microgrid system design, control, and modeling challenges
TRANSCRIPT
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© SEL 2019
Microgrid System Design, Control, and Modeling Challenges and Solutions
Scott MansonSEL ES Technology Director
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Agenda• Example Projects
• Challenges
• Design Principles
• Reconnection
• Seamless Islanding
• Frequency Resilience
• Visualization
• Modelling
• What is Next?
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Microgrid Examples
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PowerMAXTechnology
Typical Customer System Size
Utilities Bulk Electric Power Transmission & Generation
> 1 GW
Industrial Power Management
Oil & Gas, Heavy Industries > 100 MW
Commercial Microgrids
Communities, Universities > 10 MW
Garrison Microgrids Fixed Military Installations < 10 MW
Mobile Microgrids Disaster Relief, Forward Operating Bases
< 0.5 MW
PowerMAX® System Family Tree
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POWERMAX® Experience UncontestedOver 28,000 MW in Service Worldwide
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How Others Use SEL Equipment for Microgrids and DERs
Segment Simple Microgrids Simple DER PCC Interconnection
Technology Relays Relays, RTACS + Grid connect library
Project Funding anyIndependent power producers or
Utilities
Customer Examples EntergyUtilties ‐ XM (Columbia) Southern companies, Also Energy, New York Power Authority with Tesla batteries
Approximate Project Cost
$5K $20K
Approximate Project Size
< 10MW <100MW
ES office Local Office Local Office
Do it yourself
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PowerMAX® for Utilities is Purpose Built for Gigawatt Scale Generation
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PowerMAX® for Industrials Designed for Heavy Industrial Customers
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PowerMAX® for Commercial CustomersAward Winning Controls for Complex Grids > 10MW
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Paris IslandPowerMAX® Garrison
• Awarded to Ameresco via ESPC• SEL PowerMAX being commissioned now
“This is most comprehensive seamlessly integrated DoD Project” - Ameresco
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PowerMAX® Mobile TechnologyInteroperable, Simple solution for <0.5MW Microgrids
• Red Cross• FEMA• Private Disaster
Relief• Forward
Operating Base (FOBB)
Loads Loads
Loads Loads Loads Loads
30 kW Taylor 30 kW Gillette
100 kW CAT 60 kW TQGA4
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Microgrid Challenges
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Protective Relays Are MandatoryProtect Assets, Environment, and People
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Not ResilientPower System Split Into Six Islands Collapses
5:25 6:25 7:25 8:25 9:25 10:25
50.5
49.5
49
50
51
Time
Freq
uenc
y Island 1
Island 2
Island 4Island 3
Island 6
Island 5
CR68SM32
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ResilientSame Six Islands With Mature Microgrid Technology
34:31 35:31 36:31 37:31 38:31 39:31
50.5
49.5
49
50
51
Time
Freq
uenc
y
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Frequency and Voltage are Resilience Metrics
1 / Frequency (Hz)
t
Frequency (Hz)
Voltage (V)
Voltage (V)
2V
63
57
Rotating Generator
Sets
1.3 0.7
Generation Shedding
Load Shedding
Allowable Operation
65
1.2 0.8
55
Inverter Technology
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Engines Cannot Respond InstantaneouslyFrequency Decay Is Extraction of
Kinetic Energy From Inertia98
97
96
95
94
93
92
91
63
62
61
60
59
58
57200 5 10 15
Time (s)
Electric Power
Mechanical Power
Speed = Frequency
Note Lag in ResponsePower(MW)
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System inertia (H) is J • (kg • m2) in terms of pu
System Inertia
2J• (kg• m )H secondsMVA
Frequency decay is driven by power disparity and inertia
disparityPdfdt 2Hf
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• Electric loads increase transients• Motors reduce transients
Load Composition Affects Frequency StabilityNoninertial Effects
0 20 40 60 80 100Time (s)
Induction Motor DominatedVSD and Induction Motor Dominated
VSD Dominated
Frequency(Hz)
50
60
70
Loads
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Short-Term Capacity Limit
Long-Term Capacity Limit
Inverter-Based Generation
Q
P
Rotating Generators
Q
P
Distributed Energy Resource (DER) Inverter-Based Generation Has
Limited Overload Capacity
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Load Balancing Must Happen Faster With DER Inverter-Based Generation
Power, Frequency
Time
Rotating Generation Power
Rotating Generation Frequency
PowerFrequency
LoadInverter-Based Power
Inverter-Based Frequency
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Q (MVAR) Turbine Capability
Allowable Operational
Region
Q (MVAR)
P (MW)
Short-Term Capacity Limit
Long-Term Capacity Limit
P (MW)
Operator-Entered Regulation Limits
Generator Capability
Curve
Allowable Operational
Region
Controller Must Understand DER Capability
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t
I
Relay
DER• Fault levels• Grounding• Directions• Impedances
Protection Must Adapt to Changing Fault Conditions
20,000
20,000
2,000
2,000
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Fault
Current Limit
V
t
I
t
V
t
I
t
DER Inverter Behavior Is Subject to Human PreferenceInverter A Inverter B
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DER Inverter Behavior Is Subject to Human Error
4-Quadrant Battery
Power-Only Battery
Software Engineer Mistake
Software Engineer Mistake
1.0
1.2Q
P
Q
P
Q
P
Q
P
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DER Inverter Phase-Locked Loops (PLLs) Fail When You Need Them Most
IACDC
+
–
Vd
Vq
Mod.
Measure Frequency
∫dt
Measured Frequency
“Best Guess” Frequency
PWMABC
DQ
ABC
~60 Hz 4 kHz
PLL
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Design
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1. Safe 2. Reliable (resilient)3. Economical
Requirements for Technology
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• Multifunction protection• Remote I/O• Metering • Power quality monitoring• Programmable logic
controller function• IEC 61850 compliance
• MIRRORED BITS® high-speed communications
• Continuous self-diagnostics• Synchrophasors• DC battery monitoring• Front-panel interface that
replaces all control switchesand pushbuttons
Relays Are the Foundationof Microgrid Controls
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SCADA
DNP3
IEC 61850GOOSE
PCC
Generator
SEL-751SEL-751 SEL-751
Solar Wind
SEL-751
PCC Relay
DERRelays
Distributed Energy
Resources (DERs)
Relays Provide Distributed Protection and Control for Small Microgrids
ProtectionGovernor and Exciter Dispatch
Inverter DispatchLoad Sharing
Voltage and Frequency Regulation
ReconnectionLoad Shedding
Short- and Open-Circuit ProtectionIEEE Compliance
Power and Power Factor Control
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SEL-3530-4
SEL-849SEL-751 SEL-451 Other IED
Visualization and Diagnostic System
SEL POWERMAX Control Systems
Substation Front-End Processor (FEP)
SubstationEthernet Communications Network
SEL-3555 RTAC
Centralized Controllers Communicate to Relays
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Power Management System LAN
SEL-3555 RTAC
SEL-2440 DPAC
SEL-751A Relays
SEL-2730M
SEL-2730M
RTAC
SEL-3530
RTAC
SEL-3530
Remote I/O
Backup FEP
SEL-2730M
SEL-2730M
Substation
HMI Servers Gateways ControllersSEL-3555 RTAC
RTAC
SEL-3530
Primary FEPRelay-BasedControls
Scale to Any Size Power
System
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0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000 10,000,000Size of Islanded Grid (kW)
Community Microgrids Industrial MicrogridsBulk Electric
Power Systems
ControlFunctionality
in Relay(%)
Use Relays for Small Grids;Use Relays and Controllers for Larger Grids
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DERDER DER
PCC
POI POI POI
Distributed Energy Resource (DER) is a catch-all name for traditional and intermittent
sources
IEEE 1547
IEEE 1547
IEEE 2030.7 – Control
IEEE 2030.8 – Testing
DER
POI or PCC
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Requirement SEL Relay Solution
Sequence of Events (SOE) SER
Event oscillography Event records
Continuous data collection SYNCHROWAVE Central
IEEE 2030.8-2018 Requires Three Types of Mandatory Data Collection
Which are in SEL relays!
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Reconnection
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Macrogrid
Microgrid
V, Slip
Dispatch
PCC Relay
DER Relay
δ (slip)
∆δ
∆V
VMACROGRIDVMICROGRID
PCC Reconnection Is a Relay Function
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15 20 25 30 45–1,000
1,000
500
–500
0Current (A)
Cycles35 40
15 20 25 30 35–1,000
1,000
500
–500
0Current (A)
Cycles
Synchronization Done Wrong
Synchronization Done Right
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Seamless Islanding
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PCC Disconnection Is Protective Relay Function
Loads
Loads
PCCRelay
655 15 25 35 45 55Cycles
–5,000
5,000
0
–500
500
0
Voltage(V)
Current(A)
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Relay Trips
Fault Starts
PCC Disconnection Is Protective Relay Function
0.8 10.60.40.20Seconds
59.5
59
60Frequency
(Hz)
VABVoltage(kV rms)
0
20
10
0
700
350IA
Current(A rms)
BreakerOpens
Microgrid Controller Sheds Load
Load CurrentInterrupted
FrequencyRecovers!
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Macrogrid Disturbance
Conventional Blackout
t
60
Frequency (Hz)
57PCC Relay Trips
PCC Opens
DER Trips
PCC TripDER Trip
Fast 81RF Element Improves Seamless Islanding
Trip RegionMicrogrid
Blackout
IEEE 1547-2003
df/dt (Hz/s)
Frequency (Hz)
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Trip RegionMicrogrid
Blackout
IEEE 1547-2003
df/dt (Hz/s)
Frequency (Hz)
Macrogrid Disturbance
Conventional Blackout
t
60
Frequency (Hz)
57PCC Relay Trips
PCC Opens
DER Trips
PCC TripDER Trip
Fast 81RF Element Improves Seamless Islanding
Microgrid Survives
81RF Trips
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Macrogrid
Microgrid
Loads
Loads Loads LoadsPhotovoltaic and Battery
System
CombinedHeat andPower
DieselGenerator
PCC3PCC2PCC1
Integrated Relays and Controllers Provide Resilient Behavior
59.84
59.88
59.92
59.96
60
60.04
12,000
Freq
uenc
y (H
z)
VAB Voltage (V rms)16,000 20,000
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Seamless Islanding Requires Fast Load Shedding
Grid-Tied Operation
Islanded Operation
Synchronization Systems
Automatic Decoupling
Load Shedding
Subcycle FAST
Controller
Relay
Status Trip
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1,000160
120
80
40
01 10 100 1,000 10,000
Quantity of IEDs
Load-Shed Time (ms)
SEL Controllers
Industrial Control Systems
Process Control Systems
Make Sure Your Controller Is up to the Task
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Fast and Scalable Architectures Are Required
ControllerScan Time: 2 ms
ControllerScan Time: 2 ms
ControllerScan Time: 2 ms
Central FEPScan Time: 2 ms
20 RelaysScan Time: 2 ms
200 RelaysScan Time: 2 ms
1,000 RelaysScan Time: 2 ms
Small (<20 ms) Medium (<30 ms) Large (<40 ms)
Substation FEPScan Time: 2 ms
Substation FEPScan Time: 2 ms
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Contingency Load-Shedding Calculation
where:n = contingency (event) numberm = number of generators in systemg = generator number, 1 through mLn = amount of load selected for n event (kW)Pn = power disparity caused by n event (kW)IRMng = incremental reserve margin of all remaining
generators after n events (kW)
m
n n ngg 1
L P IRM
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• Broken wires• DC battery failures• Breaker contact failures• Governor problems
• Fuel or air problems • Improper maintenance• Incomplete commissioning
Inertial Based Load-Shedding Systems Operate when a Contingency Load Shedding
System is out of service
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4
L3F2
F2
L2F1
L1F1
F1
Macrogrid
Complex Grid
Inertia and Load Composition Compensated Load Shedding Systems stop Blackouts
60
58
57
59
F
T
Normal Operation
Load Shed
Blackout
Traditional Failure
Inertia-Compensated Success
Load Shed ~ H • DFDT = 4 • 2 = 8 MWLoad Shed ~ H • DFDT = 8 • 1 = 8 MW
MW Load to Shed
DFDTF 59
4 8
58
< 0.5
1280.5 to 1.0
> 1.0 12 16
2 4
8
8 12
Microgrid
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Contingency basedInertial compensatedFrequency basedOverloadManual
Fast Load Shedding Makes Seamless Islanding Possible
Fastest
Slowest
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Frequency Resilience
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• Frequency response characteristic (FRC)• Major disturbances• Inverter misoperation• Voltage and MVAR margins• Frequency and MW margins• Economics
What Affects Power System Resilience?
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Locked
5049.4
49
48
4% DropFrequency
(Hz)
AB
C
FRC Example – Large Offshore Natural Gas Liquefaction Plant
Sudden 0.3 pu Load Increase
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Three Common FRC Variants
Location FRC Type Calculation FRC
Point A Transient 50 • 0.3 / (50 – 48.7) 11.5
Point B Locked rotor(extraction mode) 50 • 0.3 / (50 – 48) 7.5
Point CSystem long-term(system droop characteristic)
50 • 0.3 / (50 – 49.4) 25
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• Use better engine and voltage controls• Add inertia• Add motor loads with windage• Limit electronic loads with variable speed drive (VSD)• Use batteries• Include load shedding or curtailment• Include generation shedding or runback
Solutions for Poor FRC
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Power System τ2 (seconds)
Utility 0.5–1.2
Microgrid 0.25–2.5
+–
–DER Frequency /Droop Controller
Steady-State Electrical Load
Frequency
+ –
Simplification
FrequencyDER Frequency /Droop Controller 1 + Sτ2
R
R1
JS1
Step 1 – Identify Grid Time Constants
How Much Responsive Generation Is Required to Ensure Stability?
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Future
Now
100%
Time (seconds)
Δt 1 minute
0.5 second= IRM
Step 2 – Tabulate Incremental Reserve Margin (IRM)
DERRating
(kW)IRM (%)
IRM (kW)
Photovoltaic 200 0 0Battery (slow) 1,000 5 50Battery (fast) 1,000 100 1,000Steam extraction turbine 1,200 0 0Combined heat and power 900 10 90Gas turbine 1,500 40 600Diesel generator set 1,000 40 400Totals 6,800 31.5 2,140
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Step 3 – Compare Total IRM to Largest Disturbance
Event kW
Small motor 200
Load commutated inverter drive 2,000
Large feeder 5,000
Small feeder 800
Available IRM 2,140
50
49.449
48
Frequency (Hz)
DERs Will Trip
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Visualization
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Time-Synchronized Condition Monitoring
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Load SelectionScreens Teach Operators to Dispatch Grid
Differently
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Simplified Graphics for Small Microgrids
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DER Dispatch Control Screens
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Simplified Load-Shedding Configuration
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Modeling
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cHIL Modelling Mandatory for big PowerMAX jobs
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Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) Testing Controls Quality
Microgrid System
HIL System
PCC Controlsand Protection
CT, PT,DI, DO
Hardware Interface
Real-TimeDigital Simulator
ModbusUDP
Dispatch and Load Shedding
DNP3
Automation Controller
IEC 61850
Macrogrid
Microgrid
Macrogrid
Microgrid
Loads
Loads Loads LoadsPhotovoltaic and Battery
System
CombinedHeat andPower
DieselGenerator
PCC3PCC2PCC1
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Capturing Live System Dynamics Enables Engineers to Build Accurate Models
56.9
54.4
55.4
56.4
55.9
54.9
Time (minutes)0 10.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
System Response to Unit Trip
Phase Angle of West Texas With
Respect to UT Austin
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Not All Simulation Software Is Appropriate for Testing Microgrid Control and Protection
Function Simplified EMTP (Not Real Time)
EMTP (Real Time)
Relay coordination ✔
Rotor angle stability ✔ ✔
Frequency stability ✔ ✔
Voltage collapse ✔ ✔
Power flow ✔ ✔ ✔
IRM / DRM and UF / OF coordination ✔ ✔
Voltage collapse ✔ ✔
Motor starting ✔ ✔ ✔
FAT simulation ✔
Operator training ✔
cHIL
EMTP
f
Simplified
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Testing Improves Quality
0 10 20 30 40 50 60–20,000
–15,000
–10,000
–5,000
0
5,000
U.S. Dollars
Iteration
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What Is Next?
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“Self Driving” Power SystemPublish - Subscribe Communications
Hi! I’m a generator.
Great! Send me data.
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Complete Interopability Between Generators of Different sizes & Manufacturers
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InteroperableMaking All DERs Play Nicely Together
Loads Loads
Loads Loads Loads Loads
30 kW Taylor 30 kW Gillette
100 kW CAT 60 kW TQG
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Resilience ModeSuperior Load Sharing and Frequency
Control Performance
No overshoot
No integral windup
No oscillations
No tuning
Fully interoperable
Engine ManufacturerSEL State-Space Energy-Packet
Controls Frequency(Hz)
Power(W)
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• Design for resilience• Use relays for simple microgrid systems• Use relays + centralized controllers for
complex microgrid systems• Test all controls and protection systems with cHIL• Use OT SDN for networking and security
Conclusions
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Questions?