microbiology/ industrial applications · industrial applications the utilization of microorganisms...
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Microbiology/ Industrial Applications
Leading in High Sensitivity Detection and Analysis
Research | Biotechnology | Yeast
Bacteria | Viruses | Particle Detection
The microorganisms are the most successful group of allliving species occupying each habitat in water, soil, plantsand animals including humans with enormous success.This leads to a fundamental impact on all research areas inmodern biology and medicine.
01 INTRODUCTION
Microbiology | Industrial Applications
* Biotechnology and Cell Culture
* Research
* Food and Beverage Industry
Biotechnologically designed and employed microorganismsfor applications in food industry, chemistry and pharmacysignificantly increase the importance. Because of their smallsize sophisticated technology is required for detection andcharacterization. Partec offers dedicated instruments andreagents for the analysis of microorganisms.
MAIN BENEFITS
Precision _ High sensitivity flow cytometersfor low signal intensity applications
Versatility _ Any microbial FCM applicationcan be performed on Partec instruments
Comfort _ Quick enumeration of total cellcount within minutes
Safety _ Any cell type can be detected andidentified by our flow cytometers
Costs _ Optimization of large scale productionprocesses saves time and money
* Industrial Applications
Microorganisms have desirable properties which make them
predominant model organisms for genome analysis, detec-
tion of regulatory and metabolic pathways, cell division and
cell-cycle studies and many others. Easy handling and culti-
vation procedures thereby reaching an unlimited number of
cells as well as highly developed cell biological and genetic
approaches are major benefits when working with these
cells. Flow cytometry as the major methodology for cellular
analysis supports all research oriented applications by its
high potential of analysing cellular properties.
Not only cells but also virus particles are successfully being
analyzed on flow cytometers. Due to an instrument set-up
being optimized for low signal intensity applications the
Partec instruments are commonly preferred for viral
detection and characterization.
Research
Biotechnology and Cell Culture
02 OVERVIEW
Wide Range of Applications
With increasing knowledge about the functionality of
microorganisms it became more common to employ them
for biotechnological processes. A new industry developed on
the principle of using microorganisms as bioreactors – the
“White Biotechnology“. Microorganisms are commonly used
for the production of pharmaceuticals, nutrition additives,
bio-fuels and chemical components. Flow cytometers
thereby play a valuable role for monitoring the cultivation
of cells, establishing cellular assays or optimizing yield of
protein expression cultures.
A novel approach uses the susceptibility of cells to toxic
substances to set-up a bio-monitoring assay to assess the
toxic potential of various substances.
Partec provides the complete range of flow cytometrytechnology for characterization of microorganisms
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Food and Beverage Industry
Industrial production steps often include the removal of
particles by filtering or chemical treatment. This can either
occur during the process or further downstream during
waste water treatment. Partec flow cytometers allow the
detection and hence quantification of virtually any particle
with a size smaller than 200 μm and therefore function as
valuable tools for process optimization.
Industrial Applications
The utilization of microorganisms for food production has
been part of the cultural evolution of humans for centuries.
Although the same organisms are still employed for fermen-
tation processes in a large scale nowadays, the food and
beverage production is a highly engineered industrial
process. Large fermenters require constant monitoring to
prevent a break-down directly coupled to loss of money and
time. Beer, wine and whiskey production are based upon the
fermentation of sugar by the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae
for alcohol production. Partec offers dedicated instruments
and reagent kits for monitoring the yeast growth parameters.
Controlling the desired organisms is one feature of the
process, however not less important is the immediate
detection of contaminating and very often spoiling organisms.
Quality control of food products is an issue with growing
importance. Partec provides valuable support because
virtually any cellular contamination can be detected on our
flow cytometers. Protocols for general detection of any
contaminant or individual species detection based on
DNA specific probes are available.
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The high potential of flow cytometry for microbial analysisconditions the nearly endless versatility. A range of appli-cations is displayed on the following pages, designatedPartec instruments and reagents can be found in section 14.
03 OVERVIEW
Microbiology | Industrial Applications
Research04 _ Research in Biology and Medicine
05 _ Virus detection
Biotechnology and Cell Culture06 _ Cell Counting in Biotechnology and Cell Culture
07 _ Toxicology and Biomonitoring
Industrial Applications12 _ Particle counting, Paper industry
Food and Beverage industry 08 _ Quality control of Food products
09 _ Yeast in Brewery, Destillery, Wine production
10 _ Fermentation control, Food industry, Process optimization
11 _ Brettanomyces
RESEARCH IN BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE
04 APPLICATIONS
Research
MAIN BENEFITS_ Superior sensitivity and resolution
_ Large selection of excitation lightsources
_ Modular design of Partec instruments for highest flexibility
Seperation of differently sized organisms during a single measurement in a scatter plot: Staphylococcus spec. – Lactobacillus spec. – Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Subsequent analysis: Mitochondrial activity measurement of Staphylococcus, DNA stain of Lactobacillus, Viability measurement of Saccharomyces.
Suitable instruments
for this application:
_ CyFlow® SL
_ CyFlow® space
_ CyFlow® ML
For details please see
section 14.
Surprisingly enough an estimated 99% of
all living microorganisms have not even
been discovered although (or maybe
because) they colonise any habitat with
great success. From an evolutionary point
of view the microbes show a large degree
of biodiversity, commonly being unified by
the feature of their small size. This feature
makes the microbes to a group which is
most privileged for analysis by flow
cytometry: the cells usually occur as
individuals and as a consequence sample
preparation is pretty much facilitated.
However, signal intensities are usually
low due to small cell size and hence, low
cellular content of stainable molecules.
Partec offers the strongest (for flow
cytometry available) laser models for a
maximum excitation of the selected
fluorochromes. This also makes the low
signal intensity microorganisms an easy
to approach object of analysis. The choice
from a large number of light sources and
the modular design of all our instruments
allows the usage of the whole range of
available test reagents. Cell enumeration,
cell cycle analysis, viability analysis and
many other fluorescence measurements
are easy to perform applications on
Partec flow cytometers.
Saccharomyces cerevisia
FSC
FL1-viable cells
FSC
FL1
SSC
FL3-
dead
cells
FL1-
stai
n
FL3-
mito
chon
dria
l act
ivity
Lactobacillus spec.
Staphylococcus spec.
Fig. 1
Detection of Bacteriophage MS2 on a Partec flow cytometer
Detection of virus particles is very
demanding for both the sensitivity of the
instrument and the sample preparation
conditions because low sensitivities can
be expected for both scatter and fluo-
rescence signals. Therefore, technical
specifications of the instrument need to
be pushed to a limit. Partec has always
been working on the leading edge of
FCM technology and incorporated the
latest developments of available laser
technologies for the modern line of
Partec instrumentation. Consequently,
Partec was the first developer and
manufacturer of flow cytometers offering
laser excitation power far beyond the
well – established standards. In addition,
Partec flow cytometers can be optimized
for low signal intensity measurements.
Virus particles in most cases can only
be detected by staining of the viral
nucleic acids.
MAIN BENEFITS_ Highest sensitivity by advanced laser
power
_ Measurements at the leading edge oftechnology
VIRUS DETECTION
FSC – SSC plot of pure buffer (Fig. 2) and virus particles diluted in the same buffer (Fig. 3). Under the preparation conditions phages tend to form aggregates , thus explaining the
elongated tail of virus particles in the gated region.
Fig. 2 Fig. 3
SSC
SSC
FSC FSC
05 APPLICATIONS
Research
Suitable instruments
for this application:
_ CyFlow® SL
_ CyFlow® space
_ CyFlow® ML
For details please see
section 14.
An accurate determination of the actual cell
content is a necessary step in monitoring
the growth of microorganisms. Conventional
techniques include counting in a chamber
or cultivation on agar plates. Especially
the plating techniques are time-demanding
because results are not available before
growth of cells has been observed macro-
scopically. The obtained count reflects
the cultivable cell number only under
certain growth conditions, not necessarily
the total number of cells being present.
By FCM technology cells can easily be
identified by their size and structure. In
case a more specific detection method is
required cells can be stained with a
specific DNA binding dye. Results are
obtained within minutes by this method.
Additional information (viability, species
identification) may be obtained by slight
modifications of the staining protocol.
MAIN BENEFITS_ Cell counting within minutes
_ Straight forward and simple stainingprocedures
_ Measurement of functional assays
Comparison of cell counting technologies: flow cytometry against conventional methods
Conventional methods
Flow Cytometry
CELL COUNTING IN BIOTECHNOLOGYAND CELL CULTURE
Plating on agar
Analysis by FCMCell Growth
CONVENTIONAL METHODSResult: Cultivable cell count
PARTEC FLOW CYTOMETRY – MORE THAN 120 TIMES FASTER THAN CONVENTIONAL METHODS12 – 48 hours
10 minutes
FLOW CYTOMETRYResult: Total cell count
Viable cell count
Identification of species
Physiological parameters
Typical flow cytometric result of cell counting:
cells can easily be identified based on their scatter
signals (Fig. 4) or after DNA staining (Fig. 5).
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Staining
SSC
Cou
nt
FSC
Cell concentration:
795 cells /μl
Cell concentration:
782 cells / μl
DNA-stain
06 APPLICATIONS
Biotechnology and Cell Culture
Suitable instruments
for this application:
_ CyFlow® SL
_ CyFlow® space
_ CyFlow® ML
For details please see
section 14.
Modern technology creates and produces
an overwhelming number of chemical
components which are ubiquitarilly
present as food additives, colouring
agents, etc. The biological effect of these
substances on cellular functionality has
only been tested in few cases. The toxic
potential of chemicals though has to be
tested more carefully due to more
restrictive regulations. In vitro toxicity
assays can easily be developed based on
flow cytometry detection techniques. The
most common phytoplankton organism
employed for toxicity monitoring assays
is the green algae Desmodesmus spec.
Cultures of virtually any cell type can be
analyzed in the same way and may
reduce tests on whole organisms.
Growth kinetics of treated cultures yield
the LC50 value for an investigated com-
pound by exactly counting the cell
number. This kind of analysis can easily
be done on Partec flow cyometers which
are all equiped with the unique True
Absolute Volumetric Counting (please
see section 15) feature.
MAIN BENEFITS_ Cell counting within minutes
_ Assessing biological hazard potential of chemical substances
_ Replacement of animal test procedures
Growth of monitor organisms in multi-well plates at time point 72 hours (Fig. 6) without testing component (upper row) or after addition of the testing component at various
concentrations (bottom rows). Samples can directly be analyzed from the incubation plates by using the Multi-well plate autoloader Robby®Well. Cell count versus time yields
the LC50 for each compound (Fig. 7).
TOXICOLOGY AND BIOMONITORING
Fig. 6 Fig. 7
Determination of cell number in toxicology assays
_ 1
1 _
2 _
3 _Replicates –>
_ 2
_ 3
07 APPLICATIONS
Biotechnology and Cell Culture
Suitable instruments
for this application:
_ CyFlow® SL
_ CyFlow® space
_ CyFlow® ML
For details please see
section 14.
MAIN BENEFITS_ Sequence specific detection of
contaminants
_ Easy quantification of contaminants
_ Quality control of food products
Detection of Lactobacillus acidophilus cells with a labelled RNA specific probe (detectable
in the green fluorescence channel). Histogram of green fluorescence of a control sample
(Fig. 8) and a hybridized sample (Fig. 9). Cells labelled with the fluorescent probe show a
strong signal in FL1.
Two FSC-SSC plots of the hybridized samples. Labelled cells in RN 1 of Fig. 9 are
backgated to Fig. 11 (highlighted in green).
DNA SPECIFIC DETECTION, QUALITYCONTROL OF FOOD PRODUCTS
Microorganisms are indispensable for
many production processes in food and
beverage industry. However they may
also be amongst the most unwanted
contaminants in the same reactors.
Controlling and protecting the good
ones, detecting and abolishing the bad
ones: this challenging task can only be
reached by employing the proper cell
analyzing instruments. Due to their high
sensitivity, the easy instrument handling
and many available reagents Partec´s
flow cytometers make applications as cell
enumeration, measurement of total viable
cell count and many others accessible for
any quality check facility. For species-
specific detection of microorganisms
newly developed DNA hybridization tech-
niques are available (FISH technology)
which can be applied on Partec flow
cytometry systems. In this way contami-
nations of growing cultures with spoiling
bacteria (e.g. Lactobacillus brevis or
Pectinatus spec.) can easily be detected.
The method does not require time-
consuming plating of samples and sub-
sequent day-long incubation times
before receiving the final result. The
mobile technology of Partec's flow
cytometers allows the monitoring of
several fermenters even at different
locations thereby reducing investment
into technical equipment to a minimum.
Of course, the same technique can also
be applied for classical taxonomy studies
using species specific DNA probes.
Fig. 8 Fig. 9 Fig. 10 Fig. 11
Identification of Lactobacillus by a DNA probe
Cou
nt
FL1
Cou
nt
FL1
SSC
FSC
SSC
FSC
08 APPLICATIONS
Food and Beverage Industry
Suitable instruments
for this application:
_ CyFlow® SL
_ CyFlow® space
_ CyFlow® ML
For details please see
section 14.
MAIN BENEFITS_ Monitoring of fermentation
_ Rapid measurement of cell viability
_ Physiological growth parameters
YEAST IN BREWERY, DESTILLERY,WINE PRODUCTION AND FOODINDUSTRY
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (baker´s yeast)
is without any doubt the most employed
microorganism in food and beverage
production. A fact which emphasizes its
importance for human nutrition on a
global scale. Controlling the cell growth
status requires both, long experience
and the right technical equipment. The
first is not commercially available - you
have already proven your qualities anyway.
For the latter we provide the dedicated
instruments for monitoring cell density,
viability, contaminants and other growth
parameters in order to prevent dramatic
fermentation crashes. Due to its modular
optical design, almost every fluorescence-
based detection reagent can be analyzed
on Partec flow cytometry instruments.
The Trehalose content of Saccharomyces
cerevisiae is commonly believed to confer
stress tolerance to growing yeast cells and
enables the cells to survive stages of
anhydrobiosis. Commercially applied
strains of baker´s yeast for fermentation
purposes normally contain more than
10% Trehalose of the dry weight. The
Trehalose content varies significantly in
dependence of nutrition content and growth
rate and is an important indicator for
cellular physiology. With Partec FCM units
and staining kits the level of Trehalose
content can easily be determined.
Fig. 12 Fig. 13 Fig. 14
Saccharomyces cerevisiae stained with the Partec
“Yeast Control –Viability“ kit. The ratio of living and
dead cells can be obtained 10 minutes after taking
the sample from the fermenter (Fig. 12).
Fluorescence measurement of yeast Trehalose content. Staining with
Partec “ Yeast Control – Trehalose“ at time points 0 (left) and 12 hours
(right) after inoculation (Fig. 13).
Trehalose content of growing yeast cells at various stages
after inoculation (Fig. 14).
FL3-
dead
cel
ls
FL1 -viable cells FL1 -trehalose
Mean Fluorescence intensity
Trehalose content of yeast cells
FL1 -trehaloseGrowth (hours)
Cel
ls /
μl
Analysis of physiological growth parameters of yeast cells
09 APPLICATIONS
Food and Beverage Industry
Suitable instruments
for this application:
_ CyFlow® SL
_ CyFlow® space
_ CyFlow® ML
For details please see
section 14.
MAIN BENEFITS_ Monitoring of fermentation
_ Rapid measurement of cell viability
_ Physiological growth parameters
FERMENTATION CONTROL, FOODINDUSTRY, PROCESS OPTIMIZATION
The major area of application is the
microbial quality control in food, food
additives and beverage production, in
the pharmaceutical industry and in pro-
duction of drinking water and in waste
water treatment. Process control in
bioreactors cultivating bacteria, yeast or
higher cells require constant control of
fermentation conditions.
Lactobacillus spec. is the most com-
monly employed bacteria in food
industry. Fermentation success directly
influences product quality because
slightest variations in taste, colour,
smell or stability of the final product are
recognized by the consumer. Year-long
constancy of the product can only be
reached by experience and sophisticated
detection methods. Partec instruments
contribute significantly by providing
essential information of cell count,
viability and other physiological growth
parameters.
Identification and counting of Lactobacillus can easily be done in the FSC – SSC plot (Fig. 15). A simple DNA stain allows discrimination of living and dead cells (Fig. 16, living cells in
Q2, dead cells in Q4).
Fig. 15 Fig. 16
SSC
FL1-
viab
le c
ells
FSC
Cell concentration: 985 cells / μl
Viable cell concentration: 938 cells / μl
FSC
Quick determination of total cell number of Lactobacillus directly taken from the fermenter
10 APPLICATIONSFood and Beverage Industry |Industrial Applications
Suitable instruments
for this application:
_ CyFlow® SL
_ CyFlow® space
_ CyFlow® ML
For details please see
section 14.
MAIN BENEFITS_ Quality control of expensive wine
products
_ Fast detection and quantification ofcontaminants
_ New developed, economic detectionmethod
Fluorescence staining of Brettanomyces allows fast quantification of spoiling yeast cells Smooth hills in Southern France
BRETTANOMYCES DETECTION –QUALITY CONTROL OF WINE
Fig. 17
Viable Brettanomyces
Concentration of Brettanomyces: 17.710 cells / ml
Viable Brettanomyces
Cou
nt
Cel
l siz
Enumeration of Brettanomyces sp. in red wine
11 APPLICATIONS
Food and Beverage Industry
A major problem in red wine production
with high economical impact is the
appearance of off-flavours caused by
Brettanomyces sp. yeasts during wine
maturation. Unwanted taste components
like ”antispetic“, ”bretty“, ”cheese“,
”rancidity“, ”horse sweat“ and, ”animalic
note“ cause wine spoilage and reduce
wine quality and price. Brettanomyces
spoilage can be prevented by adding
sulphur dioxide at an early stage of
maturation before Brettanomyces develop
in reasonable numbers. Yeast proliferation
reacts in particular sensitive on the
presence of sulphur. Sulphur dioxide
treatment itself influences the wines
buquet and reduces sales prices signifi-
cantly. Therefore, after finishing the
alcoholic fermentation by Saccharomyces
yeast, early detection and quantification
of Brettanomyces in maturating wine is
required to ensure absence of this
organism or to initiate sulphur or other
treatments. Partec flow cytometry solu-
tions are now replacing conventional
methods which have been too expensive
and time consuming to prevent wine
spoilage by Brettanomces on a wide scale.
Suitable instruments
for this application:
_ CyFlow® SL
_ CyFlow® space
_ CyFlow® ML
For details please see
section 14.
Paper production industry
Usage of flow cytometry is not limited to
cells only. Each particle with a diameter
smaller than 200 μm is practically suit-
able for analysis by our instruments.
Particle size, particle number and spe-
cific fluorescence signals can easily be
analyzed within one single experiment.
Quantification of unwanted by-products
during large scale production proce-
dures and control of their effective
removal will stream-line the production
process and save substantial amounts of
money. For example, Partec instruments
are meanwhile well established for
analysis of wood pulp in paper produc-
tion industry.
Analysis of standard beads with known
diameters allow the transformation of
the FSC intensity axis into a particle size
distribution axis.
MAIN BENEFITS_ Particle counting over a wide size
range within minutes
_ Optimization of large scale industrialprocesses
_ Enormous time and cost saving
PARTICLE DETECTION IN PAPERINDUSTRY
Fig. 18
Fig. 19
Any particle measurement in
a FSC histogram can be trans-
formed into a size distribution by
standardization with reference
beads of known diameters.
Fig.19: The red and green curves show the overlay of wood pulp samples measurements before and after treatment with a
crosslinker, resp. The results demonstrate the substantial removal of unwanted particles.
Counting of total particle content in wood pulp samples
12 APPLICATIONS
Industrial Applications
FSC
Par
ticle
cou
nt
Par
ticle
cou
nt
FSC
Particle size
Tota
l par
ticle
s
Suitable instruments
for this application:
_ CyFlow® SL
_ CyFlow® space
_ CyFlow® ML
For details please see
section 14.
13 OVERVIEW
Instruments | Technology
Unique features of Partec flow cytometers which determineour instruments for low intensity applications
_ Strongest available laser output power for maximumexcitation
_ Large selection of excitation light sources375nm, 405nm, 488nm, 532nm, 561nm, 638nm and others
_ Highest sensitivity Scatter 0,1 μmFluorescence < 100 MESF (FITC), < 50 MESF (PE)
_ Different beam stop specifications and forward scatterangles available
_ Portability (CyFlow® SL)_ High stability, robustness and precision
Partec instruments
Article No. Item
CY-S-1035 Partec CyFlow® SL
1 Laser, 3 fluorescence colours
CY-S-3001 Partec CyFlow® space
1-3 Lasers, UV LED, 7 fluorescence parameters
CY-S-2001 Partec CyFlow® ML
1-4 Lasers, UV LED, 13 fluorescence parameters
Instrument accessories
Article No. Item
12-01-1000 Partec Particle and Cell Sorter PPCS
For CyFlow® space
16-02-1000 Multi Well Plate Autolaoder Robby® Well
For CyFlow® SL, CyFlow® space and CyFlow® ML
14 PRODUCTS
Instruments | Reagents
Reagents
Article No. Item Packaging Unit
05-6000-01 YeastControl - Cell Cycle 50 Tests
Reagent kit for biotechnological fermentation control
05-6000-02 YeastControl - Viability 100 Tests
Reagent kit for biotechnological fermentation control
05-6000-03 YeastControl - Glycogen 50 Tests
Reagent kit for biotechnological fermentation control
05-6000-04 YeastControl - Trehalose 50 Tests
Reagent kit for biotechnological fermentation control
05-6000-05 YeastControl - Neutral lipids 50 Tests
Reagent kit for biotechnological fermentation control
on request Standard sized beads on request
Beads for particle size determination
on request Cell staining reagents on request
Reagents for labeling of cells and cell counting
05-6001 Oeno Yeast 50 Tests
Staining reagent for detection of Brettanomyces in wine
Full flexibility and automation with the Partec FloMax® software.
Predefined and freely adaptable instru-
ment settings and panels facilitate
switching between different applica-
tions. FloMax® is optimized for immu-
nophenotyping, microbiology analysis,
cell cycle, DNA ploidy, and other scientific
flow cytometric analysis. Data are stored
in FCS flow cytometry standard file format
for easy exchange with other analysis
software. One of the unique features is
the digital on- and offline color crosstalk
compensation of the spectral overlap of
fluorescence from simultaneously ana-
lysed dyes. The N-color compensation
algorithm allows a correction of the
crosstalk between any parameter
without the need to rerun a sample.
FloMax® optimally supports the True
Volumetric Absolute Counting feature
of the Partec FCM instruments, displaying
particle concentrations for any subset
of cells, even if defined by a gate at a
later time after the acquisition.
The FloMax® panel system allows
automated analysis of repeating
sample series employing different dyes
or instrument settings. The FloMax®
software generates data fittings for
automated analysis of the results (e.g.
cell cycle distribution, picture on the
right). Comprehensive and user-
designed reports of the results can be
created as Microsoft Word or Excel files.
The Windows™ FloMax® software integrates instrument control including acquisition, on- and offline data analysis, on-and offline compensation into a complete software package.
15 ANALYZE
CyFlow® Software for CyFlow Systems
The True Volumetric Absolute Counting (TVAC) is a unique feature of all Partec Flow Cytometers, offeringhighest absolute counting precision and accuracy.
The CyFlow® instruments analyse
concentrations of any particle or cell
subpopulation of interest using True
Volumetric Absolute Counting. This
unique method is solely based on the
fundamental definition of absolute
counting respectively the particle
concentration (c) equals the counted
number (N) of particles (e.g. cells) in a
given volume (V), c = N / V. In the
CyFlow® instruments, the volume is
measured directly by mechanical means
(rather than by calibration with expensive
beads with a—sometimes doubtful—
”given” nominal concentration).
Thus, the precision of volume measu-
rement is defined by a fixed mechanical
design, eliminating any errors related
to varying bead concentrations or bead
aggregation. The CyFlow® instruments
allow the analysis of a fixed volume as
defined by the distance between two
platinum electrodes reaching into the
sample tube with a given diameter.
Alternatively, a well defined volume of
free choice involving the digital sample
speed control can be used. Benefits of
True Volumetric Absolute Counting:
_ digital volumetric precision by mechanical design: CV< 2 %
_ no errors related to calibration
_ no additional time and preparation steps for reference beads or haematology reference count
_ no expenses for calibration beads
_ no separate cell counter required
Regular Flow Cuvette
New sophisticated applications and increasing requirementsfor reliable results in research and routine within shortestpossible time - The challenge for flow cytometry instrumen-tation, automation and software.
A well-established network of subsidiaries
and distributors in more than 60 countries
worldwide characterizes Partec’s com-
mitment to the increasing focus and need
for global access to Flow Cytometry
instrumentation and application support:
www.partec.de/partec/distributors.html
40 Years of Experience and Professional Expertise
Partec – pioneer in Flow Cytometry since 1967/68 –
responds to these requirements with the new genera-
tion of Windows™ based CyFlow® and PAS™ FCM
systems featuring innovative computer controlled flow
systems, modular optical systems with advanced
PMTs for all optical channels, most modern computer
and digital electronic technologies including fast and
precise 16 bit ADC converters and realtime data acquisi-
tion and display.
16 COMPANY
Flow Cytometry made in Germany
complete list of publications: www.partec.com
17 LITERATURE
Selection of Scientific Publications
Karl-Josef Hutter, Michaela Miedl, Britta Kuhmann,
Frank Nitzsche, James H. Bryce and Graham G. Stewart.
Detection of Proteinases in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
by Flow Cytometry. J. Inst. Brew. 111(1), 26–32, 2005
Frederik A. Hammes and Thomas Egli. New Method
for Assimilable Organic Carbon Determination Using
Flow-Cytometric Enumeration and a Natural
Microbiological Consortium as Inoculum. Environ Sci.
Technol. 2005, 39, 3289 – 3294
Paul H. Bessette and Patrick S. Daugherty. Flow
Cytometric Screening of cDNA Expression Libraries
for Fluorescent Proteins. Biotechnol Prog. 2004
May-Jun;20(3):963-7
Claus Holm and Lene Jespersen. A Flow-Cytometric
Gram-Staining Technique for Milk-Associated Bacteria.
Appl. Envir. Microbiol., May 2003; 69: 2857 - 2863
E. Marza, N. Camougrand and S. Manon. Bax
expression protects yeast plasma membrane against
ethanol-induced permeabilization. FEBS Letters 2002,
521:1-3, 47-52
J. P. Day, D. B. Kell and G. W. Griffith. Differentiation of
Phytophtora infestans sporangia from other airborne
biological particles by flow cytometry. Applied and
Environmental Microbiology 2002, 68:1, 37-45
G. Nebe-Von Caron, P. Stephens and A. R. Badley.
Bacterial detection and differentiation by cytometry
and fluorescent probes. Proceedings RMS 1999,
34/1, 321-327
Jan Kolberg, Audun Aase, Simone Bergmann,
Tove K. Herstad, Gunnhild Rodal, Ronald Frank,
Manfred Rohde and Sven Hammerschmidt.
Streptococcus pneumoniae enolase is important
for plasminogen binding despite low abundance
of enolase protein on the bacterial cell surface.
Microbiology 152 (2006), 1307 – 1317
Michael Berney, Hans-Ulrich Weilenmann and
Thomas Egli. Flow-cytometric study of vital cellular
functions in Escheria coli during solar disinfection
(SODIS). Microbiology (2006), 152, 1719-1729
Paul H. Chlup, James Conery and Graham G. Stewart.
Detection of Mannan from Saccharomyces cerevisiae
by flow cytometry. J. Am. Soc. Brew. Chem. 2007,
65(3): 151-156
Paul H. Chlup, Dominic Bernard and Graham G. Stewart.
The Disc Stack Centrifuge and its Impact on Yeast and
Beer Quality. J. Am. Soc. Brew. Chem. 2007, 65(1): 29-37
Lú Chau T, A. Guillán, E. Roca, M.J. Núñez and
J.M. Lema. Population dynamics of a continuous
fermentation of recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae
using flow cytometry. Biotechnol Prog. 2001, 17(5):951-7.
J.C. Bouchez, M. Cornu, M. Danzart, J.Y. Leveau,
F. Duchiron and, M. Bouix. Physiological significance
of the cytometric distribution of fluorescent yeasts
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