microwave radio solution description

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Customer confidential

Nokia Microwave Radio Solution Description V 1.1

Nokia Microwave RadioSolution Description

22.10.2002



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The information in this document is subject to change without notice and describes only the product defined inthe introduction of this documentation. This document is intended for the use of Nokia's customers only for thepurposes of the agreement under which the document is submitted, and no part of it may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or means without the prior written permission of Nokia. The document has been preparedto be used by professional and properly trained personnel, and the customer assumes full responsibility whenusing it. Nokia welcomes customer comments as part of the process of continuous development andimprovement of the documentation.

The information or statements given in this document concerning the suitability, capacity, or performance of thementioned hardware or software products cannot be considered binding but shall be defined in the agreementmade between Nokia and the customer. However, Nokia has made all reasonable efforts to ensure that theinstructions contained in the document are adequate and free of material errors and omissions. Nokia will, if necessary, explain issues which may not be covered by the document.

Nokia's liability for any errors in the document is limited to the documentary correction of errors. NOKIA WILLNOT BE RESPONSIBLE IN ANY EVENT FOR ERRORS IN THIS DOCUMENT OR FOR ANY DAMAGES,INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL (INCLUDING MONETARY LOSSES), that might arise from the use of thisdocument or the information in it.

This document and the product it describes are considered protected by copyright according to the applicablelaws.

NOKIA logo is a registered trademark of Nokia Oyj.

Other product names mentioned in this document may be trademarks of their respective companies, and theyare mentioned for identification purposes only.

Copyright © Nokia Oyj 2002. All rights reserved.



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1. Introduction.................................................................................................................................. 4 2. Nokia microwave radios............................................................................................................... 4 2.1 FlexiHopper........................................................................................................................... 6 2.2 PowerHopper........................................................................................................................ 7 2.3 MetroHopper ......................................................................................................................... 8 2.4 Interlink ................................................................................................................................. 9

3. Network and site solutions......................................................................................................... 10 3.1 Nokia microwave radios in radio access transport network ................................................. 10 3.2 Site solutions....................................................................................................................... 12

4. Network Management solutions................................................................................................. 16 4.1 NMS10 based solution........................................................................................................ 16 4.2 NetAct based solution ......................................................................................................... 18 4.3 Other NMS solutions........................................................................................................... 19



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1. INTRODUCTION

This solution description gives an overall view of how Nokia microwave radios are used inmobile networks and the network management solutions available for managing Nokiamicrowave radios.

2. NOKIA MICROWAVE RADIOS

For fast network rollout, microwave radios are the best choice of transport medium.

Nokia microwave radios are so called ‘split-mount equipment’, having a microwave part

and antenna mounted outdoors, the solution being always the same, and base bandfunctionality mounted indoors. The indoor solution can be either integrated or standalone. All Nokia indoor units can be connected to more than one outdoor unit.

The indoor units of the Nokia FlexiHopper and Nokia MetroHopper PDH microwave radioscan be integrated into Nokia WCDMA, Nokia UltraSite EDGE and Nokia Talk Family basestations as plug-in units. These fit directly onto the cross-connect nodes (ATM or TDM)that form an integral part of the base station cabinet.

Figure 1- Rooftop installation of a base station and Nokia Hopper microwave radios



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Standalone ATM and TDM crossconnect systems, such as the Nokia Stand-alone AXC

and Nokia MetroHub, also provide housing for these plug-in indoor units, with Flexbusinterfaces for Nokia FlexiHopper and Nokia MetroHopper.

The Flexbus is a Nokia proprietary interface, which can also be used for interconnectingbase station cabinets. The Flexbus cable can be up to 300m long and can carry up to 16 xE1 traffic within a single coaxial cable, removing the need for several separate E1 cables.In FIU 19, RRIC, and FXC RRI indoor units, E1 signals can be connected betweenFlexbus interfaces by using inbuilt E1 level cross-connection.

The ATM cross-connect node AXC, which is an integral part of every Nokia WCDMA BaseStation, can be equipped with the Flexbus interface unit IFUE, which has three Flexbusconnections, while the Nokia UltraSite EDGE BTS or the MetroHub transmission node can

be equipped with Flexbus interface unit FXC RRI, which has two Flexbus connections.

A 19" rack mountable standalone indoor unit, the FIU 19, includes a separate E1 accessfor MetroHopper and FlexiHopper microwave radios, providing the option of a standalonetransmission solution.

The following Figure 2 illustrates the variety of Indoor Units available for Nokia PDHMicrowave Radios:

"Indoor units"FIU19

FXC RRI(GSM/EDGEUltraSite,MetroSite,MetroHub)

AXC- IFU E

(WCDMAUltraSite,MetroSite,S-AXC)

RRIC(GSMCityTalkIntraTalk)

"Outdoor units"

Nokia MetroHopperFLEXBUS

connects

Nokia FlexiHopper

Figure 2 -Indoor Units for Nokia FlexiHopper and Nokia MetroHopper



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The indoor unit of the Nokia SDH radio, the PowerHopper, needs a separate 19"

installation space and in some cases an external third party SDH multiplexer. Interlink is along haul SDH radio whose configuration options are described in chapter 2.4.

2.1 FlexiHopper

The Nokia FlexiHopper PDH microwave radio family includes models for 7, 8, 13, 15, 18,23, 26 and 38 GHz frequency bands. The radio transport capacity of all Nokia FlexiHopper models is 2x2, 4x2, 8x2 or 16x2 Mbit/s. This can be selected using the node manager or the network management system (NetAct) without any hardware changes. NokiaFlexiHopper radios use forward error correction (FEC) and interleaving to improve signal

quality, making it an ideal way of transporting E1 traffic carrying ATM cells as a payload.

Figure 3 -Nokia FlexiHopper Microwave radio

ALCQ (Adaptive Level Control with Quality measure) is a automatic transmit power controlmethod. This feature enables the radio transmitter to increase or decrease the transmit

power automatically, according to the response received from the other end of the hop.This approach achieves more efficient utilization of radio frequencies than the constantlevel approach. The controlled use of transmit power reduces interference betweensystems, which, in turn, allows tighter packing of radio links within the same geographicalarea or at network star points.

Typical maximum output power at the antenna connector of FlexiHopper is 16-23 dBm(dependent on frequency band) and can be adjusted electrically via the node manager.

Nokia FlexiHopper's robust modulation method, p/4-DQPSK, provides the best area basedspectrum efficiency in dense networks.

The maximum feasible hop length of the FlexiHopper depends on frequency and therequired target for unavailability. Hop lengths are from 3.0 km (38 GHz radio with 20 cmantenna at 16 x 2 Mbit/s capacity) up to over 50 km (7 and 8 GHz radios with a 180 cm



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antenna at 16 x 2 Mbit/s capacity). These values are calculated with 0.005% unavailability

in 42 mm/h rain rate conditions (European climate) with guaranteed system values. Whenthe radios are set at lower capacity, the hop lengths can be even longer.

The Nokia FlexiHopper network element consists of an indoor unit (IU) and an outdoor unit(OU), which is presented in Figure 3. The units are connected together with a singlebidirectional coaxial cable, the Nokia Flexbus, which connects up to 16 x 2 Mbit/s payload,power and network management signals to the outdoor unit.

2.2 PowerHopper

Nokia PowerHopper is an SDH radio that provides STM-1 (155 Mbit/s) transmissioncapacity. It consists of an outdoor unit shown in Figure 4 and a 19" rack mountable stand-

alone indoor unit. The interconnection between these two is made using a single coaxialcable that also feeds power to the outdoor unit.

Figure 4 -Nokia PowerHopper outdoor unit

The STM-1 interface of the indoor unit, shown in Figure 5, can be connected directly tothe STM-1 interface of a WCDMA base station or, if smaller connection granularities areneeded, to the STM-1 interface of an external SDH add/drop multiplexer, allowing avariety of smaller capacity interfaces to be transported over STM-1.

Figure 5 -Nokia PowerHopper Microwave radio indoor unit



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The Nokia PowerHopper SDH microwave radio is available for 7, 8, 13, 15, 18, 23, 26 and

38 GHz frequency bands. Protection against equipment faults is achieved by 1+1 HSBmethod.

2.3 MetroHopper

The Nokia MetroHopper PDH radio, shown in Figure 6, provides fast wireless accessservice. It uses the unique 58 GHz-frequency band, which does not require co-ordinatedfrequency planning and thus minimises the approval and planning procedure. In the 58GHz band, the signal is absorbed more by oxygen, limiting feasible hop lengths tosomewhat more than 800 m (depending on climate conditions). This makes Nokia

MetroHopper an optimal solution for GSM/WCDMA microcellular access.

Figure 6 -Nokia MetroHopper Radios

Nokia MetroHopper can be installed without the delays caused by applying for a license or waiting for a leased line connection and therefore minimises or eliminates administrativepaperwork.

Sophisticated interference calculations are not needed for the 58 GHz band, because theautomatic channel selection allows the Nokia MetroHopper to start operating in a channelwith the lowest interference level.

The use of Time Division Duplex eliminates all sub-band varieties.

Unlike most of the competing wireless solutions, the Nokia MetroHopper is compatiblewith the densest areas, such as city centers, as well as with rural areas and isolatedcustomers. The outdoor unit has an integrated flat panel antenna. Its compact size (only25x19x11 cm) and its alignment unit make it easy to install and easy to accept for siteowners, even in dense urban areas.

The Nokia MetroHopper, which can transmit a 4 x 2 Mbit/s signal in very dense networks,comprises of an outdoor unit and an indoor unit, connected by a single coaxial cablecalled the Nokia Flexbus, which has a maximum length of 300 m.



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2.4 Interlink

For backbone applications there is a long haul SDH radio, known as InterLink. Available for 4, 5, L6, U6, 7, 8 and 11 GHz frequency bands, Interlink is an all-indoor unit solution thatprovides SDH connection to areas where no fiber-optic cable is available.

InterLink, shown in Figure 7, can be configured as unprotected N+0 (1+0 to 8+0), HotStandby or N+1 (1+1 to 7+1) frequency diversity. Frequency diversity configurations areexpandable from 1+0 up to 7+1 or 8+0. In N+1 frequency diversity systems the protectionchannel can be utilized for occasional traffic. Space diversity receivers can be used in allthese configurations - Automatic Transmitter Power Control (ATPC) is also an optionavailable. In Co-channel Dual Polarized (CCDP) mode, the system can be expanded up to16 RF channels.

Figure 7 -Rack with InterLink in 7+1 configuration and 1+1 HSB InterLink subrack

The Hot Standby option is configured as two transceivers sharing the same branching andRF-filters with both transceivers transmitting the same information. The receiver switchingis a normal 1+1 hitless switching.

Each radio channel can be configured with various STM-1 line interfaces. The protectionchannel can be configured to carry occasional traffic by adding an additional InterfaceBaseband Board. Two configurations are available - terminal, serving one antennadirection, and double-terminal, serving two antenna directions using common SupervisoryBoard, Service Board, Connection Panel and subrack.



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3. NETWORK AND SITE SOLUTIONS

3.1 Nokia microwave radios in radio access transport network

Transport solutions and network topology should evolve to allow the greatest flexibility for capacity changes. The capacity dictates the chosen topology, especially in a narrowbandlower access network implemented with Point-to-Point (PtP) radio links.

Nokia FlexiHopper, PowerHopper and MetroHopper form a competitive product portfolio tocover applications from tail site to big hub sites. Nokia FlexiHopper is a cost-effective PDHradio and PowerHopper is a high capacity microwave radio.

Positioning of Nokia microwave radio products in the radio access transport network isshown below using network examples. The site capacity in the network shown in Figure 8for a combined 2G/3G site is 4xE1. One E1 is reserved for serving GSM BTSs and 3 E1sfor WCDMA BTSs. Implementations of 3GPP R99 WCDMA access transport networksoften use TDM transport functionality and E1/T1 level granularity with Inverse Multiplexingfor ATM (IMA).

Nokia FlexiHopper, PowerHopper and MetroHopper fulfill all the transport capacitiesneeded in the network topology described in Figure 8. Starting from the STM-1 capacity(155 Mbit/s), Nokia PowerHopper is used in higher radio access transport network linksserving more than three sites. Nokia FlexiHopper, with a capacity up to 16x2 Mbit/s, is used

in links serving up to three example sites (12x2 Mbit/s), while the Nokia MetroHopper (58GHz) with a maximum capacity of 4x2 Mbit/s is an optimal solution for microcells in densecity networks.



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4xE1

Nokia FlexiHopper (FH) or

Nokia MetroHopper (MH)

8..16xE1Nokia FlexiHopper (FH)

STM-1

Nokia

PowerHopper (PH)

SDH

site

SDH ring

PDH

STM-1

Microwave links

PDH

STM-1

Microwave links

BTS site (2G/3G)- capacity 4xE1BTS site (2G/3G)- capacity 4xE1

SDH Hub site+BSC

Switch siteRNC

FH

PH

FH

PH

FH

FH

FHFH

FH

FH

FH

MHFH

FH

MH

FH

FH

FHPH

PH

PH

PH

1

2

3

Figure 8 -Positioning of the Nokia FlexiHopper and PowerHopper in an example network

The PowerHopper can also be deployed in a ring structure, allowing for network protectionof 2 Mbit/s circuits carried on the STM-1 ring. The ring topology offers a number of advantages, such as use of unprotected radio configuration giving substantially better system gain, better protection for site failures such as power failures and also someprotection against outages caused by precipitation.



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4xE1

Nokia FlexiHopper (FH) or

Nokia MetroHopper (MH)

8..16xE1

Nokia FlexiHopper (FH)

STM-1

NokiaPowerHopper (PH)

SDH

site

SDH ring

PDH

STM-1

Microwave links

PDH

STM-1

Microwave links

BTS site (2G/3G)- capacity 4xE1BTS site (2G/3G)- capacity 4xE1 SDH Hub site +

BSC

Switch siteRNC

FH

FH

FH

PH

FH

FH

FH

FH

FH

FH

MHFH

FH

MH

FH

FH

FH

PH

PH

PH

PH

PHPH

FH

PH

4

Figure 9 -Positioning of the Nokia FlexiHopper and PowerHopper in an alternative topology

example network

3.2 Site solutions

One E1 is reserved for serving GSM BTSs and three E1s for WCDMA BTS at a site shownin Figure 10 – this corresponds to site number 1 in the reference network in Figure 8. TheFIU 19 indoor unit is installed in a site support cabinet and connected with Flexbus to aMetroHopper/FlexiHopper outdoor unit. The E1 interfaces of the FIU 19 unit are connectedto GSM and WCDMA BTSs - the Flexbus interface can be used as an alternative. UsingInverse Multiplexing for ATM (IMA) functionality inside the BTS (AXC) creates an ATMtransport bit pipe for the WCDMA BTS.



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Site SupportWCDMA BTS GSM BTS

3*E1

E1

PH

FH

FH

1

FH

Figure 10 -FlexiHopper or MetroHopper solutions with FIU 19 indoor unit for 2G/3G tail site

FXC RRI or RRIC, installed in Nokia GSM BTSs, is connected with Flexbus to the

MetroHopper/FlexiHopper outdoor unit as presented in Figure 11 and corresponding to sitenumber 1 in Figure 8. WCDMA BTS E1 interfaces are connected to the E1 interfaces of GSM BTS. Again, the Flexbus interface can be used as an alternative.

WCDMA BTS GSM BTS

3*E1

PH

FH

FH

1

FH

Figure 11 -FlexiHopper or MetroHopper solutions with FXC RRI indoor unit for 2G/3G tail

site



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One FIU 19 can support up to three Flexbus connections as presented in Figure 12 and

corresponding to site number 2 in Figure 8. E1 signals can be add and drop multiplexedbetween directions by using the built in 2M cross connection in the FIU 19.

The example 4*E1 capacity set up for each site would use a capacity of 12*E1 of theFlexiHopper microwave radio link connecting hub point two, leaving 4*E1 reserve capacityfor future upgrades.

Site SupportWCDMA BTS GSM BTS

3*E1

E1

PH

FH

FH

2FH

Figure 12 -FlexiHopper with FIU indoor unit for GSM and WCDMA site at microwave radio

network hub point

Installation of the Nokia PowerHopper, SDH Add Drop Multiplexer (ADM) and FlexiHopperswith FIU 19 indoor units inside the site support cabinet is shown in Figure 13 andcorresponds to site number 3 in Figure 8. The whole STM-1 capacity (63xE1) can bedropped at the site using a SDH ADM. The base stations are connected to the E1interfaces of a SDH ADM. FlexiHoppers provide the transport to the sites below using E1sconnected between FIU 19s and the SDH ADM.



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Site SupportGSM BTS

3*E1

E1

WCDMA BTS

FH

FH

FH

MHFH

PH

PH

3

Figure 13 -PowerHopper high capacity microwave radio with FlexiHopper at microwave

radio network hub point

PowerHopper can be deployed in a ring structure, allowing for network protection of 2Mbit/s circuits carried on the STM-1 ring. The STM-1 ring networks can be configured witha single STM-1 input or with dual STM-1 input from one site or two different sites. Inaddition, both ring and star configurations on the STM-1 can be used together.

The embedded 21x2 Mbit/s multiplex unit can be installed in the PowerHopper, 1U indoor unit allowing for extremely compact solutions for ring protection on the STM-1 networklevel. Any amount of STM-1 capacity can be dropped at the site using the SDH ADM, asshown in the example Figure 14 and corresponding to site number 4 in Figure 9. APowerHopper high capacity microwave radio is applied in a STM-1 ring structure withFlexiHoppers providing the transport for the sites connected to this site.



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Site Support

WCDMA BTS GSM BTS

3*E1

E1

FH

FH

PH

4

PH

PH PH

Figure 14 -PowerHopper high capacity microwave radio is applied in a STM-1 ring structure

with FlexiHopper providing the transport for the sites connected to this site

4. NETWORK MANAGEMENT SOLUTIONS

Nokia provides several different NMS solution options. Typically, the microwave radionetwork is managed as a separate entity and in the case of Hopper radios, the NokiaNMS/10 is used to provide real time fault management of the network with a graphical user interface to supervise the microwave radios.

NetAct is an efficient way to manage digital cellular networks including cellular transmission

- when Nokia Hopper microwave radios form part of a Nokia mobile network that includesbase stations and other nodes, it is best to incorporate the management of the radios intothe Nokia NetAct supervising the whole network.

Often, network elements from different vendors must be managed under one NMS system.Using SNMP, Nokia Hopper radios can be integrated to any commercial NMS. The SNMPsolution allows the use of IP based DCN connection to all Hopper radios and also to other equipment behind the radio links.

4.1 NMS10 based solution

Nokia Network Management System/10 (NMS/10) products are part of the Nokia NMSfamily, which provides management for a network composed of Nokia's telecommunicationproducts. NMS/10 comprises an easy-to-use graphical user interface and a centralized



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operation and management system for Nokia Hopper radios. The basic installation setup of

NMS 10 for managing Nokia Hopper radios is shown in Figure 15. NMS 10 can be usedeither for small transmission networks, or as part of the management solution for larger networks – helping to maximize network reliability, minimise operating expenses andreduce time to operation.

Figure 15 -Nokia Hopper radios managed with NMS/10

The management system offers fault, performance, configuration and security managementin one compact and powerful package. Fast and simple remote software upgrades to NokiaHoppers are supported, making it easy to perform network wide upgrades. Efficient remoteuse features enable qualified operators to resolve any emergency situations outsideworking hours, either remotely from their own home or from another management center.

Maintenance monitoring aims at keeping the network as flawless as possible. With error performance monitoring, it is possible to identify degrading systems before they fail andaffect network services. With routine monitoring, it is possible to produce hourly, daily,

LAN

DCN Adapter

FIU 19

NMS/10

FIU 19

LANNokia Q1



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weekly, and monthly summaries of the performance, helping to discover faulty equipment in

time to take action.

4.2 NetAct based solution

Nokia NetAct is a unified and modular operation support solution for both 2G and 3Gmobile networks. In addition to supporting the radio network or packet core network, NokiaNetAct provides comprehensive support for cellular transmission as shown in Figure 16. This mainly incorporates:

• Centralized transmission network monitoring• Centralized transmission network statistics and measurements reporting• Transmission network documentation

• Integration of all Nokia node managers for transmission nodes as well as for integratedtransmission units, which are used with Nokia Hopper radios

Nokia NetAct provides a graphical user interface, presenting the managed networks andsub-networks in a hierarchical view. High scalability allows operators to adapt the capacityof the management system cost-effectively, according to their needs for network size,number of users and redundancy level.

Figure 16 -The transmission network management system for Nokia Hopper microwave

radios



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Individual node managers, designed specifically for the related network element, handle

element level management. Node managers can either be operated remotely from NokiaNetAct or locally from maintenance terminals directly connected to the local managementport of the specific node. In both cases, the operator can access the management functionsvia a graphical user interface.

4.3 Other NMS solutions

Nokia Hopper radios provide an industry standard interface, SNMP (Simple NetworkManagement Protocol), which allows them to be integrated to any network managementsystem. This can be done either with agents for multiple nodes or directly from radio indoor

units such as the FIU 19E, as shown in Figure 17.

Figure 17 -Hopper SNMP management with FIU 19E

The FIU 19E is designed to manage FlexiHoppers and MetroHoppers in multi-vendor networks, using third-party management systems that support the SNMP interface. An IPbased management data connection network (IP DCN) is an integral part of SNMPmanagement.

To build a complete SNMP managed microwave radio network with consecutive links andbranches, there must be a way to transport the management data to all radios. The FIU19E implements this with IP routing, making it possible to transmit IP traffic to other IPequipment located on site or to other sites connected via FlexiHopper and MetroHopper radio links. In this way, multiple network element types can be managed via the same IPbased DCN.

TopologyFileEdit LocateView Help

Mount

4 3 1 7 4 3 7

1 9 5 0 7 9 %

/

NetworkTraffic Help

LAN

FIU 19E FIU 19E

NMS System (E.g. HP OpenView)

LAN

SNMP



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Figure 18 -Example of network with IP routing

Figure 18 shows FIU 19E units routing the IP traffic. Any equipment with a LAN interfacecan be connected to remote FIU 19Es and the traffic routed to the LAN as shown in thefigure. Behind a FlexiHopper link there can be a number of other items of equipment. Thefast DCN channel to the far end allows consecutive radio links or external IP manageddevices, such as base stations, to be connected to the IP DCN provided by a FlexiHopper with a FIU 19E indoor unit. This is needed in multi-vendor networks.



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Abbreviations

2G Second generation mobile network

3G Third generation mobile network

3GPP Third Generation Partnership Project

ADM Add Drop Multiplexer

ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode

AXC ATM cross connect embedded to Nokia UltraSite WCDMA BTS

AXC FB Nokia microwave radio indoor unit for AXC

BTS Base Transceiver Station

BSC Base Station Controller

E1 ETSI 2048 kbit/s (32 x 64k)

FH FlexiHopper

Flexbus Nokia microwave radio interface, FB

FXC-RR1 Nokia microwave radio indoor unit inside GSM/EDGE UltraSite BTS

GHz Gigahertz

GSM Global System for Mobile communications

IDU Indoor Unit

IMA Inverse Multiplexing for ATM

IP Internet Protocol

MH MetroHopper

MHz Megahertz

MWR Microwave radio

NMS Network Management System

PDH Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy

PH PowerHopper



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RAN Radio Access Network

RNC Radio Network Controller

SDH Synchronous Digital Hierarchy

SNCP Sub Network Connection Protection

SNMP Simple Network Management Protocol

STM-1 Synchronous Transport Module with the lowest transmission rate

(155.52 Mbit/s) for the synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH)

TDM Time Division Multiplex

WCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access

microwave radio solution description

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