micro- computing system hardware system software system monitor program, bios operating system: dos,...
TRANSCRIPT
Micro-computing system
Hardware system
Software system
Monitor program, BIOS
Operating system: DOS, Windows, UNIX, Linux
Language processing program
Assembler
Interpreter
CompilerService program
Machine language
Assembly language
High-level language
Object-oriented language
Systemsoftware
Program design language
Application software
Middleware
Micro-computer main board
CPU
Internal memory
I/O interface circuit
System busBattery,chassis
peripherals
Chapter 0
Introductionto Computing
0.1 Numbering and Coding System
0.1 Numbering and Coding System
0.1 Numbering and Coding System
Binary Numbers
Each digit (bit) is either 1 or 0 Each bit represents a power of 2
MSB – most significant bit LSB – least significant bit
0.1 Numbering and Coding System
Binary Addition
Starting with the LSB, add each pair of digits, include the carry if present.
0.1 Numbering and Coding System
Hexadecimal Addition Divide the sum of two digits by the number base (16). The quotient
becomes the carry value, and the remainder is the sum digit.
36 28 28 6A42 45 58 4B78 6D 80 B5
11
21 / 16 = 1, rem 5
0.1 Numbering and Coding System
Hexadecimal Subtraction
When a borrow is required from the digit to the left, add 16 (decimal) to the current digit's value:
C6 75A2 4724 2E
-1
16 + 5 = 21
0.1 Numbering and Coding System
Translating Binary to Decimal
Weighted positional notation shows how to calculate the decimal value of each binary bit:
dec = (Dn-1 2n-1) + (Dn-2 2n-2) + ... + (D1 21) + (D0 20)
D = binary digit
binary 00001001 = decimal 9:
(1 23) + (1 20) = 9
0.1 Numbering and Coding System
Translating Unsigned Decimal to Binary
Repeatedly divide the decimal integer by 2. Each remainder is a binary digit in the translated value:
37 = 100101
0.1 Numbering and Coding System
Translating Binary to Hexadecimal
• Each hexadecimal digit corresponds to 4 binary bits.
• Example: Translate the binary integer 000101101010011110010100 to hexadecimal:
Binary 000101101010011110010100 (2) equals hex 16A794 (16)
0.1 Numbering and Coding System
Converting Hexadecimal to Decimal
Multiply each digit by its corresponding power of 16:
dec = (D3 163) + (D2 162) + (D1 161) + (D0 160)
Hex 1234(16) equals (1 163) + (2 162) + (3 161) + (4 160), or
decimal 4,660 (10)
Hex 3BA4 (16) equals (3 163) + (11 * 162) + (10 161) + (4 160),
or decimal 15,268 (10)
0.1 Numbering and Coding System
Converting Decimal to Hexadecimal
decimal 422 (10) = 1A6 (16) hexadecimal
0.1 Numbering and Coding System
Signed Integers
The highest bit indicates the sign. 1 = negative, 0 = positive
0.1 Numbering and Coding System
Forming the Two's Complement
Negative numbers are stored in two's complement notation
0.1 Numbering and Coding System
Convert signed binary to decimal
Starting value 11110000(2)
Step 1: Reverse the bits 00001111
Step 2: Add 1 to the value from step 1 00001111
+ 1
Step 3: Form the two’s complement 00010000
Step 4: Covert to decimal and attach sign -16(10)
0.1 Numbering and Coding System
Convert signed decimal to binary
Starting value -16(10)
Step 1: Convert the absolute value into binary 00010000(2)
Step 2: Reverse the bits 11101111(2)
Step 3: Form the two’s complement 11110000(2)
0.1 Numbering and Coding System
Convert signed decimal to hexadecimal
Starting value -43(10)
Step 1: Convert the absolute value into hexadecimal 2B(16)
Step 2: Form the two’s complement D5(16)
0.1 Numbering and Coding System
Convert signed hexadecimal to decimal
Starting value D5(16)
Step 1: Form the two’s complement 2B(16)
Step 4: Covert to decimal and attach sign - 43(10)
0.1 Numbering and Coding System
ASCII code
Standard ASCII (0 – 127)Extended ASCII (0 – 255)
A: 41Ha: 61H B: 42H
b: 62H
0: 30H1: 31H
0.2 Digital Primer
Logic gatesAND
Digital gate diagram for AND
OR
Digital gate diagram for OR
NOT
Digital gate diagram for NOT
ANDORNOT (Inverter)XORNANDNORTri-state buffer
0.2 Digital Primer
Logic gates
0.2 Digital Primer
Logic gates
0.2 Digital Primer
Logic gates
NMOS AND gate AND gate using diodes
0.3 Inside the Computer
Some important terminology
byte word
0.3 Inside the Computer
Some important terminology
byte word
0.3 Inside the Computer
Internal organization of computers
Arithmetic unit
Memory storage unit
Control unit
Input Device Output Device
Basic architecture of computer
Instruction 1Instruction 2Instruction 3
…
Instruction n
…
data 21data 12data 117data 13
program
data
Intermediate resultsFinal results
contentaddress
No.1
No.2
The storage of program and data
0.3 Inside the Computer
Internal working of computers
Homework
P18: 4, 6 P19: 15