Microwave Principle and Equipment

ZTE University

Contents

Microwave Equipments Application Application/Solution Mobile Network Application Cellular Network Application Ethernet Application

Microwave Communication Principles ZTE Microwave Product Microwave Future Evolution

Application/Solution

Point to Point Digital Microwave transmission system

MUX

Satellite

Fiber optic cable

Microwave link

Coaxial cable

MUX

Mobile Network Application

BSC

MSCPSTNBSC

.....

MSC

SDH

BSC

BSC

BTS

BTS

BTS

BTS

BTS

BTS

BTS

BTSBTS

BTS BTS

BTS

BTS

BTS

BTS

BTS PDH

PDH

BTS

PDHBTS

BTS

BTS

BTS

BTS

BTS

SDH

SDH

SDH

SDH

PDH

PDH

PDH

PDH

PDH

PDH

PDH

SDH SDH

SDH Microwave

PDH Microwave

PSTN: Public Switched Telephone NetworkMSC: Mobile Switching CenterBSC: Base Station ControllerBTS: Base Transceiver Station

Cellular Network Application （ 1 ）

UMTS: Universal Mobile Telecommunication System

Cellular Network Application （ 2 ）

RNC: Regional Network CentreADM: Add/Drop MultiplexerMUX: MultiplexerSTM: Synchronous Transport Module

Ethernet Application(1)LAN to LAN Bridge

Ethernet Application(2)

Ethernet Application(3)

Review

What are the main transmission methods nowadays?

What are the main applications for microwave equipments?

Contents

Microwave Equipments Application Microwave Communication Principles

Introduction to Microwave Principles System Structure

ZTE Microwave Product Microwave Future Evolution

Introduction to Microwave Principles

Different Transmission Systems Microwave Frequency Features of Radio Transmission Radio Frequency Spectrum Utilization Radio Wave Propagation Fading Interference Microwave Radio Link Relay station (Passive)

MUX

Satellite

Fiber optic cable

Microwave link

Coaxial cable

MUX

Different Transmission Systems

10Km 1Km 100m 10m 1m 10cm 1cm 1mm

f 30KHz 300KHz 3MHz 30MHz 300MHz 3GHz 30GHz 300GHz

LF MF HF VHF UHF SHF EHF

microwave

Frequency: 300MHZ ～ 300GHZ Wavelength: 1m~1mm

Frequency band: UHF: 0.3-1.12G X: 8.2-12.4G L: 1.12-1.7G KU: 12.4-18G LS: 1.7-2.6 G K: 18-26G S: 2.6-3.95 G Ka: 26.5-40G C: 3.95-5.85G U: 40-60G XC: 5.85-8.2G

Microwave Frequency

Wavelength is short while frequency is high.

Wide frequency band

Line of sight propagation, reflection, diffraction and scattering

Free space loss

Fading caused by other types of path loss.

Interference

1

2

3

4

5

6

Features of Radio transmission

85432 10 201 30 40 50

1.5 2.5

Regional network

National backbone network

Regional and local network

2834

Mbit/s34140155

Mbit/s

2834

140155

Mbit/s

3.3 11 GHz

GHz

Radio Frequency Spectrum Utilization （ 1）

Channel number

Frequency

F3

F1F2

Fo

1 2 n 1' n'

Low frequency band High frequency band

Band width

Fo: Center frequency

2'

Radio Frequency Spectrum Utilization （ 2 ）

The radio link propagation follows the line of sight: it requires a perfect clearing between transmitting and receiving antennas. The propagation medium is made of the lower layers of the atmosphere (a few meters to a few hundred of meters above ground)

The non homogeneity of the atmosphere influences the waves propagation: 1°) Path curvature2°) Reflecting, diverging, focusing intermittent events

Free space loss (Lfs)=92.4+20×log(f×d) (dB) f:GHz, d:km

Radio Wave Propagation （ 1 ）

AbsorptionPartial reflection

Almost horizontal

DiffusionRefraction

Atmosphere influence

i.1

i.2

n1

n2

n1

n2

Diffusion volume

500Km

n1×sin i.1 = n2×sin i.2

Gaz and water vapor

Frequ. < 15 GHz : insignificant20 GHz : 0.1 dB / km

Rain

Frequ. > ?10 GHzo

Radio Wave Propagation （ 2 ）

Ground influenceGround influence

Reflection

Diffraction

Spherical diffraction

Diffraction on a ridge

Radio Wave Propagation （ 3 ）

An imaginary earth with the radius of 8500km, allows to simplify analysis on Refraction propagation of radio wave.

RImaginary EarthReal Earth

Ro

Standard atmosphere N = - 39 N.units Km

K = R/Ro = 4/3h

h

N : Gradient of air refraction index

N may reach more extreme values than + 250 or - 350, during short percentage of time

N = 315 N units

Air refraction index at sea level: n = 1.000 315

N

Radio Wave Propagation （ 4 ）

Fading

Causes

Types

Selective Fading

Rain and Snow Fading

Anti-Fading Measures

Causes of fading ：Causes of fading ：

Reflection

Changes of transmitting media

Atmosphere

Rain

1

2

3

4

Causes

Fast fading and slow fading

Up fading and down fading

Frequency selective fading and flat fading

1

2

3

Types

Refraction

ReceiverTransmitter

A max

A minFrequency

Radio channel > 1 non-minimal phase fading

A

F0F

A

AA

For A1 = A2 A max dB = + 6A min dB = -

A

F =1

1

1

1

2

- A+ A

2

2

8

= T

=AA

2

2

1

- T 1

Reflection

A ,T2 2A ,T 11

< 1 minimal-phase fading

Cause ：Cause ： Multi-path propagationMulti-path propagation

The direct signal is larger than the reflected signal

Selective Fading

Transmitter

FI

-80 < Pr < -20 dBm

Receiver Demodulator

Digitalsignal

IF

A B

CAG

A

Time

dBm

W 0

Noise

W

B

dBm

Time

IF Level 0 dBr ?2dB?

CN

Main cause ：Main cause ： frequencies > 10 GHzfrequencies > 10 GHz

Signal

Noise

Rain and Snow Fading

H

Frequency Diversity

1

2

3

Techniques without diversityTechniques without diversity

Diversity techniquesDiversity techniques

Space Diversity

Reduce ground reflection

Increase path consistency

Various equalizers

1

2

10.2/F0/2<H<37/F0/2

Anti-Fading Measures

Interference

Types

Anti-Interference Measures

Sort

A

B

Co-channel interference

Adjacent channel interference

Anti-Interference Measures

A

B

Increase transmit power

Improve band pass filter performance

TX/Rx

Hop NO.1

OrTX/Rx

Hop NO.2

Hop No.n

TX/Rx TX/Rx

Distance between the transmitter and the receiver, a few km < D < 100km

Availability and quality depends on the distance recommended by ITU-R.

TerminalStation

Cable

Relay station(Passive)

TerminalStation

Relay station(Active)

CableRadio Link

Microwave Radio Link

Parabolic reflectorsPlane reflectors

Relay station (Passive)

System hierarchy

Transmission Rate Levels

Digital System Hierarchy

2400/19200 bit/s

Data VF

TN 1

64 kbit/s

2.048 Mbit/s

8.448 Mbit/s

34.268 Mbit/s

139.264 Mbit/s

TN 2

TN 3

TN 44 x 480 channels

1920 channels

4 x 120 channels

480 channels

4 x 30 channels

120 channels

+ frame + stuffing

30 channels 64 kbit/s + 64 kbit/s signalling + 64 kbit/s frame

32 x 64 = 2048 kbit/s

Data

MUX PCM

Digital System Hierarchy

Tx/RxCMI

Tx/RxHDB3

Tx/RxHDB3

Tx/RxHDB3

1

432

1

432

TN21

432

1

30

140 Mbit/s34,268 Mbit/s

8,448 Mbit/s

2,048 Mbit/s

64 kbit/s

34 Mbit/s

8 Mbit/s

2 Mbit/s

Tx/Rx

TN4

2/34 Mbit/s PDHADM

155

155 Mbit/s

CMI

4x2 Mbit/s

or 4x2 Mbit/s

or 16x2 Mbit/s

TN3

TN1

Transmission Rate Levels

Review

1. What are the frequency rang of microwave? 2. Describe the features of the microwave trans

mission? 3. What are the influences of the atmosphere

on microwave transmission? 4. What are the causes of fading? 5. What are the main causes of selective fadin

g? 6. What are the two types of counter-fading m

easures? What are the main measures? 7. How many kinds of passive relay stations ar

e there?

Contents

Microwave Equipments Application Microwave Communication Principles ZTE Microwave Product

ZXMW P10 S400&S500 ZXMW SR10 S200 ZXMW SR10 S340 ZXMW NR8000 Series

Microwave Future Evolution

ZXMW PR10 S400&S500

ZXMW SR10 S200

ZXMW SR10 S340

Nodal Nodal SolutionIntegratedIntegrated Solution PTPPTP Solution

SDR BBU Platform

NR8000 is a PDH&SDH integrated digital microwave system developed by ZTE Corporation

NR8050NR8050 NR8250NR8250 NR8120NR8120

NR8000 Series Overview

ZXMW NR8250

ZXMW NR8250 is a high capacity and nodal digital microwave system developed by ZTE Corporation for mobile system hub, aggregation, nodal application and backhaul transmission solutions.

ZXMW NR8250 is a versatile, compact split type radio system. It supplies both the data and voice transmission and supports the continuously increasing large capacity digital transmission. It supports the hybrid transmission for TDM traffic and IP traffic.

In addition, the NR8250 system supports the typical applications in mobile backhaul network, enterprise private network, government and emergency communications.

All outdoor solution - Install on Tower - Install on Ground

- Zero Footprint

NR8250 - based on same platform with SDR BBU Built-in ADM multiplexer, support digital cross connect. Smooth upgrade from 2+0 east-west to 6+0 multi-directional configuration. TU and MU can support mixed insertion. Flexible Configuration.

High integrity and unified structure. Fast engineering and simplified network structure. Low CAPEX, suitable for aggregation site.

Modem Unit

Power unit

Core unit

Traffic Interface

Up to 6 ways

2U

NR8250 Series

ZTE Nodal MicrowaveSolution

Benefits

Nodal Solution-NR8250

Contents

Microwave Equipments Application Microwave Communication Principles ZTE Microwave Product Microwave Future Evolution

All IP Broadband Low TCO

Highly efficient mobile Backhaul

is the key to win

ALL-IPALL-IP

Broadband

Broadband

Low TCOLow TCO

Node-type Structure Smooth Upgrade Device Convergence Unified Network Managem

ent Platform All-outdoor Solution

MPLS/MPLS-TP PWE3 End-to-end OAM End-to-end QoS Clock synchronization tech

nology Ethernet Ring Network Prot

ection

ACM Self-adptive Modulation/Demodulation

Ethernet Packet Compression XPIC Common-frequency and Dual-

polarity High QAM Modulation/Demodulatio

n E-band UHF band

Development Trend and Hot Topics of New Microwave Technology

1 ALL-IP Technology

Carrier EthernetCarrier Ethernet LOW TCOBroadbandCarrier-class Ethernet-CE

W1 - Highest priority

W2

W3

W8 – lowest priority

Scheduling departures

Classify Arrivals

Priority Queues

W4

W5

W6

W7

Services are classified based on the priority field of L2/L3 frame head

Source Port VLAN 802.1p IPv4 TOS/IPv6 TC

Flexible port-based scheduling mechanism

Strict priority (SP) Weighted Round Robin (WRR) Hybrid – any combination of SP & WRR

Carrier EthernetCarrier Ethernet LOW TCOBroadband

QoS mechanism provides different quaility guarantee for different services.

TDM

E1

Abis

E1

TDM

Abis

IMA

E1

ATM

AAL2/5

Iub

STM1

ATM

AAL2/5

Iub

ETH802.1Q

IPIub

ETH

802.1Q

IP

Iub TDM E1

IMA E1EthernetATM STM-1

TDM E1Ethernet

BTS E1 PWE3

NB ATM PWE3

BTS

NodeB

NB HSDPA PWE3Bi-directional Tunnel

BTS E1 PWE3

NB ATM PWE3

NB HSDPA PWE3

PE PE

PWE3

TDM

Abis

Tunnel

PHY

PWE3 realizes unified bearing of TDM, ATM/IMA, and Eth services PWE3 is used to implement fexible TDM/ATM/IMA/MLPPP protocol processing, service sensing and configuration

according to requirements TDM: Supports structured/unstructured emulation, as well as structured idle DS0 timeslot compression ATM/IMA: Supports VPI/VCI switching and idle cell removing

BSC

RNCRNC

P

PWE3ATM

AAL2/5Iub

PHY

Tunnel

ETH802.1Q

IPIub

PWE3

PHY

Tunnel

Carrier EthernetCarrier Ethernet LOW TCOBroadbandPWE3 is compatible with traditional network services

EF (Expedited Forward)

Service sensing is useful for adopting suitable scheduling mode according to the priority level of the service. For ATM service, service sensing is based on the cell, theVPI/VCI ID mapped to different PW for processing, the pri

ority (including the priority of dropping) can be mapped to the EXP field of the PW. For ethernet service, service sensing is based on outer VLAN ID or IP DSCP For TDM real-time service that is more sensitive to delay, the service is quickly forwarded by fixed rate.

TDM E1 PWE3

ATM PWE3

Ethernet PWE3

AF (Assured Forward)BE (Best Effort)

BTS

NodeB

PE PE

BSC

RNCRNC

P

Carrier EthernetCarrier Ethernet LOW TCOBroadbandService Sensing

PE PEPP

Entrance processing: The customer service is recognized and the service priority is mapped to the tunnel priority. Transmission process: The service is assigned according to the tunnel priority by using PQ or PQ+WFQ shceduling strategy. Exit processing: The tunnel tag is removed, and the original customer service is restored.

EF

AF

BE

Carrier EthernetCarrier Ethernet LOW TCOBroadbandEnd-to-end QoS

Supports OAM functions that are similar to SDH, including failure, performance and presetting, to implement convenient end-to-end network monitoring and maintain the customer's operation habbits.

Supports line protection and ring network protection that are similar to SDH

MEP

MIP

OAM Cell Client Service

Client Service OAM(UNI to UNI)

PW OAM

Tunnel OAM

Segment OAM

Access Link OAM

Access Link OAM

PTN

802.3ah

MEF/ITU-T Y.1731

ITU-T G.8114 / Y.1730 / Y.1731 / 802.1ag

ITU-T G.8114

ITU-T G.8114

PW OAM

Tunnel OAM

Segment OAM

PTN

Carrier EthernetCarrier Ethernet LOW TCOBroadbandStructured OAM

BSC/RNC

FE FE/GE

E1/STM1

E1

Hybrid/PTNTiming Solution

BTS

Node B

Node B

GPS

GPS

Slaveclock

c

c

c

TraditionalTiming Solution

FE

GPS

GPS

Masterclock

Slaveclock

Slaveclock

Clock synchronization technology based on IP transfer

ITU-T G.8261 Sync. Eth Freq. transfer

IEEE 1588v2Freq. transfertime-of-day transfer

Private 1PPS+TODFreq. transfertime-of-day transfer

Clock synchronization technology based on IP transfer

ITU-T G.8261 Sync. Eth Freq. transfer

IEEE 1588v2Freq. transfertime-of-day transfer

Private 1PPS+TODFreq. transfertime-of-day transfer

c

Carrier EthernetCarrier Ethernet LOW TCOBroadbandClock Synchronization Technology

RNC

c

c

c

c

c

Portblocked

Portblocked

Microwave Ethernet and Ring Network Protection

2 Broadband-based

Technology

Improve spectrum utilization efficiency

ACM …

… …

PACKET COMPRESSION

ACM CCDP(XPIC)

NATIVE ETH

4 times capacity increased Co-channel can be doubled

Up to 45% Improvement Enhanced capacity by 25%

Step 1 Step 1

Step 2 Step 2

Vertical

Horizontal

56MHz

500Mbps500Mbps

V

H

Step 1 Not compress Step 1

Since the radio spectrum is becoming more and more precious, we have to use multiple new technologies to improve the spect

rum utilization efficiency.

Demand for mobile Backhaul capacity is increasing rapidly

Native TDM Service

Native Ethernet Service

100% TDM

Hybrid Transmission

100% Ethernet

TDM

Eth

What is Hybrid & Native?

• Native Ethernet + Native TDM Service

All services share the same RF channel

TDM and IP services are directly mapped to th

e microwave frame.

TDM and IP service capacity bandwidth is dyn

amically assigned without loss.

Why we use Hybrid & Native?

• Advantages

Since the unified hardware platform supports

hybrid transmission of TDM and IP services,

the CAPEX will be reduced.

Delay of IP service transmission is reduced.

The one-time investment can bring larger tra

nsmission capacity.

Carrier Ethernet LOW TCOBroadbandBroadbandHybrid & Native Structure

QPSK 16QAM

32QAM64QAM128QAM256QAM

16QAM 32QAM 64QAM

Typical 4E1 transmmision link

Bandwidth of 7MHz 99.999% availability rate

Fixed Modulation Scheme

Capacity expanded to 4E1 + 40M Bandwidth of 7MHz 4E1 @ 99.999% available 40M @ 99.9% avilable Adaptive Coding Modulation

256QAMQPSK

QPSK

6 levels of ada

ptive modulati

on and demod

ulation

Handover wit

hout bit loss

& error

Optimized

spectrum u

tilization ef

feciency

Real-time service

Non-real-time service

Carrier Ethernet LOW TCOBroadbandBroadbandAdaptive Coding Modulation Technology

Increase Throughput via Packet Header Compression

Packet length (bytes) Capacity Expansion

64 45 %

96 29 %

128 22 %

256 11 %

512 5 %

All implemented via hardware.

The throughput is increased while the service is not affected.

Compression Step 1

Compression Step 1

Compression Step 1

Compression Step 2

Carrier Ethernet LOW TCOBroadbandBroadband

Vertical

Horizontal

56MHz

500Mbps500Mbps

V

H

Common Channel Dual Polarity (CCDP): Transmit two circuits of signals in the vertical and

horizontal directions of one channel.

Cross Polarity Interference Cancellation: improve the cross polarity separation degree to g

urantee the transmission performance of the system.

By using XPIC and CCDP technologies,the transmission capacity of single microwave cha

nnel is doubled.

Get double capacity b

ased on the limited spe

ctrum,

256QAM

Carrier Ethernet LOW TCOBroadbandBroadband

Transmission capacity of single microwave channel is doubled

Atmospheric and molecular absorption

E-Band Frequency allocations

E-Band provides ultra high transmission capacity bandwidth to support the deployment of LTE network in the future .

Working frequency: 71-76GHz, 81-86GHz

10GHz available

BPSK or QPSK modulation scheme

Up to 2.5Gbps transmission capacity

1-5km Backhaul short distance transmissio

n

High antenna gains: 44dBi/1ft (30cm)

High output power: allowed

E-Band Ultra High Band Microwave Technology

Carrier Ethernet LOW TCOBroadbandBroadband

bits/symbol

Modulation

6416QAM 64QAMQPSK

2

1

I

Q 0010

0011

0000 0001

IkQk=00

3

1

3

IkQk=10

IkQk=01IkQk=11

Q

II

Q 00010 00110

00100 00101 00111

00000 00001 00011 1

1 3

3

5

5

IkQk=00

IkQk=01

IkQk=10

IkQk=11

32QAM5

001000

001001

001101

001100

001010

001011

001111

001110

000010

000011

000111

000110

000000

000001

000101

000100

I

Q

1 1

3

5

7

3 5 7

IkQk=00

IkQk=10

IkQk=11IkQk=01

7128QAM

11010 11011 01011

01010

11000 11001 01001 01000

10000 10001 10101 10100

10010 10011 10111 10110

00010 00011 00111 00110

00000 00001 00101

00100

I

Q

11100 11101

11110 11111

01110 01111

01100 01101

3

1

5

7

9

11

1 3

5

7

9 11

IkQk=01IkQk=11

IkQk=10

IkQk=00

1000 1001 1101 1100

1010 1011 1111 1110

0010 0011 0111

0110

0000 0001

0101

0100 00

3

1

5

7

9

11

1 3 5

7 9

11

13

15

1100

1101

1001

1000

1110 1111

1011

1010

0110 0111

0011 0010

0100

0101

0001

0000

13 15

0000

0001 0101 0100

0010 0011 0111 0110

1010 1011 1111 1110

1000 1001 1101 1100

0100 0101 0001 0000

0110 0111 0011 0010

1110 1111 1011 1010

1100 1101 1001 1000

00

01

01

10

10

11

11

IkQk=01IkQk=11

IkQk=10

IkQk=00Q

I

8256QAM

I

Q

3

1

5

7

9

11

1 3

5

7

9 11

IkQk=01IkQk=11

IkQk=10

IkQk=00

13 15 19 2317 21

13

15

17

19

21

23

9512QAM

QPSK

512QAM

Advantages Adopts higher level of modulation modes, and supports larger tr

ansmission capacity. Disadvantages:

Once the modulation mode gets upgraded by 1 level,the C/N threshold of the system becomes 3dB inferior.

Higher-order QAM Modulation/Demodulation Modes

2.5 Gbps

1000 Mbps

200 Mbps

100 Mbps

40 Mbps

28 MHz 56 MHz 56 MHz (XPIC) N*250 MHz (E-band)

150128QAM

15016QAM

300128QAM

40QPSK

7516QAM

*Single wave channel

10032QAM

500 Mbps

20032QAM

500256QAM

1000256QAM

2500QPSK

1000BPSK

Carrier Ethernet LOW TCOBroadbandBroadbandTable of Transmission Capacity of Microwave Systems

3 Low TCO Solution

Reduce operation &

maintenance cost

2

1

Reduce sitecost

3

Reduce evolutioncost

Lower the quantity and cost of sites Simplify the network topology Reduce the CAPEX of devices Highly reliable structure Flexible deployment High spectrum utilization effeciency

Green Microwave Reduce power consumption by multiple tec

hnologies Suitable for outdoor environment, no need

to install devices in the equipment room. Easy to maintain

Device Convergence Unified Network Management Platform

Unified platform for the future TDM Hybrid Packet smooth evolution Supports multiple services access: E1, STM-1, FE, G

E, ATM…

How to help the operator cut TCO?

Lower power consumption Smaller space to install devices Fewer external devices Quick deployment Easy to maintain

Nodal IDU

Traditional Solution Nodal Solution

Advantages

IDU

IDU

IDU IDU

ADM/Switch

>50% PC

Reduce

Carrier Ethernet LOW TCOLOW TCOBroadbandHighly Integrated Nodal Solution for HUB Site

BSC/RNC

BTS

Eth

Eth

Eth

E1/STM1

E1

Hybrid MW Network

Node B

Node B

GPS

GPS

Traditional GPS Clock Solution

Investment on GPS receiver Cost on GPS installation High TCO solution

Sync Eth. + 1588v2 Solution

No need of investment on GPS receiver No need of cost on project installation Low TCO solution

Carrier Ethernet LOW TCOLOW TCOBroadband

c

c

c

c

Low Cost Clock Synchronization Solutions Based on IP Transmission

ModulationAverage

ThroughputAvailability (%) Unavailability

Without ACM: requires 0.9 m antennas128QAM 180 Mbps 99.999 5min, 15sec

ModulationAverage

ThroughputAvailability (%) Unavailability

With ACM: requires 0.3 m antennasQPSK 50 Mbps 99.999 5min, 15sec

16QAM 100 Mbps 99.997436 13min, 29sec

32QAM 120 Mbps 99.996384 19min, 0sec

64QAM 150 Mbps 99.994746 27min, 37sec

128QAM 180 Mbps 99.993123 41min, 38sec

4.3km route, 28MHz bandwidth, 180Mbps, 128QAM

With lower requirement for the load-bearing capacity of the iron tower, the cost of iron tower is reduced. Allows to use smaller antenna, the delivery cost of the antenna is reduced. With simple installation, the costs on land requisition and installation are reduced.

0.9 m

0.3 m

Antenna

Carrier Ethernet LOW TCOLOW TCOBroadbandACM Technology Reduces Antenna Size

PerformanceManagement

NMS/OSS/BSSNMS/OSS/BSS

GUI

WEB

CLI

SecurityManagement

TopologyManagement

System Management

ConfigurationManagement

FaultManagement

EMS ClientFlat File/CORBA/DB

InventoryManagement

……

SNMP/CORBA Flat File/CORBA/DB Flat File/CORBA/DB

NML

NEL

EML

Carrier Ethernet LOW TCOLOW TCOBroadband

BNBNRANRAN …………MWMW

Unified Network Management Platform Reduces Maintenance Cost

Carrier Ethernet LOW TCOLOW TCOBroadband

No need to install devices in the equipment roo

m.

No need of cabin and equipment room

Cost on site renting is reduced

Supports quick and easy installation and d

eployment

Suitable for end access of Backhaul application

in WiMAX /LTE network

Baseband and RF modules are integrated in the outdoor equipment case.

Adots PoE power supply

Power over Etherne

t

All-outdoor IP-based Microwave Solution

FSO (Free Space Optics): Laser Radio Communication System is based on the utilizatio

n of invisible laser beam, and it uses the air as the transmission media. It can be combine

d with the microwave to be used in mobile Backhaul. Advantages

The working frequency is on the THz frequency band, so there is no signal interference.

No need to apply for license, so the cost is reduced. Supports high capacity: 155Mbps to 10Gbps Supports quick installation and easy to maintain

Disadvantages The communication quality may be affected by adverse whether conditions, such a

s rain, fog, snow and wind. The best communication quality can be acquired only within the range of 1km from the site.

Carrier Ethernet LOW TCOLOW TCOBroadband

NodeBRNCRNC

NodeB

c

c

c

Microwave & Radio Laser Integrated Transmission Solution