Micro Sprinkler Groundnut performance

Micro sprinkler in onion

DRIP FERTIGATION TO ANNUAL MORINGA

Drip irrigation in chillies

Drip irrigation to coconut

Drip irrigation in cotton – modified geometry

Drip irrigation in Typhonium

Sugarcane drip

Surface Irrigation HydraulicsSurface Irrigation Hydraulics

• AdvanceAdvance– Movement of water from the inlet end to Movement of water from the inlet end to

the downstream endthe downstream end– Curve of Time vs. Distance is NOT linear Curve of Time vs. Distance is NOT linear – Rule-of-Thumb: 1/3 of the total advance Rule-of-Thumb: 1/3 of the total advance

time is needed to reach midpoint of the time is needed to reach midpoint of the furrow lengthfurrow length

Surface Irrigation Hydraulics , Surface Irrigation Hydraulics , Cont’dCont’d

• RecessionRecession– Process of water leaving the surface Process of water leaving the surface

(through infiltration and/or runoff) after (through infiltration and/or runoff) after the inflow has been cut offthe inflow has been cut off

– Usually begins to recede at the Usually begins to recede at the upstream endupstream end

– Can also be plotted as Time vs. Distance Can also be plotted as Time vs. Distance – ““Flatter" curve than the Advance CurveFlatter" curve than the Advance Curve

Surface Irrigation Hydraulics, Surface Irrigation Hydraulics, Cont’dCont’d

• InfiltrationInfiltration– Opportunity Time: difference between Opportunity Time: difference between

Recession and Advance curves Recession and Advance curves – Infiltration Depth: a function of the Infiltration Depth: a function of the

opportunity time and the infiltration opportunity time and the infiltration class (rate) of the soilclass (rate) of the soil

Opportunity TimeOpportunity Time

Infiltration vs. Opportunity TimeInfiltration vs. Opportunity Time

Infiltration ProfileInfiltration Profile

UniformityUniformity• Inherent non-uniformity because Inherent non-uniformity because

recession and advance curves are recession and advance curves are not parallel not parallel

• Factors affectingFactors affecting– Inflow rateInflow rate– SlopeSlope– Soil infiltrationSoil infiltration– RoughnessRoughness– Channel shapeChannel shape– Inflow timeInflow time– Length of runLength of run

EfficiencyEfficiency

• Volume balanceVolume balance– VVgg = V = Vzz + V + Vss + V + Vrr

– g g gross gross– z z infiltration infiltration– s s surface storage surface storage– r r runoff runoff

• (or depth basis): d(or depth basis): dgg = d = dzz + d + dss + d + drr

• Part of infiltration may go to deep Part of infiltration may go to deep percolationpercolation

Improving Irrigation EfficiencyImproving Irrigation Efficiency

• Alternate furrow irrigationAlternate furrow irrigation– Increases advance time, but reduces Increases advance time, but reduces

average infiltration depth (twice the width)average infiltration depth (twice the width)

• Cutback irrigationCutback irrigation– Use large inflow rate during advance, and Use large inflow rate during advance, and

then reduce the inflow to match the soil's then reduce the inflow to match the soil's steady-state infiltration ratesteady-state infiltration rate

– Intensive management is requiredIntensive management is required

Improving Irrigation Efficiency Improving Irrigation Efficiency Cont’dCont’d

• Land smoothing and laser gradingLand smoothing and laser grading– Helps to improve uniformityHelps to improve uniformity

• Surge irrigationSurge irrigation– Alternate on-off periods for applying waterAlternate on-off periods for applying water– Achieve higher efficiencies and uniformities Achieve higher efficiencies and uniformities

in some soilsin some soils– Lends itself to semi-automationLends itself to semi-automation

Treatments

SI1 - Surge irrigation with a stream size of 1.5 lps in

100 m long furrowSI2 - Surge irrigation with a stream size of 2.0 lps in

100 m long furrowC1I1 - Continuous irrigation in 100 m long furrows

with a stream size of 1.5 lpsC1I2 - Continuous irrigation in 100 m long furrows

with a stream size of 2.0 lpsC2I1 - Basin irrigation with a stream size of 1.5 lps

C2I2 - Basin irrigation with a stream size of 2.0 lps

  SI1 SI2 C1I1 C1I2 C2I1 C2I2

Irrn. Eff. (%)

80 85 70 75 85 90

  Total cycle time

Actual ON time

Total cycle time

Actual ON time

       

Irrn. Time

280 100 190 70 107 75 104 74

Irrn. No.

               

1 170 60 130 60 105 70 100 70

2 156 56 125 55 98 61 101 70

3 141 50 118 48 94 57 96 72

4 128 48 112 40 85 55 98 72

5 137 50 105 40 95 58 100 74

6 132 50 102 40 93 54 92 70

7 142 50 114 40 89 60 94 74

8 135 50 120 40 91 56 96 66

9 138 50 125 45 92 52 98 72

10 134 50 123 43 90 54 100 70

11 136 50 125 45 89 57 102 72

Actual supply time variation during advance phase between irrigations ( minutes )

FIG 3 WETTING FRONT ADVANCE PATTERN DURING THE

FIRST IRRIGATION

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

TIME, min

FUR

RO

W L

ENG

TH, m

SI1 SI2 CI1 CI2

FIG.4 WETTING FRONT ADVANCE PATTERN DURING LAST

IRRIGATION

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140

TIME, min

FU

RR

OW

LE

NG

TH

, m

SI1 SI2 CI1 CI2

FIG.5. TOTAL ADVANCE TIME FOR EACH IRRIGATION

0

20

40

60

80

100

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

IRRIGATION NUMBER

TIME,

min

SI1 CI1 SI2 CI2

FIG.6. ACTUAL ON TIME DURING EACH IRRIGATION

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 12 13

IRRIGATION NUMBER

TIM

E, m

in

SI1 SI2 CI1 CI2