micro intro 1 lecture 1
TRANSCRIPT
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Basic Processor Architecture andIntroduction to 8085
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Ramesh BhakthavatchaluDepartment of ECE
EC312 - Microprocessors
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WELCOME
wORLD oF miCRoProCEssoRS
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Foundation
What is a Digital Signal? Basic Blocks of Digital
Systems
Decoder, Encoder, MUX,DEMUX, Flip Flop,
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Foundation What is a Digital Signal?
Add slides from Digital
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Foundation Basic Blocks of Digital
Systems
Design
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Foundation Decoder, Encoder, MUX,
DEMUX, Flip Flop,
Design
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Computer A computer is a machine
It processes information according to alist ofinstructions.
form) and software (instructions).
The information that is processed is
called data.
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Computer Parts & Peripherals
CPU + Memory
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Computer - PC
The hardware has 4 parts.
CPU Controller / Manager of the System
Memory Stores instructions and data
I/O Devices Keyboard, Monitor, etc.
System bus Connects all above.
The Software has 2 parts
An operating system base (windows, etc)
Application software (MS office, matlab,
etc.)
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Computer - Simple diagram
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Computer
(Memory)CPU = ALU + CU
(Output)Monitor
PROCESS
RESULTS
PROGRAMS/DATA
Output devices can be monitor(CRT, LCD), projector, printer,etc.
MICROPROCESSOR
(Input)Keyboard
COMMANDS
Input devices can be KB, Mouse,scanner, barcode reader,sensors, etc
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CPU
The Central Processing Unit (CPU)
executes the sequence of stored instructions
called programs.
The information to be processed is received
from Input devices or Memory. The entire computer system operation
including controlling all the devices and allcomputations involved are performed by
the CPU.
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Microprocessor (P)
CPU has 3 units:- Arithmetic Logic Unit(ALU), Control Unit (CU) and Register Array.
ALU CU REG.
A CPU inside a single chip is called aMicroprocessor (uP).
MICROPROCESSORARRAY
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Microcomputer - PC
Any computer which uses a
microprocessor as its CPU
(central processing unit) is
called a microcomputer.
All personal computers (PC)we see everyday are microcomputers.
Alternately, we can say, any devicewhich works as CPU of a microcomputer
is called a microprocessor.
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Classification of Computers
1.Large Computers
Large, general purpose, multi user, multi
tasking Perform complex scientific and engineering
calculation, handling records for large
v . Supercomputer, Mainframe
2.Medium Size Computer (Mid range)
Minicomputer Slower, smaller memory capacity than
mainframe (ex: IBM AS 400 (1970s))
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3. Microcomputer
All Personal Computers (1970s ..)
Work Stations
Classification of Computers
Single board
Single chip microcomputer uC-Microcontrollers Embedded Systems
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Microcomputer - PC
Microcomputer is a microprocessor based
system. It includes the following:
- Microprocessor, Input/Output and Memory Components are connected through a
communication path called a bus
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How we can differentiate microcomputer anda microprocessor?
uP is one component of the microcomputer
The CPU functions of the microcomputerare performed by the uP
The term peripherals is used for I/O devices.
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uP based System Architecture
(Microcomputer)
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that reads binary instruction from a storagedevice called memory,
accepts binary data as input and
process data according to the instructions,and provides results as output.
Microprocessor
multipurpose, programmable, clock driven, register-based electronic device
Manufactured by using LSI or VLSI technology Operation is similar to human brain
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How we can differentiate CPU & uP ?
The ALU + CU of a microcomputer is
called as CPU. (Central Processing Unit)
CPU is implemented on one or more
Microprocessor
circuit boards to perform the computingfunctions
When CPU is made on a single chip uP it is called as microprocessor
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ALU :- Perform various computing functions
such as arithmetic operations (Addition &
Subtraction) and logic operations(AND/OR/EXOR) etc.
Re ister Arra :- Store data tem oraril durin
Microprocessor
execution of a program and are accessible tothe user through an instruction
Control Unit :- Provides necessary timing and
control signals to all the operations. Controls
the flow of data b/w uP, memory and
peripherals.21
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The typical processor system consists of:
CPU (central processing unit)
ALU (arithmetic-logic unit) Control Logic Registers, etc
Microprocessor
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Input / Output interfaces
Interconnections between these units:
Address Bus Data Bus Control Bus
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Communication path between the uP and
peripherals
Group of wires to carry bits
System Bus
All peripherals share the same bus
uP communicates with only one
peripheral at a time
Timing is provided by the CU of the uP.
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System Bus
address bus: carries theaddress (or) points the locationwithin the memory that isein accesse
data bus: carries the datavalue being communicated
control bus: describes theaction on the address and
data buses24
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CPU-Core of the processor, whereinstructions are executed
High-level language:
= + Assembly language:add r1 r2 r3 Machine language:0001001010111010101
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Problems
"There is only one group of
people who don't haveproblems and they're all dead.
Problems are a sign of life.So the more problems you
have, the more alive you are."
- Norman Vincent Peale26
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Memory
Place where instructions and data
are stored
Organized in arrays of locations
addresses each storin one b te 8
bits) in general
A readoperation to a particular
location (address) always returns thelast value stored in that location
(address)27
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Memory stores binary information as instruction and
data in 2 sections
Read only Memory (ROM) Program in ROM can only be read, not altered.
Memory
Read/Write Memory (RAM Random Access
Mem.)
User Memory
Stores user program & data
Information stored can be easily read and altered
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Consider the monitor program, generally
stored in ROM
This program interprets the information
entered throu h a ke board and
Memory
provides equivalent binary to the uP.
The monitor programs monitors the
Hex Key and stores data in R/W
memory29
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No of address lines and memory size
Assume each location can store 1 byte
2 power 3 = 8 locations
2 ower 5 =32 locations
Memory Structure
2 power 10 = 1024 locations = 1 KB
2 power 20 = 1024 KB = 1MB
2 power 30 = 1024 MB = 1 GB
2 power 40 = 1024 GB = 1 TB
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Memory Architecture
Von Neumann
Architecture
Embedded processors are constructed into 2 mainarchitecture
instructions and
data from same
memory
Limits operating
bandwidth
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Harvard Architecture
Two separatememory spaces for
Memory Architecture
Increases throughput
Different program
and data bus widthsare possible
Ex: PIC uController.
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Input/Output :-
Also known as peripherals
Communicating with the outside world through I/O
In uts devices :- ke board switches ADC
I/O Device (Peripherals)
Transfer binary information from outside world to
the uP
Output devices:- LED, LCD, CRT, Video screen(monitor), XY Plotter, Magnetic Tape, DAC
Transfer data from uP to the outside world33
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I/O Device (Peripherals)
Enable uP system to interact with the world Device interface (a.k.a. controller or adapter)
hardware connects actual device to bus
like memory that can be accessed over thebus.
Readsmay not return last value written
Writesmay have side effects Enable some
operations of peripherals.
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Fetch, Decode, Execute
uP fetches the first instruction from the memory
Decodes it
Execute the instruction
Microprocessor - Working
ses e sys em us o e c e ns ruc on an a a
from the memory in the entire process
Uses registers to store data temporarily
Performs the computing function in the ALU
Sends out the result in binary using the same bus lines
to the o/p.
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Word - No: of bits uP recognizes and process at a time
Machine Language
uP communicates and operates in 0s & 1s instruction in binary language
Assembly language
Some Definitions
Programmer writes the program in English words Symbolic code for each instruction, called mnemonics
Assembler
Program that translates the mnemonics entered from
the keyboard into the corresponding binary machine
codes of the uP36
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- CPU is stand-alone
- RAM, ROM, I/O, timerare separate
- Designer can decide on the
- CPU, RAM, ROM, I/Oand timer are all on asingle chip
- Fixed amount of on-chip
MicroprocessorMicroprocessorMicroprocessorMicroprocessor v/sv/sv/sv/s MicrocontrollerMicrocontrollerMicrocontrollerMicrocontroller
amount o ,
and I/O ports.
- Versatile Applications
- General-purpose
- Ex. 8085,8086 mp,Motorola 6800, Intels
8086, etc.
- For applications inwhich cost, power andspace are critical
- Single-purpose- Ex. 8051, PIC mc,Motorola MCs, Phillips,etc.
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8085 Microprocessor Architecture
Now we will examine these components more closelyby using the Intel 8085 microprocessor architecture
as an example:
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The 8085 Bus Structure
The 8-bit 8085 CPU (or MPU Micro Processing Unit)communicates with the other units using a 16-bit address
bus, an 8-bit data bus and a control bus.
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The 8085 Bus Structure
Address Bus
Consists of 16 address lines: A0 A15
Operates in unidirectional mode: The addressbits are always sent from the MPU to peripheral
devices, not reverse.
16 address lines are capable of addressing atotal of 216 = 65,536 (64k) memory locations.
Address locations: 0000 (hex) FFFF (hex)
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The 8085 Bus Structure
What is the last address of
a 4K memory starting ataddress 2000H? (December
Answer : 2FFFH
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The 8085 Bus Structure
What is the last address of
a 3K memory starting ataddress 31FFH?
Answer : _____H
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The 8085 Bus Structure
Data Bus
Consists of 8 data lines: D0 D7
Operates in bidirectional mode: The data bits aresent from the MPU to peripheral devices, as wellas from the eri heral devices to the MPU.
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Data range: 00 (hex) FF (hex)
Control Bus
Consists of various lines carrying the controlsignals such as read / write enable, flag bits.
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The 8085: CPU Internal Structure
The internal architecture of the 8085 CPU iscapable of performing the following operations:
Store 8-bit data (Registers, Accumulator)
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Test for conditions (IF / THEN)
Sequence the execution of instructions
Store temporary data in RAM during execution
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The 8085: Registers
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The 8085: CPU Internal Structure
Registers
Six general purpose 8-bit registers: B, C, D, E, H, L
They can also be combined as register pairs toperform 16-bit operations: BC, DE, HL
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Registers are programmable (data load, move, etc.)
Accumulator
Single 8-bit register that is part of the ALU !
Used for arithmetic / logic operations the result isalways stored in the accumulator.
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The 8085: CPU Internal Structure
Flag Bits
Indicate the result of condition tests.
Carry, Zero, Sign, Parity, etc.
Conditional o erations IF / THEN are executed
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based on the condition of these flag bits.Program Counter (PC)
Contains the memory address (16 bits) of the
instruction that will be executed in the next step.
Stack Pointer (SP)
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Example: Memory Read Operation
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Example: Instruction Fetch Operation
All instructions (program steps) are stored in memory.
To run a program, the individual instructions mustbe read from the memory in sequence, and executed.
Program counter puts the 16-bit memory address of the
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instruction on the address bus
Control unit sends the Memory Read Enable signal toaccess the memory
The 8-bit instruction stored in memory is placed on the data
bus and transferred to the instruction decoder
Instruction is decoded and executed
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Example: Instruction Fetch Operation
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Ready is an input signal
E l I t ti F t h O ti
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Example: Instruction Fetch Operation
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8085 Functional Block Diagram
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8085 Functional Block Diagram
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Q & A
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Q & A
Teacher : Tell me 1000 words
in English without using thealphabet a.
Student: Zero, One, Two,
Three,Four,...Nine Ninty
Nine.58
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DISCUSSION
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Upcoming Topics
Assembly language Instructions set of 8085
Simple Programs
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THANK YOU