MICRO-SO· P.O. BOX 213, GOODWOOD, S.A. 5034 AUSTRALIA

TELEPHONE (08) 381 8642

ISSUE 2

JANUARY 1900

EDITORIAL

CONTENTS

ABOUT OUR OWN SYSTEM ( & LEV. 1) NEXT MOOTH' S ISSUE

ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE PROGRAMMING

RICOCHET

FRUSTRATION

HANGMAN

GAME OF LIFE

STOCK RECORDING SYSTEM

MONITOR IN BASIC

COMMENTS ON CTR-80

LETTERS TO THE EDITOR

USER' S CLUB NEWS

Price S2. 50

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MICR0-80 is register�d for posting as a pub\ ication - CATEGORY B.

PrintQd by: The Sho�el and Bull Printers,

� 312 A Unley Road, Hyde Park, SA 5061.

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MICRO· SO

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TELEPHONE (08) 3818542

•• ABOUT MICR0-80 ••

PAGE 1

MICR0-80 is the first Austral ian monthly magazine devotQd entirely to the

TRS-80 microcomputer . . It is available by subscription S24.00 fo� 12 months or by mail order at S2.50 per copy. A cassette containing all the proarams in each month' s issue is availablg for an additional S3.50 or a combined annual subsc ription to both magazinQ and c assette, is availablg for S60.09. Special

bulk purchase rates are also available to computer shops gtgtc. Please use

the form in this issue to order your copy or s ubscription.

The purpose of MICR0-80 is to publish sof t�are and othgr information to help you ggt the most from your TRS-80 computer and its peripherals. MICR0-80 is in no way connected with the TANDY organisation.

•• WE WILL BUY YOUR PROGRAMS ••

Most of the information we publish is provided by our readgrs, to whom �e pay royalties. An application form containing full details of how you can use your TRS-89 to earn some extra incomg is included in every issue.

•• CONTENT ••

Each month �e publish at least one applications program in Level 1 BASIC, one

in Level 2 BASIC and one in DISK BASIC (or Disk .compatible Level 2). We as\o

pub! ish Utility programs in Lgvel 2 BASIC and Machine language. At least avery sQcond issue has an article on hardware modifications or a constructional article for useful peripherals. In addit,ion, WQ run articles

on programming techniques both in Assembly language and BASIC, we print news

from TRS-89 Usgrs Clubs , letters to thQ Editor and new product r evigws.

•• ADVERTISING ••

We accept camera rgady copy for display advgrt ising at the fol.l owin� rates: - FULL PAGE ( 19cm wide x 24cm high) S120

- 1/2 PAGE (19cm 111ide X 14cm high) s 69 - 1/4 PAGE ( 19cm wide X 7 em high) s 30

Classified ads are S8.00 for up to 50 words. Ads must be submitted b� the

15th of each month in order to appear in the follo111ing month' s issuQ. A

Company Order or paymgnt must be includgd with thQ advert.

•• TRS-80 USERS CLUB NEWS ••

We are prepared to print news of the activities of TRS-80 Users Clubs up to a maximum of 200 words per Club per month, spac Q pgrmitting. Copy must be TYPED

with DOUBLE LINE SPACING and reach us NO LATER than the 15th of each month in order to appear in the following month' s issuQ.

•• COPY RIGHT ••

AI 1 the mater tal

that you must photocopying the disk.

published in this magazine is under copyright. That means

not copy it, except for your o�n use. This applies to magazinQ itsglf or making copiQS of programs on tape or

\._ ....

MICAO·BO P.O. BOX 213, GOODWOOD, S.A. 5034 AUSTRALIA

TELEPHONE (08) 3818542

•• EDHORIAL **

PAGE 2

Well. MICR0-80 got off to a great start with issue 1. A lot of people who

bought single copies "on appro va l " have sent in for subscriptions or ordered

cassettes and many ho ve wri t ten congro t�lati ng us. We' ve alread4 had a number

of programs submitt e d for possible pub\ i cat l on. We are seri ous about pawinq

to publis h your programs . For ins tance, we have pa id out over Sl00 to readers

for the programs pub lished this month. As our circulation qrows, we will be

able to afford to p ay even mor e . If you I ike MICR0-80, wh� not tell 4our

fri ends ab out us and encourage them to take out subs cr iptions . That waw the maqazine wi I I grow and you' I I get even more progrms .

On@ of o ur probl e ms is f i nding Interesting Level 1 programs. Most experi e nced programmers of our acquaintance w ork with Level 2. So, if you have a Level 1

mach tne , why not send in those programs you have been workinq on, they ' re

probably jUSt what we n eed . We' ve b e en as ked if programs have to be written

eff i cie ntly to be published . Th12 ans wer is no they don' t, as lonq as th124

perform adequately. We consider one of our ob je c ti ves is t o help TRS-80 users

become better programmers. What better way to do this than to help each

other . If we publish a pro g ra m and you know a b etter way to acieve the same

result then •»hy not write in to ex p lain i.t. We'\ l pub lish your letter and

then w e will a\ I learn someth1ng.

A �umb er of our readers have on12 or more Disk drive s . There is now a wide

variety of Dis k Operating systems available including TRS DOS 2.1, 2.2. 2.3,

NEWDOS, VTOS and DOS 3.0. W e would b e interested i n publishing a re vi e •11 of

these v ar ious systems so, if y ou have experience of using one or more of them, pe rhaps you' d I ike to write 1n wi.th your op i ni ons . Better still, mayb e there. 1s someon e out there who has w i de experience of mos t or all of them and could

write a comporat ive r eview s l.ng I e-handed. If so, we'd I ike to hear from 400.

Future plans include. a series of article s an advanced BASIC proqrammt nQ . The

o b je ctiv e is to help you i mpr ove yo ur progra mm ing techni que and make the most

of· Level 2 and Disk BASIC. We e nv isage that th is s eries wtl\ require a number

<Jf contributor s and wou I d I ike to hear from any of ou r readers il.lho feel they

could l.llrite one or more a r t i c l e s . Naturall•J, we will pay for all mater i a l

pub\ ished but, before sendtng 1n an article, •JJrite and tel 1 us th€! topi cs you want to co.v e.r so that we can c o -or dina te �our effort:s.

We are also wor k ing on some hardware projects. The I i qht pen pro�ct was

.::mnounced last month. It is proving to be a little erratic in op e ration so IJJe

sti II ha v e a few bugs to sort out. Look for thQ ar t ic\9 on 1t in about, 3 to 4

months time. Not b ec a us e it is go lng to take that long to sort out but b e cause

it has now taken o back seat to an euen more exciting pr o ject . We ore

de veloping a memory expanston board wich wll I take a set of 4K chips and up

to two sets of 16K chips. This bo ard w1 \\ connec t" to the back of the CPU v ia

a c abl e and haue its o�n power supply. It wit I c ost ue.ry much les than the

expansion interfa ce and wi I I enab I e you to take advantaqe of the. ch1aap 16K chios which are availabl e from a n umb 1ar o f supp li ers for around $110 per set.

Using t h is board you c ould buy o set of' 16K ch ips 1nstall them in the. CPU,

then pl u g t,he 4K ch1ps from thQ CPU 1nto the board thus qi•Jinq you a 201<

mach1na. Later you could buy another set of 16K c hi ps and pluq them into the

board to get a 36V mach1ne. Or you could have two 16K sets in the board,

MICRO-SO P.O. BOX 213, GOODWOOD, S.A. 5034 AUSTRALIA

TELEPHONE (08) 3818542 PAGE 3

making a 4BK machine. For those who want lots of memory but don' t need Disk drives, this should be jUst the s hot. It' s a big project and will take several months to complete. In the meantime, we'd be interested to hear from readers who would c onsider buying such a unit. It is too early to be certain about price but we should be able t o sel I a fully assembled unit without memory chos but including cable, case and power supply, for around S200.

As you can see, things are really happening at MICR0-80.

---��----�-·----��·>-----· -·----- ---- ----·-•• ABOUT OUR OWN SYSTEM (AND LEVEL 1J ••

MICR0-80 has a LetHd 2, 48K machine with \ower-case modification, a s1ngle

Disk drive and a Comprint 912 p arallel interface printer . This month we have

composed the maga:;:: 1ne using the Electric Penc i I •vord processing program and

the Comprint printer which prints characters in a 12 x 9 d ot matrix on electro

sensitive paper.

We generally� run our disk syste m under TRSDOS 2.2 but have recentl4 acquired NEWDOS +. The �ig advantage of NEWDOS + to o magazine such as ours is that it

prov1des a Level l in Level 2 program. That enables us to write, evaluate,

save, load, modify etc., Level 1 programs on o•Jr Level 2 machine. Print ina

Level 1 programs is another matter. Last month 11.1e had to convert our Level 1

programs into Level 2 and print them out using the LLIST command. For this month, we have written a special machine l anguage routine that loads into hi�h

memory ( 7000H). We use the NEWDOS SAVE• command to move the Leve I 1 poqram to

8000H, then load and run our special LLIST routine. It lists the proqram,

starting from the first I ine number, located at 8003H.

In writing this sp�cial machine language program, we' ve learned same things about Le�·e I 1 BASIC which might be of interest to our readers. Lev e I 1 BASIC programs start at 4200H. The first byte is ZA Hex or • 1n ASC11. The next

two bytes give the program length in Hex, least sit)ni ficant bqte first. The

next two b ytes then give the first \ ine numb12r in Hex, aga1n least s1gnificant

byte first. Then follows the first program I ine in ASCll terminated wi-t.h a

I ine feed ( 0DH). The nqxt twa b y te s are the second I ine number in Hex, I east

significant b yte f i rst, then the program I ine in ASC11 and so on. Unlike

Level 2. Level 1 has no :speci.JI <and of program identification, since the

length of the program is indicated at the beginning. AI\ this wil I be clearer from the examole below.

•• Example ••

Consider the simple 2 I 1ne program: l F . A=1 TO 5

10 P.A:N.A

Counting 2 bytes for each I ine number, one space between the I ine number and

th12 program text and a Carriage Return at the end of each I ine, this proqram

takes 25 bytes,

A Hex dump of the memory block containing this program is shown below. 4200 2A ( 19 00) (01 00) (20 45 2E 41 3D 31 20 54 4F 20 35)

• I ength I i ne no . program I i ne

4210 (0IJ) (OA 00) (20 50 ZE 41 3A 4E 2E 4U 0D

CR I ine no. program I i ne CR

The equivalent ASC11 dump is: 4200 • . . . . F .A=l TO 5

4210 . .. P.A:N.A.

MICRO-SO P.O. BOX 2 1 3, GOODWOOD, S.A. 5034 AUSTRAL IA

TELEPHONE (08) 381 8542

PAGE 4

Compare the Hex dump with the ASCll dump. The first byte ZAH, cor respo nds

with the ASC11 • and is a start of program identifier . The next two bytes

taken in rev er se order, are B018H, which corres ponds to 16 + 9 25 <Dec). This is the length of the program. Since there i s no ASC11 character

equivalent to these Hex numbers, they are show n as f ul l - s tops . The next two

bytes, t aken in reverse order, are 001H = 1 (Dec) which is the f i r s t I ine

number. Again there is no equivalent ASC11 character, so these are shown as

ful I -stops too. The fir st program I ine starts with ZBH, •JJhich is an ASC11

"space•, typed in as part of the program. Alt hough when you I 1 st a Level 1

program on the s c reen, a space always appears betw een the line number and the

first program character, thi s space is not stored in memorw so, if 4ou want to

conserve RAM, don' t type in a space afte r the line number . The next b4te is

46H, equivalent to ASC11 "F", the first i n struction and so on to address 421BH

�hich contai n s 0DH , the Hex equivalen t of a n ASC11 Carriage Retur n (CR).

Again , there is no ASC11 character for a CR (it i s a con trol code), so it is

shown as a ful 1 -stop . Then f ollows the next program I ine u ntil the 25th b4te

which is 0DH, the CR for the las t I ine.

•••••••••• NEXT MONTH'S ISSUE ••••••••••

The February issue of MICR0-80 wil I co n ta i n at least the following programs:

HANGMAN ( L 1 )

AMAZIH (L2)

ANALOGUE CLOCK

(L2 + m/c language)

SET

{ m/c I .:Jnguage )

MONITOR FOR BASIC

(Installment 1)

( m/c I anguagg :

- T h is program is s im i I or to the Leve I 2 ver sion pub l i shed this month but, of course ach ieves the

res •J I t i n a d iff ere n t rna nne r , s i n c e Lev e I 1 do 12 s

not suppo rt st ring manipul a t ion.

- A program which generates a series of mazes on the sc r een, f or you to f1nd your way t h rou gh.

- Thi s program draws a lar ge clock face on the screen, it uses high s peed m/c lan guage sub r o utines to

redraw the clock hands as they mou e .

- This m/c language program adds a new graph ics

command to Lev el 2 BASIC - SET<Xl Yl,XZ YZ> wh ich

rapid\•::l draws a I ine between poin t )(.1 Y1 & XZ YZ.

It can save a lot of tedious p rogram ming and

1s much f aster than BASIC graphic s .

This m/c language program, which wil I be presented 1n self contained modules over the next th ree

issues, greatly improues t he versat1l tty of the

TRS 80 when programming in Leue l 2 BASIC. For

example , it g iues you a MERGE COMMAND. which "hides "

the res ident BASIC program, allows you to l oad in

a n o t he r program . automat i cally renumbers 1t so that no \ 1ne numbers clash and then iOins the t•»o

toggther . A nother in structton allows you to "hide" a program in me mor y , load another, modify it and

saue it and then r eturn to the original program.

It wil I also enable you to ren u mbe r BASIC programs,

\ is t a I \ v ar i abIes used, make system t,apes and

carry out a n umber of other u s efu l funct i ons .

February ' s is sue •JJi I I al so contain t,he next insta I I ment on As sem b l�-4 Language programming.

MICR0-80 P.O. BOX 213, GOODWOOO, S.A. 5034 AUSTRAL I A

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?II.GE 5

** ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE PROGRAMMING **

This 1s the first article in a series which will continue f or

months. It 1s a s sumed that, at present. the re ader has very I ittle

about t h e inner wor�1ngs of th e TRS-80 or its Mi croprocessor , the

about six

know! edqe

Z80. Thi.s series wi!l th erefore st,art ot a very basic level, defining terms, explaini ng

memory mopping and so on. By the time the series is finished, however, we

w i i I hau e covered some quite soph isticated programming techniques and readers

should haue a g ood understanding o f the Leuel 2 ROM, h ow to use manu of its

sub-rautlnes in the ir own programs and what many of the addresses in

RAM are used for.

reserved

In order to make the best use of these art1cles. you will need three programs:

an Editor/Assembler , a Monitor and a Disassembler . Tandy can supply the f1rst

two . The Editor /As semi er is good but has two d isadv ant ages. First, it is

expensive ($59. 95 on cas s et.te , 5139.95, for the mpre sop histic ated disk

version). Second, all source cod!i!:, comments etc., ar9 stor12d in RAM in

uncompr,essed ASCll format, th1s takes a lot of space, somatim9s as much as 5

or 5 times the l ength of the final ob (mach ine language) program produ 9d.

When you consider that t h e Editor/Assembler itself t ak es about 5K, if you h ave

a 16K machine, you would be h ard put to it to assemble an ob�ect prooram of

mor e th an about ZK. Many machine language programmers we know even run into

problems with 32K mach ines. That h av ing been sa i d, the T�ndy program is a

good one and is c onvenien t to use. However, if you havn' t already purchased

an E ditor/Assemble r , you mig ht \ike to wait a feuJ IJJeaks. MICR0-80 is currentl y

negotiating �ith some American software suppl 1ers and we hope to be able to

of fer our readers an Editor/Assembler for no more than S45.

Tandy' s monitor pr ogram is TBUG. It' s greatest virtue is that it only takes

about lK of RAM. A number of oth er monitor-s uJhich are a�Jailable, such as MON 3 and RSM-2, are much more sooh ist icated th an TBUG but do t, ake 3 to 4K of RAM. Th e maJor crit1cism of TBUG is its price . At t-2 7 .95 it reGI\y is not var4

good t.•a\ue. Ag ain , if you can wait. Ill!;! sh ould soon h av e o range of monitors.

R small one, equ1ualent to TBUG, f or under S20. and more soph isticated

monitors �or about S28 to S30.

Finally, th�re is the Disassembler . Tand•,.� does n ' "': offer one nor, to our knowle dge, does any o ne else 1n Austral 10, except as part of th e MON 3 monitor .

ln view of th1s, we are looking for a suitable, stand-alone disassembler to

offer 1n our software range. we expect that a\ I the above programs sh ould be

ava il able from MICR0-80 by March.

As a further h elp to the Assembly Language programmer . we are pr9paring a

disassembled i 1sting of the Level 2 ROM •JJith comments and entry paints for

useful sub - r o utines . toget.her •llit.h a detailed map of reserved RAM. This

should be available as a separate p ub\ icatio n in March.

�or the moment. h o wever . let' s d1scuss some of the fundamentals of th e TRS - 80 microcomputer . The heart of the TRS-80 is the Zil og Z 80 microprocessor .

Th1s is a third generation, 8 - bit microprocessor . T h e first generation was

representli!d by the 8008 and t h e second by the 8080. In develop i nq each

generation, the d9S lgners follo1lied a p o i icy of "upward compatabi.l it!-l" for

software . Th1s means th at programs developed for computers using the 8008

will run on c ompute rs using the 8080 or the Z 80. This was achieved by

preserving the bas i c 8008 Instruction set (th e codes which cause the

microprocesso r to carry out d1fferent operations such as m oving data, a d d inq,

comparing, etc. , ) through each generation. By the time the Z 80 was

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TELEPHONE (08) 381 8542 PAGE 6

designed, this instruction set and some of the basic "architecture" which utent

llJ i th it were rather outmoded, so the z 80 has it' s own more pouterful

Instruction set, added to the 8080 set of 78 i nstructions. There are 158

:i 1 f + erent 1nstruct ions you can use 111 it h the z 80.

Wait, before you turn over and go back to your BASIC programs you should know

that you don' t need to be tot a I I y f ami I i. or with a l I 158. Becaus e of the

upward compat.:Jb i \ i ty mentioned ear I i er, many o f the 8080 instructi ons can be

1gnorged because there are much more pouterful ones available in the new Z 80

instructions . There are two schools of thought on learning Assembly Language

programming. One says you shou ld learn to crawl before you walk and use the Z

80 I ike an 8080 until you are "experienced" enouqh to qo on to the Z80

1nstructions. The other , and the one to which we subscribe, is that you should start off from scratch learning to use the Z 80 instruction set to its

fu\ 1 capac1t4. There is no doubt that pogramming an 8080 is more tedi ous than

programming a Z 80. Life' s too short to waste t hat way, so we will use the

bes� instructio ns available on the Z 80 for each task, be they from the 8080

sub -set or the new Z 80 set.

r=1 s 1 ng I e Z 80 instruct ion is I ike a BASIC command or statement but much I ess comprehensive. Whereas, with one BASIC statement such as CLS you can clear

the screen and return the cursor to its home position, to do the same thinq in

machine language would require dozens of instructions. In fact, when 4ou use

any BASIC statement the Z 80 first converts it into a ser ie s of Z 80

Instructions, under the control of the BASIC INTERPRETER pro gram stored in the

r?0M �"'eac!-only memory). It then executes these instructions. This can result

tn the Z 80 carrying out hundreds o r euen thousands of instructions for one BASIC statement. Therefore, if you write programs dir9ctl�,:� in machine

l an guage , <Z 80 Instructi ons) a gi v e n r�;;�sult will bg o bt a i ned manto� t,imes

faster than tf you had used a hi gh l eve I l onguage I ike BASIC.

As w1th any other computer,

TRS-80:

there are three fundamenta l components in the

- CPU (Central Processing Unit), the Z 80

Memory to store programs and da ta

- Input-Output deuic�;;�s so that you can communicate with the

computer and it with you.

The basic TRS 80 comes with three input-output devices . The keyboard, which is an input on l y d91.Jice. The utdeo monitor, which is an output onl4 de vice

and the cas sette recorder , which is both an input an d an outpu t device. In

addition, you can buy other outp ut deuices such as a printer o r a uolce

synthesizer and input output devices such as floppy dtsk drives or the RS 23ZC

ser1ai interfoce.

The memory of a c omputer , is to a great ext ent , a measure of i ts data

processing p011Jer , so computer owners IJSIJall� classify the1r machines by memorq size eg. 41<, 16K, 32K , or· 481<. K means 1024 bytes. The b4te is the basic

memory eel I , so a 4K m ach 1ne has 4 x 1024 4096 separate memory eel Is in

which information can be st ored. In the case of the TRS-80. a b4te c onsists

of 8 binar�-1 c h g i ts (bi-t.s). If you ar e fami\ iar with phystcs, !--IOU could I iken a byte to a molecule and a bit to one of the atoms whtch go to make up the

molecu!e . Since there are 8 bits in a byte and eu ery bit can assume the ualue

o·f either 0 or l, there arQ 2 to the power 8 = 256 poss 1b I e combinations of

bits and hen c e o byte can as sume am:� va\1Je between 0 ond 255 (decimal)

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TELEPHONE (08) 381 8542 PAGE f

depend ing on the individual v a lues of t he bits which it co ntains . So . i.f 40u

want to store a num ber between 0 and 255, you can s tore it in a single memory

cell. But. 1f you 1JJant to store higher numbers, ·�ou mu-.;;t use 2 or more memory

ce I Is for e ach number .

We mentioned that the byte is the basic memory ce I I in the TRS-80 and that you

can s to re value s in these cells. Howe ver , there iS little po int in storing

<Jai ues if you car:' t use -t:hem again 1 ate r . so an•� co mputer must h ave some

system for retriev in•� t)a\ues from i ts memory. The iPS-80, in common with all

modern digit-al computers, uses a random access memor•� system (RAM). In trois

syste m , e<)er•� memor•::t cell has a unique i ocat 1on or a ddre ss , just as houses

along a street each hav e their o•11n number . The Z 80 CPU has u::. address I i nes ,

each of which can be on or- off ( 0 or 1.). T he maxi mum number of comb 1 nations

for thes e address l1nes is the r efore 2 t,o the po•JJer iS = 65,536. The Z 80 can

therefore address 65,536 unique locations (or bytes of memor4l. There are

1024 bytes per K byte, 65.535/1024 = 54, hence the L 80 can a ddress 64K of

me mory . (_Note that 0 is the fir st address so that t-he h1gh e s t address is

65,535 not 65,536).

There are three differen t types of memory used in the TRS-80 under this random

access system. The first 1s ROM or "read-only memory" . This means that the

'-!a\ ues are put 1nto t. he m<:;!mory b•,! Tandy ,_:;md can' t be chan•3ed by the user . The

Z 80 can read t hese memory locations, howeve r , and act on the instructions

co nta i ned in th<:;! m . The ROM con t ain s the Le•Je\ 1. or Level 2 BASIC interpreter

program which 13 always there . In fact, h a u i ng the 1nterpreter i.n ROM was one

of the best features of the TRS-80 when it was f1rst ann ounced . Man� earlier

computers requ 1red the user to I oad the BASIC t n t ernr e ter in from a casset-te

each time the computer •JJas turned on. Ima gi ne how t edious that" would be' The

ROM 1n the TRS-80 o cc upi es the lower mem ory addresses: Level l f rom 0 to 4095

(4K) and Level 2 from 0 to 1.2,287 (12K). On po•11er up, the Z 80 q oes straight

to an address in ROM and star ts executing the program conta1ned t her e. The

BASIC program you writ e ts actually data used by th1s !nterpreter proqram .

A.nother ,,�nd of memorq u sed b•� the TRS-80 1<:; Read-Write memor4 . This is

"voi<.Jti\o:.; " memor •� tn which the Z 80 can store �uwit"eJ dat_a or from which it

can re"tr ;. eve ( re ad ! tt. \'our BfiSIC programs are store d in this memor4 and ,

1.1.1hen '- 'JU suJitch tr·� computer off, you lose ev ery th 1 n g in it. Obl•ious\'"!, t"his

iS o ��.:;:.tt>� 1mpor'tGnt I< ind cf memory, so why havn' t ':!O'J ev er heard of it'? You

have , nut 1t is general)�� re ferred to as RAM ( f or random access memoru.l. As

':lou c c n s e e + r om the abo v e , i t i s no more nor l e s s ran d om access -t. h a'"' ROM but ,

who are '-'-'e to •Jrgue '1!1 th the crouJd'? From no•ll on, IJJe sho \ � refer to

read-write memor•:J as RAl'1. There are s evera l important- th1ngs to know ab out

RAM. First of a\ I, lt occ U [\i t;�s the higher memor'::_.l addresses, start 1nq from

locatio n 15.38� ond, i� ':lOU .::.aro afford it. go1ng al \ the uJa4 up tc-' lo c a t. io n

65,535. You canflot place Rfi� in the first 16K mem ory locations because these

are occupied by ROM an d memor,�-mapped d ev 1 ces (see below) thus th�< ma><1mum RAM

capacity in a TRS-80 IS 48K . ��I RAM starts at mem o r y address 16,384, 4K q oes

up to oddres s 20.479, 16k goes t:o 32,767 and 32Kto 49,152. Finally, not all

o� RAM 1s available 4 or your own programs . data etc . Some iS reserved for use

by t:he ROM. In Leve l � mach1ne<0 , -the first 513 bytes of RAM are reserved

whilst in Level 2 mach 1 ne <0 -:.h.;; f l.<st. 812 by·tes are reserved. But don ' t feel

c heated . This reserved RAM is � godsend for the machine language pro qra mmer

as 1t l e t s you escape from ROM ro ut ; n e s back to your own oroarams. thus

l et t in g you make u s e of a lot of the programming done by Mic rosoft (who

deve l oped the Lel!el 2 BASIC ROM for Tandl,! •

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PAGE 8

There are stilI 4K of memory locations unaccounted for, fr om 12,288 to 16,383.

These addresses are usQd for MEMORY-MAPPED input -otJtput devices. ThQ upper 1K

(15,3 60 to 16,383) is used for the video display. This display h as its own

set of RAM chips and you can use them \ike any other part of RAM, with the

added advantage that you can see what' s in them! Type in and run the

following pr ogram:

10 CLS

20 FOR C=15360 TO 15871

30 POKE C • 5!:· 40 ND<T C

Well, you' ve f 1\ h;d half the screen •JJith A' s, so why is the prompt at the top

of the screen':· The reason is that you' ue stored the ASCll equ iva I ent of A

directly into many of the screen memory locations without the cursor control

routine knowing anything ab out it, as it would have , had you u�Qd a PRINT

statement. Now add the fol low1ng lines to your program and run it again.

50 FOR C=15360 TO 15871

60 POKE C,32 70 NEXT C

Th1s t1me you cleared the screen by p oking ASC11 spaces into its memory

addresses and stilI the curs or contr o l knew n othing a b out it. This gives you

an 1dea of how much is inuo!ued in a simple PRINT statement which n ot only

uuts the appropriate uolue into the correct memory address but also aduonces

the cursor , mov es 11. to th<: next 1 ine and scr�o II s ev<O!r•::�th ing up when ·�ou

finisn printing the bot,tom I ine. Rll the instruct,ions to accomplish this are

�ontained in a sub-routine 1n the ROM. In a later article. we will shaw you

ho w to use this sub-routine to saue yoursel f a lot of proqromming/debuqqing t_ i me .

The next most important use of the memory-mapped area is the keyboard which

occup1es rJddresses fr om 14,366 to 14,454. Ago1n, in later articles we will

show ho� to make use of this information in your own programs. The r est of

the �emory mapped area is used to communicate with the printer , flopp4 d isk,

cassette etc . . or i r i n t e r rupts or is not used at alI, at least at present.

We ex;::,! o1ned .;?ar: 1er , that the basic unit used by the TRS-80 is a byte which

can ha •e 256 d1fferent •Jalues dependang on the status of e ach of its 8 bits.

The v Jiue cf ,_; b�te con be described in a number of different ways. Until

no•u, u."' h.:��·e use<1 th<:: -+'ami\ 1ar decimal notation and that is the n otati on used

b4 Tend\:! in Le•Jel 2 BASIC. All addresses are eKpressed as decimals and, •.11hen

POKE statements are used, decimal ualues are POKED into the decimal address

spec1fieu. Th e dec1mal system would be fine if we were always dealing with

numbers. but th9 value of a byte can represent things besides numbers. It

�ight, for instance . represent a letter of the alphabet, or status information

a b out the I 1ne pr1�ter or an instruc�ion code for the Z 80 microprocessor and

so on. 8gain, we may net wont s1mply to corry out mathematical operations on

1t. We mar� wont to do s ome logic operations on certain bits or split it lnto

two blocks of four b1t rather than one of eight. Much of this would be

diff1cul t to do lf we used on\� decimal numbers to represent the ualue of a

byte . An a lt e r nat 1 v e would be to consider all eight b i ts 1ndiuidualll.l. This

1nuolues the binary system oi mathematics and because it is the most basic

suste m, is often used in computers . I t s disadvantage is that binary numbers

tJ r "' "> on g a n d t, e d 1 o u s u:: u s e a no i t_ 1 s u e r ':A e as y t, o mo k e m i s t, a k e s .

MICRO· SO P.O. BOX 213, GOODWOOD, S.A. 5034 AUSTRALIA

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To overco 1e this the Z 80 uses a Hexadecimal system. This is a system of

mathematics ustng the base 16 (d!ii!cima.l ) . A single Hexadecimal number

( i dent i fied by the suffix H) can have any decimal value b12tween 0 and 15. The

numerals 0-9 are us12d to r!ii!present the f i rst 10 values then the first s i x

letters of the alphab12t, A-F, are used to represent values from 10-15.

Eg. 9H 9 Dec., AH 10 Dec, FH 15 Dec.

10H � 16+0 = 16 Dec, AZH = 10x16+2=162 Dec., etc.

The great advantage of the Hexadec imal syst'ii!m is that it allows an� 4-bit quantity to be expressed as one d i git so that two digits express the value of

any Byte. It can be eas i ly conuert!ii!d to binary and i s much eas i er to work

w i th. Bel i !ii!ve i t or not, a fter a \ ittle practicoa, you will f i nd i t easier to

th i nk of memory addresses and byte values i n Hex than i n decimal.

ASC11 stands for American Standard Code for Information Interchange. It is a cod12, formulated several years ago, by wh i ch ol I of the characters that ma� b!ii! 1 nput from the k oard or printed on the screen are reprQsented numer i ca I I 4.

Although ASC11 ls on l y a 7-b i t code, 8-bit bytes are alwa4s used to ho l d the

ASC11 va lues instde the TRS-80. Appendix C of the Level 2 BASIC reference

man•Jol I ists the codes. For example, 65 is the letter •A• and 32 i ndicates a

blank space. Although the TRS 80 can only display upper case ltters, it can both i nput and output lower case letters. If you hold down the shift ke4 and

type any letter , you are actually typing a lower case letter although you' d neuer know it because i t i s d i splayed in upper case. (Note that th i s is the

reverse of typewr i ter keyboards). FurthermorQ, if �ou type i n a BASIC program

tn I01.1Jer case, i t, >.i.J i ll st i ll work. Thta onl•� d i screpancy i s with t,he "il•, i f

you PRINT @ somewhere and ty p e a lower case ·•·, i t won't work.

The important point about upper and lower case i s that the TRS-80 1s fully capable of computing •.l.l i th lower case lettGrs, i t merely can' t d i s p l ay them on

the v i deo monitor . In fact, the TRS-80 has most of the hardware requ1red to

display lower case letters and there is a simple modification to enable i t to

do so. We haue converted ours and f i nd 1t uery use f u l when usinq the Electr i c

Penctl. In G fu t ur e i ssue, uJe w ill describe how to carry out th i s conversion

on your comput,er for j•Jst, a fe•.l.l do I l ars.

The ?-bit ASCll c ode has room for 128 values, but not all of these are used

for displayable characters. The f i rst 32 ualues (0-31) ore used for control

codes. wh i ch are al s o descr i bed i n Append i x C. Stnce the 7-bit u a l ues are

always kept tn 8-bit bytes, that leaues room for 128 more ualues for soecial purposes . The numbers from 129 to 191 are used for Graphics codes wh i lst the

rQma i ning numbers ;�om 192 to 255 are used for space compression coaes .

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Humerical values used in calculations are stored in several wa•..Js. The

simpl est are BASIC integers , which are held i� 2-byte numbers. The maximum

ualue of an i nt eger is 32,767 rather than 65,535. beca use the f irst bit 1s

used for the s 1 gn, so that you c an compute with negative nu mbers . That

explains why, •.uhen IJOU •nan1: to POK.E a value into an ad d ress above 32,757 •-;�ou need to use the formu l a 'POKE" - 1• (address r eq•Jir ed - 32767),XX". Ther �;� is

an unusual fe a tu re about 2-byte Int eger numbers in the Z 80 when the4 are used

to repre sent addresses of memory l ocations. The two bytes are stoed

"backwards" 1n memory, so that ad dres s 1234H would be s tored in memor� as

This is

in·teroret ing

s ign i f i can T., paragrap h :n

;<XXlH 34 XXXZH 12

hangover from the days of the 8008 and 8088. Just rem&ber when

addresses from a Hex I ist i n g of memory cont ents the least

byte comes first, f o ll o wed by the most significant byte (see the

t,his issue headed - About o•Jr own S':_istem (and Let;e\ 1) ).

The storoge and manipu!atLon of single-precision and doub\e-orecislon, nu mbers 1 s a m•Jch more comp I icated pr o cess and 'Ill I 1 be a 1 arqe conte nts o� a future ar�1cle. Next month w� wii I discuss the

floating-point

oort of the

arch 1 tEct•Jre of the Z 80 and s ·tart I o o k i n g at i t s i n s t r u c t ion set .

-00000-

•• Some ot LIFE co nt inued **

Only whe n the new dlSDIOY 1 ready i s it transferred to screen me moru .

B t u n t l ':! i t � ,; t h e i o s t of the r •J I e s that rna k e s L i f e r ather d i f f i c u I t t o set u p

on 0 c ompu te r w1th reasonobl run n ing speed. It is also this last rule which

makes possible some o4 the very �eautiful and interest1ng pa t t erns which dev e loo as each �uccessiue generotlon is displayed.

concept of L ife IJJOs that the ovgrall population

growth and exoons1on . suffer periods of recession a nd

all c ases would stab1l1s8 - 'JJlt� e 1ther c1 p a t t ern of

wou\ d enjoy

contraction .

groUJth and

The original

periods of and that in

contraction

pattern.

that cont. 1 nuo•.� 1 1;. or w 1th a stable and non - chonq inq

lh1� has olwa4s proved to be the cas� '

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** SOFTWARE SECT I ON •- •

PAGE 1 1

The I i s t i n g s f o r t h e s e p r o gr a m s a r e a t t h lil b a c k o f e x p l a i n s wh a t e a c h p r o g r a m i s ab o u t a n d h o w t o u s a

t h >2 ma !1 a Z i n e . Th i s S i! c t i on

u. R I COCHET L l /4K ** by C . Ba r t l e t t

4K u s er s w i l l h a u e t o u s e f u l l a b b r e v i a t i o n s a n d a ! I mu l t i p l e s t a t e me n t l i n es

i n o r d e r to f i t t h i s p r o g r a m i n . Un f o r t u n a t e l y , o u r n i c e n e w m a c h i n e l a n g u a g e

LL I S T p r o g r a m me n t i o ne d e a r l i e r l n t h i s i s s u e , i n t r o d u c ed o ne o r t wo n e w

s t a t eme n t s o f i t s o wn , s o w e h a v e h a d t o c o n v er t R i c o c h e t t o Le � e l 2 a n d LLIST

i t t h a t •JJa y . Re memb e r t o u s e PR INT AT i n s t e a d o f PR INT @ . Ot. h e r UJ i s e ,

e v e r y th i n g s h o u l d b e s t r a i g h t f o r wa r d .

Th i s p r o g r a m c o mme n c e s b y d r a w i n g a wa l d o wn t h e c e n t r e o f t h e s c r e e n .

Ra n d om l y s p a c e d a l o ng t h e w a l I a r e s e v e n g a p s a n d \ t n e d u p w i t h t h e s e q a p s a r e s e u e n t a r g e t s t o t h e f a r r i g h t . Wa l k i n g u p a n d d o wn t h e s c r e e n a t t h e l e f t i s

a m a n . Wh e n y o u t h i n k h e i s i n t h e r i g h t p o s i t t o n , p r e s s t h e " A " k e y , t h e man

w i l I s t o p , r a i s e h i s a r m a n d f i r e . If � o u s t o p p e d h i m c o r r c t l y t h e b u l l e t

w i I I p a s s t h r o u g h t h e g a p i n t h e wo I I a n d h i t t h e t a r g e t . I f no t , t h e b u I I e t

w i l I r i c o c h e t o f f t h e wa l l a n d k i l I h i m •

Y o u h a u e 3 me n a n d 7 t a r g e t s p e r g a me . Pr e s s l n g t h e " ENTER " k e w i l l c a us e t h e

m a n t o r eu e r s e d i r e c t i o n . Sou n d s e a s y d o e s n ' t i t - t r y i t 1 1 •

** FRUSI RAT I ON L 2 / 4K ** b y P e t e r H a r t l e y

Th i s i s a g o o d p a r t y g a me f o r k i d s . Wh e n y o u r u n t h e p r o g r a m , a p a i r o f Ze r o s f l a s h e s r a n d o m l y a n d r a p i d l y l n t h e c e n t r e o f t h e s c r e e n . At a r a n d o m t i me ,

th 1 s " c l o c k " s t a r t s c o u n t i n g . T h e i d e a i s t o p u s h a n y k e y a s qu t ck l y a s

p o s s i b l e a f t e r t h e c l o c k s t a r t s r u n n i ng . I f y o u p u s h t o o e a r l y , t h e c o mp u t e r

a c c u s e s y o u o f c h e a t i ng a n d t h e n t h e c l o c k s t a r t s a l l o v e r a g a i n . Af t e r t e n

t r ! g s , � h e c o mp u t e r p r i n t s o u t y o u r h i g h e s t a n d l o wes t s c o r e s a n d t h e numb e r

o f t i me s y o u c h e a t e d . I t a l s o c o mp u t e s a % r 0 t t n g l n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h t h e

f o r m•-• l o I n l i n e 330 . J u s t a •JJa r n i n q , i f y o u d o n ' t l i k e h a v i n g t h e k e y s o n

0 o u r c o mo u t e r b a s h e d , g o o n t o t h e n e x t p r o g r a m 1

b y Be r n i e S i ms o n

Lo s t mo r t h . we a d v e r t i s e d t h i s p r o q r a m f o r L l m a h t n e s . I t t u r n e d o u t t o b e

f o r L 2 m a c h i n e s . I t c a n b e d o n e o n a L l m a c h t n e - w e ' v e g o t a h a l f - d e v e l o p e d p r o g r a m t o d o i t . I t ' s a l o t mo r e d i f f i c u l t o f s t r i n g ma n i p u l a t i o n . W e w i l l p u b l i s h t h e me a n t t me . t h o s e Ul i t h LZ ma c h t n e s c a n e n j o y t h i s Be r n t e S i ms o n . T h 1 s I S a g o o d e d u c a t i o n a l g ame

c o u r s e , b e c a u s e y o u c a n ' t u s e L i Ha n g m a n n e x t mo n t h . I n t h e v e r ::J we I I p r e s e n t e d v e r s i on b y

f o r k i d s f r o m a b o u t 6 u p .

I f y o u l e .:� v e O •J t I i n e s 2 - 9 i n c l u s i v e , H a n g m a n s h o u l d f i t i n t o a 4K L e v e l 2 m a c h l n e ( JU S t l . T h e g a me s t a r t s b y a s k i n g y o u wh e t h e r y o u a r e a n o v i c e o r p r o f e s s i o n a l p r a f e s s a o n a l s g e t h a r d e r wo r d s ) . I t e x p l a i n s t h e s c o r a n g a n d t h e n p r • n t s o u t o s � r i e s o f c a s he s n e a r t h e t o p o f t h e s c re e n . E a c h d a s h r e p r e s e n t s a I e t t e r s o , '=· d a s h e s - 5 I e t t e r s i n t h e wo r d . Y o u t hen e n t e r a l e t t e r . I f 1 t i s c o n t a i n e d i n t h e wor d , t h e c o mp u t e r p u t s i t i n t o i t s c o r r e c t P O S l t l o n ( :c; ) , I f l t I S n o t i n t h e •uo r d . t h e c o mp u t e r s t a t� t s dr a w i n q 'J s c a f f o l d W l t h 0 m a n o n i � . l o o ma n y e r r o r s a n d t h e m a n ( t h a t ' s y o u ) g e t s h a n o e d . O n e " t +. h e n 1 c e -f e a t u r e s a b t t h · h

·- -- o u . · 1 s p r o g r a m i s t a t , i. f y o u w i n • n e x t t i me 4 o u g e t c h a r d e r >;J o r d .. b •J t i f 1 o 1 t

- ·

t h i s o n e . Y u o s e y o u g e . a n e o s i e r •.110 r d . We k n o •u 4 o u ' \ \ e n _ ;oy

•• GAME OF LIFE

MICRO-SO P.O. BOX 21 3, GOODWOOD, S.A. 5034 AUSTRALIA

TELEPHONE (08) 381 8542

L2/ l6K •• b y Pe t e r Ha r t l e y

?AGE 1 2

Th 1 s p r o g r a m i s i n t wo p a r t s , a ma c h i n e l an g u a g e s u b - r o u t i ne wh i c h c ar r i e s o u t

mo s t o f t h E> c o mp u t. a t 1 o n s a n d a BAS I C p r o g r a m u s e d t o s e t •J P i n i t i o l

p a r a me t e r s . T h e B ASI C p r o g r a m c a l I s t h e m a c h i n e l a n g u a g e p r o g r a m u i a t h e USR

c o mma n d . T o e n t e r t he p r o g r a m f i r s t an s we r t h e Memo r y S i ze q u e s t i o n w i th

2 0 47 9 , t h e n , u s i n g a s u i t a b l e m o n i t o r , t y p e i n t he ma c h i ne \ a n g u a q e pr qr a m

f r o m t h e He x \ 1 s t. i. ng . A t t h i s p o i n t IJ O U s h o u t d u s e ':�o u r mon i t o r t o ma ke a

s � s t e m t a p e . Pa r a me t e r s a r e : - S t a r t 5000H , En d 5 1 9AH , En t r y 000BH . Now e n t e r

t h e BAS I C l i s t. i n g a n d CSA�)E t h a t . . T o s t a r t , s i mp l •� e n t e r RUN a n d ·th e BAS I C

p r o g r a m w i 1 1 t ak e o u e r c o n t r o l a n d c a l l t h e ma c h i ne l a n g u a g e s u b - r o u t. i. n e a s

� e q u i r e d . Wh e n r & - l o o d i n g LI FE f r o m t a p e f ir st p r o t e c t memo r y s i z e t h en e n t e r

t h e m a c h i n e l an g u a g e s ub - r o u t i n e us i n g t h e s y s t e m c o mma n d , r e t u r n t o BAS I C

t h e n CLOAD t h e BAS I C p r o g r a m a n d r u n i t .

T h e g ame o f ! i f e wa s o r i g i na l l y d i s c u s s e d i n T h e Sc i e n t i f i c Ame r i c a n s o me e 1 g h t e en ye a r s a g o . I t i s n ' t r e a l l y a g a me a t a l l , b u t a r a t h e r c o mp l e x s e t

o f r :J l e s g o v e r n i n g t he g r o wt h o f ce l l s ( o r c i t! i l i s a t i o n s ) , wh i c h t h i s

�· ,.,. a g r amme � I I •J s ·t r a t e s g r a p h i c o I 1 •:! o n t h e TRS-80' s s c r e e n .

T h e r u l e s a r � a s � o i ' o w s : -

� ) E a c h c e \ \ c z>: b 1:1 1 ''1' i. n t h 1 s •J e r s i a n ) i s c a p ab l e o f I i f e.

:: ) :.... 1 f e 'J-' i ! I b e c r e a t e d i n a c e I I I o c a t i on i f i t h a s e x a c t I y t h r e e " e i g h b o u r s j ) L i f e w i \ I c o n t i n u e i f a c e l l h a s o n l y t wo or t h r e e I i u i. n g n e i ghb o u r s

I i •J i n g

4 ) L i f e w 1 l c e a s e i f a e e l I h a s l e s s than two I i v i ng ne i g h b o u r s ( we a l l n e e d

s o me c o mp a n i o n s h i p ! )

S J L i f e •.11 i l l c J? o s e i f a c e l l h a s mo r e t h a n t h r e e l i v i ng ne i g h b o u r s ( s i n ce

t h r e e e e l I s a r e r e qu i r e d t o c r e a t e I i f e , i t s a n ds t o re a s o n t h a t " f ou r ' s a

r o wd " t h e r e f o ..- e .r , ,, e 1 s u n l i v a b l e ' ) S l A I I b i r t h s a n d d e a t h s mu s t o c c u r s 1 mu l t a ne o u s l y .

1 h 1 ::; u e r· ' i o n lJ -' I i f e i s 1 n t wo p a r t s .

a x o a n a � o r y , o t i e r 1 n g t h e o pt i o n o f u s e r

o a t t e r n s . u a r i o b l e g e n e r a t i o n s pe e d s ( u p

The Bas i c p r o g r a mme i s q u i t e s e l f

o r c o mpu t e r g e n er a t ed s t a r t i n g

t o o n e p e r s e c o n d ) , a n d s i nq l e k ey

e r m i n at 1 o n a t a n y t i me .

� h e � a c h 1 n e l a n g u a g e r o u t i n e d o e s a l I t h e r e a l w o r k , mak i n g ma s s i v e u s e o f

u b r o u t i n e ·s . f::. .:J c h r u n t h r o •J g h t h i s r o u t 1 n e w i l l c r e a t e o n e n e w g en e r a t i o n .

,:J I

Ea c h p a i r o f

d : s p l a q i. s d u p l i c a t e d i n t o me m o r 1� . T h i s i s t o

d i s p l a y i s a c c e s s e d t h r o u gh t h e r o u t i n e .

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o r- o a r a m s d e s c r i b e d o n P a g e 4 • F e b r u a r y ' s i s s u e •» i \ I a I s o

o r o g r o m a n d o s i mp l o= DAT A - BASE MANAGEMENT SY S T EM . b ot h f o r

- 00000 -

** USERS CLUB NEWS **

on t h e t l •· --

TRS - 8 8 USERS CLUB me e t s a t t"i •;r c; d o o f t h e m o n t h . Th e

t h e Ga w l er P l a c e T ANDY s h o p a t 7 . 30 p m

n e x t me t t n g i s o n T h u r s d a � 7 /2 /80 .

- 0 0 0012; -

MICRO-SO P.O. BOX 213, GOODWOOD, S.A. 5034 AUSTRA L I A

TELEPHONE (08) 381 8542

1. REM AUT HOR C . BARTLETT : 1. 979 : R I C OCHET

5 CLS : R=0 : A ( 1 ) =0 : Q=2 : Z = 1 : S = 4 : T=4 0 : U= 1 : U=43 : GOSUB3000

1 0 REST ORE

P A G E 1 7

1 2 F ORX=0T 0 1. 27 : SET t X , 0 l : SET < X , 47 l : NEXT X : FORY=0T047 : SE T ( 1 27 , Y ) : NEXTY

2 0 READA . B . C . D , E , F , G , H , I , J , K , L , M , N . O

25 DAT A7 . 8 , 9 , 1 0 , l l , 1 2 , 1 3 , 1 4 , 32 , 33 , 3 4 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38

30 SET < S , T l : SET t U , U l : P R I NT �7 98 ; " R I COCHET " ;

50 SET t D , I l : SE� C E . : J

55 SET C A , J ) : SET C B , J ) : SE T C C , J ) : SET C D , J l : SET < E , J l : SET < F , J l : SE� ( G , J ) : SET C H . J )

55 F ORY=K. T OL : SE"T C R � '1) ) : SET ( C , Y ) : SET ( D , Y ) : SET ( E , Y ) : S E T f F � Y ) : SET C H � '--( ) : N.EXTY

7 5 F ORY=MTOO : SET ( C , ( ' : SET t F , Y ) : NEXTY : SET t B , O ) : SE T < G , O l

85 I F < PO I NT C S . T l = 0 ) • t P O I NT t U , U ) = l. J GO SUB 1 000

87 I F ( P 0 I NT < S , T j =Q ) • t PO I NT t U , U ) = 0 ) GOSUB2000 : SET < U , V l

88 °R I NT�832 ; " " ; : I � Z = 1 GOT 096

90 RESET C F , Q ) : RESET ( G , O ) : SET < G , N l : Z= 1 : I F Q= 1 PESET C G , 0 - 1 J

'32 GOT097

95 RESET C B . 0 1 : RE SET ( C , 0 ) : SET C B , N ) : Z =2 : I F 0= 1 R E SET < B , 0 - 1 )

'37 I F Q= 1 GOT 0 1 05

1 00 l = I - l : J = J - 1 : K = K - 1 : L=L - 1 : M= M - 1 : N=N - 1 : 0=0 - 1

1 0 1 I F I = l 0= 1

1 02 G O T 0 1 20

l 05 l = I + 1 : J = J + � : K= K + 1 : L =L + 1 : M=M+ 1 : N=N+ 1 : 0 = 0 + 1

1 0t. I F 0=37 Q=2

� 0-;- GOT O I:::;z

1 20 RESET ( A , L+ l l : PESET t B , J + 1 ) : RESET r B , 0 + 1 ) : RESET l C , 0+ 1 ) : RESET C D , L+ 1 )

1 30 RESE T C E , L + l l : RE SET C F , O+ l ) : RESET C G , 0+ 1 ) : RE SET C G , J + l l : RESET < H , L+ 1 )

1 3 1 GOT 0 1 50

! 32 RESET C A , J - 1 ) : RESET ( B , J - 1 ) : RESET t C , J - 1 ) : RESET C D , l - 1 ) : RESET r E . I - 1 l : RESET < F , J - 1

1 50 RESET C G , J - 1 ) : R.ESET C H , J - 1 ) : P R I NT @832 ; " " ; : GOT 050

1 0 00 RESE T r H . K 1 : RESET < H , L l : SET < H + 1 , K ) : SET < H+Z , L ) : RESET C H+ 1 . K l : RESET C H+Z . L )

1 005 SET < H+ 1 , J ) : SET ( H+ Z , K J : RESET C H+ Z , K l : SET I H+ 1 , J ) : SET I H+ 2 . J ) : SET C H +3 , J l

1 050 P=H + 4 : W = J

1 060 SET C P , W J : R E S E T = P , W ) : P= P + l : SET I P , W )

1 082 I F t P O I NT ( P + 1 , W ) = l ) • C P< 6 0 ) GQT 0 1 200

1 08 4 I F C 00 I NT I P+ l , W ' = l ) • C P >60 1 P = R+ l : GOSUB8000

1090 I FP = 1 25RESET , � , w � : G OT 0 1 1 1 0

1 1 00 GOT0 1 060

1 1 1 0 RESE T ( H+3 , J ) : R E S ET ( H + 2 , J ) : SET < H+Z , K l : RESET C H + Z , K ) : SET < H+ 1 , K ) : SET < H+Z , L l

1 1 1 '::· RESET < H+ 1 , J l : RESET C f-1+ l , �� l : RESEH H+Z , L ) : SET C H , K ) : SET C H , L ) : SET < S , T ) : SET C U , V ) : RETURN

1 200 RESET C P , W l : P =P - l : SET C P . W ) : I F PO I NT C P - 1 , W l = 1 G0T 0 1 250

1 24 0 GOT0 1 2 00

1 250 RESET l H+ l , J J : RESET < H+2 , J ) : RESET < H+ 3 , J ) : RESET C H+ 4 , J ) : RESET l A , K l : RESET < A , L l

� 260 SET I H , l ) : SE T I H + l , l - 1 ) : SET < A - 1 , K ) : SE T < A - 2 , L l : RESET C H , I l : RESET < H+ 1 , 1 - 1 )

1 2 7 0 RESET C A - 1 . K ) : PESET C A - Z . L l : SE T C H , I l : SE T C H , I - 1 ) : SET C A - 1 , J ) : SET t A - 2 , J )

1 280 SET ! A - 3 , J l : RESE T l A - 1 . J ) : RE S ET C A - 2 , J l : RESET C A - 3 , J ) : SET C A , I l : SE T < A . I - 1 )

1290 SET I A , l - 2 ) : RESET l A , I - Z l

1 30 0 RE SET ( A , J ; : RESET ( A , I ) : RESE T ( A , I - 1 ) : RESET ( D , I ) : RESET C E , I ) : RESET ( H , I ) : RESET C H , 1 - 1 .1

1 320 ;:_,ET ( ,-,; . I - l 1 : S E - : G , I ) : SET C H+ 1 , I ) : SET ( H + 2 , l ) : SET C H + 4 , I ) : SET ( H+ 4 , I - 1 )

1 330 � E SE T ( C , L � : PESE T t D . L l : RESET C E , L l : SET < G , L l : SET < H , L l : SET C H+ 1 , L l

1 3 4 0 F E S E � r c . � • : PE SET t D , K l : RESET t E , K l : RESET C F , K l : SET C G , K ) : SET ( H , K ) : SET < H+ 1 , K l

1 34 5 � ET : � + 2 . f' ' : RES E H C . J ) : RESET ( D . J ) : RESET < E , J l : �: E SET ( F , J ) : SEH H + 1 , J l : SET ( H+Z , J

1 350 SET C H+ 3 , J 1 : SE T I H + 4 , J 1 : RESET ( C , M ) : RESET C C . N ) : SET ( D , N ) : SET < E . M l : RESET C F , M )

1 350 RESE T I F , N l : SE T ' H . N l : SET < H+ 1 , M ) : RESET < A , J l : RESET C B , J )

1 4 1 0 SET l B . N J : S E T I B , 0 1 : SE T r C , 0 ) : SET ( D , O l : SET < E . O ) : SET < F , O l : SET t G , O l : SET C H , 0 )

MICR0-80 P.O. BOX 213, GOODWOOD, S.A. 5034 AUSTRALIA

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1 4 20 SE T C G , N ) : SE T C H , N ) : SET ( H+ 1 , N l : SE T ( H , M l : SET ( H+ l . M l : SET C H+2 , M l

� 4 30 SEH H+ l , L ) : SET C H+ 2 , L ) : SET ( H+ 3 , L l : SEH H+4 , U : SET ( H , K ) : SET ( H+ 2 , K ) 1 4 40 SET C H+ 3 , K l : S E T t H +5 , K l : SET C H , J ) : SET C H+ 6 , J )

1 500 RES E T ( G , l - 1 ) : RESE T C G , l l : RESET ( H+ l , I ) : RE SET ( H +Z . I l : RESET ! H +4 , I l : RESET < H + 4 , l -

1 5 1 0 RE S E T ( D , N ) : RES E T I E , M ) : RESEH F , L ! : RESET ( G , L l : RESET ( H, L ) : RESEH G , J ) : RESEH H+ 1

' !<. ) 1 52 0 RE SEH H+ 4 . K ; : RESE T !. H+ l , J ) : RESEH H+2 , J J : RESET ( H+3 , J ) : RE SET ! G , K l : RESET ( H+4 , J )

1540 RESET C H , J 1 : RESE T I H , K l : RESET 1 H+6 , J ) : RESET C H+5 , K ) : RESET C H + Z . K l : RESET C H+ 3 , K )

1 550 RESET C H+ l , : RESET C H+Z . L l : RESET t H +3 , L ) : RESET C H+4 . L )

1. 560 RESET ( H . M I : RESET ( H+ 1. , M ) : R E SEH H +Z , M ) : SET ( H , 0 ) : SEH H+ 1 , 0 ) : SEH H+Z , 0 ! 1 570 SET C H+3 . C· ! : SEH H+ 4 , 0 ) : SEH H+S , O l : SEH H +S , O ) : SET C H+7 , 0 ) : SET < H+Z . N )

� 580 SET I H + 3 , H ) : SE1 i H + 4 , N l : SE T ( H+5 , N )

1 5 00 FORX= 1 T0 2000 : NE:X.TX : FORX=BTOH+7 : RESET ( :< , N ) : RESET ( X , 0 ) : NEXT X : A C 1 ) =A( 1 ) + 1

1 650 I FA( 1 =3T rlEN i670

l i36E, PR I N T C!186Z ; R ; " TARGET S H I T • ; : PR I N T @ 926 ; " AND " ; A ( 1 l ; • MEN ARE DEAD " ;

t 6E3 SE! 1 , T ; : SET " i � . t .• i : RE T URN ,. 570 P 7 I t�· � �3S2 ; • ;1LL \' CdR t"!EN ARE DEAD

_ 5 80 � )R� = 7 0 3000 : NEXT X : GOT05

2 0013 I F 0= l () =2 : r:::.E' i S , T l : SET ( U , lJ ) : RETURN

20PS I F 0 =21.; = l : •::;�l ( , 1 ) : SET ( U , �) ·, : RET URN

. . '

3000 F ORX=601 070 : F CJRY =2T032 : SET ( 1<. , Y ) : NEXTY : NE:X:T X

·. >30 :. 14=13 : "X.= 6C � � 0 5 B=RND( 30 ; : I F ; B >30 ) + ( P ( 3 ) GOT 03005

�006 I r l PO I NT r X + l B J =0 ) + ( P0 1 NT ( X + t , B+ 1 ) •0 ) + C P O I NT ( X + l , B - 1 l=0 l GOT03005

30 1 0 FORX=60� 07� : R[ S[ T r X . B l : NEXT X : SET ( 1 1 0 , B l

?0 1 5 A=A+ l : I F A=7R[� URN

3060 X=60 : G0 1 0 ?005

8000 RESET ( P , W ) : RESET l P + l , W 1 : P = l 25

. . .

80Z0 PR I N T @862 : R ; " T FlRGETS H l T • : : PR I NT @'321:: ; U AND " ; A ( 1 ) ; • MEN ARE DEAD • ; '3040 IFR= 7 CL S : PR I NT@7 88 : " R :. COC H E T ' ; : PR I NT l<¥ 862 ; " YOU \.IHN 1 • : F ORX-= 1 T 03000 : NEXTX

::.(:1:::;.(2\ I r:' R =..,.GOTCtS

8�-�f:Xj RETUR'"·

G . HARTLE\' , 57 MAif'l Al.)EHIJE , FREW�) I LL E •

l :::0 � c l -"f>

1 516 ;::: !

.. OF;L l h , ::•Jo ;:: : - SEPTEMBER 1 '379 : S % =�99S : : _ s : SOT 0 1 90

L 7 D 1 n �- .: ' , ! : ·. = ·

1 80 r,: ;:::: T u>-.. � ..

t90 r.:, ()SU F :=:::.0 : �· = ': 4 C' 1 �- i : r:' fJ F Q = 1 T O t 0 : K.%=0 : GOSUB 2 1 0 : GOSUB 1 413 : NEXT : GOSUB300 : PRINT·P -

s . · ' ; : � QR T = 0T 0 1 00B : NEXT : PR I NT : PRINT . PLAY AGA IN? • ; : Ds= · ·

20(' DS� P •l kEY S : ; r ::• t � " • � H[ N:"";OT 0200 : ELSE IF DS= " Y '" THEHCL S : CLEAR : GOT 0370 : ELSECLS : PR INT

· B : E . ' : DiL 2 l \? �=" ORD% = 0 T ORND i 02Sf:� • : r:;nc:;IJB2'7 0 : PP I N T @P - 4 . • • : GOSUB220 : PR I NT .P , K.S : NE Xi : RETURN

220 Z� =RND l 6 1 : 0NZ%GOSUBZ30 , 2 40 , 2S0 . 26 0 , 250 . 250 : RETURN

230 K $� " 0 ' : RE T URN 2 4 0 K 5 = " 0 " : RE� �PN

250 �(!. = • 012' • : R[Tl_n:: �.

MICR0-80 P.O. BOX 213, GOODWOOD, S.A. 5034 AUSTRALIA

TELEPHONE (08) 3818542

260 KS= " " : RETURN

270 D S = " " : DS=I NKEYS : I FDS= " · THENRETURN : ELSEGOSUB290

280 RETURN

PAGE 1 9

290 C % = C%+ 1 : F ORF = 0 T 0 1 0 : P R I NT�P - Z , " CHEAT " ; : FORT =0T06 0 : NEXT : PR I NT iP - 2 , "

=0T060 : NEXT : NEXT : RETURN

• : F ORT

300 CLS : I � C% > 1 PR I NT @0 , " YOU HAVE BEEN FOUND GUI LT Y OF CHERT I NG " ; C% ; " T IMES . " : ELSEI

FC%= 1 PR I NT @0 . · y ou HA•JE BEEN F OUND GUILTY OF C HEAT I NG ONE 1 • : ELSEP R I NT

3 1 0 PRI NT @ l 28 , · youR BEST SCORE WAS " ; S%

320 P R I NT @256 , " YOUR WORST SCORE WAS " ; W%

330 R=( 1 1210 - { C%•5 ) H( 10121 - S% V 1 00 : PR I NT f!l384 , " YOUR R AT I NG . . . • ; R ; " % " 340 RETURN

350 CLS : PR I NT CHRS C 23 ) ; " F R U S T R A T I 0 N

A GAME OF SK I LL F O R PEOPLE

W I T H L I T T LE ELSE T O DO . . . •

360 F ORT =0T02000 : NEXT : CLS

370 P R I N T @0 , "

WATCH THE ELECTRON I C CLOCK IN T HE C ENTRE OF THE SCREEN .

WHEN I1 STfiRT S T O C OUNT , Y OU FIRE REQU I RED T O STOP I T -

AS QU I CKLY AS P OSSIBLE - BY PRES S I NG ANY KEY .

SOMET IMES I T T AKES A LON G T I ME T O START , THOUGH , • ;

380 P R I NT .

AND I T ALWAYS LOOKS AS THOUGH I T ' S ABOUT TO START ' t ! I I •

390 FORT =0T 0600121 : NEXT : CLS : PRINT CHRS ( 23 ) : RETURN

2 HANGMAN GAME . AUTHOR : BERNIE S IMSON , 1 8 BULLER TCE .

4 ' CHELT ENHAM STH RUST . 5121 1 4 . P H 47 7528

6 NUMBER OF WORDS AVA I LABLE DEPENDS ON MEMORY S I ZE . T O CHANGE T HE NUMBER OF WO

RDS , CHANGE UALUE OF LM ( L I M I T ) I N L I NE 30 . 8 ' WORDS ARE ST ORED I N DATA ST ATEMENTS . L I NE 800 CONT A I NS WORDSFOR NOVI CES , LIN

E 900 F OR PROFESS I ONALS . CLUES T O THE LATTER ARESTORED I N L I NE 9 1 0 . CHANGE THE D

AT A S T ATEMEN T S AS REQU I RED .

'3 ' 10 CL5 : P R I NT @80 , • H A N G M A N . . . . " : PRINT @I 1 92 , • '>" i)IJ HAVE A CHO ICE OF PLAY I NG

AT N OV I CE ST ANDARD O R PROFES S I ONAL ST ANDARD . " : PRI NT@38 4 , . WHEN CHOOSI NG LETTERS ,

DON' T P RESS THE ' ENTER ' KEY . " 1 2 P R I N1 @ 4 4 8 , " W I N = +S PO I NTS , LOSE -5 P01NT S " ; : P R I NT �590 , " * * NOTE FOR PROF

ESS I ONALS * • " : P R I NT I!!6 40 . " YOU GET A C LUE WHEN THE ROPE APPEARS ( I F THERE FIRE M

ORE THAl'\ 2 LET TERS LEF1 ) BUT Y OU W I LL LOSE 2 P O IN T S FOR THE CLUE • ;

20 PRINT @848 , · A W A Y Y 0 U G 0 . . . . ( DON' T GET HANGED ! ' ) "

25 PRINI : : NPUi " H I T ENT ER T O START T H E GAME • ; ·� 30 CLS : Cl..EAR l 00 : LM= 1 0

40 D I MCH $ ( LM ) . Rfl ( L M )

50 I NP U T " NO!..l l CE OR P ROFESS I ON A L . ; NP S : I FLEFTS( N P S , l ) = " N " GOT070

60 F ORL= 1 T OLM : READCHS ( L ) : NEXT

70 F ORL = t T OL M : READCHS ( L ) : N EXT : RANDOM

80 CLS : D P S=ST R HlGS( 26 , • • ) : GC=121 : CC = 0 : CL=121 : G=G+ 1

85 l F G >LMPR I NT " CAN' T T H I NK OF ANY MORE WORDS t • : END

90 R=RND ( L M )

1 0 0 F ORL= l T OG : I F R= RA ( L ) G0T090

1 1 0 NEXT : CLS

1 3 e RA ( G ; =R : F ORL= l TOLEN C CHS< R ) ) •ZSTEPZ : PR I N T @L+ l9 , " . " ; : NEXT : PR I NT . l , " HIDDEN WORD

1 40 P R I N T @970 , " CHOOSE A LET T ER : " ;

150 AS= " " : A S = I NKEYS : I F AS= · · GOT0 1 50

152 IFFIS =CHRS C 1 3 ) T HEN 15121

MICRO-SO P.O. BOX 213, GOODWOOD, S.A. 5034 AUSTRALIA

TELEPHONE (08) 381 8642

1 55 P R I �T@987 , A$ ;

160 F ORL = l T OL E N C DPS )

PAGE 20

1 7 0 I FM I D S ( DPS , L , 1 ) = ASPR I NT@998 , " ALREADY CHOSEN , DUMMY ! • ; : F ORM� 1T 0900 : NEXT : PRIN

T @987 , CHRS C 30 ) ; : GOT 0 1 50

180 NEXT L : P RINT �970 . CHRS C 30 ) ;

1 90 FORL = l T OLEN ( CH S ( R ) )

200 I F M I DS ( CH$ ( R ) , L , 1 ) =ASTHEN280ELSENEXT ' NOT F OU�D

205 DPS= DPS+A$

2 1 0 GC=GC+ 1 : 0NGCGOSUB420 , 44 0 , 50 0 , 520 , 560 , 600 , 620 , 670

220 I FGC< >8GOT 0 1 40 ' GALLOWS NOT COMPLETE

230 PR INT@490 , " YOU' RE HUNG ! • ; : F ORL= l T 0900 : NEXT : : PRlNT87 4 , • THE WORD WAS : • ; CHS (

R ) ; : W= - 5 235 F ORL = 1 T 05 00 : NE X T : PR I NT . 97 0 , . ANOTHER GAME? ( Y /N ) • ;

237 SC=SC+W : IF LEF T S C NPS , 1 ) = • p • AND ( SGN ( W ) = 1 ANDCL= 1 ) 5C=SC - 2

238 PR INT @ 1 7 4 , " SC ORE : • ; SC ;

240 AS= " · : AS= I NKEYf. : I F AS= H " GOT 0 240

242 I F A S=CHR$ ( 1 3 ) THEN240

245 P R I NT @g9 1 , AS ;

250 I F AS< " Y " THENCLS : END

275 G OT080

280 F ORL = 1 T OLEN ( CHS ( R ) )

290 I F M I DS C CHS ( R ) , L , l ) =ASPRINT @ 1 8+L*Z , AS ; : CC=CC+ 1

300 NEXT

3 1 0 I F CC=LEN ( CHS ( R ) ) P R I NT @4 8 4 , CHRS( 30 ) ; : PR.INT @ 4 90 , • you W I N t • ; : W=5 : GOT0235

320 DPS=DPS+A S : GOT 0 1 40

390

400 HANGMAN STRUCTURE GRAPH I C S ROUT I NE 8 STAGES

4 2 0 FOR::<,=25T 080 : SET ( X , 38 ) : NEXT : RETURN

440 F ORY= 38T032STEP - 1 : SET C 25 , Y ) : NEXT

460 F ORY m38T 032S T E P - 1 : SE T ( 50 , Y l : NEXT

480 F ORX=25T050 : SET t X , 32 ) : NEXT : RETURN

500 FORY= 38T 08STEP - l : S ET( 65 , Y ) : NEXT : RETURN

520 Y=39 : F ORX= S8T055 : Y=Y l : SET ( X , Y ) : NEXT

540 Y=39 : F ORX =72T 065ST EP - 1 : Y=Y 1 : SEH X , Y ) : NEXT : RETURN

560 F ORX=6ST 0�7 S TEP - 1 : SET C X , 8 l : HEXT

580 Y = 1 6 : F ORX. =65 T C;SBSTEP- 1 : Y =Y - 1 : SEH X. , Y ) : NEXT : RETURN

600 F ORY =8 T 0 1 4 ST EP2 : SET < 37 , Y ) : HEXT : I FLE F T S C NPS , l ) = · N • oRLEN( CHS( R ) ) - CC< 3RETURN

6 1 0 F ORL= 1 T 0 1 0 : R E ADCS

613 I FL=RPR INT �832 . " CLUE : " ; : PR I �T @839 , CS ;

E:� l 6 NEXT : ��ESTORE : F ORL= 1 1 020 : READC S : NEXT : CL= 1 : RETURN

620 F ORX=35T039 : SEH X , 1 4 ) : SEH X , 1 9 ) : NEXT : SET ( 34 , 1 5 ) : SET ( 40 , 1 5 ) : SET ( 34 , 1 8 ) : SET ( 40

, 1 8 ) : FORY = 1 6 T 0 17 : SET £ 3 3 , Y ) : SEH 4 1 , Y ) : NEXT : SET ( 36 , 1 6 ) : SEH 38 , 1 6.)

630 F ORY = 2 0T 026 : SET ( 37 , Y ) : NEXT : X=37 : F ORY =26T 03 1 : X= X - l : SET C X , Y ) : NEXT : X=37 : FORY=26

T 03 1 : X=X+ l : SET C X , Y ) : HEXT : SET ( 30 , 3 1 ) : 5ET C 44 , 3 1 )

640 F ORX=35T039 : SET ( X , 22 ) : NEXT : X=35 : F ORY=Z3T0 25 : X=X- 1 : SEH X , Y ) : NEXT : X=39 : FORY=23

T 025 : X =X+ l : SET ( X , Y l : NEXT

650 PRINTC� 484 , • LAST CHANCE ' • ; : RETURN

670 PR I NT �484 , CHRS ( 30 ) ;

680 F ORX=25T 050 : RESET C X , 32 ) : NEXT : F ORY=32T037 : RESET ( 25 , Y ) : RESET ( 50 , Y ) : NEXT : RETURN

80E' D A T ACOMPUTE R , RULER . T ABLE , CAT , MAT , G I RL , BOY , KITTEN , POODLE , M IXER

900 DRT RD I LAPI DAT I ON , SKULDUGGERY , SCRUMPT I OUS , POLYPHONY , PERAMBULATOR , PERIPHERY , WA

NTON . 1JERHACULAR , EXACERBA T E , APERTURE

9 1 0 DAT A . RUN DOWN • , " '30ME SNEEI<. " , • GOOD T O EAT " , · wHAT HARMONY • , • FOR BABY " , · oUTER L

I M I T S . . . • . " UNBR I DLED . , " ST RA I GHT TALK " , · BuG · , • pEEK - A - BOO ! ' •

2 ' GAME OF L I FE

MICRO-SO P.O. BOX 213, GOODWOOD, S.A. 5034 AUST RALIA

TEL EPHONE (08) 381 8542

BAS I C L I ST ING

5 CLS : I NPUr OPERAT I N G SPEED U 3 ) F AST � ( 9) SLOW " ; Q : Q=Q•250

1 0 POKE 1 65 2 6 , 62 : POKE 1 6527 , 8 1

P AGE 2 1

20 CLS : PR I NT " IN I T I AL PAT T ERN BY ( 0 ) PERATOR OR ( C ) OMPUTER? " : DS= INKEYS : DS= " "

30 DS=I NKEYS : IFDS= " " THEN30ELSEIFDS= " O " THEN50ELSE I FDS= " C " THEN40ELSE30

40 � ORX=46T 068STEP2 : FORY = l 5T024 : Z=RND( 0 3 ) : lFZ< >3THENNEXT : NEXT : GOT 0200 : ELSESET < X ,

Y l : SET ( X+ 1 , Y l : SET l l 27 - X , Y 1 : SET< 1 26 -X , Y l : SE T ( X , 47 - Y ) : SET C X+ 1 , 47 - Y l : SET C l 2 7 - X , 47 -Y

� : SE T ( 126 - X , 47 - Y l : NEXT : NEXT : GOT021210

5121 CLS : PRINT " CONTROL T HE CELLS W I TH THE K.EYS MARKED W I TH ARROWS

PRE S S I NG < S > W I L L SET T HA T POS I T I ON , AND MOVE THE ' SPOT ' IN T HE

PREVI OUS D I RECT I ON , BUT GOI NG THROUGH THAT POSI T I ON AGAIN W I LL

WIPE I T OUT .

< ENTER > W ILL START PROGRAMME . " : DS= INKEYS : D$= " "

55 DS= " " : D S = I NKEYS : I FDS= " " THEN55ELSECLS

60 DS= " " : DS= I NKEY S : RESET ( X , Y l : RESET C X+ 1 , Y l : I FDS= " " THEN 150ELSEIFDS= " S " THEN 1 90ELSE

Z=ASC ( DS )

70 I F Z= 9 1 THENY=Y - 1 : IFY< 121THENY =0 : GOT 0 1 50

80 IFZ= 1 0T HENY=Y + 1 : I F Y >47THENY = 47 : GOT0 1 5 0

9 0 I F Z=9THENX=X+2 : IF X > 1 2 7 THENX= 1 27 : GOT 0 150

1 00 I FZ=8TH ENX=X - 2 : I FX< 0THENX=0 : GOT 0 1 50

1 1 0 IF Z = 1 3THENGOTO Z 1 0

1 5 0 SET ( X , Y l : SET < X+ 1 , Y l : GOT06 0

1 90 SET C X . Y l : SEH X+ l , Y ) : GOT0 7 0

2 0 0 PRINT @0 , " ANY KEY W I LL T ERMINATE RUN . " : F ORT=0T02000 : NEX

T : P R I N T �0 , u • ; : PR I NTCHRS ( 28 ) ; : PRI NTCH R S ( 30 ) ; :

2 1 0 X=USR U::l l : Ds= · · : DS=INKEYS : I FDS < ) " " THEN 1 0ELSEF ORK=0TOQ : NEXT : GOT02 1 0

500121 :

50 1 0 :

502121 :

5030 :

504121 :

5050 :

5060 :

S070 :

5080 :

5090 :

50A0 :

50B0 :

50C0 :

50D0 :

50E0 :

S0F 0 :

S 100 :

S l 1 0 : 5 1 20 :

S 1 30 :

5 1 40 :

� 1 5121 :

5 1 60 :

5 1 7 0 :

5 1 80 :

5 1 9 0 :

GAME OF L I F E M/ C LANGUAGE SUB - ROUT INE - HEX L I ST ING

2 1 00 3C 1 1 9B 55 0 1 0 0 04 ED B0 C9 2 1 98 55 22

9B 5 1 23 22 9D 5 1 2 3 22 9F 51 2 1 DB 55 2 2 A l 5 1

2 3 22 A 3 5 1 23 2 2 AS 5 1 2 1 1 B 56 22 A7 5 1 2 3 22

AS 5 1 23 2 2 fiB 5 1 CD DF 50 21 DC 59 0 1 7E 03 3E

00 C9 CA 45 50 3C C9 CB 46 CD 42 50 C9 CB 56 CD

4 2 50 C9 CB 66 C D 42 50 C 9 2A 9B 5 1 CD 5 3 50 2A

9D 5 1 CD 53 50 2A 9F 5 1 CD 53 50 C 9 2A A7 5 1 CD

47 50 2A f\9 S 1 C D 47 50 2 A AB 5 1 CD 47 50 C9 2A

A1 5 1 CD 4D 5 0 C9 2A AS 5 1 CD 4 D 5 0 C 9 2A A3 5 1

C9 3E 0 0 C D 59 5 0 C D 7 F 5121 C D 4 7 5 0 CD 8D 5 0 CD

4D 50 CD 86 50 CD 47 50 C9 3E 00 CD 7F 50 CD 47

50 CD 53 50 CD 8D 50 CD 47 50 CD 53 50 CD 86 5 0

C D 47 5 121 CD 5 3 5 0 C 9 3 E 0 0 C D 7 F 5 0 CD 5 3 50 CD

6 C 50 CD 86 50 CD 53 50 CD 8D 5121 CD 4D 50 CS 2 1

9B 5 9 0 1 F F 03 1 1 9 C 59 36 80 ED B 0 CS D9 CD 9 1

5 0 3 D 3 D 2 0 1 0 CD BD 5 0 CB 46 2 8 0C D 9 CB C 6 CB

CE D 9 C3 1218 5 1 3D 28 F4 CD f\9 50 3D 3D 2121 10 CD

8D 50 CB 56 28 0 C D9 CB DB CB DE D9 C3 22 5 1 3D

28 F 4 CD C7 50 3D 3D 20 1 0 CD BD 5 0 CB 66 28 0C D9 CB E6 CB EE D9 C3 3C 5 1 3D 28 F4 D9 C9 CD 00

50 CD 0C 5121 CD ED 50 D9 2 A 9B 5 1 23 22 9B 51 2A

9D 5 1 23 22 9D 51 2A 9F 51 23 22 9F 5 1 2A A 1 5 1

2 3 2 2 A l 5 1 2A A 3 5 1 2 3 2 2 f\3 5 1 2 A AS 5 1 23 2 2

AS 5 1 2 A A? 5 1 23 22 A? 5 1 2 A f\9 5 1 2 3 22 A 9 5 1

2A A B 5 1 2 3 22 AB 5 1 D9 23 0B 78 B 1 C2 4 4 5 1 2 1

9B 59 1 1 00 3 C 0 1 00 0 4 ED B0 C9

,•

l D 1. S= R Z /6/79 n

MICR0-80 P.O. BOX 2 1 3, GOODWOOD, S.A. 5034 AUSTRAL IA

TEL EPHON E (08) 381 8542

STOCK RECORD I NG SYSTEM

554 D A T A 1 20 , 65 4 , 4 , " D " , 69 . 95 , 3

655 DAT A 1 2 0 , 655 , 6 , · n · , 39 . 95 , 4

84 1. D A T A 1 4 , 84 1 , 2 , " 1 5 /3/79 . , 59 . 95 . 2

978 DAT A 40 , 978 , 20 , " 1 5/ 1 2/78 . , 12 . 95 , 1 1

996 DAT A 2 1 , 996 , 8 , " 1 3 /2/79 . , 49 . 95 , 6

13 1 3 DATA 1 2 , 1 3 1 3 , 30 , . 1/ 1 1 /7 8 " . 2 . 95 , 1 9

1 3 4 6 DATA 1 2 , 1 346 , 1 0 , " D " , 1 9 . 95 , 3

187 9 DATA 1 2 . 1 8 7 9 , 3 , " 20/ 1 2/78 " , 1 29 . 95 , 2

PAGE 2 2

1. 9 8 4 DAT f1 3 1 , 1 c394 , 7 , • HV3/79 " , 69 . 95 , 5 , 40 , 1 984 , 5 , • 1 2/3/ 79 " , 59 . 95 , 3

208 1 DATH 3 1 , 208 : , 2 , " 1 2/3 / 79 " , 399 . 95 , 1

2432 DAT A 1.2 . 2 4 .32 . 3 3 , " 1 2/6/79 " , 5 . 9 9 , 25

944 1 DATA 2 1 . 9 4 4 1. , 4 . " 20 / l/79 " , 1 49 . 85 , 3

9458 DAT A 2 1 , 9 4 58 , 2 , " 2 1 / 1 2/78 · , 4 49 . 95 , 1

9999 DATA 9999

1 0000 CLS : E=9999 : PR I NT : PR I NT : PRINT T AB( 2 2 ) " I N V E N T 0 R Y "

1 0 0 1 0 PR I NT : P R INT TAB< 1 8 l " S T 0 C K C 0 N T R 0 L •

1 0020 RE11 * PROGRAM BY K E I TH NEI GHBOUR •

1 0030 F OR N= 1 TO 1 000 : NEXT ii 1 00 4 0 CLS : PRINT " ENTER NUMBER ( ) FOR THE ACT I ON REQUIRED "

1 0 0 5 0 PR I NT : P R INr ( 1 ) TO COMP ILE OR ADD TO THE I NVENT ORY "

1 0060 PR I NT " ( 2 ) TO ALTER OR UP - DATE INVENTORY ITEMS "

1 0070 PR INT • ( 3 ) T O REtJ I EW A COMPLETE SER I ES "

1 0080 PR I NT " ( 4 ) T O SEE A PART I CULAR CAT ALOGUE ITEM "

1 0090 INPUT Z : I F z ; t OR 2 > 4 THEN CLS : GOT O 1 0 0 40

1 0 1 00 CLS : ON Z G O T O 1 0 1 1 0 , 1 0300 , 1 0400 , 10500

1 0 1 1 0 F 1 = 0 : P R I N T " T O C OMP I LE : KEY I N CATAI _OGUE NUMBER AS A NEW L I NE NUMBER "

1 0 1 20 PR I NT " THEN KEY I N THE FOLL OWING ( COMMAS AS SHOWN I N EXAMPLE ) AND ENTER "

1 0 1 30 PR I NT T AB ( 0 :' " L ! NEt " ; T AB ( 7 ) • ' D ATA' • � TAB( 1 4 ) " SERIES+ " ; TAB ( 23 ) · cAT . + " ; TAB( 30 )

• QUANT . " ; TAB ( 37 ) • ( AT ) D A T E • ; T AB ( 4 7 ) " PR I C E " ; T AB< 5 4 ) " QUANT . NOW "

1 0 1 40 GOSUB 1 0250 : PR I NT " EXAMPLE : •

1 0 1 50 GOSUB 1 0250 : PRINT TAB( 0 ) 1 3 1 3 ; : GOSUB 1 0250 : PRINTTAB( 8 ) " DAT A " ; : GOSUB 1 0250 : P

R.l tH TAB( 1 5 ) 1 2 ; " , " ; : GOSUB 1 025 0 : PRINT TAB ( 22 H 3 1 3 ; • , " ; : GOSUB 1 0250

1 0 1 60 PR I NT T A B < 3 1 ) 56 ; " , " ; : GOSUB 1 0250 : PR I NT TAB < 37 ) . 23/Z/79 " ; • , • ; : GOSIJB 10250 :

PRINT TAB( 4 6 ) 2 . 85 ; " , " ; : GOSUB 1 02S0 : PR INT T AB ( 5 6 ) 38

1 0 1 7 0 PR I NT " ( NOT E : DATE MUST BE ENCLOSED I N QUOTES ) " : GOSUB 1 0250 : IF F 1 = 1 T HE

N END

1 0 1 7 2 P R I N T @ 640 , R I F A COMMON DATE APPLIES T O ALL ENT RIES "

1 0 1 4 F�:. l t'lT " T YPE C L I NE ) 1 D 1 S=' D/M/Y' & ' D' FOR DATE I N DATA L I NES "

1 0 1 7 13 PRl NT " H I T ANY !<EY TO PROCEED " ;

1 0 1 7 8 F T NKEYS= " " GOT O 1 0 1 78

� 0 1 7 g GOSUE 1 1 0 80

1 0 1 t". G PP I c-lT � 640 , " WHERE MORE THAN ONE I T EM HAS THE SAME CATALOGUE NUMBER •

U : H 80 P>:: l NT " , . . • . . . BUT A D I F FERENT SER I ES NUMBER ) "

l 0 :::�00 P<: ) 'H " PU\ ALL ' SETS ' I N THE SAME DATA L I NE "

1.[::::: 1 0 PF I 'H : Pj:;:' ! NT " r H I T RtW KEY TO PROCEED ) "

L 0 220 1 � ! NKEvs� · · GOT O 1 0220

1 0 2 3 0 CLS : F l 1 : G O T O 1 0 1 30

1 0250 FOR N =' l ; ,-, l 00 : NEXT N : RETIJRN

MICRO· SO P.O. BOX 213, GOOOWOOO, S.A. 5034 AUSTRALIA

TELEPHONE (08) 381 8542 P A GE 2 3

1 1213121121 PR I Nr T O ALT ER OR UP-DATE I TEMS : KEY ' EDIT' & CAT ALOG NO ( L INE NO . ) •

1 1213 1 0 PRINT " ED I T AS REQU I RED , T HEN ENTER . REPEAT AS NECESSARY . ·

1 12132121 PRI NT : PRINT • C H I T ANY KEY T O PROCEED ) •

1 0330 IF I NKEY S = " " GOT O 1 0 330 1 0340 END

1 121 400 CLS : PRINT " ENTER SER I ES NUMBER " ; : I NPUT S l : CLS

1 0 4 1 0 !<= 1 : T =0 : GOSUB 1 1 000 1 12142121 F OR N = l T O E

1 0 430 RE AD S : I F S=E GOT O 1 1 20121

1 0 440 READ C , Q 1 , D S : IF DS= " D " THEN DS=DlS

1 04 4 S READ P, 02 1 121 450 I F S=S 1 THEN K=K+ 1 : GOSUB 1 1 0 1 0 : T =T+02*P

10460 NEXT N

1 0500 CLS : PRINT " ENTER SERIES NUMBER ( COMMA ) CATALOG NUMBER • ; : I NPUT S 1 , C l : CLS

1 1215 1 121 K=0 : N 1=0 : GOSUB 1 1 1210121

1 0520 F OR N = l TO E 1121530 READ S : I F S=E GOT O 1 125121

1 121540 READ C , Q 1 , DS : I F DS= " D " THEN DS=D 1 S

1. 05 4 5 READ P , OZ

1 055121 I F C=C 1 AND S=S 1 GOSUB 1 1 0 10 : N 1 =Q 1 - QZ : V=N l*P : GOTO 1 121570

1 0560 NEXT N

1 057121 PRINT : PRINT " NO O F ITEMS SOLD S I NCE " ; DS ; " = " ; N t ; • ( VALUE = S " ; V ; " ) "

1 0580 GOT O 1 1 260

1 1 1211210 PRINT T AB( 121 ) " SER I ES " ; TAB( 1 0 ) " CAT . NO " ; T AB ( 2121 ) " QUANT � · ; T AB C. 30 ) " DATE • ; TAB( 4 0 ) " PR I CE S • ; TAB ( 51in " QUANT . NOW " : RETURN

1 1 0 1 0 IF K = 15 GOSUB 1 1 05121

1 1 02121 PRINT TAB ( 0 ) S ; T AB( 5 ) · - · ; T AB ( 1 0 )C; T AB ( 20 ) Q 1 ; T AB ( 29 )DS; T AB( 39 l P ; TAB < 52 ) QZ : RE

TURN

1 1 050 PRI NT � 960 , " ( HIT ANY KEY TO TURN THE PAGE ) " ;

1 1 060 I F INKEY S= " " GOT O 1 1 12160

1 1 12170 CLS : GOSUB 1 1 121121121 : K= l : RETURN

1 1 080 PRINT @ 640 , CHRS C. 252 ) : PRI N T CHRS < 252 ) : PR I N T CHRS( 252 ) : RETURN 1 1 200 PR I NT �960 . ' T OTAL VALUE OF SER IES fl ; S 1 ; " = S " ; T ; " ( HIT ENTER T O CONT INUE ) " ; :

I NPU1 Z :. 1 2 1 0 RE::n ORE : GOTO 1 121040

1 1 25121 PRINT @ 832 , " TH I S I TEM NO . IS NOT L I STED "

l t 260 PR I NT � 896 . " F OR OT HER I T EMS H I T ENTER . OTHERWISE ENTER ' 1 ' • ; 1 .12?0 INPUT Z : RE ST ORE : I F Z= 1 GOT O 10040

1 1 280 GOT O 10500

S ' MON I T OP IN BAS I C . VERS I ON 1 . 2 1121 CLS : ' THIS PROGRAM ENABLES YOU TO EXAMI NE THE HEX OR

DEC I MAL I..JAUJE I N ANY MEMORY LOCAT I ON ,AND CHANGE IT .

20 CLS : PR INT T ABC. 27 ) ; " COMMAND S "

30 PR INT " M t t t t :t OR" ; T AB ( 1 2 ) ; • - D I SPLAY CONTENT S OF MEMORY "

40 PR INT " 1'1 ttt t H " ; T AB U 2 ) ; • LOCAT I ON ttttt ( DEC ) OR t t t 'l ( HEX ) •

S0 PR INT " [ ttt [ " ; T ABt 1 2 ) ; " - DISPLAY C ONTENTS OF MEMORY LOCAT I ON "

60 PR INT I AB ( 1 2 ! ; " ttt LESS T HAN CURRENT LOCAT I ON " 80 PRINT " + ttt+ • ; T AB ( 1 2 ) ; a - D ISPLAY CONTENTS OF MEMORY LOCAT I ON "

9 0 P R INT T AB( 1 2 ) ; • ++t MORE T HAN CURRENT LOCAT ION •

95 PR INT " D " ; TAB\ 1 2 ) ; " - DUMP MEMORY BLOCK T O TAPE •

100 PR I NT " L " ; T AB( 12 ) ; " - L OAD MEMORY BLOCK FROM TAPE "

1 1 0 PRINT ' SPACE BAR " ; TAB( 1 2 ) ; " - D I SPLAY CONT ENT S OF NEXT MEMORY LOCAT I ON " 1 20 PR INT T AB C 1 2 ) ; • LEAVES CURRENT LOCAT I ON UNCHANGED . " : PR I NT � 30 PRINT . HELP • : TAB ( 1 2 ) ; " L I ST COMMAND T ABLE " : PR INT

MICR0·80 P.O. BOX 213, GOODWOOD, S.A. 5034 AUSTRALIA

TELEPHONE (08) 381 8542

1 40 INPUT . ENTE R COMMAND REQU I RED • ; A 1 S

1 50 T S �LEF T S C A 1 S , 1 ) : GOSUB 1 000

160 ON A GOTO 20 , 1 65 , 700 , 800 , 20 , 90 0 , 8000 , 6000

1 55 A 1 S=MI D S ( A 1S , 2 )

170 ' TEST F OR. HEX l.JALUES

1 75 H 1 =0 : IF R I GHT S ( A l S , l ) < > " H " T HEN 1 90

1 80 H l = 1 : AZS=LEFT S C A l S . 5 l : GOSUB 3000

1 85 AS=STRS { D ) : GOTO 1 99

1 90 AS=A l $

199 GOT0200

200 ' D I SPL AY AND WJD I FY MEMORY IN DECIMAL

205 IF H l = l T HEN 400

2 1 0 PRINT UAL ( AS ) . : GOSUB 4000

2 1 �. PR1i'1T M l . 220 BS=l NI<.EYS : l F B S= " " THEN 220 ELSE PRINT BS ; : TS=BS : GOSUB 1 00 0

2�·� 2 6 C :2 8 0 2 9 0

<)N A , - _ , T 0 ::''5 i2! , 20 , 700 , 8 0 0 , 340 , 900 , 8000 , 6000

C S = INKEY S : " � - � - · · T HE N 250 ELSE PR I NT CS ; : TS=CS : GOSUB 1 000

0� A G O T C 280 . 2 0 . 70 0 , 800 , 340 , 900 , 8000 , 6000

DS= I Nk.EY � : 1T JS= " • THEN 280 ELS E PRINT D S ; : TS=DS : GQSUB 1 000

C·N A GOT O 3 1 0 , 20 , 7 00 , 80 0 , 340 , 900 , 8000 , 6000

ES:B'f. + CS+DS

3 1 5 BS= " " : CS = " " : DS = " "

PAGE 2 4

320 I r:- ( UAU E S ) <, 0 ) + ( lJAU E S ) )255 ) PRINr VALUE MUST BE FROM 0-2ss • : GOTO 200

330 D=VAL C ES ) : GOSUB 5000

'?4•:J P�· I NT : AS=STRS C 1JAU. AS ) + 1 ) : G OT O 200 400 . D I SPLAY C.ND MOD I F Y MEMORY IN HEX

4 1 �. GOSUB 4000

4 20 AZS =AS : G O SUB 2000 430 P R I NT H S ; . H " , : A2S=STR S ( �U ) ! GOSUB 2000

4 40 PR I N THS ,

450 B S = I Ni< EY f : I F Bt: = · · T HE N 450 ELSE PRINT BS ; : T S=BS : GOSUB 1 000

460 ON A GOT O 480 , 20 , 700 , 800 , 525 , 900 , 8000 , 5000

480 C S = I NKEY S : I F Cs= · · THEN 480 ELSE PRINT CS ; : T S =C S : GOSUB 1 000

490 ON A G O T O 5 1 0 , 20 , 7 0 0 , 800 , 525 , 900 , 8000 , 5000

5 1 0 AZS=BS + C $ : GOSUB 3000

520 GOSUB 5 0 0 0 52':'. P R I N T

530 AS=STRS C UALf A$ ) + l l : GOTO 400 700 ' RESPOND T O ( COMMAND

7 1 0 ES= " •

730 B S = I NKEY l : l F Bs = · · T HEN 7 3 0 ELSE I F BS= " [ " THEN 7 45 ELSE PRINT BS ;

7 40 ES=ES+BS : GOTO 730

7 45 IF H l = l THEN 760 750 PR I NT : AS=STRS ( VAU AS ) - UAU ES ) ) : ES= · " : GOTO 200

760 AZS=E S : GOSUB 3000

770 PRINT : AS=S1RS ( V AL ( RS ) - D ) : Es= · · : GOT O 400

800 ' RE:::POND T O + COMMAND 8 1 0 ES= • •

820 B S = I NKE Y S : I F BS= " • THEN 820 ELSE IF B S= " + " THEN 840 ELSE PRINT BS ;

830 ES=ES+BS : GOTC 820

840 I F H l = l THEN 860

850 P'.: I NT : AS=STRS ( UAU AS ) +VAU ES ) ) : ES= • • : G O T O 200 850 A2S=E S : G05U B 3000

870 F' R I N T : A S = STRS ( VAU AS HD ) : ES = " • : GOTO 400

899 END

900 GOTO 20

999 END

1 000 ' T EST I NPUT COMMAND

1 f H 0 A = 1

MICRO-SO P.O. BOX 213, GOODWOOD, S.A. 5034 AUSTRAL IA

TEL EPHON E (08) 381 8542

1 020 IF LEFT S ( T $ , 1 ) = " M " A = 2

1 03 0 I F LEFT S ( TS , 1 ) " [ " A=3

1 04 0 I F LEF T S t T S , 1 ) " + " A = 4

1 050 IF LEFT S t T $ , 1 ) = " " A=S

1 060 IF LEF T S £ TS , l l = " H " A = 6

1070 IF L E FT S ( T S , l l = " L " A=?

1 080 IF LEF T S < TS , l > = " D • A=B

1 090 RETURN

2000 ' DE C I MAL TO HE.>Z CONVERS I ON

2 0 1 0 HS= " " : D=VAL ( A2S ) : H 1 S= " 0 1 23456789ABCDE.F "

2020 D=D/ 1 6 : Z = C D- I NT ( D l l • 16

2030 HS=MlD S ( H 1 S , Z+ l. , l ) +HS

205(1 D= 1 NT ( D ) : IF D=0 RET URN

Z06f� GOT O 2020

3000 ' HEX TO DECI MAL CONVERSI ON 30 1 0 D=0 : F = 1 : FOR H= l TO LEt H A2S ) : HS=M IDS ! R I GHT1 H A2S , H ) , 1 , l )

3020 IF HS< • A · THEN I =1-JAL ( HS ) : G O T O 3040

3030 I=ASC ( H S } - 55

3040 D = I • F +D : F =F • l 6 : NEXT

3050 RET URN

4000 . PED:. AT MEMORY LOCAT I ON

40 1. 0 I F tJ AU AS ) ) 327 67 T HEt1 412130

4020 M 1 =PEEK C UAL ( A$ 1 ) : RETURN

40 3f1 M 1 =PEEK( l • C VfiU AS ) ·· 32767 ) ) : RETURN

500r:. ' POKE NEW VALUE INTO MEMORY LOCAT I ON

50 1 0 IF UAL C A$ ) ) 32767 THEN 5030

5 0 2 0 POKE t)AL ( AS ) , D : RET URN

5030 POKE 1 • ( UAL ( AS ) - 32767 ) , D : RETURN

6000 ' DUMP MEMORY TO TAPE

600S CLE AP 1 0 00 : CLS

60 1 0 I NPUT " T T TLE " ; T I T LES

6020 INPUT • ST ART ADDRESS • ; ST ART

6030 I NPUT " F IN I SH ADDRESS " ; F I N ISH

S040 I NPUT • ENT RY P O I NT • ; ENT RY

P A GE 25

6050 PR INi a RECORD ING T I TLE BLOCK " : PR INT + - l , T I T LES , START , F I N I SH , ENTRY

6060 B' fT ES= " •

6065 FOR C=121 T O 5

506'? PRHlT

o07� F O R 1 = 1 0•C T O 1 0 •C+9

\:.080 BYTE= PEEK ,, '::.i ;=jf;' T + 1 ) : PRINT TAB ( ( I - 1 0•C '• *5 ) - BYTE ;

6085 IF BYTE = 0 THEN 6095

6090 XS=STRS BYTE ) : GO T O 6 1 00

6095 >�S= " - 0 · 6 1 00 BYTE �=BY TES+XS

6 1 1 0 IF START + I = F I N I SH T HEN 6 1 50

5 1 2f1 NEXT I

S l Z S NE)::-r 6 1 30 PR INT : PR I !H • RECORD ING DAT A • : PR INT t - 1 , BYT ES

6 1 4 0 STAR T -S T � RT � l : G 0 T 0 6060 6 1 4 8 END f:. � S0 F'R I N T : PR 1 NT ' REC ORD ING DATfl " : PR I NT t - l . BY TES : PR i tH : PRINT " SAVE COMPLET ED •

5200 REi URN

:300r1 . LOAD MEMORY FROM D A T A T APE

tH305 CLS : D = 0 : PRI Ni · sEARCHIHG F OR T I T LE Bi__<)CK " 90 � C INPUi . - l . � I l -ES . START . F IN I SH . ENTRY

8020 PR I N T " i i T :..E " . " S T ART ' . " F HH SH " . " E NT RY "

8030 PR I !'IT T I T L E S . ST ART . t li'H SH , ENTRY

MICRO-SO P.O. BOX 213, GOODWOOD, S.A. 5034 AUSTRALIA

TELEPHONE (08) 381 8542

8040 L = ( F I N I SH-ST ART ) /60 : IF L - I NH L ) >0 THEM 8060

8050 LOOPS=L : GOTO 8070

8060 L OOPS= I NT ( L ) + l

8070 FOR I ;0 T O LOOPS - 1

8080 Bs,., · •

8090 PRI NT : PR INT • :.._ O ADING BLOCK " ; I + 1 ; • OF " ; LOOPS

8 1 00 INPUTt 1 , BY T E S

8 1 1 0 F OR C =2 T O LEN C BYTES )

8 120 CS=MIDS ( BYTES . C , 1 )

8 130 I F C S = " " THEN 8 1 45

8 135 B S =Bf + C S

8 1 4 0 I F C =LEN C BYTES j THEN 8 1 45

8 1 42 GOT O 8 1 4 -:-'

PAGE 26

8 1 .4'::. D=D+5 : PR. I NT TAB ( D ) UAU BS ) ; : POKE START +C , VAL ( BS ) : B S =:o " " : IF D< S0 THEN 8 1 47 E

L '=;E PR I NT : D=0

8 1 47 NEXT C

8 1 S0 NE XT I

8 1 60 PR I NT : PR I NT " LOflD COMPLETED "

8200 PET URN

APPLICAT I OK FOR�

To : M I C R0-8 9 , PO BOX 2 1 3 , 300DWOOD , SA 503 4 . Phone : ( 0 8 ) 3 8 1 8 5 4 2

P l e a s e send l'l'.e : - C::R.�NT I S S\.:E . . • . . . . . . . . . • . . • . . • . . • • • . • • . . . •

- C��RRE�':' I S SUE P LL' S CASSE'I":'E . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . .

- 1 2 "10�':'H S"BSCRIPT I Q!'; I V], '":AZ I NI: ()�LY • . . . . . • •

$ 2 . 50 $ 6 . 00

$ 2 4 . 00 - :;_ ;: �O�'TE S� BSCR I PT I OK , :-<.A3AZ I Nr r :..,;_; s CAS SE'I'TE $ 6 0 . 0C - 57'��E7 s:""� B S C R : Prr' I ON ? ROM . . a • • • • • • • • • • (Dec . 7 9 i s i ssue 1 )

:vl a k e ::: heque s

ADDRE S S : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . · . · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · • · · · · · · • · · ·

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . • :JS':' CODE . . . . . • • • • . . . . • • • . • •

I

To : M I CR0-80

MICRO· SO P.O. BOX 213, GOODWOOD, S.A. 6034 AUSTRAL I A

TELEPHONE (08) 381 8642

APP LICATI ON F ORM

F OR PUBL I CAT I ON OF A PROGRAM

P l e a s e co n s id e r the e nc l o s ed program for publ icat ion :

IN M I CRO- S O

O N CASSETT E OR D I S K ONLY

D Tick one

D only

jNAME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • . . • . . . . . • . . . • . . . . . . • . • • • • . • • • . . . . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

tO !lE S S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . · . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . · . · · • • · • • . • • • .

I' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . POST CODE • . • • • • • • •

CHECK LIST

Ma ke sur e you have PRIN7ED the f o l l owing informa t ion c learly on your ca s s e t te or d i sk :

YOUR NAME AND ADDRE SS PROGRAM NAME :-!EMORY S IZE LEVEL 1 , LEVEL 2 , BAS I C 2 . 2 , S Y STEM 1 o r 2 , EDTASM HOW TO START PROGRAM ( Eg . Ente r / 3 2 �� � )

Ma ke s u r e y o u i nc lude the f o l low i ng inf orma t ion with your c a s sette o r d i sk :

EXP LANA� I ON OF WHAT THE PROGRAM DOES AND HOW TO USE IT

DESCRIPTI ON OF HOW TO CHANGE I T F OR D I FFERENT MEMORY SIZES AND D I F F E RENT LEVELS OF BAS IC

THE S I ZE OF MEMORY REQU IRED AND TYP E OF SY STEM NEEDED TO RUN IT (Eg . LEVEL 1 4 K , 3 2K WITH 2 D I SK DRIVES ETC )

START , END AND ENTRY POINT FOR MACHINE LANGUAGE PROGRAMS

ANY S I MPLE CHANG E S WHICH CAN BE MADE TO MAKE IT MORE FLEXIBLE

OR USEFUL

DON ' T FORG ET A S TAMPED S E LF -ADDRE S SED ENVELOPE I F YOU WANT YOUR CASS ETTE OR D I S K RETURNED .