microprocessor laboratory

MicroprocessorMicroprocessor 11

Microprocessor LaboratoryMicroprocessor Laboratory(8086)(8086)

Department Department

of of

Electronics and Electronics and CommunicationsCommunications

Subject code: Subject code:


History of ComputersHistory of Computers

The first The first computers computers were people! were people!

Picture shows Picture shows what is known what is known as “Counting as “Counting Tables”Tables”


History of Computers History of Computers (300 B. C, Babylonia)(300 B. C, Babylonia)

A very old Abacus

A Modern Abacus


History of ComputersHistory of ComputersNapier’s Bones-1617Napier’s Bones-1617

The original Napier's bones Modern set of Napier’s BonesJohn Napier invented logarithmSuccessive

addition=multiplication.


History of ComputersHistory of ComputersSlide Rule -1632Slide Rule -1632

It was still in use in the 1960’s by the It was still in use in the 1960’s by the NASA engineers and by the men who NASA engineers and by the men who landed on the moon.landed on the moon.


History of ComputersHistory of ComputersPascaline -1642Pascaline -1642

Blaise PascalGear driven calculator


History of ComputersHistory of ComputersPunched Cards-1801Punched Cards-1801

Joseph Marie Jacquard Frenchman

Design of fabric was read from punched cards


History of ComputersHistory of ComputersDifference Engine-1822Difference Engine-1822

Charles Babbage

Difference Engine never finished

Analytical Engine

Store=MemoryMill=CPU


History of ComputersHistory of ComputersAnalytical EngineAnalytical Engine

Ada Byron, Countess Lady Lovelace by marriage, prepared a detailed sequence of instructions for the Analytic Engine. She earned her spot in history as the first computer programmer


History of ComputersHistory of ComputersHollerith desk-1890Hollerith desk-1890

In 1890 the prize was won by Herman Hollerith who helped with his invention by saving the government 5 million dollars.

Punch (write) new cards based upon an analysis (reading) of some other set of cards. today called a read/write technology.

Hollerith built a company, the Tabulating Machine Company which, after a few buyouts, eventually became International Business Machines, known today as IBM.


History of ComputersHistory of ComputersTwo types of punched cardsTwo types of punched cards


History of ComputersHistory of Computers19441944

World War II25 miles target.

Solving equations waslaborious

Harvard and IBM Mark I computer.

Switches, relays, rotating shafts, and clutches.

Ran non-stop for 15 years


History of ComputersHistory of Computers”Bug””Bug”

First computer "bug": a dead moth that had gotten into the Mark I and whose wings were blocking the reading of the holes in the paper tape. The word "bug" had been used to describe a defect since at least 1889 but Hopper is credited with coining the word "debugging" to describe the work to eliminate program faults.



1953 Grace Hopper invented the first high-level language, "Flow-matic". This language eventually became COBOL

A high-level language is worthless without a program -- known as a compiler -- to translate it into the binary language of the computer


History of Computers- 1959History of Computers- 1959

IBM Stretch

Computer of 1959


History of ComputersHistory of ComputersApple Computer of 1976Apple Computer of 1976

Apple was sold as a do-it-yourself kit for $600


History of ComputersHistory of ComputersMainframe CDC 7600Mainframe CDC 7600

Computers were

expensive because of their extensive wiring


History of ComputersHistory of ComputersBetween Mainframe and Desk Between Mainframe and Desk

TopTop

Minicomputers.

DEC PDP-12 1969



Between 1943 and 1945 by two professors, John Mauchly and the 24 year old J. Presper Eckert built the ENIAC



Cables were “tested” by rats!!!!!ENIAC did humanity no favor when it declared

the hydrogen bomb feasible. This first ENIAC program remains classified even today.



Eckert and Mauchly's next teamed up with the mathematician John von Neumann to design EDVAC, which pioneered the stored program.


History of ComputersHistory of Computers After ENIAC and EDVAC

came other computers with humorous names such as

ILLIAC,

JOHNNIAC,

and, of course,

MANIAC.



Arthur C. Clarke chose to have the HAL computer of his famous book "2001: A Space Odyssey" born at Champaign-Urbana. Have you ever noticed that you can shift each of the letters of IBM backward by one alphabet position and get HAL?



The original IBM Personal Computer (PC)The original IBM Personal Computer (PC)


The Microprocessor AgeThe Microprocessor Age 19711971 World’s first microprocessor is Intel World’s first microprocessor is Intel

40044004.. 4096 4-bit wide memory locations.4096 4-bit wide memory locations. 45 instructions.45 instructions. p-channel MOSFET technology, 50 p-channel MOSFET technology, 50

KIPS( kilo instructions per second)KIPS( kilo instructions per second)


Intel 4004Intel 4004


Technical details of the Intel Technical details of the Intel 40044004

Maximum clock speed was 740 kHz Instruction cycle time: 10.8 µs[12] (8 clock cycles /

instruction cycle) Instruction execution time 1 or 2 instruction cycles

(10.8 or 21.6 µs), 46300 to 92600 instructions per second

Separate program and data storage. Contrary to Harvard architecture designs, however, which use separate buses, the 4004, with its need to keep pin count down, used a single multiplexed 4-bit bus for transferring: 12-bit addresses 8-bit instructions 4-bit data words

Instruction set contained 46 instructions (of which 41 were 8 bits wide and 5 were 16 bits wide)

Register set contained 16 registers of 4 bits each Internal subroutine stack 3 levels deep.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clock_speed

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilohertz

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_4004#cite_note-11

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_architecture

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_bus

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplexer

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_%28computer_science%29

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instruction_set

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subroutine

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stack-based_memory_allocation


Intel 8008Intel 8008 3500 transistors3500 transistors .5 MHz.5 MHz 48 instructions48 instructions 16 Kbytes 16 Kbytes

memorymemory The 8008 was The 8008 was

the CPU for the the CPU for the very first very first commercial commercial personal personal computers. computers.


Bit-Byte-NibbleBit-Byte-Nibble

Bit= 0 or 1Bit= 0 or 1

Eight bits = byte (Bite) Eight bits = byte (Bite)

Four bits = Nibble (Small bite) Four bits = Nibble (Small bite)


Intel 8080Intel 8080 19741974 8 bit microprocessor8 bit microprocessor Motorola released Motorola released

MC6800MC6800 8080 was TTL compatible8080 was TTL compatible Interfacing was much Interfacing was much

easier and less easier and less expensive.expensive.

64 Kbyte memory.64 Kbyte memory. First PC Altair 8800 First PC Altair 8800

released. BASIC language released. BASIC language interpreter developed by interpreter developed by Bill Gates.Bill Gates.


Intel 8085Intel 8085 19771977 769,230 instructions 769,230 instructions

per secondper second Internal clock Internal clock

generator, internal generator, internal system controller and system controller and higher clock higher clock frequencyfrequency

About 200 million in About 200 million in existance.existance.


The Modern MicroprocessorThe Modern Microprocessor

In 1976 the Intel 8086 In 1976 the Intel 8086 was releasedwas released

16 bit microprocessor16 bit microprocessor 2.5 MIPS (million 2.5 MIPS (million

instructions per instructions per second)second)

1 Mbytes of memory1 Mbytes of memory 4 or 6 byte instruction 4 or 6 byte instruction

cache or queue to cache or queue to prefetch instructions prefetch instructions before they were before they were executed.executed.


The 80286 MicroprocessorThe 80286 Microprocessor 16 bit architecture 16 bit architecture

microprocessormicroprocessor 16 Mbyte memory16 Mbyte memory 4 MIPS4 MIPS


Intel 80386Intel 80386 19861986

32 bit 32 bit microprocessor, (32 microprocessor, (32 bit data bus, 32 bit bit data bus, 32 bit memory address)memory address)

4 G bytes of memory4 G bytes of memory

275,000 transistors275,000 transistors


Pentium Pro ProcessorPentium Pro Processor


Pentium proPentium pro 21 million transistors21 million transistors 3 integer units and a floating point unit3 integer units and a floating point unit Clock frequency 166 MHzClock frequency 166 MHz 16 K level 1 cache, 256 K level 2 cache.16 K level 1 cache, 256 K level 2 cache. 3 execution engines, 3 instructions at a 3 execution engines, 3 instructions at a

time.time.