Microbial NutritionMicrobial Nutrition

I. I. IntroductionIntroduction

II. II. Makeup of microbial protoplasmMakeup of microbial protoplasm

III. III. Nutrients and their sourcesNutrients and their sources

IV. Classification of microorganisms byIV. Classification of microorganisms by

nutrition typenutrition type

V. V. Nutrient transportNutrient transport

IntroductionIntroduction

A change of paradigm: bacteria asA change of paradigm: bacteria as

______________________ organisms______________________ organisms

DefinitionsDefinitions____________________ -- Acquisition of nutrients -- Acquisition of nutrients

NutrientNutrient -- Substance taken up by cell from -- Substance taken up by cell from

environment and used in _______________environment and used in _______________

Chemical Composition of an E. coli cellChemical Composition of an E. coli cell% Total Weight % Dry Wei

Organic Compounds___________ 15 50Nucleic acids

RNA 6 ___________DNA 1 3

Carbohydrates 3 10Lipids 2 Not determinedMiscellaneous 2 Not determined

Inorganic Compounds____________ 70 --All others 1 3

Elements__________ -- 50Oxygen -- 20Nitrogen -- 14Hydrogen -- 8Phosphorus -- 3Sulfur -- 1Potassium -- 1Sodium -- 1Calcium -- 0.5Magnesium -- 0.5Chloride -- 0.5Iron -- 0.2Manganese, zinc,molybdenum, copper,cobalt

-- 0.3

Organic vs. Inorganic NutrientsOrganic vs. Inorganic Nutrients

OrganicOrganic nutrients -- Contain ____________, nutrients -- Contain ____________,often derived from living things.often derived from living things.

InorganicInorganic nutrients -- Everything that’s not nutrients -- Everything that’s not

____________________

Nutrients, their Uses & SourcesNutrients, their Uses & Sources

_____, proteins, lipids, ______ __________, proteins, lipids, ______ _____

SameSame

__________, also free protons in cell__________, also free protons in cell

____________, nucleic acids____________, nucleic acids

Nucleic acids, _________________Nucleic acids, _________________

Proteins, vitaminsProteins, vitamins

____________ activation____________ activation

SameSame

Cell wall stabilization, ___________Cell wall stabilization, ___________

Osmotic balanceOsmotic balance

________________ ____________________________ ____________

_______, organic _______, organic

Water, OWater, O22 gas gas

Water, organic Water, organic

NHNH33, NO, NO33--, N, N22, ,

_____________ PO_____________ PO

HH22S, SOS, SO44, org , org cmpdscmpds

KK++

MgMg2+2+

CaCa2+2+

NaNa++

FeFe3+3+, org. Fe complexes, org. Fe complexes

Carbon

Oxygen

Hydrogen

Nitrogen

Phosphorous

Sulfur

Potassium

Magnesium

Calcium

Sodium

Iron

Element Use in cell Main sources

Previous nutrients all consideredPrevious nutrients all considered“___________________” -- needed in“___________________” -- needed inrelatively large quantities in cell.relatively large quantities in cell.

MicronutrientsMicronutrients -- elements needed in relatively-- elements needed in relativelysmall quantities, e.g. small quantities, e.g. ZnZn, Mb, Cu, , Mb, Cu, MnMn, , NiNi..

_________________ factors_________________ factors -- organic compounds-- organic compoundsrequired in very small amounts. Cannot berequired in very small amounts. Cannot be__________________ by a cell. e.g. vitamins,__________________ by a cell. e.g. vitamins,

amino acidsamino acids..

Classification of Microorganisms by NutritionType

Classification of Microorganisms by NutritionType

CarbonCarbon source source vsvs. . ________________________ source source•• Humans get both from _________ source Humans get both from _________ source

•• Plants do not, however, deriving their carbon from Plants do not, however, deriving their carbon from

__________ and their energy from ____________.__________ and their energy from ____________.

TrophTroph” -- _______” -- _______

Classification of Microorganisms by Nutrition Type (contClassification of Microorganisms by Nutrition Type (cont

Classification by Classification by carboncarbon source source

–– HeterotrophsHeterotrophs -- C source is ________ ________ -- C source is ________ ________

–– AutotrophsAutotrophs -- C source is ___________-- C source is ___________

Classification by Classification by energyenergy source source

–– PhototrophsPhototrophs -- energy source is -- energy source is __________________

–– ChemotrophsChemotrophs -- energy source is -- energy source is ____________________

•• ChemoorganotrophsChemoorganotrophs -- -- organicorganic chemicals chemicals

•• ChemolithotrophsChemolithotrophs -- -- inorganicinorganic chemicals (minerals) chemicals (minerals)

Common Combination TermsCommon Combination Terms

Nutritional Group Carbon Source Energy Source

Chemolithoautotrophs Carbon dioxide Inorganic chemicals

Chemoorganoheterotrophs Organic compounds Organic chemicals

Photoautotrophs Carbon dioxide Light

Photoheterotrophs Organic compounds Light

Nutrient Acquisition & TransportNutrient Acquisition & Transport

Text, Fig. 7.3Text, Fig. 7.3

Passive forms of transportPassive forms of transport

Text, Fig. 7.5Text, Fig. 7.5

Text, Fig. 7.6Text, Fig. 7.6

Cell Responsesto Osmosis

Cell Responsesto Osmosis

Text, Table 7.5Text, Table 7.5

[______]

[______] [______]

[______]

Text, Fig. 7.7Text, Fig. 7.7

Outermembrane________, forexample

Active forms of transportActive forms of transport

(a1) (a2) (a3)(a1) (a2) (a3)MolecularMolecularchannelschannels

(b) (b) GroupGroupTransportTransport

TransportedTransportedmolecule ismolecule is______________________as it’sas it’stransportedtransported

Text, Fig. 7.8Text, Fig. 7.8