middle age notes
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Discussion Notes for the middle AgesTRANSCRIPT
THE MIDDLE AGES
800-1215
FEUDAL & MANORIAL SYSTEMS
Origins of Feudalism • Feudalism originated as result of invasions• Kings can’t defend their lands & lands of their nobles• Nobles had to find way to defend own lands
• Built castles, often on hills (wood to stone)Knights and Lords • Nobles need trained soldiers • Knights: highly skilled soldiers • Mounted knights best defenders• Being a knight expensive; weapons, armor, horses• Knights need payment, usually land
The Feudal System
KNIGHTS
Fiefs and Vassals Feudal system, or feudalism: Giving land for service
Fief (Fiefdom): Land given to knight for service
Vassal: Anyone accepting fief
Lord: Person from whom he accepted fief was his lord
Oath of Fealty Lords, vassals in feudal system had duties to fulfillOath Of Fealty: Promise to remain loyalKnight’s Obligations Knights provide military service to his lord Knight had financial obligations to lord
Pay ransom for lord’s release if captured in battleGave money on special occasions, such as knighting of son
Lord’s Obligations Lord treat knights fairly, not demanding too much time, money Protect knight if attacked by enemies Act as judge in disputes between knights
Feudal Obligations
Lord and Vassal
• Person could be both lord, vassal
• Knights gave land to other knights, created many levels of obligations
• One knight could serve many lordsFealty to King • Everyone supposed to be loyal to the king, not everyone loyal• Some powerful nobles as strong as kings, ignored duties as vassals• Feudal rules specific to time, place; could change over time
A Complicated System
FEUDALISM VIDEO
Feudal system: was a political and social system. Manorial system: governed medieval economicsLords, Peasants, and Serfs Manors owned by wealthy lords, knightsPeasants farmed & given protection & plots of landSerfdom Most peasants were serfs, tied to manor, Not slaves, could not be sold Could not leave or marry without permissionFree People Manors had free people, that rented land Skilled workers like blacksmiths, millersPriest for spiritual needs
The Manorial System
• Most of manor’s land for crops, pastures for animals
• Middle Ages farmers learned, leaving field empty improved soil
Three Crop Rotation • 1 field planted for fall harvest• 2nd field planted for spring harvest• 3rd field unplanted for yearSmall Village• Manor included fortified house for
noble family, village for peasants, serfs
• Goal to make manor self-sufficient• Typical manor also included church,
mill, blacksmith
A Typical Manor
Life in a Castle Early castles built for defense not comfort Few windows, stuffy in summer, cold in winter, dark always
Space Nobles share space with soldiers, servants, etc… Private rooms very rare Main room the hall, large room for dining, entertaining
Bedrooms Noble family bedrooms separated from main area by sheets Later castles had separate bedrooms; latrines near bedrooms Wooden bathtub outside in warm weather, inside near fireplace in winter
Daily Life in the Middle Ages
•Typical village family lived in a small wooden one-room house. •Roof = straw, the floor of dirt, Open holes served as windows.
Bedrooms •Slept on beds of straw on floor•All shared one room with animals•Animals to provide heat in wintersMeals •Cooked meals over open fire •No chimneys, smoke; fires common•Meal: bread, cheese, vegetables, occasionally meat
Life in a Village
Power of the Church
Main Idea
Reform and changes swept through the Christian Church, one of the most influential institutions in medieval Europe.
Popes as Political Figures• Pope is head of Roman Catholic Church• Early popes = spiritual leaders• During Middle Ages = political figuresChristian Beliefs• Manorialism, feudalism encouraged local
loyalties• Religion touched almost every aspect of
Christians’ lives
Religion in the Middle Ages
Religious CeremoniesMajor life events marked by religious ceremoniesMonks acted as peacemakers, prayed for safety of rulers, armiesChurch officials served as teachers, record keeperDramatic IncreaseAround 1000, influence of church increased dramaticallyGreat upwelling of piety, level of devotion, in Europe
Europe’s common people inspired by a new sense of piety, Clergy members sought ways to improve conditions.Papacy
•900s, Pope = little authority
•Local bishops make most religious decisions
•Papacy not held in high regard
Church Reforms
•1049, Leo IX, reform papacy
•Believe, Europe’s clergy was corrupt
•Simony, buying/selling of church offices by bishops
Growth of Papal Power
Excommunication Bishops guilty of bad offenses Excommunicated, cast out of church
No greater punishment for Christians Excommunicated could not take part in Eucharist, could not be savedReforms Leo active in governing church than other popes Reforms = conflict with political, religious leaders Many bishops believed pope had no authorityConflict (GREAT SCHISM) Bishop of Constantinople, Reject Leo 1054, Leo excommunicated bishop, Follow Leo = Roman Catholics; those who sided with bishop = Orthodox
Power and Conflict
Popes and Politics• Pope became head of huge network of ecclesiastical courts, heard
cases on religious, moral matters
• Pope also ruled territories, like Papal States
– Had ability to raise armies to defend territories
– Several popes hired Normans to fight wars
– Crusades against Muslims launched by popes
Popes had increased their power, still conflict with political leaders.
Tradition
Kings active role in choosing clergy & Bishops
Reform
• Issue became critical during Pope Gregory VII’s pontificate
• Popes think only clergy should choose religious officials
Bishop of Milan
• Henry IV, Holy Roman emperor, chose new bishop for city of Milan
• Gregory removed bishop
• Henry disputed Gregory’s authority
Conflict over Bishops
Excommunication
• Gregory excommunicate Henry
• Henry traveled to Canossa to beg forgiveness
• Reluctantly, Gregory lifted excommunication
• Compromise: local clergy would choose bishops
Power
• Gregory stood up to emperor
• Pope become one of strongest figures in Europe
Gregory and Henry
Contemplation and Prayer Monasteries founded by men seeking lives of contemplation and prayer Monasteries often paid for by local rulers, who chose abbots who led them
Benedictine Rule Abandoned 900, Rulers stopped choosing qualified abbots, Benedictine Rule abandoned
Return to Monasticism Early 900s, New monastery at Cluny, France, to live by Benedictine Rule
Monks of Cluny choose own abbot
Changes in Monasticism
• Cluny became most influential monastery in Europe
• For some monks, Benedictine life not strict enough
• Cistercian order: wanted lives free from any worldly distractions
New Orders
• built outside of towns = Isolation• Undecorated, unheated; monks
divided time between prayer, labor
Cistercian Monasteries
Network of Monasteries
Monk’s Life Illuminated ManuscriptsIlluminated Manuscripts
THE CRUSADESTHE CRUSADES
GOAL OF CRUSADES
• Goal to reclaim Holy Land from Muslims-Seljuk Turks
• Christians launched Crusades: series of religious wars o reclaim the Holy Land
• Jerusalem; Holy Temple of Jews, where Jesus crucified, buried, was to come again
Muslims Control Holy Land• Late 1000’s, Fatamids
• Turkish Muslims persecuted Christians visiting region
• 1071, Turks attacked Byzantine Empire, destroyed army
• Byz. Emperor turned Pope Urban II, for help
Launching the CrusadesLaunching the Crusades
The Council of ClermontThe Council of ClermontPope Urban II called leaders to Clermont, France
Heavenly (Salvation) & Earthly Rewards (Family & Lands)
Call on Christian warriors to forget differences, & fight for and defend Constantinople against Seljuk Turks
Hundreds of knights, nobles volunteered for Crusade, “God wills it!”
Knights seek Glory & Land
Merchants seek $$$$$
Debtors, debt cancelled
Criminals, forgiven
1096, Crusaders left France 9 Crusades in all, (1096 and 1291)FIRST CRUSADE
•UNSKILLED PEASANTS answered Pope’s call–Slaughtered German Jews despite protests, Fell to Seljuk Turks
KNIGHTS, Many Unprepared for trip & fighting - climate & supplies•Trained in warfare, but unprepared for 3 year journey
•Siege of Jerusalem = 1099, Victory for Crusaders & disaster for city
•Four Crusader states in Holy Land; Jerusalem, Edessa, Antioch, & Tripoli
First Crusade - 1096-1099First Crusade - 1096-1099
Second Crusade - 1147 - 1149
Muslims began retaking lands
1144, Took city of Edessa, European leaders called for Second Crusade, launched in 1147
Second Crusade a failure, took no lands from Muslims
Emp. Conrad III (H.R.E.), King Louis vii (Fr) & wife Eleanor of Aquitaine
Second & Third CrusadeSecond & Third Crusade
Third CrusadeThird CrusadeThird CrusadeThird CrusadeThird Crusade - 1189 - 1192
1177, Saladin arose as Leader in Muslim world,
Overthrew Fatamids, took title of sultan
Retook Crusader states, drove Christians out of Jerusalem
Three Kings
Richard, Philip, Frederick set out on Third Crusade
Frederick (H.R.E.)Drowned, Philip (Fr) quarreled with Richard (Eng), returned home
Only King Richard the Lion-Hearted of England fought in Holy Land
Mutual Respect
Richard, Saladin admired each other as military leaders, gentlemen Made proposals for peace, including marriage alliance of Richard’s sister,
Saladin’s brother; never took place because of religious differencesFierce Fighting
Richard Unable to drive Muslims from Holy Land Richard could not take Jerusalem, had to return to England
Third CrusadeThird Crusade
Fourth Crusade, 1201 • Innocent III, Call French Knights• Crusaders could not pay Venetians to take them to
Holy Land• In lieu of payment, Crusaders agreed to attack
Zara (Christian King)-Pope angered that Christian city attacked, excommunicated all
ConstantinopleCrusaders Attacked Christian city of ConstantinopleMore Failures• Disorganization, lack of leadership made Fourth
Crusade failure• Five other Crusades followed, none successful
Fourth and Later CrusadesFourth and Later Crusades
Children's Crusade: ??•Most not return settle or slavesFifth Crusade 1217–1221•A/H Army, Surrender QuicklySixth Crusade 1228–1229•Emp. Fredrick II, Excomm Greg IX•Diplomatic SuccessSeventh Crusade 1248–1254•Louis IX of France, FailedEighth Crusade 1270•Louis IX, Died, CanonizedNinth Crusade 1271–1272•Edward I of England
Economic Changes• Crusades enhanced existing trade; Europe & Middle East• Returning Crusaders brought more goods, spices, textiles, to Europe
Political Changes• Crusades led to deaths of knights & nobles
• Lands vulnerable
• Ambitious nobles took unoccupied lands
• Nobles & Kings increase power, influence in Europe
Social Changes• Many viewed non-Christians as enemies, persecuted Jews
• Jews saw Crusaders as cruel invaders
• Relations strained
Effects of the CrusadesEffects of the Crusades
CRUSADES
ART & CULTURE IN ART & CULTURE IN THE MIDDLE AGESTHE MIDDLE AGES
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE
• Churches Built in Gothic Style
-Taller, brighter than previous churches
-Spires & High Walls - Notre Dame
ENGINEERING
• Gothic possible through advances in engineering
• Flying Buttress: Supported walls from outside
AIRY FEELING
• Flying buttresses = higher ceilings, no columns
• Larger Stained glass show Biblical scenes, saints
Architecture
Decorations
Statues of saints, kings, figures from Old Testament
Exterior had gargoyles, spouts for rainwater
Adornments
Walls = elaborate murals of religious scenes
Candleholders, crosses, statues = works of art
Decorated with gold, precious stones
Priests’ Robes = embroidered, w/ gold threads
art in the Middle Ages, was created as a symbol of God.
Illumination
• Illumination, decorating manuscript with pictures, designs (Gold & Silver)
• Illuminators brought pgs to life
• Decorated the 1st letter on a pg
Visual Arts
Illuminated Manuscript
Tapestry
• Tapestries, large woven wall hangings, hung in castles to prevent drafts
• Show scenes from daily life, fantastic creatures, unicorns, dragons
• Bayeux Tapestry, story of William the Conqueror 224 Ft Long
• http://www.bayeuxtapestry.org.uk/BayeuxContents.htm
Visual Arts
• Middle Ages produced works that covered a wide spectrum
Religious Texts
• Few people other than monks, priests could read or write
• Range of works– Sermons on how to live– Interpretations of Bible– Lives of saints
• Widely read by nobility, clergy
Songs & Poems
• Writers created religious songs, poems
• Hildegard of Bingen, famous poet/nun
• Hildegard, used Latin, language of Roman Church
LiteratureLiterature
LiteratureLiteratureLiterature included epics, romances Epic Poems
Tell tales of war & heroes The Song of Roland, Charlemagne’s fight against Muslims in Spain
Romances Tell tales of true love & chivalry (Code of Honor)
King Arthur and knights of Round Table (25-150) Troubadours: Wandering Singers Tell Tales Vernacular: Writing in spoken language of region/country
Canterbury Tales
Geoffrey Chaucer’s collection of stories Group of pilgrims traveling to Canterbury Characters give insight of life in the Middle Ages
All Backgrounds & Social ClassesContributions
Chaucer helped increase use of written English language in England, many had been speaking French
Major WorksMajor Works - Chaucer
The Divine Comedy
Dante Alighieri’s Story of his imaginary trip thru the afterlife Composed in 3 Cantos (Parts); Hell, Purgatory, & Paradise On journey, met people from own life, & figures from historyContributions
Dante’s writing shaped Italian language for centuries
Major WorksMajor Works - Dante
New Ideas
• Writers spread ideas thru Europe
• New ideas = new ways of thinking and learning
• Alchemy
• Conduct scientific experiments in alchemy, early chemistry
-Turn metals into gold
• Alchemy = later growth of science
Thinking & LearningThinking & Learning
Universities• European universities influenced by Islamic scholarship• Translation of Aristotle, other Greek scholars, from Arabic into Latin• European scholars exposed to new ideas• Universities taught religious courses, but later include medicine, law• Paris, Oxford, Bologna, & Salerno
Thomas Aquinas• Thomas Aquinas, 1 of most influential medieval scholars,
• Interested in works of ancient philosophers, especially Aristotle
• Used Aristotle’s logic to prove God
Teachings• Scholasticism, Aquinas’ use of intellect and logic to bring together
opposing ideas
• Teachings expanded thinking & understanding
EducationEducation
• 100 Years’ War took toll
• 1347 - 1351 another crisis Strikes
• Black Death, deadly plague
- Combination of two different plagues
-Bubonic, Pneumonic Origins
• Brought by sailors from Genoa
• Flea-infected rats from Genoa to Europe
Spread Quickly
• Plague traveled with merchants
• Struck coastal regions first, moved inland
• 1351, Most of Europe touched by Black Death
Black DeathBlack Death
Course of the Disease -• Black Death, one of worst global killers in all history• Symptoms: dark splotches, high fever, vomiting, severe headaches• Almost always fatal, most who caught plague died within days• Priests and doctors who tended sick also caught plague, died• 25 Million in Europe (1 in 3) 75 Million World Wide
Black DeathBlack Death
EFFECTS• Some Feel Plague = God’s punishment
• Some turned to witchcraft for cures
• Some blamed Jews, poisoning water wells
• Led to increase in anti-Semitic in Europe
• Loss of population = vacant land, bought by wealthy
• Created more organized estates, less labor
• Peasants moved to cities to find work
• Manorial system fell apart
Black DeathBlack Death
RING AROUND THE ROSY??
BLACK DEATH
HISTORY VIDEOS (History Teacherz Channel, You Tube)
• Illuminated Manuscript
• William the Conqueror
• King Arthur and knights of Round Table
• Canterbury Tales
• The Divine Comedy
• BLACK DEATH