microtrap vod operations manual edition 3.pdf

8/11/2019 MicroTrap VOD Operations Manual Edition 3.pdf

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VOD Operations ManualEdition 3.0

Manufactured By:

MREL SPECIALTY EXPLOSIVE PRODUCTS LIMITED


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THIS PAGE IS INTENTIONALLY BLANK.


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VOD Operations Manual - Edition 3.0 Page

MREL Specialty Explosive Products Limited (MREL) warrants that the product is free from Manufacturers defectsfor a period of two (2) years from the date of shipment to the Customer. This Warranty covers all parts andlabour.

MREL does not warrant that the product will meet the Customer's requirements, or that it will operate in thecombinations which may be selected by the Customer.

MREL does not and cannot warrant the performance or results that may be obtained by using the product.Accordingly, the product and its documentation are sold "as is" without warranty as to their performancemerchantability or fitness for any particular purpose. The Customer assumes the entire risk as to the results andperformance of the product.

The MREL logo is a registered trademark of Mining Resource Engineering Limited. The MicroTrap logo is a

registered trademark of MREL Specialty Explosive Products Limited. Windows is a registered trademark ofMicrosoft Corporation. All other brand and product names are trademarks or registered trademarks of theirespective companies.

Copyright 2000, MREL Specialty Explosive Products Limited. This Operations Manual and accompanyingMicroTrap Advanced Analytical Software supersedes any earlier editions. All Rights Reserved. Reproduction oadaptation of any part of this documentation or Softwarewithout written permission of the Copyright owner isunlawful.


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Page ii VOD Operations Manual Edition 3.0

ABOUT THIS MANUAL

Congratulations on your acquisition of the MicroTrap VOD/Data Recorder, manufactured by MREL SpecialtyExplosive Products Limited (MREL). The instructions in this VOD Operations Manual serve as a reference for theoperation of the MicroTrap for recording the continuous velocity of detonation (VOD) of explosives and hole/deckdelay times. The VOD Operations Manual is divided into the following Chapters:

CHAPTER 1: GETTING STARTEDThis Chapter assists those new to the operation of the MicroTrap to ensure that:1. All of the MicroTrap hardware has been received.2. The MicroTrap Advanced Analytical Software is installed and that communications is confirmed between the

Operators computer and the MicroTrap.3. The MicroTraps Recording Parameters are adjusted by the Operator to settings that are appropriate for the

Operators testing requirements.

CHAPTER 2: INTRODUCTIONThis Chapter addresses the general features of the MicroTrap. It outlines some safety considerations related tothe use of instrumentation in a blasting environment; and describes the main field applications of the MicroTrap

for recording the VOD of explosives and the delay times between blastholes and decks of explosives.

CHAPTER 3:HARDWAREThis Chapter covers issues related to the various hardware components of the MicroTrap. It briefly describes themain features of the MicroTrap's front panel; provides details on the MicroTrap power source; and outlinesinstructions for recharging and long term storage of the MicroTrap. Also included are descriptions of the differenttypes of VOD resistance probes available from MREL. A summary of the technical specifications of theMicroTrap is also presented.

CHAPTER 4: RECORDING VOD AND HOLE/DECK DELAY TIMESThis Chapter describes issues related to VOD testing of explosives in the field, and introduces the resistance wiretechnique for testing small explosive samples and explosives in blastholes. Also presented are safetyconsiderations, lay out and protection of the VOD resistance probes, and the setup procedure for the MicroTrap inthe field.

CHAPTER 5: MICROTRAP SOFTWAREThis Chapter presents the methods for retrieving data from the MicroTrap to a computer and selecting a data filefor analysis. All the features and menu functions of the Software required for analysis and presentation aredescribed.

CHAPTER 6: EXAMPLES OF VOD DATA ANALYSISThis Chapter provides a detailed analysis of VOD information, starting with the selection of the data and followedby its analysis and formatting for presentation. Several examples are discussed including VOD of small explosivesamples and explosives in blastholes as well as the determination of the delay times between blastholes anddecks of explosives.

CHAPTER 7: CONTACTING MREL FOR TECHNICAL SUPPORTThis Chapter provides detailed contact information for MRELs Blasting Instrumentation Team. It also providesinstructions for emailing MicroTrap files to MREL for complimentary analysis support.


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VOD Operations Manual - Edition 3.0 Page ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1: GETTING STARTED1.1 Ensuring that all MicroTrap Hardware has been Received 1.11.2 Installing the MicroTrap Advanced Analytical Software 1.1

1.2.1 Computer System Requirements 1.11.2.2 Installing the Software on Computers Running Windows 95 or 98 1.11.2.3 Installing the Software on Computers Running Windows NT 1.2

1.3 Communicating with the MicroTrap 1.21.3.1 Parallel Port (Printer Port) Configurations 1.21.3.2 Testing Communications between the Computer and the MicroTrap 1.2

1.4 Viewing and Programming the MicroTraps VOD Recording Parameters 1.31.5 Troubleshooting MicroTrap Communications Errors 1.7

CHAPTER 2: INTRODUCTION2.1 Background 2.12.2 Safety Considerations 2.22.3 VOD Applications of the MicroTrap 2.2

2.3.1 Testing of Explosive Samples 2.2

2.3.2 Testing of Explosives in Blastholes 2.22.4 Scope Applications of the MicroTrap with Scope Upgrade Installed 2.3

CHAPTER 3: MICROTRAP HARDWARE3.1 Hardware Components 3.1

3.1.1 MicroTrap 3.13.1.2 Carrying Case 3.53.1.3 Battery Charger 3.53.1.4 Communications Cable 3.53.1.5 BNC Adapters 3.5

3.2 MicroTrap Internal Rechargeable Battery 3.63.3 Testing the MicroTrap Power Status 3.63.4 Recharging the MicroTrap 3.6

3.5 Operating the MicroTrap from External Power Sources 3.73.6 Long Term Storage Considerations 3.73.7 VOD Resistance Probes Used by the MicroTrap 3.8

3.7.1 PROBEROD 3.83.7.2 PROBECABLE 3.8

3.8 MicroTrap Technical Specifications 3.9

CHAPTER 4: RECORDING VOD AND HOLE/DECK DELAY TIMES4.1 Safety Considerations for Selecting an Explosive Testing Site 4.14.2 The Resistance Wire Technique for Measuring VOD 4.14.3 Installing PROBERODs for Testing Samples of Explosives 4.24.4 Installing PROBECABLE for Testing Explosives in Blastholes 4.3

4.4.1 Preparation of PROBECABLE for Single Blasthole Recording 4.3

4.4.2 Preparation of PROBECABLE for Multiple Blasthole Recording 4.54.5 PROBECABLE and Coaxial Cable Protection 4.64.6 MicroTrap Setup Procedure for VOD Measurements 4.64.7 Probe Resistance Out of Range 4.94.8 Utilizing the External Trigger 4.10


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Page iv VOD Operations Manual Edition 3.0

4.9 Additional Information on Memory and Triggering 4.114.9.1 Memory 4.114.9.2 Triggering 4.12

CHAPTER 5: MICROTRAP SOFTWARE5.1 Retrieving Data from the MicroTrap 5.1

5.2 Selecting Data Files for Analysis 5.35.3 Introduction to Analysis 5.45.4 Desktop 5.45.5 Tools Bar 5.55.6 Menu Bar 5.6

CHAPTER 6: EXAMPLES OF VOD DATA ANALYSIS6.1 Sample of Explosives Detonating Cord Example 6.16.2 Sample of Explosives Other Examples 6.76.3 Explosives in Blastholes Multiple Decked Holes Example 6.96.4 Explosives in Blastholes Other Examples 6.16

CHAPTER 7: CONTACTING MREL FOR TECHNICAL SUPPORT

7.1 Contacting MREL 7.17.2 Emailing MicroTrap Files to MREL 7.1


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VOD Operations Manual - Edition 3.0 Page 1-1

1.1 ENSURING THAT ALL MICROTRAP HARDWARE HAS BEEN RECEIVED

Photographs of these hardware components are contained in Section 3.1.4. MicroTrap VOD/Data Recorder.5. MicroTrap Battery Charger that is labeled 120 VAC or 220 VAC depending on your Countrys mains power.6. Communications Cable - parallel port printer cable.7. BNC Adapters x 2.8. Carrying Case.

9. MicroTrap Advanced Analytical Software on CD-ROM.10. MicroTrap VOD Operations Manual.11. VOD resistance probes: PROBERODsand/or PROBECABLEand/or PROBECABLE-LR.

1.2 INSTALLING THE MICROTRAP ADVANCED ANALYTICAL SOFTWARE

1.2.1 COMPUTER SYSTEM REQUIREMENTSThe MicroTrap Advanced Analytical Software, for Windows '95, 98 and NT, has been provided on a CD-ROM.The CD-ROM also contains a medium-resolution digital copy of this Operations Manual in Adobe Acrobat pdformat (MicroTrap VOD Operations Manual Edition 3.pdf). Additional copies of the Operations Manual may beprinted for your use as required.

The Softwareoperates on any Personal Computer (PC) system with the following minimum specifications:1. Pentium 100 or higher processor.2. 32 Mb RAM.3. 25 Mb hard drive space for Softwareand digital Operations Manual installation, and up to an additional 20

Mb for each uncompressed data file. It is recommended that 100 Mb of hard drive space be available on thecomputer.

4. Windows 95, 98 or NT operating system. Windows 2000 is not supported at this time.5. CD-ROM drive. If the computer does not have a CD-ROM drive, but has Internet access, contact MREL

(Section 7.1) for instructions on downloading the installation Softwarefrom MRELs Internet web site. If thecomputer does not have a CD-ROM and does not have access to the Internet, then contact MREL to obtainthe Softwareon floppy disks.

6. Parallel printer port (ie: LPT1, LPT2 or LPT3).

1.2.2 INSTALLING THE SOFTWARE ON COMPUTERS RUNNING WINDOWS 95 OR 98

To install the MicroTrap Software, start Windows '95 or 98 and insert the MicroTrap CD into the CD-ROM driveRun the program on the MicroTrap CD called Setup.exe and follow the screen instructions. When the installationis complete, shut down the computer and re-start it.

All of the steps detailed in this Chapter should be completed before the Operator goes into the field toconduct a VOD test:1. Ensure that all MicroTrap components have been received and are available.

2. Install the MicroTrap Software on the Operators computer.3. Ensure that the Operators computer and MicroTrap are able to communicate with each other.4. Program the MicroTraps internal Recording Parameters using the MicroTrap Software.

CHAPTER 1: GETTING STARTED


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1.2.3 INSTALLING THE SOFTWARE ON COMPUTERS RUNNING WINDOWS NT.To install the MicroTrap Software, start Windows NT and insert the MicroTrap CD into the CD-ROM drive. Runthe program on the MicroTrap CD called Setup.exe and follow the screen instructions. When the installation iscomplete, shut down the computer and re-start it. From Windows, run the program Start-Programs-MicroTrap3.0-NT Driver Install. Note: you must be logged in as Administrator to install the NT Drivers. Follow the screeninstructions. Shut down the computer and re-start it.

1.3 COMMUNICATING WITH THE MICROTRAP

1.3.1 PARALLEL PORT (PRINTER PORT) CONFIGURATIONSThrough the Communications Cable, the MicroTrap Softwareis usedby the Operator to program the MicroTraps Recording Parametersand to download the data from the MicroTrap to the computer aftertesting is completed. The MicroTrap Softwarecan communicate withthe MicroTrap through 3 parallel port (LPT printer port) types:Standard (SPP), Enhanced (EPP), and Extended Capabilities (ECP).If the port is SPP or EPP, it uses SPP mode. If the port is ECP, ituses the faster ECP mode. The mode used is shown while

communicating with the MicroTrap. Communications with theMicroTrap is usually about 10 times faster in the ECP mode.

Port information for the computer can be viewed by clicking on ControlPanel - System Properties and clicking on "Ports" to view the currenttype of printer port.

Most computers built in the last few years have either ECP or EPP, orboth. Some computers, however, are shipped with the BIOS set sothat the parallel port is in SPP mode since this is the motherboard default. Most desktop computers allow theparallel port to be changed in the BIOS setup mode, which can be entered during the first few seconds afterstarting the computer. Care must be taken while in this mode since changing certain settings can prevent thecomputer from starting. On some computers, this mode is password protected and only a computer supportperson can access it.

Some laptops may provide only some of the above modes in BIOS setup mode. Some do not have a BIOS setupmode at all and use a custom program from within Windows, such as "Toshiba Utilities", to view and changelaptop parallel port modes. Note that parallel ports can be added to laptops with PCMCIA cards or USB toparallel port adapters.

1.3.2 TESTING COMMUNICATIONS BETWEEN THE COMPUTER AND THE MICROTRAPIt cannot be guaranteed that the MicroTrap will be able to communicate with a specific computer on the firstattempt. The parallel port is an evolving standard and certain active printer, scanner, and external CD-ROMdrivers may interfere with MicroTrap communications. Usually such problems can be solved with support fromMREL or local computer support.

To test communications between the computer and the MicroTrap:

1. Connect the Communications Cablesupplied with the MicroTrap between the LPT (parallel printer port) onthe computer and the LPT COMport on the front panel of the MicroTrap.

2. Turn the MicroTrap power ON.3. Start the MicroTrap Softwareby clicking on Start-Programs-MicroTrap 3.0-MicroTrap 3.0.


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4. At the Main Menu click on the Program MicroTrapbutton or withthe keyboard press Alt-P. Programming the MicroTrap andretrieving data can be accomplished without the use of acomputer mouse by pressing tab to move between data entryfields.

5. A Message will be displayed. Click on OKto continue or Cancelto return to the Main Menu.

6. When the Software successfully communicateswith the MicroTrap, the message MicroTrapFoundis displayed. Also displayed is the numberof Total Testsinto which the MicroTraps memoryhas been divided, and the number of RemainingTests yet to be conducted to fill the MicroTrapsmemory.

7. The Softwarealso displays the Serial Numberofthe MicroTrap, when the next Calibration shouldbe performed on the MicroTrap, and whether ornot the MicroTrap has the Memory Upgradeand/or Scope Upgradeinstalled.

8. In the example, the MicroTrap does not containthe MicroTrap Memory Upgradeand it does not contain the MicroTrap Scope Upgrade. Since there is noMicroTrap Scope Upgradepresent, then the MicroTrap will function only as a VOD Recorder. Please refer to

the MicroTrap Scope Operations Manual for details on the use of the MicroTrap Softwareand Hardware forecording voltage signals from other types of gauges such as those for vibration, pressure and temperature.

9. If these messages are displayed correctly, then there is proper communications between the MicroTrap andthe computer. Click on the Exit button to close the Software. To view and program the MicroTrapsRecording Parameters, refer to Section 1.4.

10. If these messages are not displayed correctly and an error message is shown, then ensure that theprocedures in Sections 1.2and 1.3.1 have been followed. Refer to Section 1.5 for some suggestions ontroubleshooting the MicroTrap communications error.

1.4 VIEWING AND PROGRAMMING THE MICROTRAPS VOD RECORDINGPARAMETERS

To view or change the MicroTraps Recording Parameters:




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4. At the Main Menu click on the Program MicroTrapbutton or withthe keyboard press Alt-P. Programming the MicroTrap andretrieving data can be accomplished without the use of acomputer mouse by pressing tab to move between data entryfields.

5. A Message will be displayed. Click on OKto continue or Cancelto return to the Main Menu.

6. When the Software successfully communicateswith the MicroTrap, the message MicroTrapFoundis displayed. Also displayed is the numberof Total Testsinto which the MicroTraps memoryhas been divided, and the number of RemainingTests yet to be conducted to fill the MicroTrapsmemory.

7. The Softwarealso displays the Serial Numberofthe MicroTrap, when the next Calibration shouldbe performed on the MicroTrap, and whether ornot the MicroTrap has the Memory Upgradeand/or Scope Upgradeinstalled.

8. In the example, the MicroTrap does not contain theMicroTrap Memory Upgrade and it does not contain the MicroTrap Scope Upgrade. Since there is noMicroTrap Scope Upgradepresent, then the MicroTrap will function only as a VOD Recorder. Please refer to

the MicroTrap Scope Operations Manualfor details on the use of the MicroTrap Softwareand Hardware forrecording voltage signals from other types of gauges such as those for vibration, pressure and temperature.

9. If the Remaining Tests = 0, then no additional tests will be able to be conducted with the MicroTrap until theOperator clears the MicroTraps memory. If the data in the MicroTraps memory has already been transferredto a computer then the Operator should click on the VODbutton and proceed to Step 11. Otherwise, theOperator should click on the Exitbutton to close the Softwareand then download the data to the computeras detailed in Section 5.1.

10. If the Remaining Tests > 0, then additional tests can be conducted with the MicroTrap. If this is the case,and the Operator wishes to clear the memory, view the settings, or change the settings for subsequent teststhen the Operator should click on the VODbutton. Otherwise, the Operator can click on the Exitbutton toclose the Software.


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11. After clicking on the VOD button,the existing settings of theMicroTrap are displayed. TheOperator is able to leave thesettings unchanged by clicking onthe Cancelbutton.

12. The Operator can make changes tothe Trigger Level, Pre-TriggerTime, and Recording Rate forsubsequent tests to be performed.The Trigger Level is used by theMicroTrap when the MicroTraphardware is set to begin recordingon an INTernal trigger signal asdetailed in Section 4.9. Changingthese Recording parameters doesnot erase any data that mayalready have been recorded by theMicroTrap in previous tests.

13. The Operator should make the Recording Rateas fast as possible providing that the displayed Total Timeper Test is sufficiently long to record all of the holes, and hole/deck delays, being tested. Reducing theRecording Rate lengthens the Total Time per Test. Changing the Recording Rate does not erase any datathat may already be recorded by the MicroTrap in previous tests. If the MicroTrap Memory Upgrade isinstalled, then the Total Time per Testand the PreTrigTimewill be double that shown in this example.

14. The Operator can select the External Triggermode to be Make Circuitor Break Circuit. External triggeringis detailed in Section 4.8.

!MREL recommends a Trigger Level of about 95% and a Pre-Trigger Time of about 25% for VOD

recording of explosives samples and explosives in blastholes.


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15.

If in Step 8 there were RemainingTests = 0, then the Operator musttick the Clear All Tests box toallow more tests to be conductedwith the MicroTrap.

When the Clear All Tests box isticked, then the Operator may alsochange the Number of Tests intowhich the MicroTraps memory isdivided. The Operator may divide

the MicroTraps internal memoryinto 1 to 16 tests. This allows theOperator to perform up to 16 testsbefore having to download the datato a computer. However, dividingthe memory into 16 tests causesthe Total Time per Test to bedivided by 16 as is displayed in theTotal Time per Testwindow.

16. Click on the Change Settingsbutton to accept the new Recording Parameters or click on the Cancelbuttonto exit without making any changes.

Ensure that the data already in the MicroTraps memory h as been down loaded to a

computer (Sect ion 5.1) before t icking th e CLEAR ALL TESTS box. Ticking the CLEAR

ALL TESTS box and th en cl icking on th e CHANGE SETTINGS button w il l clear the

MicroTraps mem ory and w il l delete al l data from previou s tests.

!MREL recommends setting the Number of Tests = 1 for VOD recording of blastholes usingPROBECABLE. The Operator will normally be able to download the data from the MicroTrap

to a computer before conducting the next VOD test.

!MREL recommends setting the Number of Tests = 16 for VOD recording of samples ofexplosives using a PROBEROD. This reduces the quantity of data collected per test andconserves the computers disk space. At a 2 MHz recording rate, a MicroTrap with standardmemory will record for a total of 131 ms per test if the Number of Tests = 16. This is morethan sufficient recording time for a sample of explosives.


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17. If the Clear All Tests box has been ticked, then theSoftwarewill ask the Operator to confirm that the datain the MicroTraps memory is to be erased. Click OKor Cancel.

18. A confirmation message is displayed.19. Disconnect the Communications Cable from the MicroTrap. Turn the

MicroTrap OFF and then ON. Press the Total Tests button and then theRemaining Testsbutton to confirm that changes to these settings, if any, havebeen made.

20. The Operator can confirm that all changes to Recording Parameters have beenmade by re-starting the MicroTrap Softwareand repeating Steps 4-10.

1.5 TROUBLESHOOTING MICROTRAP COMMUNICATIONS ERRORS

1. If the MicroTrap is connected to a parallel port switch box, ensure that the total length of all cables is less than

10 feet (3 m).2. Do not connect the MicroTrap through a "dongle" or "pass-through port" in a Zip Drive, scanner, printer, o

other such device.3. Some computers are shipped with the BIOS set so that the parallel (LPT) port is in bi-directional mode since

this is the motherboard default. Computers with their parallel port in bi-directional mode will not communicatewith the MicroTrap. Most desktop computers allow the parallel port mode to be changed in the BIOS setupwhich can be entered during the first few seconds after starting the computer. Care must be taken while inthis mode since changing certain settings can prevent the computer from starting. On some computers, theBIOS setup mode is password protected and only a computer support person can access this setup modeSome laptops may provide limited BIOS setup mode options. Some do not have a BIOS setup mode at aland use a custom program from within Windows, such as "Toshiba Utilities", to view and change laptopparallel port modes. Contact MREL for additional technical support.

4. If you use an external CD-ROM drive connected through your parallel (LPT) port, then the CD-ROM softwaresends intermittent signals to this parallel port to see if the CD-ROM drive is connected. These intermittentsignals will interfere with MicroTrap communications if the signal from the CD-ROM software is sent duringthe time in which you are attempting to communicate with the MicroTrap. The solution is either to disable theCD-ROM software, or to change its settings to make the time delay between signals as long as possible. Youwill still risk having the signal happen when you are communicating with the MicroTrap. However, if the timebetween signals is set sufficiently long, then you will be able to successfully re-communicate with theMicroTrap. Contact MREL for additional technical support.


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2.1 BACKGROUND

The MicroTrap VOD/Data Recorder is likely the most affordable and easiest to use portable, high-resolutionrecorder available. The MicroTrap is the result of merging and enhancing the most important features of theworlds most popular VOD Recorders:1 channel MiniTrap

IIExplosives Continuous VOD Recorder;

16 channel DataTrap Multi-Purpose Data Recorder; and2 channel SuperTrap High Resolution VOD/Data Recorder.

The MicroTrap is a portable, 1 channel, high resolution, explosives continuous VOD recorder. The MicroTrap canbe upgraded easily and inexpensively to provide an additional 4 channels of DC voltage (VDC) recordingcapability. Contact MREL for MicroTrap Scope Upgrade information. This provides the MicroTrap with theunparalleled ability to record high resolution VODs of explosives and simultaneously record transient events suchas blast vibrations, explosion pressures, air blast, etc. at high resolutions. The MicroTrap has proven its reliabilityunder the extreme temperature, weather, dust and rugged conditions that characterize blasting environmentsaround the world.

The MicroTrap Advanced Analytical Software allows the Operator to analyze VOD traces and convert DC voltagesignals recorded by the MicroTrap into the desired engineering units for analysis and presentation. The Softwareis used to program the recording parameters of the MicroTrap, and to: retrieve, display, analyze, print and exportVOD and data from other types of gauges. The Softwareruns under 32 bit Microsoft Windows 95, 98 and NTThis facilitates extremely fast data handling, and the ability to copy and paste MicroTrap graphs into any wordprocessors and/or spreadsheets running under those Windows operating systems.

The main features of the MicroTrap for VOD recording are:

One VOD channel capable of recording at up to 2 MHz (2 million data points/sec). This speed provides atime resolution of one data point for every 0.5 microseconds.

Capability to record VODs and delay times using up to 900 m (2,950 ft.) of MRELs PROBECABLE-LRVODresistance cable. This ensures that the MicroTrap can record the VODs and delay times in many blastholes

per test. A large, circular, digital memory (4 million data points) to store the recorded data in the MicroTrap. This

allows the MicroTrap to record for relatively long periods (2.0 seconds) when recording at a rate of 2 MHz.The memory can be upgraded easily and inexpensively to provide twice the recording time - a total memory o8 million data points. Contact MREL for MicroTrap Memory Upgrade information.

A high, 14 bit vertical (or distance) resolution (214

or 1 part in 16,384). This means that even for a very long900 m length of PROBECABLE-LR, 18 data points will be recorded along every meter of PROBECABLE-LRUse of shorter lengths of PROBECABLE-LRprovides even more data points recorded along every meter.

The capability to store up to 16 events in its permanent (non-volatile) memory before having to download therecorded data to a computer.

The data is downloaded to any personal computer (PC) through the LPT parallel printer port using the PCsEnhanced Mode capability. Therefore, the downloading procedure is five times faster than with RS232 cableconnections.

The MicroTrap can be upgraded easily and inexpensively to provide the MicroTrap with an additional 4channels of DC voltage recording capabilities at a recording rate of 1 MHz. Contact MREL for MicroTrapScope Upgrade information.

CHAPTER 2: INTRODUCTION


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2.2 SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS

The MicroTrap is an easy and safe instrument to operate. However, one should be aware of the inherent riskassociated with explosives handling and familiar with working in blasting environments. For this reason, it isalways recommended that knowledgeable personnel, experienced in handling explosives and familiar withblasting procedures, operate the MicroTrap when testing explosives. The standard rules of safety used withexplosives should apply when monitoring VODs or other explosive parameters.

When recording VODs, the MicroTrap outputs a low voltage (less than 5 VDC) and an extremely low current (lessthan 50 mA) to the probes within the explosives from the VODconnector on the MicroTrap. This low excitationsignal ensures that the MicroTrap will not prematurely initiate explosives and/or detonators. With the optionalMicroTrap Scope Upgrade installed, the MicroTraps Scope channels do not output any excitation voltage orsignal.

Standard (and common sense) rules apply when it comes to the presence of electrical storms near the testingarea. Due to the inherent hazards associated with blasting during these storms, in addition to the possibility ofelectrical interference causing false trigger signals to the MicroTrap, it is recommended to immediately suspendall blasting activities and evacuate the area. This is standard policy at most blasting operations.

2.3 VOD APPLICATIONS OF THE MICROTRAP

When used as a VOD recorder, the main applications of the MicroTrap include:

2.3.1 TESTING OF EXPLOSIVE SAMPLES

Test the performance of explosives against the quality control standards set by the manufacturers.

Measure the continuous VOD in any charge diameter under confined or unconfined conditions.

Determine the critical diameter and critical density of an explosive charge.

Determine the gap sensitivity of explosives.

Measure the timing accuracy of detonators.

Measure the continuous VOD of primers/boosters.

Determine the minimum booster size for any explosive by measuring run-up velocities.

2.3.2 TESTING OF EXPLOSIVES IN BLASTHOLES

Measure the continuous VOD in any hole diameter, wet or dry holes, and in any type of rock.

Measure the continuous VOD in multiple holes per blast.

Determine whether full detonation, low order detonation or failure occurred, and where in the

explosive column it happened. Check VODs against manufacturers' specifications in full scale blasting environments.

Determine the minimum booster size for any explosive by measuring run-up velocities in full scaleblasting environments.

Measure the timing accuracy of detonators in full scale blasting environments.

Measure the effects of water, drill cuttings, and rocks, etc. trapped within the explosive mass.

Determine the length of explosive column to use in decking operations to evaluate the effect ofstemming and drill cutting dilution, water pick-up, etc. on the explosive run-up requirements.

Persons no t trained and/or authorized to handle explosives shou ld not attempt to u t i l ize the

MicroTrap for mo nitoring explosive propert ies.


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3.1 HARDWARE COMPONENTS

The hardware components of the MicroTrap System include the MicroTrap, a Carrying Case, a BatteryCharger, an LPT Communications Cable and two (2) BNC Adapters. If the MicroTrap Scope Upgrade hasbeen installed, there are four (4) additional BNC Adaptersprovided. Also included with the MicroTrap System arethe VOD Operations Manualand the MicroTrap Advanced AnalyticalSoftware . A brief description of each of thehardware components is in the following sections.

3.1.1 MICROTRAPThe MicroTrap contains electronic circuitry and an internal rechargeable battery within a protective plastic casemeasuring approximately 21 x 16 x 9 cm (8.25 x 6.25 x 3.5 in.) and weighing 2.5 kg (5.5 lbs.). The protective caseprevents damage from water, sand, snow, dust and similar harsh weather conditions. As well, the case offersresistance to high temperatures, shocks and vibrations. The MicroTraps front panel is shown below.

Complete instructions for the field operation of the MicroTrap hardware are provided in Chapter 4. The mainfeatures on the front panel of the MicroTrap are outlined below:

The ON/OFFswitch is used to provide power to the MicroTrap.

The STATUSindicator light has three working modes:InActivemode, the light is illuminated, indicating that the MicroTrap is ready for the Operator to press theSTART button. When the STARTbutton is pressed, the MicroTrap begins to monitor the event to berecorded while awaiting a trigger signal.

CHAPTER 3: MICROTRAP HARDWARE


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The STOP button has several functions:1. The STOPbutton is particularly useful when the MicroTrap has been set at a relatively slow sampling rate

with the Software (Section 1.4). An example is thermocouple measurements when the MicroTrap ScopeUpgrade is installed. Given the large memory in the MicroTrap, if the lowest sampling rate (1 Hz) isselected, a total recording time of 4 million data points / 1 Hz = 4,000,000 seconds (46 days) will beavailable for recording. Pressing the STOPbutton, after the Operator is satisfied that the data he requires

has been recorded by the MicroTrap, fills the remaining MicroTrap memory and the MicroTrap reverts toStand-bymode. This saves the Operator from having to wait for 46 days for the MicroTraps memory tobecome full.

2. The STOPbutton also has an advanced function. It can be used to completely erase all of the data in theMicroTrap using hardware alone, as opposed to using the Software procedure detailed in Section 1.4:a. Turn ONthe MicroTrap.b. Press the NEXT TESTbutton to put the MicroTrap in Activemode. The STATUSlight should be

on.c. Simultaneously press the NEXT TEST and STOP buttons and hold them down. The LED wil

display a blinking dE. Release the buttons.d. Simultaneously press the STARTand STOPbuttons and hold them down. The LEDwill display dE

without blinking. Release the buttons. All of the data in the MicroTraps memory will be deleted.e. Turn OFFthe MicroTrap. Turn ONthe MicroTrap and pressing the TOTAL TESTSbutton and then

the REMAINING TESTSbutton will confirm that these numbers are equal and that all of the testdata in the MicroTraps memory has been deleted.

The LPT COM port is used to connect the Communications Cable to the MicroTrap. The other end of theCommunications Cable is connected to the parallel printer port of the computer, for programming the internaRecording Parameters of the MicroTrap (Section 1.4) and for retrieval of the recorded data (Section 5.1).

There are two OUT OF RANGE warning lights. They will flash when the probe resistance is out of range as

discussed in Section 4.7.

!MREL recommends the above procedure for times in which the Operator is already in thefield and has forgotten to Clear All Tests using the Software as detailed in Section 1.4.The Remaining Tests = 0 and thus the Operator is unable to record another test in the

MicroTraps memory.


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The back of the MicroTrap has a variety ofconnectors that described below:

VOD: BNC connector for the VOD resistanceprobe.

EXT TRIG: BNC connector for the trigger wire,if external triggering is used.

SIREN: Connector for the optional MiniTrapSiren that sounds upon the MiniTrap beingtriggered.

DC IN/OUT: Used to connect the MicroTrap tothe Battery Charger to recharge theMicroTraps internal battery, and to operate theMicroTrap from AC mains power. The DCIN/OUT port can also be used to power theMicroTrap from an external 12 VDC battery. It

can also be used to supply 10 VDC as an excitation source for other types of gauges. All details and restrictionson use of the DC IN/OUTconnector are contained in Sections 3.4and 3.5.

1 2 3 4: BNC connectors for Channels 1, 2, 3 and 4 of the optional MicroTrap Scope Upgrade. These connectorshave no function unless the MicroTrap Scope Upgradehas been installed in the MicroTrap.

The TRIGD indicator light on the front of theMicroTrap will illuminate when the triggerconditions are met. It will remain illuminatedduring collection of the data, which in turndepends on the recording rate selected for thetest. The TRIGDlight flashes rapidly while thedata is being stored in the MicroTraps non-volatile memory. The TRIGD light flashes

slowly when all data from the test has beenstored in the MicroTraps memory. Otherwise,the light will remain off.

The black knob on the front of the MicroTrap isa pressure relief valve. When transporting theMicroTrap as checked baggage by air, or whenthe MicroTrap is transported by air freight, thisvalve should be slightly loose to allow pressureequalization. If the MicroTrap becomesdifficult to open, then loosen the relief valve toequalize the pressures inside and outside the MicroTrap.


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3.1.2 CARRYING CASEThe Carrying Case holds the MicroTrap, Battery Charger,Communications Cableand BNC Adapters.

3.1.3 BATTERY CHARGERThe Battery Charger has a specification printed on it, either 120 VAC or220 VAC. It is used to charge the MicroTraps internal rechargeable battery,and it can be used to operate the MicroTrap from AC mains.

3.1.4 COMMUNICATIONS CABLEThe Communications Cableis provided to connect the MicroTrap to a PersonalComputer for programming the recording parameters of the MicroTrap and fordownloading of the recorded data. The Communications Cable is connectedbetween the LPT COM port on the front panel of the MicroTrap and the LPTparallel printer port of the computer. The Communications Cableis a standardprinter cable, so should it become lost or forgotten, it can be replaced easily bythe Operator from a local supplier.

3.1.5 BNC ADAPTERSTwo BNC Adaptersare provided to facilitate easy connection betweenthe VOD and EXT TRIG connectors on the MicroTrap to the coaxial

cable (preferably RG-58/U) leading to the VOD probes, and the externaltrigger wire, respectively. If the MicroTrap Scope Upgrade has beeninstalled, four additional BNC Adapters are provided, one for each Scopeinput channel.

Contact MREL if the Battery Charger that has b een

suppl ied is incorrect for the mains vol tage in your

country .


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3.5 OPERATING THE MICROTRAP FROM EXTERNAL POWER SOURCES

The MicroTrap can be operated from AC voltage mains power using the Battery Charger. When operating theMicroTrap from AC mains through the Battery Charger, the LEDwill display P.

The MicroTrap can be operated from a 12 VDC battery connected to the to the DC IN/OUTport on the back of the

MicroTrap. Contact MREL to obtain the 12 VDC Battery Adapter required for connecting the battery to the DCIN/OUT port.When operating the MicroTrap from a 12 VDC battery, the LEDwill display P.

3.6 LONG TERM STORAGE CONSIDERATIONS

No special procedures, other than those pertaining to the internal battery, should be taken for long term storage othe MicroTrap. In the eventuality that the MicroTrap remains idle for long periods, it is recommended to rechargethe MicroTrap once per month per the procedure in Section 3.4. This will maintain the conditioning of the internabattery.


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3.7 VOD RESISTANCE PROBES USED BY THE MICROTRAP

The following types of VOD resistance probes are available from MREL and are uniquely suitable for use with theMicroTrap:

3.7.1 PROBEROD

The PROBEROD, shown below, is a rigid probe consisting of a high resistance insulated wire placed within asmall diameter, metal tube, which acts as the return lead of the circuit. PROBERODsare specifically designed tomeasure VODs of explosive cartridges and/or of short sample tubes of explosives, under confined or unconfinedconditions. They are available from MREL in a standard length of 3 ft. (0.9 m) and are supplied with leads readyto be connected to the RG-58 coaxial cable, which connects to the VODconnector on the back of the MicroTrap.PROBERODsare also available in custom lengths. Contact MREL for additional PROBERODinformation.

3.7.2 PROBECABLETwo types of flexible resistance wire are available from MREL: PROBECABLE (green colour) andPROBECABLE-LR(blue colour) as shown below. These cables have the classical configuration of a standardRG-type coaxial cable, where the high resistance wire is the central conductor and the braided shield acts as thereturn lead. A dielectric material placed between the resistance wire and the return lead provides both electricalinsulation and a physical barrier between them. The latter feature reduces the possibilities of short circuits duringhandling of the PROBECABLE. A plastic outer layer protects the PROBECABLE from tearing actions duringloading.

PROBECABLEand PROBECABLE-LRare used for measuring VODs of explosives in blastholes, and the delaytimes between holes and decks. The selection of either PROBECABLEor PROBECABLE-LRis based on the

total resistance of the circuit, which in turn depends on the number of holes being monitored. The only differencebetween these two cables relates to their nominal or unit resistance. PROBECABLE has a unit resistance of10.4 ohm/m (3.2 ohm/ft) while PROBECABLE-LR (LR stands for Low-Resistance) has a unit resistance of3.38 ohm/m (1.03 ohm/ft). The latter allows VOD recording for lengths up to approximately 850 m (2,800 ft) pertest. Both types of flexible probes are available from MREL in boxes containing 2 x 1000 m spools (2 x 3,280 ft).Contact MREL for additional PROBECABLEinformation.


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3.8 MICROTRAP TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS

Number of Channels 1 channel for VOD.Upgradeable to provide an additional 4 channels for DC voltage recording of othertypes of gauges.

Vertical Resolution 14 bits, 1 part in 16,384.

Recording Rate User selectable by Software from 1 Hz to 2 MHz.Total Recording Time@ 2 MHz Recording Rate

2.0 seconds (4 million data points). Reducing the Recording Rate increases theTotal Recording Time.Upgradeable to provide twice the amount of memory (8 million data points).

Pre-Trigger Time User selectable by Software from 0-100% of the Total Recording Time.

Trigger Modes User selectable on MicroTrap by switch: Internal or External.External Mode: user selectable by Software wire make or wire break.Internal Trigger Level: user selectable by Software from 2.4 to 98% of signal level.

Power Internal rechargeable Ni-Cad battery pack providing up to 12 hours of activeoperation when fully charged. The non-volatile memory allows the data to bestored securely regardless of the status of the internal battery pack. The BatteryCharger is provided in 120 or 220 VAC configurations. Recharging takes up to 16hours. Operational from AC mains power through Battery Charger and fromexternal DC power.

Multiple Event Storage User selectable by Software: up to 16 tests stored in permanent memory.

Components Provided MicroTrap, Battery Charger, Communications Cable, BNC Adapters, PaddedCarrying Case, Operations Manual and MicroTrap Advanced Analytical Softwarefor Windows '95, 98 and NT.

Size and Weight MicroTrap: 21 x 16 x 9 cm (8.25 x 6.25 x 3.5 in.); 2.5 kg (5.5 lbs.).System in Carrying Case: 23 x 22 x 18 cm (9 x 8.5 x 7 in); 3 kg (6.6 lbs.).

Environmental Operates at -40 to +80 C (-40 to +185 F). Snow, rain, dust and sand proof.System in Carrying Case is drop proof from at least a 1 m (3 ft) height.

PC Connection After conducting the test(s), the MicroTrap connects to the PC LPT1 parallelprinter port, allowing downloading of data 5 times faster than with an RS232communication cable (assuming PCs LPT port is configured to ECP).

Software MicroTrap Advanced Analytical Software runs under 32 bit Windows 95, 98 andNT operating systems. It provides fast downloading of data to the computer andautomatically displays graphs of DISTANCE or VOLTAGE versus TIME,depending on the type of testing conducted. All Software operations are pointand click. Unlimited Zoom capabilities on graphs and conversion of voltagegraphs to graphs of engineering units versus time. VOD and hole/deck delay timeanalysis capability of any part of the VOD trace. Annotating, printing, saving andexporting of graphs and data to other Windows applications. The MicroTrapSoftware is based on MRELs proven SuperTrap, DataTrap-VOD, MiniTrap

IIand

DataTrap-Scope Software being used around the world. User selectable: Metricor Imperial units.

VOD Excitation/Safety The MicroTrap automatically adjusts its excitation voltage for the maximum 14-bitresolution across the VOD probe. All VOD operating parameters are recorded bythe MicroTrap with no requirements for additional instrumentation. For safetyconsiderations, the MicroTrap is physically unable to output as much as 50 mA ofcurrent to a VOD probe.

VOD Resistance Probes A complete line of VOD probes is available from MREL to record the VOD ofexplosive samples and multiple holes in large surface mine blasts. The MicroTrapcan record VODs across PROBECABLE-LR (resistance cable) lengths of up to900 m (2,950 ft.) per test.


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4.1 SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS FOR SELECTING AN EXPLOSIVE TESTING SITE

Care must be taken to select a good site for detonation and VOD recording of explosive samples. If convenientpermanent test sites may be constructed. A pit surrounded by an earth wall suffices as a simple detonation site

A similarly protected shelter for the MicroTrap and personnel can be constructed some distance away. Thedistance will depend on the amount of explosive being detonated at one time, and if the explosives are confined(hazard from steel fragments). Ensure that the area is well demarcated and that access is restricted.

If samples of explosives are to be detonated at an unprepared site, then the Operator must be careful whendeciding upon what type of ground the charges are to be placed. Avoid placement on ground with stones, rubbleor anything that is likely to turn into a projectile. The best surfaces are fines, sand or tailings.

It is always good practice to have maximum control over the time of firing of the test, therefore safety fuseinitiation is not recommended. Electric or shock tube initiation is best with the detonator either initiating the sampleof explosives or initiating the primer/booster in the explosive sample.

4.2 THE RESISTANCE WIRE TECHNIQUE FOR MEASURING VOD

The MicroTrap is capable of monitoring the continuous VOD profile along the entire length of an explosivescolumn. The MicroTrap can measure the VOD of relatively short explosive samples such as cast boosters oexplosive cartridges. The MicroTrap can also measure the VOD of explosives loaded in blastholes in surface ounderground blasts, in single and multiple hole blasts. The MicroTrap provides a regulated constant excitationsignal to the probes and monitors the drop in voltage across them.

The MicroTrap uses the proven continuous resistance wire technique for monitoring VODs. An MREL-qualifiedprobe of known linear resistance (i.e. ohm/m or ohm/ft) is placed axially in the explosive sample or explosivecolumn. As the detonation front of the explosive consumes the probe, the resistance of the circuit will decrease in

proportion to the reduction in length of the probe. The MicroTrap records the resulting decrease in voltage acrossthe probe versus time.

The MicroTraps Advanced Analytical Software automatically converts the recorded data into a graph of distanceversus time. The slope of this graph at any position is the VOD of the explosive at that particular position. TheSoftware includes menu functions that will automatically calculate and display the VOD of an explosive at anyselected location in the graph. Other functions allow the Operator to calculate and display the delay time betweenselected blastholes or between selected explosive decks within a blasthole.

Contac t MREL fo r s it e s eci fi c recommendat ions fo r test in sam les o f ex losi ves.

This Chapter provides the Operator with detailed instructions on:1. Selecting a suitable site for testing samples of explosives.2. Loading PROBERODs into explosives samples and PROBECABLE into blastholes.

3. Connecting the probes to the MicroTrap and setting the MicroTrap hardware to record the VODsand hole/deck delay times.

CHAPTER 4: RECORDING VOD AND HOLE/DECK DELAY TIMES


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4.3 INSTALLING PROBERODS FOR TESTING SAMPLES OF EXPLOSIVES

The equipment and supplies that are required to conduct VOD tests on samples of explosives or on explosivecartridges are:1. The MicroTrap System.2. PROBEROD- one (1) per explosive sample.

3. Coaxial cable (type RG-58 is recommended) - sufficient length to run between the MicroTrap location and theexplosives.

4. Wire cutters and electrical tape.5. Explosives, detonators and shot exploder.

The procedure for preparing a VOD test is as follows:

1. Demarcate the charge detonation area.2. Place the MicroTrap in a protective shelter and/or a safe distance away from the detonation area. This

distance may be closer than what is considered safe for the Operator. Once the setup is completed, theMicroTrap does not require an Operator to collect the data; it does so automatically without Operatorassistance.

3. Run a length of coaxial cable from the MicroTrap to the detonation area with enough excess length to

compensate for cable shortening or cable damage from each test. Shorter lengths of coaxial cable may beconnected together using the wire cutters and electrical tape. A male BNC connector should be attached tothe end of the coaxial cable that is to be attached to the VODinput at the back of the MicroTrap. ConvenientBNC Adaptershave been supplied with the MicroTrap for this purpose. The Adapterscan be connected tothe coaxial cable using the wire cutters and electrical tape. The connection should be shielding to shieldingand center conductor to center conductor. Ensure that the center conductor and the shielding connections donot touch each other.

4. Note the Unit Resistance of the probe by reading the value in ohm/m or ohm/ft from the MREL factory labelon the PROBEROD. Note the ohm/m value if the VOD is to be reported in m/s. Note the ohm/ft value if theVOD is to be reported in ft/sec. The Unit Resistance information will be requested later by the MicroTrapSoftware.

5. Insert a PROBERODaxially in the sample of explosives. Start at the opposite end from where the detonatorwill be placed as shown below.

If bulk explosives are being tested in paper tubes, plastic tubes or steel pipes which have been sealed at both

ends, make a small central hole to allow the PROBEROD to be inserted. If a measurement of run-up todetonation is required, ensure that the PROBERODis pushed well into the explosives so that it reaches theposition of the detonator or booster. If the PROBERODreaches the booster or protrudes past it, the effect ofthe booster will be recorded by the MicroTrap. The same holds true for cartridges of explosives. To test theVOD of detonation cord, tape the detonation cord along the entire length of the PROBEROD.

6. Connect the PROBERODto the coaxial cable using the wire cutters and electrical tape. The polarity of theconnection is not important.

Coaxial Cable

To MicroTrap


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7. At the MicroTrap end, connect the coaxial cable to the VODconnector located on the outside and at the back of the MicroTrap.

8. The PROBERODinstallation aspects of the test are complete. TheOperator can now place the detonator and connect it to the shotexploder as per standard procedures. The MicroTrap is now ready tobe prepared to record the test as detailed in Section 4.6.

4.4 INSTALLING PROBECABLE FOR TESTING EXPLOSIVES IN BLASTHOLES

The equipment and supplies that are required to conduct VOD tests on samples of explosives in blastholes are:1. The MicroTrap System.2. PROBECABLEor PROBECABLE-LR.3. Coaxial cable (type RG-58 is recommended) - sufficient length to run between the MicroTrap location and the

last blasthole in the blast to be recorded.4. Wire cutters and electrical tape.5. Explosives, detonators and shot exploder.

4.4.1 PREPARATION OF PROBECABLE FOR SINGLE BLASTHOLE RECORDING1. Prepare the end of the PROBECABLEby using the wire cutters to remove the insulation from the end. Then

short the PROBECABLE by connecting the shielding wire to the center conductor wire and twist themtogether. Protect the connection well with electrical tape.

2. Using tape or wire, attach the short circuit end of thePROBECABLEto the primer/booster or to a rock andlower the PROBECABLE into the hole as shown onthe following page. Detonation cord downlines maydamage the PROBECABLEor cause side initiation ofthe bulk explosive. When initiating with detonationcord, attach the PROBECABLEto a rock and lower iton the side of the hole opposite to the detonation corddownline.

3. The PROBECABLEcan then be cut at the top of thehole.

4. Note the Unit Resistance of the probe by reading thevalue in ohm/m or ohm/ft from the MREL factory labelon the spool of PROBECABLE. Note the ohm/mvalue if the VOD is to be reported in m/s. Note theohm/ft value if the VOD is to be reported in ft/sec. TheUnit Resistance information will be requested later bythe MicroTrap Software. When measured with ablasters galvanometer, the Probe Resistance should

compare favorably with the calculated resistance ofthe PROBECABLE (Unit Resistance multiplied bylength). If this is not the case then remove the lengthof PROBECABLEand reload another length into thehole.

5. The hole can now be loaded with explosives and stemming per usual procedure. Hold the PROBECABLEtaut during the loading of the explosive to avoid slack in the hole. In the absence of the Operator, this may beaccomplished by tying the PROBECABLEtaut around a hole marker stake, or around a rock at the top of the

Coaxial CableTo MicroTrap


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hole. After loading, the Operator may wish to check the Probe Resistance to ensure that no PROBECABLEdamage has occurred. As the PROBECABLE is well protected with PVC coating, no problems should beanticipated.

6. Connect the PROBECABLE to the coaxial cable using the wire cutters and electrical tape. The connectionshould be shielding to shielding and center conductor to center conductor. Ensure that the center conductorand the shielding connections do not touch each other.

7. Place the MicroTrap in a protective shelter and/or a safe distance away from the blast area as dictated byflyrock. This distance may be closer than what is considered safe for the Operator. When set, the MicroTrapdoes not require an Operator to collect the data; the MicroTrap collects the data automatically withoutOperator assistance.

8. Run the coaxial cable from the PROBECABLE to the MicroTrap. If necessary, shorter lengths of coaxialcable may be connected together using the wire cutters and electrical tape to make a longer length of coaxialcable. Somewhere along the length of the coaxial cable, loop the coaxial cable around a large rock. Whenthe blast is fired, and the ground moves, looping the coaxial cable around a large rock will stop the blast frompulling the coaxial cable and the MicroTrap with the blast. Alternatively, leave sufficient slack in the coaxialcable to allow for ground movement.

9. A male BNC connector should be attached to the end of the coaxialcable that is to be attached to the VOD input at the back of theMicroTrap. Convenient BNC Adaptershave been supplied with the

MicroTrap for this purpose. The BNC Adapters should beconnected to the coaxial cable using the wire cutters and electricaltape. The connection should be shielding to shielding and centerconductor to center conductor. Ensure that the center conductorand the shielding connections do not touch each other. It is a goodidea to check the total resistance of the PROBECABLEand coaxialcable circuit at the BNC connector to ensure that there are no badconnections.

10. At the MicroTrap, connect the coaxial cable to the VODconnectorlocated on the outside and at the back of the MicroTrap.

11. The PROBECABLEinstallation aspects of the test are complete. The MicroTrap is now ready to be preparedto record the test as detailed in Section 4.6.


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4.4.2 PREPARATION OF PROBECABLE FOR MULTIPLE BLASTHOLE RECORDING1. Prepare the end of the PROBECABLEby using the wire cutters to remove the insulation from the end. Then

short the PROBECABLE by connecting the shielding wire to the center conductor wire and twist themtogether. Protect the connection well with electrical tape.

2. Start with the blasthole that is designed to detonate firstof the multiple holes to be recorded by the MicroTrapUsing tape or wire, attach the short circuit end of the PROBECABLEto the booster or to a rock, and lower

the PROBECABLEinto the hole. Detonation cord downlines may damage the PROBECABLEor cause sideinitiation of the bulk explosive. When initiating with detonation cord, attach the PROBECABLEto a rock andlower it on the side of the hole opposite to the detonation cord downline.

3. Run the PROBECABLEbetween the first hole and the second hole leaving sufficient slack between the holesto allow for ground movement between the delayed holes. Excess PROBECABLEbetween holes is not aconcern.

4. There are two common methods oflowering a doubled length ofPROBECABLE in the second andsubsequent holes to be recorded. The first,and easiest, method is to run thePROBECABLE through a wire loop thathas been tied or taped around a rock or

booster. This allows the rock to slide alongthe PROBECABLEas the PROBECABLEis lowered into the hole until the rockreaches the bottom of the hole. Thesecond method is to measure the correctlength of PROBECABLEso that it reachesthe bottom of the hole where thePROBECABLEhas been doubled over andattached to the booster or a rock.

5. After the last hole to be recorded has beenloaded with PROBECABLE, thePROBECABLEcan then be cut at the topof the hole.

6. Note the Unit Resistance of the probe by

reading the value in ohm/m or ohm/ft fromthe MREL factory label on the spool ofPROBECABLE. Note the ohm/m value if the VOD is to be reported in m/s. Note the ohm/ft value if the VODis to be reported in ft/sec. The Unit Resistance information will be requested later by the MicroTrap SoftwareWhen measured with a blasters galvanometer, the Probe Resistance should compare favorably with thecalculated resistance of the PROBECABLE(Unit Resistance multiplied by its length). If this is not the casethen remove the length of PROBECABLEand reload another length into the hole.

7. The holes can now be loaded with explosives and stemming per usual procedure. Hold the PROBECABLEtaut during the loading of the explosive to avoid slack in the hole. In the absence of the Operator, this mayalso be accomplished by tying the PROBECABLEtaut around a hole marker stake, or around a rock at thetop of each hole. After loading, the Operator may wish to check the Probe Resistance again to ensure that noPROBECABLE damage has occurred. As the PROBECABLE is well protected with PVC coating, noproblems should be anticipated.

8. At the top of the last hole, connect the PROBECABLE to the coaxial cable using the wire cutters andelectrical tape. The connection should be shielding to shielding and center conductor to center conductorEnsure that the center conductor and the shielding connections do not short with each other.

9. Place the MicroTrap in a protective shelter and/or a safe distance away from the blast area as dictated byflyrock. This distance may be closer than what is considered safe for the Operator. When set, the MicroTrapdoes not require an Operator to collect the data; the MicroTrap collects the data automatically withouOperator assistance.

Coaxial CableTo MicroTrap


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10. Run the coaxial cable from the PROBECABLE to the MicroTrap. If necessary, shorter lengths of coaxialcable may be connected together using the wire cutters and electrical tape to make a longer length of coaxialcable. Somewhere along the length of the coaxial cable, loop the coaxial cable around a large rock. Whenthe blast is fired, and the ground moves, looping the coaxial cable around a large rock will stop the blast frompulling the coaxial cable and the MicroTrap with the blast. Alternatively, leave sufficient slack in the coaxialcable to allow for ground movement.

11. A male BNC connector should be attached to the end of the coaxialcable that is to be attached to the VOD input at the back of theMicroTrap. Convenient BNC Adaptershave been supplied with theMicroTrap for this purpose. The BNC Adapters should beconnected to the coaxial cable using the wire cutters and electricaltape. The connection should be shielding to shielding and centerconductor to center conductor. Ensure that the center conductor andthe shielding connections do not touch each other. It is a good ideato check the total resistance of the PROBECABLE and coaxialcable circuit at the BNC connector to ensure that there are no badconnections.

12. At the MicroTrap, connect the coaxial cable to the VODconnectorlocated on the outside and at the back of the MicroTrap.

13. The PROBECABLEinstallation aspects of the test are complete. The MicroTrap is now ready to be preparedto record the test as detailed in Section 4.6.

4.5 PROBECABLE AND COAXIAL CABLE PROTECTION

It is important to protect the PROBECABLE and the coaxial cable from damage caused by personnel andmachinery operating on the blast. It is also important to protect the PROBECABLE from damage caused bydetonation of other holes and/or surface accessories such as detonating cord, detonating relays, and shock tubebunch blocks.

The cables may be protected in many ways. Experience has shown that it is best to lead the PROBECABLEandcoaxial cable under the detonating cord and leave a barrier of sand or drill cuttings between the cables and thedetonating cord. A danger point is the collar area of the holes as the detonating cord or shock tube bunch blocksthat initiate the downlines may cross directly over the PROBECABLE or coaxial cable. A good procedure is toprotect the area where there is a cross over for about 1.5 m (5 ft) along the length of cable. Experience hasshown that a sand or stemming barrier thickness of 15-30 cm (0.5-1 ft) suffices to protect the cables.

4.6 MICROTRAP SETUP PROCEDURE FOR VOD MEASUREMENTS

Once the VOD probe has been placed in the explosive and connected to the RG-58 coaxial cable running to theVOD connector on the MicroTrap, the Operator can start setting the MicroTrap to record VOD experiments.Changing the MicroTrap's recording parameters, such as recording rate, trigger level, pre-trigger memory andallocating the MicroTraps memory to multiple tests should all have been accomplished, if required, in the officeenvironment. All changes are accomplished through use of the MicroTrap Advanced Analytical Software(Section 1.4).


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11. Upon finishing the data storing process, the START light will go off, and the STATUS andTRIGD lights wilbegin to flash slowly. The MicroTrap returns to the Stand-bymode.

12. If testing has been completed then go to Step 13. Otherwise, press the REMAINING TESTS button toconfirm how many tests can be still hosted by the MicroTrap before downloading of the data to a computer is

required. If there are 1 or more tests remaining in the memory:a. The MicroTraps Recording Parameters can be changed for subsequent tests by using the SoftwareSection 1.4, or

b. If the Recording Parameters are to remain the same and another test is to be performed then go toStep 3.

If there are 0 tests remaining in the memory, then either download the data to a computer (Section 5.1) andreturn to Step 1, or go to Step 13.

13. If no more experiments are to be conducted and the data storing process has been finished (Step 11 above)then the data are ready to be transferred to a computer using the Softwareas detailed in Section 5.1. If datatransfer is to be conducted later, then the MicroTrap can be switched OFFand the data will remain in theMicroTraps non-volatile memory.

4.7 PROBE RESISTANCE OUT OF RANGE

There are two OUT OF RANGEwarning lights on the MicroTrap. One is labeled , which illuminates when thetotal resistance (resistance probe plus coaxial cable) is greater than 3,000 ohms. The other is labeled , whichilluminates when the total resistance is less than 50 ohms. The MicroTrap is only calibrated to perform VOD testsbetween these two initial resistance values (50 3,000 ohms).

There can be several reasons for total resistance to be LOW:

1. A short circuit somewhere in the coaxial cable and probe assembly, including any BNC connector(s) or BNCAdapter;

2. A damaged PROBEROD;3. An insufficient length of PROBECABLE.

Items 1 and 2 above can be tested using a blasters galvanometer to test the resistance/continuity of the coaxialcable and probe assembly and solved by remaking the connections and/or replacing the damaged PROBERODIf Item 3 is the cause, then attach some more PROBECABLE to the probe circuit. This will not affect the VODresults. If PROBECABLE-LRis being used in the test, then considering using PROBECABLEfor such tests inthe future. The unit resistance of PROBECABLEis approximately 3 times that of PROBECABLE-LR.

If the MicroTrap has triggered prematurely and the data collected is of no use, for example due tosomeone driving over the signal lines, then the Operator may reset the MicroTraps internalmemory back one test using the following procedure:

a. Do not turn OFF the MicroTrap after the test, the STATUS light and TRIGD lights should beflashing.b. To erase the data from the last test; simultaneously press the TOTAL TESTSand REMAINING

TESTSbuttons and hold them until this procedure is complete. The LEDdisplay will show ct.c. After about 2 seconds, the ct will begin blinking. After another 2 seconds, the ct will

disappear. Release the buttons. The data from the last test has been deleted.d. Turn OFFthe MicroTrap. Turn ONthe MicroTrap and pressing the TOTAL TESTSbutton and

then the and REMAINING TESTS button will confirm that the remaining tests have beenincreased by 1 and that the last test in the MicroTraps memory has been deleted.

e. Go to Step 3.


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There can be several reasons for the total resistance to be HIGH:

1. An open circuit somewhere in the coaxial cable and probe assembly, including any BNC connector(s) or BNCAdapter;

2. A damaged PROBEROD;3. Too long a length of PROBECABLE.

Items 1 and 2 above can be tested using a blasters galvanometer to test the resistance/continuity of the coaxialcable and probe assembly and solved by remaking the connections and/or replacing the damaged PROBEROD.If Item 3 is the cause, then reduce the length of the PROBECABLE used in the test by cutting out excessPROBECABLE between holes and remaking the connections using the wire cutters and electrical tape.

Alternatively, this can be achieved by reducing the number of holes being recorded by cutting the PROBECABLEand remaking the appropriate connection with the wire cutters and electrical tape. If PROBECABLEis being usedin the test, then considering using PROBECABLE-LR for such tests in the future. The unit resistance ofPROBECABLE-LRis approximately 1/3 that of PROBECABLE.

4.8 UTILIZING THE EXTERNAL TRIGGER

In some VOD and data recording applications, it may be desirable to have the MicroTrap begin to record exactlywhen a specific event occurs. For the specific event to start at time = 0 on the graph, the EXT TRIG connector, onthe outside and back of the MicroTrap, is used.

Connect one of the BNC Adaptersto the EXT TRIG connector. Connect a duplex wire to the BNC Adapterusingcutters and electrical tape. The polarity of the connection does not matter. The assembly consisting of the BNCAdapterand duplex wire is called the Trigger Wire.

When the EXT/INT TRIG switch on the front panel of the MicroTrap is set to EXT, the MicroTrap will beginrecording when either the Trigger Wirebecomes shorted (if the Softwarehas been set for MAKE Circuit); orwhen the Trigger Wirebecomes open circuit (if the Softwarehas been set to BREAKCircuit). The procedurefor using the Softwareto set MAKEor BREAKEXTernal trigger is detailed in Section 1.4.

To prepare the "test" end of the duplex wire to wait for a MAKECircuit trigger: remove the insulation from one ofthe wires and wrap it around the second insulated wire such that the circuit remains open. Upon the duplex wirecircuit becoming shorted, the MicroTrap will begin recording data. Any explosive event such as a detonator firing,detonating cord firing or a booster firing will short such a circuit and cause the MicroTrap to collect data. Pre-trigger points will still be collected per the settings of the MicroTrap, but time=0 on the graph will be the precisetime when the Trigger Wirebecame shorted.

To prepare the "test" end of the duplex wire to wait for a BREAKCircuit trigger: connect the two ends of theduplex wire together such that the circuit is closed. Upon the duplex wire circuit becoming broken, the MicroTrapwill begin recording data. Any explosive event such as a detonator firing, detonating cord firing or a booster firingwill break such a circuit and cause the MicroTrap to collect data. Pre-trigger points will still be collected per thesettings of the MicroTrap, but time=0 on the graph will be the precise time when the Trigger Wire becamebroken.


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4.9 ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ON MEMORY AND TRIGGERING

4.9.1 MEMORYThe MicroTrap, with standard memory, has a largecircular memory containing 4,194,000 data points thatare allocated according to the number of tests to which

the MicroTraps memory has been divided. Thesevalues, for a selected Recording Rate, define theavailable Total Recording Time for each test. Selectionof the number of tests to be recorded and the RecordingRate is done using the Software as detailed inSection 1.4.

The MicroTrap Software automatically calculates anddisplays the Total Recording Time per Test and the Pre-Trigger Time.

For those Operators with additional interest in recording times:

A general equation to calculate the Total Recording Time (Pre-trigger Time + Post-trigger Time) is:

Total Recording Time (seconds) = 4,194,000/((# of tests)x(recording rate))

If the number of tests selected is one, the available recording time will be maximized for a given Recording Rate.For example, at the maximum Recording Rate 2 MHz, the Total Recording Time will be:

4,194,000/((1 test)x(2,000,000 points/sec)) = 2.097 seconds

At a slower Recording Rate of 1 MHz (for example), the Total Recording Time will become 4.194 seconds.

If the MicroTraps internal memory is divided into 4 tests, the MicroTrap will partition the memory allocating4,194,000 points/4 tests = 1,048,500 points per test. Following the previous example, the Total Recording Timeper test can be calculated as follows:

4,194,000/((4 tests)x(2,000,000 points/sec)) = 0.524 seconds

If the Recording Rate is reduced to 1 MHz, the Total Recording Time will become 1.048 seconds per test. Ithese recording times are insufficient for your testing applications, then contact MREL and ask about theMicroTrap Memory Upgrade, which doubles the MicroTraps internal memory and thus doubles the TotaRecording Time.


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4.9.2 TRIGGERINGWhen the EXT/INT switch is set to the EXTposition, thetrigger signal that the MicroTrap receives is from theTrigger Wire as detailed in Section 4.8. Thiscorresponds to time = 0 on the resulting VOD graph.

When the EXT/INT switch is set to the INTposition, thenthe MicroTrap is triggered by the signal received fromthe probe placed in the explosives. This trigger signaloccurs according to the following principle: when theexplosive detonates, the probe is consumed and theprobe length is reduced. This in turn reduces theresistance and thus the voltage across the probedecreases from the initial 5.0 VDC (approximately) setautomatically by the MicroTrap. When the voltage acrossthe probe reaches the value corresponding to the TriggerLevel selected by Software (Section 1.4), the MicroTrapis triggered. This represents time = 0 on the resulting VOD graph. For example, with a Trigger Level setting of95%, the MicroTrap will be triggered when the voltage signal coming from the probe crosses the 95% level

(4.75 VDC of the full-scale voltage, which is approximately 5.0 VDC).

Once the MicroTrap receives the trigger signal, it stores the VOD information received immediately prior to thetrigger signal into thepre-trigger memory; the VOD information received after the trigger signal is stored into the

post-trigger memory. The recording time for each memory allocation (pre and post-trigger) will depend on thesetting selected, using the Software (Section 1.4), for Pre-Trigger %. The MicroTrap Software automaticallycalculates and displays the Total Recording Time per Test and the Pre-Trigger Time. For those Operators withadditional interest in recording times:

Pre-Trigger Time = (Total Recording Time) x Pre-Trigger %Post-Trigger Time = (Total Recording Time) - (Pre-Trigger Time)

For the PROBECABLE or PROBECABLE-LR length loaded in the blastholes, and the recommended TRIG%setting of 95.3%, the graphs on the following pages show the lengths of PROBECABLEand PROBECABLE-LR

that must be consumed for the MicroTrap to receive the INTernal trigger signal. PROBECABLE-LR should beused for tests involving several holes where if PROBECABLEwas used it would result in the Total Resistanceexceeding the maximum resistance accepted by the MicroTrap (3,000 ohms).

For example, at a 95.3% Trigger Level and with 250 metres of PROBECABLE loaded into blastholes, then 28metres of PROBECABLE must be consumed to trigger the MicroTrap. If the first hole does not consume asufficient length of PROBECABLE to trigger the MicroTrap, then all of the VOD data for the first hole will bebefore time = 0.

The Operator should ensure that there is sufficient Pre-Trigger time to record the time it takes for the triggerlength of PROBECABLEto be consumed in the blast. This is particularly important if several delayed holes mustbe detonated in order for sufficient PROBECABLE to be consumed. The MicroTrap has a very large memoryand a very long Total Recording Time. At a Pre-Trigger % setting of 25%, the MicroTrap has a long Pre-Trigger

Time. It is likely that there will always be sufficient Pre-Trigger Time to record the time it takes for the triggerlength of PROBECABLEto be consumed in the blast.

If there is insufficient Pre-Trigger time, the best procedure is for the Operator to re-program the MicroTrap usingthe Software and increase the Pre-Trigger % to increase the amount of Pre-Trigger Time to suit the test.

Alternatively, the Operator can reduce the Recording Rate to increase the amount of both Pre and Post-TriggerTime.


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PROBECABLE TRIGGER LENGTH DETERMINATION

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PROBECABLE TRIGGER LENGTH DETERMINATION

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PROBECABLE-LR TRIGGER LENGTH DETERMINATION

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PROBECABLE-LR LENGTH LOADED INTO BLASTHOLES (m)

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PROBECABLE-LR TRIGGER LENGTH DETERMINATION

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5.1 RETRIEVING DATA FROM THE MICROTRAP

The procedure to retrieve data from the MicroTrap to a computer is as follows:



4. At the Main Menu click on the Retrieve Databutton or with the keyboardpress Alt-R. Data retrieval can be accomplished without the use of acomputer mouse by pressing tab to move between data entry fields.

5. Choose a drive, directory and file name in which the MicroTrap datawill be stored. The directory defaults to C:\MicroTrap\Data. The filename, in this case, is 2000Jun015, which indicates the 15

thtime data

has been downloaded from the MicroTrap in June of 2000. TheOperator can name the file anything he wishes. The numbers from 01to 16 will be added to the name, depending on the number of testsdownloaded from the MicroTraps memory, in case of multiple tests inthe MicroTrap memory. Other MicroTrap files already stored in thedirectory are also displayed. Clicking on the Compress Data tick boxturns the file compression on or off. With Compress Data on, theretrieval from the MicroTrap takes longer for some computers;however but the file size is reduced conserving computer disk space.Note that new directories can be created from this window using theCreate New Directorybutton. As well, that the current directory canbe Set as Default Start Directory for saving files. When allinformation is entered, click on the Retrieve Databutton. Otherwise,click on the Cancelbutton to return to the Main Menu.

Ensure that Chapter 1 has been successful ly completed prior to b eginning Ch apter 5.

CHAPTER 5: MICROTRAP SOFTWARE


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appear after the Operator clicks on Accept Test 1. The second test would be stored in the file named2000Jun015_02.mcr. Click on the Accept Test 1button when the resistance information for Test 1 has beenentered for the test. Repeat this procedure for any subsequent tests.

11. After all of the data has been entered for all of the tests downloaded, and the final Accept Test button hasbeen pressed, the Communications Cablecan be detached from the computer and the MicroTrap and the

Operator can proceed to analyze the data.

5.2 SELECTING DATA FILES FOR ANALYSIS

The procedure to select a MicroTrap file for analysis is as follows:

1. If the MicroTrap Softwareis not running, start the MicroTrap Softwarebyclicking on Start-Programs-MicroTrap 3.0-MicroTrap 3.0.

2. At the Main Menu click on the Analyze Databutton or with the keyboardpress Alt-A.

3. Click on the file name of interest. Use the FileCommentsbox as a guide to each files content.

4. Click on the Open button when a file has beenselected, otherwise click on the Cancel button toreturn to the Main Menu. Note that the currentdirectory can be set as the default directory foropening files.

For this example, Example Detonat ing Cordis chosen toillustrate the results of a VOD test on a sample ofdetonating cord. Example Detonat ing Cord andExample Mult iple Decked Holes are data files whichhave all been included as examples with the MicroTrapSoftware. Chapter 6provides the detailed procedures foranalyzing the data in both of these files.

Clicking on the Open button automatically starts theMicroTrap Advanced Analytical Software with the chosendata file. The following Section outlines the capabilities ofthe Analytical Software.


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5.3 INTRODUCTION TO ANALYSIS

The following screen is displayed when a VOD file has been chosen for analysis and all of the sub-graphspreviously saved with the file are opened:

The screen contains three main areas that are summarized below, and are discussed in more detail in thefollowing Sections as well as in Chapter 6:Desktop: the area having the MREL logo as background. One or more graphs can be displayed in maximized,normalized or minimized size states in the area.Tools Bar: a moveable menu of icons, which allows the Operator to access analysis and graphics tools.Menu Bar: located across the top of the screen. It includes pull down menus for File, Graph, Edit, Analyze,Window and Help.

5.4 DESKTOP

When a data file is initially opened, the Desktop area of the Software, which has as a background the MRELlogo, shows the Original VODgraph in a minimized state. The data and graphics on the original graphs can notbe changed. New graph names must be given to the modified graphs (or sub-graphs). In this way, the originaldata for the test can never be lost. In the example in Section 5.3, the Example Detonat ing Corddata file at thispoint in the analysis has only 1 graph, which is the Original VODgraph.


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From this Original VOD graph, other sub-graphs can be made and saved by the Operator under new graphnames. These sub-graphs can include some or all of the data in the original graph and can include graphics, texand analysis information as added by the Operator. The next time the data file is chosen for analysis, the originagraph and all sub-graphs will be opened. There is no limit to the number of sub-graphs which can be createdfrom an Original VOD. The procedure for creating sub-graphs is discussed in Chapter 6.

By clicking on either the normalize icon or on the maximize icon on any minimized graphs (per normal Windowsprocedures) the data can be viewed and analyzed.

5.5 TOOLS BAR

The Tools Bar contains a selection of ten (10) tool buttons used to add or modify the graphscharacteristics, text and graphics and to apply analysis procedures to the data in the graphs tocalculate VODs and delay times between holes. The Tools Bar can be moved anywhere onthe Desktop. The basic functions of each of the tool buttons are outlined below:

The Select Tool has many functions including: selecting, moving, minimizing,maximizing and normalizing graphs; selecting and modifying any component of the

graphs by double clicking on the component (i.e. x-axis, y-axis, data, text, titles).

The Text Toolallows the Operator to add new text/titles/comments to graphs.

The Zoom In Toolallows the Operator to zoom in on any part of the data and graph.

The Zoom Out Tool restores the data to the previous range before a zooming in operation wasperformed.

The Data Value Tooldisplays the digital x, y (time, distance) value of any data point on the graph.

The Line Toolallows the Operator to add a straight line to graphs.

The Arrow Toolallows the Operator to add a straight arrowhead line/pointer to graphs.

The VOD Toolallows the Operator to automatically calculate the VOD for any part of the VOD graph bydoing a linear regression on all of the data between any two data points on the graph.

The Delay Tool allows the Operator to automatically calculate the delay time between any two datapoints on the graph.

The Print Toolallows the Operator to print the active graph.


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5.6 MENU BAR

The Menu Bar contains a selection of six (6) pull down menus used to open data files and their associatedgraphs, save sub-graphs, print graphs, export data and graphics, move and erase bad data points, arrangegraphs on the Desktop and provide access to the digital VOD Operations Manual. The Menu Bar is alwayslocated at the top of the Desktop. The basic functions of each of the pull down menus are outlined below:

The Filemenu allows the Operator to Openda

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