Micro Management of Groundwater in Banaskantha,

North GujaratAn Operational Strategy

M Dinesh KumarInternational Water Management

Institute

Groundwater in North Gujarat

• North Gujarat: one of the most water scarce regions in India

• Per capita renewable water availability—427 M3/annum

• Enormous increase in groundwater withdrawal in the region during past 4 decades; mainly for irrigated farming

• Groundwater is lifeline of north Gujarat: human survival, crops (92% of irrigation); dairying, and fragile ecology

Growth in groundwater abstraction structures

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Energised WellsTube well

Groundwater Problems in the Region

• Aquifers are fast drying up due to excessive pumping

• Water quality is severely deteriorating--TDS, fluorides

• CGWB warns: if pumping continues at the current rate, the aquifers around Palanpur will be dried up in next 5 years

Yearly Rate of Decline in Water Levels in Wells of Mehsana

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Observed Fluoride Content in Water Samples Collected from Village Water Supply Sources (Wells)

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Observed Fluoride ContentPermissible Fluoride Content

Impact of the Problems• Depletion of

groundwater causes irrigation & drinking water scarcity, and ecological degradation; threatens sustainability of rural livelihoods

• Currently shift from conventional farming to dairy farming

• Large scale trade of dry fodder, seasonal and daily migration to neighbouring urban centres

Sustainable Groundwater Management Initiative in

Banaskantha• IWMI’s action research

project on community-based local groundwater management explores and experiments a variety of local options that would address:

Supply & demand side issues in water management

Analyze their impacts on hydrological regimes and livelihoods

Evolving Strategies for Micro Management

• To evolve viable strategies and to identify ways to operationalize them, IWMI carried out a number of activities in the field during the past one year

Socioeconomic studies in pilot area: to analyze the water supply & land use systems; hydrological regimes

Demonstration of various water saving irrigation devices: mini spriklers; micro sprinklers; micro tube drips; Family Drip Systems; pressurized overhead sprinklers

Market research on adoption of water saving technologies

Research on farmers’ fields on water saving & productivity impacts of different irrigation devices

Constraints and Opportunities for Micro management of

Groundwater High inter-annual variability in rainfall and runoff Good storage potential in depleted aquifers for recharge Majority of farmers are small and marginal; do not have

independent source of well irrigation and pressurizing systems

For many farmers in the region, electricity supply is a limiting factor for groundwater pumping; for a few water is limited

Farmers have very poor knowledge of many new irrigation devices; many misconceptions as well about their adaptability to their conditions

Economic gain is the most important consideration for farmers to go for water saving technologies; not water saving

Several of water saving devices help improve water productivity significantly apart from reducing water application rates

Reduction in water use rate in irrigation actually lead to saving of water from the system

Micro Options for Sustainable Groundwater

Management in the Project Area

Ecologically Sound and Efficient Water Harvesting

• Village ponds need to be redesigned to capture excess runoff that occur during high rainfall years

• Recharge tube wells need to be installed so as to take water directly from ponds to the deep aquifers

• Ponds should have waste weir for safe disposal of excess water from flash floods

Probability of Occurrence of Rainfall and Runoff in the Alluvial Area of Banas

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Ecologically sound and efficient…

• Water from the pond catchments should be made free of human and animal waste to avoid health hazards

• Catchments need to be protected and vegetated

• In the hilly, hard rock areas, watershed management activities need to be carried out along with check dam building and well recharging

Micro Management of Water in Agriculture

• Pressurized irrigation system to be promoted among: Large, resource rich

farmers having independent wells, but not able to irrigate the entire field with traditional practices

Farmers with poorly yielding wells; not able to use power supply fully

Community micro irrigation schemes for small holders to reduce the overhead costs and maintenance of micro irrigation systems

Estimated unit operating cost of micro sprinklers for different discharges & areas

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0.5 1 1.5 2 3 4 5Acreage under micro sprinklers

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Micro management of.. • Organic farming

practices are to be adopted among adopters of water-saving technologies to improve land and water use productivity

• Drip Irrigation for Alfalfa: Family Drip Systems being promoted by Netafim can be used by both, water buyers and well owners and tube well partners

Energy overheads are more with conventional systems when adoptedfor small plots; so land productivity

Needs to be enhanced to make Micro irrigation viable

Micro Management of...

• Customerised micro tube drips will be suitable for small and marginal farmers; water buyers and well partners

• Sub-surface irrigation systems could be used for irrigating alfalfa, and row crops, viz., cotton, fennel, castor and potato. In spite of the fact that they are expensive, during droughts regular water buyers and partners of tube wells would have economic incentive to go for this system

IWMI’s Future Strategies for Local Groundwater Management

in Banaskantha

Fountainhead of the Strategy

• Benefits of increased yield rather than water saving

• Improve the level of awareness about the gravity of water problems, and different water saving technologies & devices

• Remove the misconceptions about certain water saving technologies

• Provide choices to the farmers, in terms of technology, costs etc., to save water and improve productivity

• Demonstrate the benefits of group investments in water saving devices

• Orient farmers about new technologies; provide right kind of training to the adopters

Operationalizing the Strategy

• Promotion of Water Ethics

Development of communication materials on water—slide shows, video films, posters, pamphlets

Implementation of communication programme: Jal Abhiyan, Awareness Training programmes in villages, schools, taluka head quarters

• Enhancing technical input services to adopters

Operationalizing ….

• Market Promotion of Water-Saving Technologies

Training of rural marketing professionals Direct field to field marketing of products Field demonstrations Establishing a supply chain

• Educational programmes: trainings, exposure trips

• Implementation of model projects on ecologically sound water harvesting

• Networking; research and monitoring

Thank You…!