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University Campus BarnsleyReferencing Using Barnsley-Harvard

This guide shows you how to reference using the Harvard referencing system, as specified by Barnsley College: Barnsley-Harvard.

It covers the key types of information sources you use in academic study. It shows both how to cite a source in the body of your work, and the details to put in your reference list at the end.

Barnsley-Harvard referencing style is supported by the RefME referencing generator www.RefME.com. You can use this to help you put together reference details for commonly used types of information sources such as books, journals and websites. Always check for youself the references it generates against the specifications given in this guide.

For further help on academic writing and referencing see Barnsley College Study Skills site. Here you can find contact details to book a 1-to-1 appointment for personal assistance.

http://barnsley-ltu.co.uk/studyskillsbc/

http://barnsley-ltu.co.uk/studyskillsbc/

http://www.RefME.com/

Referencing using Barnsley-Harvard

When you include information from published sources in your work, you must acknowledge your source fully and accurately by:

Identifying your source, in a brief format, in the body of your written work (referred to as an in-text or inline citation).

Providing a detailed list in alphabetic order of your sources at the end of your work (known as a reference list).

There are a number of formats that can be used to help you reference correctly and consistently in academic work. Barnsley College uses Harvard (Name - Date) referencing, as described in this booklet. Some courses may use slightly different versions of Harvard, or a different referencing system altogether, for example, APA (American Psychological Association). Check with your academic tutor which referencing system your course requires you to use.

Why reference?

To show that you have done some research and have found relevantinformation.To support any claims you have made through reference to anauthoritative author on the subject.To enable readers to trace the sources you used and draw their own conclusions from the original works which you have cited.To avoid being accused of plagiarism. Plagiarism is using someone else's work as your own without acknowledging it. If you do not acknowledge your sources you are guilty of academic misconduct and may incur serious penalties.

When do you need to reference?You must acknowledge your source with a reference whenever you:

Mention a theory, fact, argument or viewpoint attributable to a specific person or organisation.

Use statistics, illustrations, musical examples etc. from another source.

It makes no difference whether you are directly quoting another source or paraphrasing the ideas, both require referencing.

Sometimes you may want to refer to a source described or quoted in another author’s work. If you have read about someone’s work in another source, acknowledge the original source in your text along with a citation to the source you have actually read. ONLY include details of the source you have read in your reference list. This is called secondary referencing.

Quotation v paraphrase – what’s the difference?

A quotation is the direct transcription into your work of the exact words from the original text. Short quotations which appear naturally within the flow of your work should be made obvious by enclosing them in quotation marks and giving a citation. Page numbers must be included for quotations, for example:

It is argued that “references are items you have read and specifically referred to (or cited) in your assignment” (Neville, 2007, p.24).Longer quotations (more than one sentence in length) should be introduced by a colon: and indented, typed with single spacing but without quotation marks. Remember the citation and page number, for example:

Silvestri emphasises the resistance towards community policing:

The resistance towards community policing is also borne out in the British case. It has been widely noted that community policing initiatives have had to contend with subversion and opposition by the lower ranks in particular (Silvestri, 2003, p.37).

To paraphrase is to rewrite the original text in your own words.Quotation marks are not used, but there should still be a citation to show that the ideas are not original. When using ideas from a specific part of a longer work, it is helpful to include page numbers.

Remember:Record all the details of the material you use at the time you are using it. It may be difficult to remember the details or find the item later on.

Be precise in recording page numbers for quotations or if using ideas from a specific part of a longer work. Use p. for single page or pp. for several pages.If your source does not have page numbers, use whatever information is available to specify location within the work.

Quotations should be used sparingly. It is best to put the text into your own words to show your own understanding of the ideas.

More than one reference to support your argument?

If you are using more than one reference to support your discussion, list them in your text in chronological order, citing the earliest item first, for example: Smith (2007), Brown (2008) and Jones (2009) all suggest...

It has been suggested (Smith, 2007; Brown, 2008; Jones, 2009)…

What if there is no date?

Use (n.d.) in place of the year.

What is the difference between a reference list and a bibliography?

A reference list only refers to sources cited within the body of your work. A bibliography is a list of all sources you have consulted, regardless of whether you have cited them or not.Also, some lecturers may ask you to produce an annotated bibliography or reference list. This simply means that after each source listed, you write a couple of sentences that appraise the usefulness of the source in relation to the topic you are discussing.

IN-TEXT EXAMPLE REFERENCE LIST EXAMPLE

BOOKS

Reference to author in text, give year of publication in brackets after their name.

No reference to author in text, include author surname, date in brackets.

Page numbers must be included for direct quotations.

BOOKS

Author(s) in format Surname, Initial(s)

(Year of publication) Title in italics: Subtitle. Edition (if not 1st ed.) Place of publication: NOTE: if more

than one place given, use the most local

Publisher.

Books – one author

According to Jarvis (2010), when adults return to education...

Jarvis, P. (2010) Adult education and lifelong learning: Theory and practice. 4th ed. London: Routledge.

Books – two authors

It is recommended when searching a database that truncation symbols are used (Knight and Ruddock, 2008, pp.15-17).

Knight, A. and Ruddock, L. (2008) Advanced research methods in the built environment. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.

Books – three or more authors

In their analysis, Collier et al. (2009)recommend that...It has been recommended (Collier et al., 2009)...

Collier, B.J., Bide, M.J. and Tortora, P.G. (2009) Understanding textiles. 7th ed. London: Pearson Prentice-Hall.

NOTE: All authors should be named in the reference list.

Edited books

The media can be harsh in their judgements against the police (Leishman and Mason, 2003).

Leishman, F. and Mason, P. (eds.) (2003) Policing and the media. Portland: Willan.


CHAPTER from edited books

Reference to author of chapter in text, just give year of publication in brackets after their name.

No reference to author of chapter in text, include author surname, date in brackets.

Page numbers must be included fordirect quotations.

CHAPTER from edited books Author of chapter in format

Surname, Initial(s) (Year of publication) ‘Title of chapter in inverted commas’. In: Editor(s) of the book containing

chapter in format Surname, Initial(s) (ed./eds.) Title of book in italics:

Subtitle. Edition (if not 1st ed.) Place of publication: Publisher, pp. page numbers of chapter.

Dunderstadt (2009, p.7) makes the point that…

Dunderstadt, J. (2009) ‘Possible futures for the research library in the 21st

century’. In: Barnet, D. and Heath, F. (eds.) The research library in the 21st

century. Abingdon: Routledge, pp.4-12.E-books

Reference to author in text, just give year of publication in brackets after their name.No reference to author in text, include author surname, date in brackets.Page numbers must be included for direct quotations.

If the e-book exactly replicates a book in print, you can treat it as a print book.

If you want to add e-details, add:

Available at: Name of database and/or homepage URL of database

[Accessed date].

It could be argued that the witness plays one of the most crucial roles in a court of law (Wall, 2009).

Wall, W. (2009) Forensic science in court: The role of the expert witness. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. Available at: Dawsonera [Accessed 20 May 2011].

Kindle and other e-book readers

Many Kindle books now have page numbers. If there are no page numbers, use chapter headings or any other information that is available to indicate the location of a quoted section.

Reference should mirror e-book: Author (Year) Title in italics [Kindle or other e-reader]. Place: Publisher (if available). Available at: URL [Downloaded date].


In-text citations follow the same format as a printed book.…is one important design skill to master(Sherwin, 2012, section 5: Lick it good).

Sherwin, D. (2012) Creative workshop: 80 challenges to sharpen your design skills [Kindle]. HOW Books. Available at: Amazon http://www.amazon.co.uk [Downloaded 20 May 2012].

Books written in another language

Semprun (2004) discusses… Semprun, J. (2004) Veinte anos y un dia. Barcelona: Difusion.

Translated book

Reference to author in text, just give year of publication in brackets after their name.



Author (Year) Title in italics. Translated by translator’s name

(NOTE unlike authors and editors, translator’s name is written with surname last).

Place: Publisher.

Beauvoir (1953) asserts that ... Beauvoir, S. de (1953) The secondsex. Translated by H.M. Parshley. London: Vintage.

Referencing items you have not read (secondary referencing).

Include both the original piece of work and the secondary source in the body of your work.

In your reference list, ONLY give details for the book you have actually read.

Anderson and Gross, cited in Polit and Beck (2008, p.142) illustrate how…

Polit, D.F. and Beck, C.T. (2008) Nursing research: Generating and assessing evidence for nursing practice. London: Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins.


Reference books

In some cases for reference books such as dictionaries there are no obvious authors or editors. If you can’t identify an author or editor, cite using the book title instead.

NOTE: When using the title in your in- text citation, title comes first in your reference list, placed in alphabetic order of the first significant word (NOT The, A etc.) along with authors.

Reference books

Author(s) or editor(s) (ed./eds.) (if available)

(Year) Title in italics: Subtitle. Edition (if not 1st ed.) Place: Publisher.

If accessed online, add:

Available at: URL [Accessed date].

If there is no obvious author, use title:

Title in italics: Subtitle (Year). Edition (if not 1st ed.) Place: Publisher.

According to the definition (Oxfordpaperback thesaurus, 2008, p.21)…

Oxford paperback thesaurus (2008). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

ARTICLES

Printed academic JOURNAL articles




Printed academic JOURNAL articles


(Year of publication) ‘Article title in inverted commas:

Subtitle’. Name of Journal in Italics and

Capitals. Volume (Issue or part number), p./pp. page number(s) of article.

Fashion is an important part of image(Twigg, 2010).

Twigg, J. (2010) ‘How does Vogue negotiate age?: Fashion, the body, and the older woman’. Fashion Theory: the Journal of Dress, Body and Culture. 14(4), pp.471-490.

Fashion is an important part of image (Twigg, 2010).


E-journal articles




E-journal articles

If the e-journal exactly replicates an article in print, you can treat it as a print article. This will generally be the case for articles you access in databases with a username and password.

If you want to add e-details, add:

Available at: Name of database and/or homepage URL e.g. SPORTDiscus http://web.ebscohost.com OR article DOI e.g.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jal.2003.11.002OR if accessed in a free web journal article URL

[Accessed date].

Journal articles – electronic from a database

McMahon (2010) states that sex discrimination is still rife in the workplace…

McMahon, N. (2010) ‘Sex discrimination in the workplace’. Caterer and Hotelkeeper. 200(4647), p.52. Available at: SPORTDiscushttp://web.ebscohost.com/ [Accessed 21January 2010].

NOTE: Online access details optional.

Journal articles freely available from the web

It has been acknowledged (Barnard et al.,2010) that…

Barnard, S., Powell, A., Bagihole, B. and Dainty, A. (2010) ‘Researching UJ women professionals in SET: A critical review of current approaches’. International Journal of Gender, Science and Technology. 2(3). Available at: http://genderandset.open.ac.uk/index.php/genderandset/article/view/65 [Accessed 19 January 2011].


NEWSPAPERS



If no author, use title of article.


NEWSPAPERS


(Year of publication) ‘Article title in inverted commas’. Name of Newspaper in Italics and

Capitals. Day and month published, p./pp. page number(s) (if available).

For newspaper articles accessed via a subscription database, give availability information as you would for an e-journal, for example: Available at: Consumer Health Complete [Accessed 2

March 2016].

Newspapers - paper copy

The future will see many changes in funding for higher education (Vasagar, 2011).

Vasagar, J. (2011) ‘Students get less tuition as cash dwindles’. The Observer. 13 February, p.23.

Online newspaper article freely available on the web

A top scientist asserts that GM crops could feed the world (Linden, 2011).

Linden, M. (2011) ‘GM crops could feed the world says top scientist’. The Independent. 24 January. Available at: http://www.independent.co.uk/news/scienc e/gm-crops-could-feed.the-world-says-top- scientist-2192790.html [Accessed 24 January 2011].

Articles appear in a wide variety of serial publications.

Different publications use different ways to identify issues, for example: A journal published quarterly may use the season. A magazine published monthly may use month. Other magazines may use issue number.

Use whatever information is provided by the publication.


Print MAGAZINE articles

Tubb (2016) suggests…

Texturing is important to images (Ward, 2013)…

Tubb, J. (2016) ‘A responsible challenge’. Early Years Educator. February, pp.21-23.

Ward, A. (2013) ‘Master the full texturing process’. 3D World. 173, pp.68-73.

MAGAZINE articles from free websites

Plevin (2016) lists five ways… Plevin, R. (2016) 'Five ways to silence a noisy class'. Times Educational Supplement. 2 March. Available at: https://www.tes.com/us/news/breaking-views/five-ways-silence-a-noisy-class [Accessed 12 March 2016].

WEBPAGES



If the website is published by an organisation, use the organisation as the author.

WEBPAGES


(Year) (if no obvious date then use n.d.)

Title of website in italics [medium] (e.g. podcast, blogpost

if relevant). Available at: URL [Accessed date].

Webpage with author

Atherton (2005) makes the point that…

A review of ANCIL (Secker, 2014) concludes…

Atherton, J.S. (2005) Learning and Teaching: Cognitive theories of learning. Available at: http://www.learningandteaching.info/learni ng/cognitive.htm [Accessed 1 March 2011].

Secker, J. (2014) ANCIL in practice: A road less travelled [blogpost]. Available at: https://newcurriculum.wordpress.com/2014/02/03/ancil-in-practice-the-road-less-travelled/ [Accessed 6 March 2016].

Webpage with organisation as author

Libraries need to respond to the needs of their users and understand new ways of finding information (JISC, 2008).

The introduction to the Library and Computing Centre (University of Huddersfield, 2008) emphasises…

JISC (2008) Google Generation is a myth. Available at: www.jisc.ac.uk/news/stories/2008/01/googl egen.aspx [Accessed 23 February 2010].

University of Huddersfield (2008) Welcome to the Library and Computing Centre [podcast]. Available at: http://www2.hud.ac.uk/cls/thebasics/huddersfield.findway.php [Accessed 3 March 2011].

Online VIDEO from YouTube etc.

Reference to organisation or author in text, just give year of publication in brackets after the name.

No reference to organisation or author in text, include author surname, date in brackets.

Organisation or author responsible (Year) Title in italics [video]. Available at: URL [Accessed date].

Owl cafes are popular in Japan (Abroadin Japan, 2016)…

Crynight (2016) in this video…

Abroadin Japan (2016) Visiting an owl café in Japan [video]. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NnrAISE 6x08 [Accessed 3 March 2016].

Crynight, T. (2016) Five nights at Freddy's (part 11) - Readier Freddy [video]. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cD1dEM3Tits [Accessed 10 March 2016].

Other types of resources you may want to reference

If you want to reference a type of source not included here, try and find the nearest equivalent and follow that example. There are more examples you can look at and adapt to Barnsley-Harvard style in Pears, R. and Sheilds, G. (2013) Cite them right: the essential referencing guide. 9th ed. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. 808.027 PEA.

Or you can contact us: [email protected]


ART WORK (image, photograph, painting, graph, table etc.)

The creator/artist/photographer is cited as the author.

If the work appears in a book by another author, treat it as you would a chapter from an edited book.

Reference to author/creator in text, just give year of publication in brackets after the name.

No reference to author/creator in text, include author surname, date in brackets.

Add page/illustration/figure numbers as for a quotation.

ART WORK

If the author of the book is the creator: Author(s) in format Surname,

Initial(s) (Year of publication) Title in italics: Subtitle. Edition (if not 1st ed.) Place: Publisher.

For an illustration or photograph in a book authored by another:

Creator in format Surname, Initial(s) (Year of publication) ‘Title of the work in inverted commas’ [medium of the work] if relevant. In: followed by details of the book

with Title in italics (see example for CHAPTER in book),

Page number(s).If the image is online, add after Title [medium].


Transformative learning can be envisioned as a cycle (Jarvis, 2010, fig. 4.1)The illustrator (Versace, 1991) shows that…

Jarvis, P. (2010) Adult education and lifelong learning: Theory and practice. 4th ed. Abingdon: Routledge.Versace, G. (1991) ‘Gold Medusa watch’ [photograph]. In: Townsend, C. Rapture: Art’s seduction by fashion since 1970. London: Thames & Hudson, p.9.

mailto:[email protected]

Tower Bridge (Britton, n.d.) Britton, I. (n.d.) Tower Bridge, London, England [photograph]. Available at: http://www.freefoto.com/preview/31-02-2?ffid=31-01-2 [Accessed 5 March 2011].

Art EXHIBITION CATALOGUEThe artist is generally cited as the author.Reference to the artist in text, just give year of publication in brackets after their name.

No reference to artist in text, include author surname, date in brackets.

Artist (Year of publication) Title of catalogue in italics [exhibition catalogue]. Location and date of exhibition. Place: Publisher (where available).

The paintings in the recent exhibition of his work at the Tate (Miro, 2011) illustrate…

Miro, J. (2011) Miro [exhibition catalogue]. Tate Modern, London 14 April – 11 September 2011. London: Tate Publishing.

Art EXHIBITION The artist is cited as the author.

Reference to the artist in text, just give year of publication in brackets after their name.

No reference to artist in text, include artist surname, date in brackets.

Artist (Year of exhibition) Title of exhibition in italics [art or exhibition type if relevant]. Exhibited at: Location and date of the exhibition. [Viewed date].

The Pharmacy (Hirst, 2009) illustrates… Hirst, D. (2009) Pharmacy [installation]. Exhibited at: The Baltic, Gateshead 24 October 2009-7 March 2010. [Viewed 12 December 2009]

BROCHURE, LEAFLET, PAMPHLET

The author is generally an organisation.Reference to author in text, just give year of publication in brackets after their name.No reference to author in text, include author, date in brackets.Page numbers must be included for direct quotations where available.

BROCHURE, LEAFLET, PAMPHLET

Organisation (Year of publication) (if no date use

n.d.) Title in italics [medium] e.g. [brochure]. Place: (if not clear from publisher) Publisher (if available).

It is crucial to examine patient information when compiling NHS evidence (University of Huddersfield, 2010).

University of Huddersfield (2010) NHS evidence: patient information [leaflet]. Huddersfield University Library.

CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS

Reference to author in text (the author is the name of the organising body), just give year of publication in brackets after their title.

No reference to author in text, include author, date in brackets.


CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS

Name of organising body (Year of publication) Title of conference proceedings

(including number, not in italics, if there is one).

Location and date of the conference (if available).

Place: Publisher (if available).

At the ASME Conference (2007)… ASME (2007) Conference proceedings of the ASME 2nd Energy Nanotechnology International Conference (ENIC2007). Santa Clara, California, 5-7 September 2007. California: American Society of Mechanical Engineers.

Individual CONFERENCE PAPER


No reference to author in text, includeauthor surname, date in brackets.


Author(Year)‘Title of paper’.In: OR Paper presented to…Title or Name of the conference.Other details (as above if available),Page numbers (if available).

OR if it is available online give:

Available from: URL [Accessed date].

The digital immigrant (Bayne and Ross,2007) is identified by…

Bayne, S. and Ross, J. (2007) ‘The ‘digital native’ and ‘digital immigrant’: A dangerous opposition’. Paper presented to the Annual Conference of the Society for Research into Higher Education (SRHE). Available from: http://www.malts.ed.ac.uk/staff/sian/nativ es_final.pdf [Accessed 24 June 2009].

FILMS

Most films are the co-operative output of many individuals. The title is therefore used in place of the author.

Reference to film in text, just give year of release in brackets after the name.

No reference to the film in text, include title of film, date in brackets.

FILMS

Film title in italics[medium] (i.e. format in which you

watched the film, e.g. film, DVD)(Year of release).Directed by name, surname lastPlace:Production company.Reference number (if available).

In the film Macbeth (2007)… Macbeth [DVD] (2007). Directed by Geoffrey Wright. London: Revolver Entertainment.

GAMES and computer programs

Production company is often the author

GAMES and computer programs

Author (if available) (Year) Title in italics [medium] e.g. [computer game]. Version number if relevant. Place: Production company (if

available).

OR if online, add the following:

Available at: URL [Downloaded date].

In the Wii fit game (Nintendo, 2008)… Nintendo (2008) Wii fit [computer game]. Nintendo UK.

GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS

The author maybe the Government department or organisation for which the publication was produced.




GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS

Author or Government dept. or organisation for which the publication was produced

(Year of publication) Title in italics: Subtitle. Official reference number (if there

is one). Place: Publisher (if available).

OR if the publication is online, add the following:


According to the Government’s action plan (Department for Children, Schools and Families, 2009)…

Department for Children, Schools and Families (2009) The protection of children in England: action plan: the Government's response to Lord Laming. Cm 7589. London: The Stationery Office.

According to the Department of Education (2011, p.10) there is a requirement to “give local areas the responsibility to draw on research and theoretical models to inform local practice.”

Department for Education (2011) The Munro review of child protection: final report. Cm 8062. London: The Stationery Office. Available at: https://www.education.gov.uk/publications/standard/Childrenandfamilies/Page1/CM%208062 [Accessed 28 February 2011].

LAWS (English)

Reference in the text to the short title of the Act. The title includes the year so there is no need to add a date.

No reference to the Act in the text, include short title in brackets.

Section numbers (as they appear in the Act) must be included for direct quotations.

LAWS (English)

Short Title of the Act including the Year in Italics and Capitals

(c. chapter number of the Act). Available at: URL [Accessed date].

NOTE: Pre-1963 laws include regnal years as well as chapter numbers. Details on www.legislation.gov, for example:Education Act 1944 (7 and 8 Geo 6, c.31).

The Identity Documents Act 2010 (7(1)(b)) states that a UK passport…

Identity Documents Act 2010 (c.40). Available at: http://www.legislation.gov.uk[Accessed 9 March 2016].

Legal CASES (English)

When citing a legal case it is necessary to state the case name (party names) and date.

References to specific parts of a judgment should include section numbers.

Case references in the reference list take a peculiar legal format (OSCOLA):

post-2001, neutral citation of courtorlaw report series in which published.

Names of courts and publications are given as abbreviations, see Cardiff Index of Legal Abbreviations (www.legalabbrevs.cardiff.ac.uk/).

Case name in italics [Date heard] Court Case number.

Or Case name in italics [Date reported] Volume Law report series published in First page of report.

NOTE: Only if it is not needed to identify a specific volume is the year given in round brackets ( ).

If the case is online, add:


Lawyers in court should reference the print report (R v Erskine, 2009, 74-81).

In Chalmers v Johns (1999)…

R v Erskine [2009] EWCA Crim 1425.Available at: http://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWCA/Crim/2009/1425.html [Accessed 9 March 2016].

Chalmers v Johns [1999] 1 FLR 39.

Your LECTURE notes

Reference to author/organisation in text, just give year of delivery in brackets after their name.

No reference to author/organisation intext, include author, date in brackets.

Your LECTURE notes

Lecturer (Year of lecture) Title of lecture in italics [lecture to module group]. Day and month of lecture.

Evidence based practice (Collins, 2011) is …

Collins, K.V. (2011) Searching the Evidence [lecture to Evidence Based Nursing module]. 10 September.

MUSIC, sound recording

The composer/artist/group is cited as the author.



MUSIC, sound recording

Composer/Artist/Group (Year) Title of the album in italics [medium]. Subsidiary contributors of interest

(e.g. conductor, soloist) Place: Label. Reference number (if available).

For a single track, insert ‘title of the track in inverted commas’ after year and before title of the album. Also include track details after place of publication and reference number (if available).

In the recording of Mozart’s violin concertos (2006)…

In P J Harvey’s ‘Oh my lover’ (2006)…

Mozart, W.A. (2006) Violin concertos [LP].Leonidas Kavakos. Germany: Sony.82896842412.

Harvey, P.J. (2006) ‘Oh my lover’. P J Harvey: The Peel Sessions, 1991-2004 [DVD]. London: BBC. LC 00407, track 1.

Live PERFORMANCES

Cite the creator of the work that was performed

Composer/Artist/Group (Year) Title of the work that was performed in italics (if relevant). Performed by…(if different to creator) Location of venue, Date of performance.

The performance of Beethoven’s fifth symphony (2009)

The Kings of Leon (2008)…

Beethoven, L. (2009) Symphony no 5 in C minor. Performed by Halifax Symphony Orchestra. Victoria Theatre, Halifax, 14 June.

Kings of Leon (2008). Glastonbury Festival, 27 June.

Music SCORE

The composer is cited as the author.



Composer/Artist/Group (Year of publication) Title of the work in italics. Subsidiary contributors (if relevant). Place: Publisher.

Mozart (1993) when composing … Mozart, W. (1993) Requiem for soprano, alto, tenor and bass soli, SATB and orchestra K626. Edited and with a new completion by D. Druce. London: Novello.

PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS (E- MAILS, LETTERS, PERSONAL INTERVIEWS)

In-text citations begin with the sender of the message.

Indicate to the reader that it is a personal communication and give details.

It is usually good practice to seekpermission from the person concerned before using them as a reference.

PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS (E- MAILS, LETTERS, PERSONAL INTERVIEWS)

Personal communications are generally unrecorded and very hard to verify. For that reason they do not appear in your reference list.

…while “leisure is often the first thing to suffer when funds are tight” (Barnsley Council, personal communication by email 01 August 2010).

STANDARDS (British)

The author is British Standards Institution.




STANDARDS (British)

British Standards Institution (Year of publication) British Standard number:

NOTE: identifying letters and numbers proceed the title

Title in italics. Place: BSI.

OR if it is available online give:

Available from: URL [Accessed date].

According to the strict conventions of proof reading (British Standards Institution, 2000)…

British Standards Institution (2000) BS15661-1: Copy preparation and proof correction. Design and layout of documents. Milton Keynes: BSI.

THESIS OR DISSERTATION




THESIS OR DISSERTATION

Author in format: Surname, Initial(s) (Year of award) Title in italics. Type of document (e.g. PhD

thesis, BA dissertation). Place of award (if not clear

from institution name): Awarding institution.

OR if available online, e.g. through a university repository, add the following to the reference:


Peck (2000) summarises this by saying…

It has been argued (Crines, 2010)…

Peck, M. (2000) Methodology for analysis and improvement of planning within the engineer to order sector. PhD thesis. University of Huddersfield.

Crines, A. (2010) Michael Foot, the role of ideology and the Labour leadership elections of 1976 and 1980.PhD thesis. University of Huddersfield. Available at: http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/9646/1/acrinesfinalthesis.pdf [Accessed 3 March 2011].

TV & RADIO PROGRAMME

As with films, there are many individuals involved in their creation. Title is used in place of author.

Reference to title in text, just give year of production in brackets after the title.

No reference to the title in text, include title, date in brackets.

TV & RADIO PROGRAMME

‘Programme/episode title in inverted commas’, series/episode number (Year) Series Name in Italics and Capitals [medium] (i.e. the format you saw it in e.g. TV broadcast, DVD). Place: Producer (i.e. channel,

where available), Reference number (if

available), Day and month (for broadcasts and off air recordings).

If the broadcast is not in a series, start with Programme title in italics [medium].

If viewed online:


The Blowing Bubbles (2008) makes the point that…

Lincoln was no saint (Abraham Lincoln: saint or sinner?, 2011)

Babies often do not sleep (What to do if your baby is crying and won’t sleep, 2016)…

Buffy the Vampire Slayer brought a new kind of vampire to the screen in 1997 (2004) showing…

‘Blowing bubbles’, episode 3 (2008) The Ascent of Money [DVD off air recording]. London: C4, 12 January.

Abraham Lincoln: saint or sinner? [off air recording] (2011). London: BBC4, 2

March. Available at: https://estream.barnsley.ac.uk/ [Accessed 28 February 2015].

‘What to do if your baby is crying and won’t sleep’ (2016) Women’s Hour [i-player radio]. BBC Radio 4, March 16. Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0738hlw [Accessed 22 March 2016].

Buffy the Vampire Slayer, season 1[DVD box set] (2004). Directed by Joss Whedon. 20th Century Fox, B00004YWJE.

Some abbreviations commonly used in referencing systems:

DOI Digital object identifier (like a car number plate for online articles, books and chapters)

ed. Editor or edition of book depending on context

edn. Used by some (NOT Barnsley Harvard) referencing systems for edition

eds. Editors

et al. And others (et alii). Used for multiple authors in in-text citations

ibid. In the same place (ibidem). Often used in numeric referencing systems to replace reference details where the details have already been given. May also be seen in in-text citations to replace name and date where the immediately preceding citation is the same, for example: Abbreviations can be used in referencing (Smith, 2013, p.87)….but should be used sparingly (ibid., p5)

n.d. No date

op.cit. / loc. cit. In the work cited (opere citato / loco citato). Used in numeric referencing systems where references are repeated

p./pp. Page/pages

Title: Subtitle .(Year)

Available at: URL[Accessed date].

Availability statement.Author(s)Surname, Initial(s) Initials(s)

Place(city): Publisher.

(Year)Author(s) of partSurname, Initial(s) ’Title: Subtitle

of part’ . Container.

In: Editor(s)Surname, Initial(s) (ed./eds.)

Titleof book.

p./pp. pages.

Availabilitystatement.

Issue,

’Title: subtitle of part’.

Serial Name.

’Title: subtitle of part’.

p./pp. pages.

Basic building blocks for reference list:

[medium]

Additional information e.g. Edition ed. Serial number. Additional responsibility statements e.g. Translated by Surname last.

[medium]

Online availability.