operates across sharp redox gradients. Analogous cyanobacterial motility in the shallow seas during Earth’s early history, may have played a key role in the oxygenation of the planet by optimizing photosynthesis

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while favoring carbon burial. We are now mapping and exploring life in deep-water aphotic sinkholes of Lake Huron that resemble deep-sea seep and vent communities. 19. Understanding the Impact of Chronic Low Dose Radiation on Mental Health and Behavior

in Mice Victoria J. Parker|Biology|Hope College|Holland, MI Paula A. Nolte|Biology|Hope College|Holland, MI Corine LaFrenier|Biology|Hope College|Holland, MI Paul A. DeYoung|Physics|Hope College|Holland, MI Phillip D. Rivera|Biology|Hope College|Holland, MI A risk to mission success during interplanetary travel is an astronauts’ exposure to galactic cosmic radiation (GCR), a mixture of chronic low-dose, high-energy, high-charge ion particles (HZE). In mice, HZE particles also showed deficits in cardiac physiology, brain electrophysiology, and memory. Of particular interest to long-term mission success are low-dose, low-energy protons due to their high abundance in the space environment. Given the detrimental physiological and cognitive impact on humans and rodents after high-energy proton studies and a lack of low-energy proton studies on skin and inflammation, knowledge of how inflammation might respond to chronic low-dose, low-energy proton radiation is warranted. In our experiment, mice were put into a 50mL conical tube; half were irradiated using the Hope College Pelletron accelerator at a low-dose (~2.5 mGy total) of protons. After 10 weeks, all mice underwent behavioral tests that looked at stress behaviors. Afterwards, mice were euthanized for molecular studies to examine levels of tumor necrosis factor, which are associated with increased depression, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Therefore, the proposed study aimed to test the hypothesis that chronic low-dose, low-energy proton radiation negatively impacts mental health due to lasting systemic inflammation. Future directions are to examine the impact of mixed HZE particles (e.g. Fe, Si, and C) on mice and subsequent behavior. 20. Anthropogenic Noise does not Impact Nestling Health in Eastern Bluebirds Hyeryeong Choi|Biology|Calvin University|Grand Rapids, Michigan Dena Baker|Biology|Calvin University|Grand Rapids, Michigan Margaret Caulfield|Biology|Calvin University|Grand Rapids, Michigan Darren Proppe|Biology|Calvin University|Grand Rapids, Michigan As land development continues across America, wildlife experience increased exposure to the noise of agricultural, residential, and industrial sectors. For songbirds in particular this poses a problem, as it disrupts their communication systems. Past research has shown that noise negatively impacts nestling health, potentially via changes in parental behavior. Our research aimed to determine if anthropogenic noise has direct impacts on the health of bluebirds in particular by looking at the stress levels of nestlings that had been exposed to noise and those that had not. ELISA analysis of corticosterone levels, qPCR analysis of relative telomere lengths,

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and the analysis of growth rate data indicated that noise does not directly impact bluebird nestling health. Our results should be interpreted cautiously due to a relatively small sample size, although no alternative trends were apparent. Thus it seems likely that the observed impacts of anthropogenic noise on nestlings are an indirect result of altered parental behavior. 21. Demonstration of Single Ion Channel Activity in Lipid Bilayers with Temperature Control Alex Van Kooten|Physics and Astronomy|Calvin University|Grand Rapids, MI Brian Seper|Physics and Astronomy|Calvin University|Grand Rapids, MI Professor Loren Haarsma|Physics and Astronomy|Calvin University|Grand Rapids, MI Lipids are fat-soluble molecules that can naturally form bilayers when exposed to water. Lipid bilayers form the outer boundary of cells, providing a way for cells to isolate themselves from their environment. While bilayer membranes are generally impermeable to ions, proteins known as ion channels allow for ion transport across the membrane. The biophysics of the interaction between the ion channels and the surrounding lipid bilayer is not yet well understood, but a systematic study of the effects of temperature and bilayer composition will give us insight into these interactions. To this end, we have developed an experimental setup and procedure that allows us to build artificial bilayers, add ion channels to the bilayers, and measure the conductances and open dwell times of single ion channels at a variety of bilayer temperatures and compositions. Using this procedure, we have taken preliminary data at temperatures ranging from 15°C to 35°C and with two different bilayer lipid compositions. 22. Do bacteriophages with gene-dense genomes have a reproductive advantage? Angela Vito|Biology|Hope College|Holland, MI Geordan Stukey|Biology|Hope College|Holland, MI Bethany Van Houten|Biology|Hope College|Holland, MI Joseph Stukey|Biology|Hope College|Holland, MI Bacteriophages (phages) are viruses that infect bacteria. They are one of the simplest life forms found on Earth. Moreover, they are the most numerous biological entities in the biosphere and are believed to be very old, perhaps as old as their bacterial hosts. Although phages are numerous and old, and appear to utilize just a few basic structural forms, analysis of just a minuscule sampling of the phage universe show them to have an enormous amount of genetic diversity, suggesting their genomes are constantly under change. What shapes that change is the underlying focus of this project. Here we report on the preparation and initial analyses of a key prediction of the hypothesis that phages create new and novel genes, initially with no biological utility, in a process driven by natural selection. The specific prediction is that phages with genomes tightly-packed with genes have a reproductive advantage over phages with comparatively less gene-packed genomes. We have constructed 20 phages with modified genomes, to be examined in specific pairs that represent both a gene-packed genome state and

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a less gene-packed genome state. As we anticipate the effect of the difference between paired genome modifications on phage growth may be small, we are using multiple methods, ranging in sensitivity, to comparatively test the growth of each modified phage pair. Preliminary results on small replicate numbers are variable and point to the obvious need of additional testing. 23. Temperature and Bilayer Composition Effects on Gramicidin A Ion ChannelsUn Brian Seper|Physics and Astronomy|Calvin University|Grand Rapids, MI Alex VanKooten|Physics and Astronomy|Calvin University|Grand Rapids, MI Loren Haarsma|Physics and Astronomy|Calvin University|Grand Rapids, MI In general, lipids are a class of organic molecules that are soluble in organic solvents, like fatty acids. Amphiphilic lipids are subset of lipids that have polar and non-polar parts, which have the phenomenal capability to form a variety of structures when placed in water at sufficient concentrations. Most importantly for life, these lipids can form bilayers which are the primary structural component in all cellular membranes. Cellular membranes contain proteins, called ion channels, which allow ions vital to cellular function, such as Na+ and K+, into the intracellular environment. The properties of gramicidin A (gA) have been studied in various lipid bilayer systems and used to understand basic ion channel functionality, as well as model more complicated systems. The research done on gA ion channels suggests that the lipid bilayer environment they are placed in and the temperature they are at affect key properties connected to their function, namely their open dwell time and conductance. We find that the conductance of gA is higher in DOPE bilayers than in DPhPC bilayers, and that the open dwell times for gA are longer in DPhPC bilayers than in DOPE bilayers. The conductance of gA at 15°C, 22°C, 25°C, and 35°C was measured in DPhPC bilayers, and while increased temperature reduces the open dwell time it does not appear to affect the conductance of gA. 24. Old and Deer: A Study of Peridotites in Michigan's Upper Peninsula Dr. Christine Clark|Geology and Geography|Eastern Michigan University|Ypsilanti, MI The Deer Lake Peridotite and the Presque Isle Black Rocks are two ultramafic formations of Neoarchean age within the Ishpeming Greenstone Belt of Michigan’s Upper Peninsula, and are found only fifteen miles apart. The Deer Lake Peridotite was deformed in processes indicative of the broader, regional-scale tectonics of the region, but little study has been done on the mineralogy and extent and style of alteration. This research aims to better classify the mineralogy of the formation, with particular focus on textural variations observed in thin section, as well as chemical analysis of samples taken from the formation. In addition, this research seeks to correlate the Deer Lake Peridotite’s history of alteration, which may have included alteration by Proterozoic events, with that of the Presque Isle Black Rocks, a formation which has had more extensive study done on its tectonic history and alteration. The comparison between alteration

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styles in the two formations will help draw conclusions about the tectonic history of Michigan’s Upper Peninsula. 25. Cenozoic Magmatism in East Africa: A Mineral Analysis of the Lokitaung Basalts Rayn Phillips|Earth and Environmental Sciences|Michigan State University|East Lansing, Michigan Large igneous provinces and related flood basalt eruptions represent the greatest flux of mass transferred from Earth’s mantle to the surface. Flood basalt events are often associated with thermo-chemical anomalies in the mantle, but the composition of these anomalies remains unclear. Lavas erupted in flood basalt provinces record information on the composition of source material that melts to form the initial magma, however these magmas experience modification during the journey through the lithosphere. Constraining the conditions and compositions of the source of flood basalts thus requires attention to these lithospheric processes. Here we present newly realized petrographic observations of the early-Oligocene Turkana flood basalts in northern Kenya (East Africa). Reaction rims are evident on phenocryst phases, particularly clinopyroxene, which indicate disequilibrium with the host magma. Pressure twins in these clinopyroxene grains suggest deep crystallization, perhaps in the lower crust. The abundance of plagioclase phenocrysts indicates shallow crystallization that contrasts with the deep sourced clinopyroxene. We conclude that the magmatic plumbing system is staging magmas throughout the upper and lower crust. To better constrain the P-T conditions of phenocryst phases, we plan to conduct microanalysis of mineral phases to determine their chemistry and relationship to the host magmas. 26. Geochemical and Spatial Variability at a Microscopic Scale Erika Miciuda|Earth and Environmental Sciences |Michigan State University|East Lansing, MI By constraining the spatial variability to a microscopic scale, we can investigate the compositional differences existing in various Earth materials. The large volume of diverse data produced from laser ablation inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) requires a more systematic approach of data integration. With such data, it becomes pertinent to develop and expand our understanding of the spatial relationships that exist, with a focus on both data management and visualization. Using QGIS, data can be organized spatially through a global or user defined x-y coordinate system of both microscopic and large-scale mapping. Though this software is typically used to target large-scale geographic regions, I will be reducing the scale to the mapping of crystals within a microscope slide. Utilizing both the QGIS methods I have developed, along side both microscope and thin-section imagery, I will be examining the spatial geochemical variations that exist in a suite of samples originating from East Africa. The coordinate points obtained from the LA-ICP-MS will be “georeferenced” to the thin-section scans through use of QGIS correlation tools. This research incorporates new ways of analyzing petrographic data in an adaptive and effective way, all while maintaining data integrity. This pertinent geologic

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information of this Earth system will be a key component in understanding others, both within and outside of our Solar System. 27. Mapping Sand Dune Complexes Using Drones and Ground-Based Imagery Paul Pearson|Mathematics|Hope College|Holland, MI Brian Yurk|Mathematics|Hope College|Holland, MI Edward Hansen|Geology and Environmental Science|Hope College|Holland, MI Suzanne DeVries-Zimmerman|Geology and Environmental Science|Hope College|Holland, MI Keri Haddrill|Hope College|Holland, MI Jacob Stid|Hope College and Michigan State University|Holland, MI and East Lansing, MI Jackson Krebsbach|Hope College|Holland, MI Ian Gorgenson|Hope College|Holland, MI Erin Brophy|Hope College|Holland, MI Kathleen Fast|Hope College|Holland, MI Kaitlyn Caltrider|Hope College|Holland, MI Rene Aerts|Hope College|Holland, MI Katharine Kay| Hope College|Holland, MI Sand dunes are dynamic environments that change rapidly as wind and vegetation act to erode and stabilize them, and high-resolution imagery can be used to track changes in them over time. We collected multispectral (RGB, near-infrared, and thermal) imagery via a small unmanned aerial system ("drone") to produce high spatial resolution aerial images of the dune complex at Saugatuck Harbor Natural Area (SHNA). We analyzed this drone-acquired imagery for vegetation density using ground-based imagery on small sample plots for calibration. First, the ground-based imagery was analyzed by a random forest to classify each pixel into one of six categories. The resulting classifier has an estimated overall accuracy of 76.9%, while correctly classifying pixels as sand 94.1% of the time and as live vegetation 99.7% of the time. Next, the same regions were identified in the drone-acquired imagery, and spectral and textural information from these images were correlated with vegetation density estimates from the classified ground-based images. We also constructed a digital elevation model of SHNA from the drone-acquired imagery.

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Session B 1. Designing Self-Adaptive Algorithms for Cognitive Spacecraft Nasim Nezamoddini|Industrial and Systems Engineering|Oakland University|Rochester Hills, MI Space exploration missions are experiencing significant signal propagation latencies due to the huge distances between spacecraft and ground controller. These delays make real-time human controls infeasible, especially in time-critical situations that the spacecraft have to react appropriately to unexpected system failures and environmental changes. In such situations, high-level of autonomous capabilities help spacecraft to identify potential risks, evaluate and rank different solutions, and adapt its operations to attain mission goals and maintain system safety. This research proposes a self-aware and self-adaptive meta-algorithm for controlling autonomous systems and integrating high levels of cognition with their decision-making modules. The research also investigates the possibility of incorporating the proposed mechanism in space missions. Given the wide range of information that can be collected from spacecraft, the proposed technique offers high flexibility to rapidly respond to unexpected changes and minimize disruptive effects of delays and equipment unavailability. The framework includes modules for monitoring and diagnosis, planning, learning, and optimization. These modules are fed with the data collected from environmental sensors and monitoring system. Internal and external data are transferred in real time and operations of autonomous system are modified based on the commands determined in the optimization and planner module. 2. Evaluating a Virtual Reality-based Interface for Teaching Humanoids Wing-Yue Geoffrey Louie|Electrical and Computer Engineering|Oakland University|Rochester, MI Roman Kulikovskiy|Electrical and Computer Engineering|Oakland|Rochester, MI Robots that exhibit human-like nonverbal behaviors have been shown to be more effective during human-robot collaborative tasks. However, considerable effort is required to design human-like nonverbal behaviors for a robot for different task scenarios. In this work, we investigate the efficacy of different teleoperation modalities for enabling a human with minimal robotics and/or programming experience to teach a humanoid robot effective nonverbal behavior during a collaborative task. Namely, we evaluate user workload, perceived usability, task completion time, and task success during a human-robot collaborative sorting task when the robot is teleoperated by non-expert users. 3. Propulsion System Optimization for a Gas-Electric Hybrid Drone Alyssa Lalko|Mechanical Engineering|Oakland University|Rochester, MI Yazen Alali|Electrical and Computer Engineering|Oakland University|Rochester, MI

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Laila Guessous|Mechanical Engineering|Oakland University|Rochester, MI Osamah Rawashdeh|Electrical and Computer Engineering|Oakland University|Rochester, MI Multi-rotor drones alleviate costly and dangerous tasks, but the low energy density of batteries limits their flight time. Gasoline has higher energy density than batteries, which offers potential for longer flight durations, but the slow responsiveness of gas engines creates unstable flight, which prevents gas-only multi-rotors from being possible. Therefore, hybrid gas-electric multi-rotor drones are promising for time-intensive missions. Researchers in Oakland University’s Embedded Systems Research Laboratory are developing a hybrid drone with separate gas and electric propulsion systems: two gas engines and four electric motors independently drive propellers. This project uses simulations and experimental tests to determine the current prototype’s optimal flight time. The vehicle is being modeled in MATLAB and Simulink, where the input variables are the fuel tank capacity, battery capacity, and lift-contribution from each propulsion system, and the output is the expected flight time. The interworking relationships for the model were experimentally derived from the prototype, and a test setup was created to collect data on the prototype’s overall flight time. Preliminary results from a combination of simulation and experimental testing show an increase of 86% in flight time between electric-only propulsion and hybrid gas-electric propulsion. Additional studies are being carried out on this project. 4. Analyzing the relationship between rotation measurements obtained from radio sources

and total electron content (TEC) obtained from GNSS stations in Africa Serenity Monroe|Electrical Engineering|University of Michigan|Ann Arbor, MI Dr. Zama Katamzi-Joseph|Space Science|SANSA|Hermanus, South Africa Mark Moldwin|Climate and Space Sciences Engineering|University| Studying the ionosphere allows us to obtain a better understanding of the effects of space weather on technology. Within the last two decades, Africa has installed radio interferometers to allow for space research over the African region for the first time. One of these is the Square Kilometer Array (SKA) in South Africa, which is still in the process of completion. SKA will be the largest radio telescope in the world and can serve purposes other than galaxy observations such as studying the ionosphere. The goal of this research was to find a relationship between rotational measurements obtained from KAT-7/SKA and ionospheric TEC data to determine if polarization angle is a parameter we can use as a proxy to Faraday Rotation in understanding ionospheric irregularities over the South African region. We believe that use of SKA can explain how the ionosphere affects radio signals. We then intend to present our results to those at SKA to obtain more data to further analyze this relationship.

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5. Mapleseed Project Xiaogan Liang|University of Michigan|Ann Arbor, MI Bonnie Jiang|University of Michigan|Ann Arbor, MI Aakash Venkatesan|University of Michigan|Ann Arbor, MI Chunkai Yao|University of Michigan|Ann Arbor, MI Jason Figueroa|University of Michigan|Ann Arbor, MI Sensing of local air flow dynamics and spatial distributions of airborne nano/microscale particles in the planetary boundary layer can provide critical information for predicting important local atmospheric events, such as spreading processes of fatal viruses, bacteria, and pollutants. Current tools, such as RADAR/LiDAR probes, can only provide large scale coarse measurements of atmospheric parameters. To enable high-resolution sensing of local phenomena, University of Michigan’s (UoM) Sensor Network Laboratory (SNL) team has been developing a mapleseed-inspired flyer sensor, which could enable in situ sensing of basic atmospheric parameters, such as temperature, pressure, humidity, and air flow velocity. In addition, the SNL team is also making an effort to integrate more advanced sensing devices with further reduced sizes (nano/microscale), higher detection sensitivities (detection limit ~10-5 ppb), and shorter response times (second scale) into flyer sensors to detect more complex atmospheric events. During the last year, the SNL team has made significant progress in this project, which includes development of new mini-size printed circuit boards (PCBs) suitable for airborne sensors, 3D-printed aerodynamic mapleseed flyers, as well as new 2D-material-based nanoelectronic biosensors, which could be integrated with mini-size flyer PCBs and enable real-time monitoring of spatial distributions of target airborne biological and chemical molecules within a local air region. 6. DUST: Spaceborne Mesh Network Communications Taylor Sun|University of Michigan|Ann Arbor, MI Dr. Darren McKague|University of Michigan|Ann Arbor, MI James A. Smith|University of Michigan|Ann Arbor, MI Dr. Jose E. Velazco|University of Michigan|Ann Arbor, MI Baylee Sommer|University of Michigan|Ann Arbor, MI Havel Liu|University of Michigan|Ann Arbor, MI Distributed Universal Satellite Technology (DUST) is a CubeSat mission that aims to demonstrate mesh network communications, applying both downlinks and inter-satellite crosslinks, in LEO with a formation of three 3U CubeSats. Key advantages of mesh network communications include low latency due to inter-satellite relays, tolerance to node failure, and automatically optimized network paths. A successful DUST demonstration would enable more complex, distributed spacecraft architectures for a variety of Earth-orbiting, lunar, and interplanetary applications. The team is comprised of undergraduate and graduate University of Michigan students from a wide range of backgrounds in collaboration with Michigan's CLASP department and NASA JPL via JPL's SURP program.

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7. Simultaneous Optical and Electrical Spin-Torque Magnetometry at the GHz frequencies Wei Zhang|Physics|Oakland University|Rochester, MI Mouhamad Hammami|Physics|Oakland University|Rochester, MI Spin-based coherent information processing and encoding are crucial components for robust and efficient communication and control in aeronautics and space applications, which can be done by utilizing the precession phase of spins in magnetic materials. However, the detection and manipulation of spin precession phases remain a major challenge for advanced sensing and communication functionalities. By using simultaneous electrical and optical detection, we demonstrate the direct measurement of the spin precession phase of a permalloy device driven by the spin-orbit torques from adjacent heavy metals. The spin Hall angle of the heavy metals can be independently determined from concurrent electrical and optical signals. The phase-sensitive optical detection also allows spatially-resolved measurements of local spin-torque parameters and ferromagnetic resonance with comprehensive amplitude and phase information. 8. Quantifying the existence and preferred direction of propagation of ionospheric

structures Letty Loeza|Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering|University of Michigan|Ann Arbor, Michigan Traveling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs) are disturbances in the electron density of the ionosphere that are attributed to the effects of gravity waves. The gravity waves that manifest TIDs were found to have large amplitudes and propagate upwards into the ionosphere. TIDs are classified as medium or large scale based on velocity, amplitude, and direction, while their propagation characteristics depend on the strength of magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling. However, the direction of propagation of TIDs has not been confirmed. Studies by Hocke and Schlegal (1996) show that storm induced TIDs with auroral origin travel equator-ward, while studies by Vadas and Liu (2008) show TIDs of auroral origin could cross the magnetic equator and travel poleward. Using historical data sets received by satellites, the direction of TID propagation could be further investigated. The purpose of this research is to quantify the existence of ionospheric structures and establish their preferred direction of propagation. 9. Search for L5 Earth Trojans with DECam D. W. Gerdes|Physics, Astronomy|University of Michigan|Ann Arbor, MI R. Malhotra|Lunar and Planetary Laboratory|University of Arizona|Tucson, AZ J. C. Becker|Astronomy|University of Michigan|Ann Arbor, MI S. J. Hamilton|Physics|University of Michigan|Ann Arbor, MI F. C. Adams|Physics, Astronomy|University of Michigan|Ann Arbor, MI Most of the major planets in the Solar System support populations of co-orbiting bodies, known as Trojans, at their L4 and L5 Lagrange points. In contrast, Earth has only one known co-orbiting

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companion. This paper presents the results from a search for Earth Trojans using the DECam instrument on the Blanco Telescope at CTIO. This search found no additional Trojans in spite of greater coverage compared to previous surveys of the L5 point. Therefore, the main result of this work is to place the most stringent constraints to date on the population of Earth Trojans. These constraints depend on assumptions regarding the underlying population properties, especially the slope of the magnitude distribution (which in turn depends on the size and albedo distributions of the objects). For standard assumptions, we calculate upper limits to a 90% confidence limit on the L5 population of N(ET) < 1for magnitude H < 15.5, N(ET) = 60−85 for H < 19.7, and N(ET) = 98 for H = 20.4. This latter magnitude limit corresponds to Trojans about 500m in size for albedo = 0.15. At H = 19.7, these upper limits are consistent with L4 Earth Trojan constraints and improve on previous L5 constraints by about an order of magnitude. 10. Featherweight Heaterless Hollow Cathode Characterization Margaret Mooney|Mechanical and Aerospace Engr.|Western Michigan University|Kalamazoo, MI Matthew Baird|Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering|Western Michigan University|Kalamazoo, MI Kristina Lemmer|Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering|Western Michigan University|Kalamazoo, MI Hallow cathodes provide necessary electrons required for ignition and plume neutralization in many electric propulsion devices. The thermionic emitting insert material is typically heated via a resistive heater surrounding the insert. However, heaterless cathode ignition can provide a decrease in system complexity and a reduction of failure probability for the system. Additionally, the elimination of the heater assembly reduces both the size and the cost of the system's power processing unit. This is particularly attractive for small satellite applications. A heaterless hollow cathode design was designed and tested at the Western Michigan University Aerospace Laboratory for Plasma Experiments. The ALPE heaterless cathode (AHC-3.2) was characterized using an iterative testing matrix varying cathode mass flow rate between 2 sccm and 6 sccm of Xenon and anode current between 1 A and 4 A. A combination of the burst and high flow ignition methods were used for ignition. Peak-to-peak keeper voltages show a decreasing then increasing trend with increasing discharge current to mass flow ratios. The relatively high peak-to-peak voltages at low ratios could correlate to "breathing mode" cathode oscillations observed in fast Fourier transform plots. Signs of wear on the keeper plate showed after only two ignition cycles. 11. Open-Source Hardware Implementation of a SpaceWire Router Kristi Stefa|Electrical and Computer Engineering|Oakland University|Rochester, MI Thomas Filarski|Electrical and Computer Engineering|Oakland University|Rochester, MI Daniel Llamocca|Electrical and Computer Engineering|Oakland University|Rochester, MI

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On-board spacecraft include an array of components such as instrumentation devices (e.g.: radar, imaging camera), processing units, and communication units. There is a need for high-speed, reliable communication among those components. Different industries feature a preferred (usually most suitable) communication protocol. For example: CAN bus for automotive applications and Ethernet for computer networks. In the case of on-board spacecraft technology, SpaceWire is a well-known communication protocol. Due to its fault-tolerance resilience and high-throughput properties, it is extensively used in avionics and satellite applications. A SpaceWire system consists of nodes interconnected by routers. The physical system that interconnects on-board spacecraft components via the SpaceWire protocol is known as a SpaceWire Router. The implementation of such routers is usually proprietary. The work performed consisted in the design and implementation of an open-source and configurable SpaceWire Router and its components. The open-source nature of the implementation will allow any designer to download the design and implement it in a hardware platform of their choosing. 12. Miniature Tether Electrodynamics Experiment: Propellantless Propulsion for Small

Satellites

Geoffrey Jenkins|Climate and Space Sciences and Engr.|University of Michigan|Ann Arbor, MI Brian Gilchrist|Climate and Space Sciences and Engr.|University of Michigan|Ann Arbor, MI The Miniature Tether Electrodynamics Experiment (MiTEE) is a University of Michigan multidisciplinary design project team consisting of undergraduate and graduate students working to demonstrate electrodynamic (ED) propulsion technology on a 3U (1U = 10x10x10cm) CubeSat in space for the first time. This work is performed under the direction of Professor Brian Gilchrist, and if successful, this technology will provide a means of prolonging small satellites’ mission lifetimes. Satellites equipped with these miniature ED tethers may be able to maneuver and maintain their orbits without the need for large amounts of propellant via coupling of localized plasma and a charge-exchange tether system. 13. GSFC's Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) Units and their Impact on

Outdoor Air Quality Sheyenne Harris|Civil and Environmental Engineering|University of Michigan|Ann Arbor, MI As an Air Quality Program Intern for the Medical and Environmental Management Division (MEMD) at Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), the main task was to validate GSFC’s regulated air emission sources in a newly adopted database. To validate these heating, cooling, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems I visited every building on campus with the help of the onsite facilities operations managers (FOMs). In every inventory field verification inspection I had to access and record the serial plate information located on the equipment. This plate information contains serial and model numbers, along with the type of refrigerant and its charge. Portions of the information needed to populate the new database already existed, but extra research was

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required to add the emissions source. The Air Quality Program supports permits regulated on GSFC’s campus. The program is responsible for verifying GSFC’s Title V Permit, which requires that sources of air pollutants must be permitted. Reduction in the use of ozone depleting substances (ODS) is a part of the centers Title V Permit which is administered by the Maryland Department of Education (MDE) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). This project was efficient in retrieving and field verifying about ¾ of the HVAC equipment on GSFC campus along with populating the APIMS database with over 100 HVAC units contained at GSFC. Because this is an ongoing program, the information collected will be used in future regulatory reporting to NASA. 14. Analysis on San Francisco Fire Department Dispatch Calls and their relationship to the

Elevation of the Call Source Abdulrahman Zaiter|Computer Science and Information Systems|Saginaw Valley State

University|University Center, MI Khandaker Abir Rahman|Computer Science and Information Systems|Saginaw Valley State

University|University Center, MI Alarms and monitoring industry is an industry that has a large variety of events that shape how a monitoring agent would act towards an incident. Most of the currently used events and signals transmission systems communicate through relatively old technologies and protocols that reached the highest levels of expansion. Throughout alarm automation integrations, system integrators can expand the system quickly and overcome the limitations set by the old hardware and protocols. Many businesses and fields use and integrate traditional alarm and signaling hardware and components, such as public safety, fire alarm, hospitals, daycare, and general security firms. The paper will explore a more narrowed down type of alarms in the alarm industry. By merging "San Francisco Fire Department Calls" and "San Francisco Elevation Data," fire Calls-For-Service include all fire units' responses to calls. By analyzing each record that includes information such as the call number, neighborhood, location, unit type, call type, and all relevant time intervals. We will construct and explore the relationship of fire alarm calls and elevation relationship to the alarm and public safety industry. Moreover, we seek to respond to questions about firefighters' job by analyzing the types of actions they provide to the public, i.e., "do they only fight fire?", "What is the leading cause of fire accidents in San Francisco?" "When do they have most/least fires?", et cetera. 15. Reaching Students with Science at a Strategic Moment: The Appeal of Earth Science

Research on Lake Michigan Dunes Deanna Van Dijk|Geology, Geography & Environmental Studies |Calvin University|Grand Rapids, MI Katherine Benedict|Geology, Geography & Environmental Studies |Calvin University|Grand Rapids, MI Peter Duimstra|Geology, Geography & Environmental Studies |Calvin University|Grand Rapids, MI

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The First-Year Research in Earth Sciences (FYRES) project represents an innovative model for STEM public outreach that targets students at two strategic intervals in the education pipeline: the first months of undergraduate education and while students are exploring their commitment to a STEM discipline. Outreach is strengthened by elements that give everyone a heightened stake in learning: a striking natural environment and experiences that generate enthusiasm in participants as well as broader audiences. FYRES participants benefit from enhanced scientific literacy and interest. Some will go on to become scientifically-literate citizens who pursue vocations in business, humanities, education, etc., whereas others discover or confirm a deeper interest in the Earth sciences and other STEM disciplines. MSGC funding for the FYRES project in 2017-2018 contributed to the continued development of a successful program, directly impacted 29 students, reached out to many members of the public, and promoted NASA strategic interests. 16. Keeping Young Math and Science Enthusiasts Hooked Feryal Alayont|Mathematics|Grand Valley State University|Allendale, MI Middle school is critical for continued student interest in science and mathematical fields. This summer, we hosted 24 middle school students at Grand Valley State University to help them see the exciting and fun side of math and science, to teach them topics that beyond the regular K-12 curriculum and to give them a chance to become friends with other math and science enthusiasts to increase their sense of belonging in these fields. With these goals in mind, students were exposed to hands-on activities in chemistry, math, physics and stats, were given ample time to interact with each other and were taught mathematical games. We also hosted a career panel with three panelists who were science and stats graduates working in industry. We will report on what went well and what lessons we learned during the camp. 17. A 3D Physical Model to Experience how the Human Body Works First Hand Jana Hendrickson|Department of Kinesiology and Integrative Physiology|Michigan Technological

University|Houghton, Michigan Benjamin Cockfield|Department of Kinesiology and Integrative Physiology|Michigan Technological

University|Houghton, Michigan Alex Gabe|Department of Kinesiology and Integrative Physiology|Michigan Technological

University|Houghton, Michigan Stephen Hook|Department of Kinesiology and Integrative Physiology|Michigan Technological

University|Houghton, Michigan Kathryn Carter|Department of Kinesiology and Integrative Physiology|Michigan Technological

University|Houghton, Michigan Steven Elmer|Department of Kinesiology and Integrative Physiology|Michigan Technological

University|Houghton, Michigan Foundational knowledge of physics is vital when learning physiology. National Biomechanics Day is an outreach initiative aimed at promoting interest in physics of the human body. A long-term

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goal of this event is to integrate biomechanics in high school science curricula. Our outreach team implemented biomechanics activities to emphasize how leverage, force, and torque apply to human movement. Kinesiology students directed K-12 students from general science, anatomy, and physics classes to use parts including rulers, bolts, nuts, string, paperclip, to build a model of the human elbow. Models were manipulated to show how the length of the lever arm influenced muscle force production. The model was also used to show how trade-offs between force and speed exist in a lever-based system and the human body. Students were then given an injury scenario and had to determine where to surgically re-attach a ruptured biceps tendon. Results from the activity were connected to various functional movements and the possibility of human locomotion on Mars. Activities were well received and impacted over 250 students from 5 schools across 2 states. Inclusion of university students provided practice presenting and teaching science to a lay audience. Finally, participation in National Biomechanics Day helped introduce biomechanics to K-12 students and build stronger relationships with schools. This educational outreach was supported by a grant from the Michigan Space Grant Consortium. 18. Processing of Porcine Internal Mammary Arteries for Human Bypass Graft Applications Kelsey LeMay|Biomedical Engineering|Michigan Technological University|Houghton, MI For patients with advanced cardiovascular disease, a common treatment is bypass grafting. Bypass grafts are traditionally prepared by harvesting a patient’s saphenous vein or internal mammary artery. However, invasive surgery to retrieve these vessels may not be possible for some patients due to prior harvest, extensive vascular disease in the selected conduit, or the high associated costs. In these cases, alternative sources of grafting material are needed. The goal of this project is to create a human compatible bypass graft from the porcine internal mammary artery. This will be achieved through selective decollagenization and decellularization of the porcine artery. Decellularization is conducted with multiple freeze/thaw cycles to remove cellular constituents to minimize the negative immune response from the foreign graft material and increase the shelf life. Decollagenizaion selectively removes internal surface coated collagens via acetic acid perfusion. After these processing techniques, the internal arterial surface gains optimal blood contacting characteristics which are observed by cross sectioning, staining, and imaging the histological samples. Mechanical testing, immunosorbent assays, and platelet activation tests will be conducted on the grafts once the processing protocol is optimized. Through these procedures, we will engineer a natural vascular graft with long shelf life that maintains mechanical properties to serve as a replacement blood vessel graft. 19. Evaluations of Microgravity on DNA Repair Ann Fuelle|Chemistry|Oakland University|Rochester Michigan The health risks of space travel are not well-defined. Individuals in space are susceptible to DNA damage caused by UV radiation, which forms crosslinks in the DNA. DNA damage must be

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repaired in a timely fashion; otherwise, accumulation of lesions can result in cancer, heart disease, and other genetic abnormalities. Although human cells have repair mechanism to counteract various forms of DNA damage, the effect of low gravity on these repair pathways is not yet understood. The focus of this research is to assess how the conditions of space affect the DNA repair mechanisms of human cells. This will be tested by monitoring the viability and the extent of DNA damage to human embryonic kidney cells and heart muscle cells after exposure to hydrogen peroxide, bleomycin, and camptothecin in microgravity. These treatment conditions will generate oxidative stress, double-stranded, and single-stranded DNA breaks within the cells. Our results indicate that after exposure to microgravity for 24-hours the cells experience a mild protective effect against DNA damage. Although this is unexpected, the long-term effects of microgravity are still unknown. Current studies are determining the delayed and long-term effects of microgravity. 20. Prebiotic synthesis of amides in hydrothermal environments Ziming Yang|Chemistry|Oakland University|Rochester, MI Hydrothermal environments (i.e., aqueous media at elevated temperatures and pressures) are not only ubiquitous on Earth but also discovered beyond Earth, such as inside Saturn's Enceladus. The hydrothermal chemistry of organic compounds can play a critical role in many geochemical processes, such as the degradation of subsurface organic matter in sedimentary basins, and the metabolic cycles in the deep ocean biosphere, where hydrothermal organic synthesis may provide important biomolecule precursors for the origin and evolution of life. Amides, which contain both carbon and nitrogen, are fundamental to hydrothermal organic geochemistry and deep-sea biology research, in large part due to their involvement in biological metabolism, such as in the forms of peptides and proteins, and also due to their participation in the deep nitrogen cycle and their potential role in the origin of life. However, few experimental studies have focused on the hydrothermal chemistry of amides, and amides formation pathways and reaction mechanisms in hydrothermal environments are largely unknown. Here we report a non-mineral-catalyzed but highly selective synthetic pathway for amides in hydrothermal water. Our findings may provide new insights into understanding prebiotic synthesis of peptides and proteins in relevant hydrothermal systems on Earth and beyond. 21. Analysis of immunity and symbiosis of the Northern Star Coral from future climate

impacts Kevin B. Strychar|Biology|Grand Valley State University|Muskegon, MI Daniel Barshis|Biology|Old Dominion University|Norfolk, VA Sarah Hamsher|Biology|Grand Valley State University|Muskegon, MI Briana Salas|Biology|Our Lady of the Lake University|San Antonio, TX

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Over the years, global warming has had a devastating effect on coral reef ecosystems, however, most research has focused on corals in tropical/sub-tropical systems. Corals in temperate systems have been studied less-so in terms of how global warming will impact their physiology and future survivorship. Our research focuses on the temperate coral, Astrangia poculata, and how it will respond to increased temperatures and disease exposure. This study will be expose two populations of this species, colonies found in Narragansett Bay in Rhode Island and Bogue Sound in North Carolina, to treatments of increased temperatures and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as a substitute for a pathogen. The use of LPS can give us a general understanding of immunity within this species, measuring components such as prophenoloxidase (PPO) and melanin. In addition, this study will also examine the role reactive oxygen species (ROS) plays when these coral are heat stressed. Lastly, we are examining the lectin-glycan interactions of A. poculata’s signature symbiont, Breviolum psygmophilum, by using the universal lectin Concanavalin-A (Con-A). The overall goal of this research is to learn more about this model system in terms of its innate immunity and facultative symbiosis function in this temperate coral species as higher heat stressors are likely to be the norm as the climate changes. 22. Competitive interactions between native Brook Trout and introduced Brown Trout: an

exploration of niche partitioning using temporal and spatial diet analyses Frederick Glassen|Biology|Grand Valley State University|Allendale, MI Eric Snyder|Biology|Grand Valley State University|Allendale, MI Our study compares two 1st order streams of the Rogue River in western Michigan. Our study focuses on aquatic macroinvertebrate and fish communities in both Frost Creek and Cedar Creek (x ̅ temps from May 28th to September 4th were 16.03oC and 17.84oC respectively). Frost Creek is Brook Trout dominated with a catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE) of 2.26 Brook Trout per minute (x ̅ Brook Trout total length and mass = 160.04mm and 50.02g). Brown Trout occur in Frost Creek in low densities (CPUE = 0.325 Trout per minute; x ̅ = 206.5mm, x ̅ = 61.7g,). Cedar Creek is Brown Trout dominated stream approximately 3 miles south of Frost Creek with a CPUE of 1.03 Brown Trout per minute (x ̅ Brown Trout total length and mass = 200.83mm and 113.35g) and 0.221 Brook Trout per minute (x ̅ Brook Trout total length and mass = 162.2 mm and 51.83g). The aquatic macroinvertebrate community within Frost Creek is represented by 8 families dominated by Diptera, Ephemeroptera, and Coleoptera (x ̅ drift density = 43.04 individuals/100m3, x ̅ benthic abundance = 1581.39 invertebrates/m2). We are currently conducting an instream enclosure study that is manipulating densities of Brook and Brown Trout to determine niche partition. Feeding habits are being studied using gastric lavage techniques to determine wild trout niche partitioning over the course of 12 months. Finally, growth rate and fitness are being assessed using mark-recapture techniques (pit tagging).

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23. On the Brink of Extinction: An Analysis of Temperature Resistance in Staghorn coral Cassidy Gilmore||Annis Water Resources Institute|Muskegon, Michigan Coral reefs have important economic impact through tourism, fisheries, and wave impact reduction capability. Acropora cervicornis is a reef building coral well recognized worldwide by their cylindrical branches reaching 5-25 m lengths. Since 2006, however, they have been protected under the Endangered Species Act, as this species is at the brink of extinction. Some states (e.g. Florida, USA) are spending millions of dollars on the process of fragmenting corals, growing them in special aquaria, and replanting them on damaged reefs to promote quick repopulation that appear to suffer the same fate (i.e. bleaching) caused by global warming. As the amount of greenhouse gases produced increases, sea temperatures rise. The symbionts present in the corals increase the rate at which they photosynthesize when the water is warmer, which creates reactive oxygen species that can damage the host coral. A few methods of raising coral have been explored, including the use of electrical impulses and raising them in a nursery, however no studies have examined whether electrical impulses produced better heat stress tolerant coral. In addition, there are only a few studies examining temperature tolerance of coral raised in a nursery. Here, our study focuses on how A. cervicornis responds to thermal stress comparing coral cultured using (1) electrical impulses, (2) current husbandry techniques, and (3) natural populations. A flow cytometer will be used to count the number of symbionts present. 24. Geochemical Comparison of Lake Superior Dikes and Micro Mapping of Geological Thin

Sections Erik Eikey|Earth and Environmental Sciences|Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI Tyrone Rooney|Earth and Environmental Sciences|Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI The Mid Continental Rift (MCR) was a failed rifting event in the Lake Superior region. The rock emplaced during the early stages of the rifting event {ca. 1107 Ma} has been recognized as an important source of Ni-Cu-PGE. In particular, the intrusive bodies in the Marquette region have recently been exploited for such economic deposits. Extensive intrusive rock of unknown age is found to the east of these mining operations in a location called Wetmore Landing. We present a geochemical analysis dikes found at Wetmore Landing. Our tentative evaluation of the initial data from this project suggests commonalties between these dikes and early staged lavas erupted elsewhere in the MCR. These results imply that the early stage intrusive bodies extend further east than previously thought; a potentially useful observation for future Ni-Cu-PGE exploration. Continued investigation of these dikes will examine the relative percentages of early stage bodies in this region.

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25. Mountains out of Molehills: Probing the Plumbing of Incipient Volcanic Edifices Christopher Svoboda|Earth and Environmental Sciences|Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI Tyrone Rooney|Earth and Environmental Sciences|Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI Guillaume Girard|Earth and Environmental Sciences|Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI Chad Deering|Earth and Environmental Sciences|Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI Silicate volcanism is a primary process that drives the evolution of all rocky bodies in our solar system. The volcanic rocks of Earth, the Moon, Mars, and others are similar in that magmas evolve via crystallization of minerals in plutonic reservoirs (i.e. plumbing systems) within the lithospheres of said bodies prior to eruption. Models of how these plumbing systems are established and then grow have important implications for all terrestrial solar system bodies’ physical and chemical evolution. Terrestrial volcanic systems are typically used as analogs to understand processes that operate throughout in other rocky bodies. The Taupo Volcanic Zone (TVZ) of New Zealand has generated some of the most volumetrically significant terrestrial eruptions. These lavas have differentiated within the lithosphere, and crystals provide a record of these processes. Here we present whole rock, mineral, and glass geochemical data from Ohakune, a monogenetic cone 20 km from the stratovolcano Ruapehu. These data suggest an incipient magma plumbing system where the processes of crystal uptake, melt-mineral mixing, and crystallization are primary. We integrate this data with other work from the region to propose a possible evolutionary pathway for magmatic plumbing systems as they become more established in the crust. This has implications for the evolution of large volcanic system. 26. La Angelita Basalts: Chemical Signatures in Patagonian Melts Sydney Gable|Earth and Environmental Sciences|Michigan State University|East Lansing, MI Christopher Svoboda|Earth and Environmental Sciences|Michigan State University|East Lansing, MI Tyrone Rooney|Earth and Environmental Sciences|Michigan State University|East Lansing, MI Modern models for the growth and evolution of continental crust arise partially from understanding the melting & crystallization processes in subduction zone magmas. Subduction zone regions commonly undergo complex magmatic processes, some of which can be elucidated through chemical analysis of the crystal phases that are derived from these magmas. In Patagonia, Argentina it has been found that melt has shifted from the arc to the back-arc region which is uncharacteristic for subduction zone magmatism. Chemical analysis of basalt from this region may provide new insight as to the cause of the apparent shift in melt generation. Previous studies show that the composition of minerals in igneous rocks provide constraints on melting lithologies in the mantle, as well as pressure and temperature conditions within the crust. We present initial scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imagery of samples from the La Angelita Basalt in Patagonia, Argentina. This imagery shows that these samples have many euhedral to subhedral mineral phases, which show very little zoning and are therefore optimal for further work. This study also uses laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) to examine the geochemical signatures of minerals in the La Angelita Basalt samples.

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Modeling of these chemical signatures can contribute to our understanding of the role that melt generation and crystallization play in the crustal evolution of this region. 27. Exploring factors that affect the dynamics of cyanobacterial blooms in Muskegon Lake,

Michigan, a model Great Lakes Estuary Jasmine Mancuso|Biology - Annis Water Resources Institute|Grand Valley State University|Allendale,

MI Anthony Weinke|Biology - Annis Water Resources Institute|Grand Valley State University|Allendale, MI Ian Stone|Natural Resource Management|Grand Valley State University|Allendale, MI Bopi Biddanda|Biology - Annis Water Resources Institute|Grand Valley State University|Allendale, MI Freshwater lakes around the world are increasingly suffering the consequences of cultural eutrophication, the increase in the production of organic matter in an ecosystem, due to anthropogenic nutrient loading. Sequentially, harmful algal blooms, most commonly dominated by cyanobacteria (cHABs) are occurring more frequently. Cyanobacteria have adaptations that allow them to outcompete native phytoplankton under favorable conditions, which are emulated by the effects of climate and land-use change. cHABs produce negative ecological and economic effects, including reduced water quality. Though improved since being listed as an Area of Concern in 1985, Muskegon Lake, a Great Lakes drowned river-mouth estuary, experiences annual cHABs. Since 2011, a high-frequency time-series observatory buoy has monitored meteorological and water quality data in the lake for eight months each year. My thesis uses observatory data, additional field sampling, and seasonal in situ bioassays to determine what physical, chemical, and biological factors interact with and affect cHABs spatial and temporal dynamics in Muskegon Lake with hopes of eventually informing management of preventative measures. Additionally, phytoplankton samples are collected at each site to monitor community composition change throughout the season and in relation to measured variables. At this conference, I will share preliminary findings on the interactions between nutrients, environmental conditions, and cHABs dynamics.

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michigan space grant consortium fall conference october … · alexander medema – hope college 8....

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