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Page 1: Middle Ages Renaissance Reformation. Medieval Europe Background The Middle Ages were a dark age for Europe. Near constant invasions and scant resources

MiddleMiddle AgesAges

RenaissanceRenaissance

ReformationReformation

Page 2: Middle Ages Renaissance Reformation. Medieval Europe Background The Middle Ages were a dark age for Europe. Near constant invasions and scant resources

Medieval EuropeMedieval Europe

BackgroundBackgroundThe The Middle Ages Middle Ages were a dark age for were a dark age for Europe.  Near constant invasions and Europe.  Near constant invasions and scant resources required that Europeans scant resources required that Europeans develop a new system for living.  This develop a new system for living.  This system included all aspects of life, social, system included all aspects of life, social, political, and economic.  It was called political, and economic.  It was called FeudalismFeudalism

Page 3: Middle Ages Renaissance Reformation. Medieval Europe Background The Middle Ages were a dark age for Europe. Near constant invasions and scant resources

FeudalismFeudalism

Feudalism was a social, political, and Feudalism was a social, political, and economic system that dominated all economic system that dominated all aspects of medieval life.  The economic aspects of medieval life.  The economic portion of feudalism was centered around portion of feudalism was centered around the lord's estates or manor, and is called the lord's estates or manor, and is called manorialismmanorialism.  A lord's manor would .  A lord's manor would include peasant villages, a church, farm include peasant villages, a church, farm land, a mill, and the lord's castle or manor land, a mill, and the lord's castle or manor house house

Page 4: Middle Ages Renaissance Reformation. Medieval Europe Background The Middle Ages were a dark age for Europe. Near constant invasions and scant resources
Page 5: Middle Ages Renaissance Reformation. Medieval Europe Background The Middle Ages were a dark age for Europe. Near constant invasions and scant resources

ManorialismManorialism

Manors were Manors were self sufficientself sufficient; all economic activity ; all economic activity occurred on the manor. This meant that little to no occurred on the manor. This meant that little to no tradetrade occurred during this time period.  Most of the peasants occurred during this time period.  Most of the peasants during the Middle Ages were during the Middle Ages were serfsserfs. Serfs were given . Serfs were given land to farm in exchange for service to their lord.  land to farm in exchange for service to their lord.  Service included working in the fields, maintaining roads Service included working in the fields, maintaining roads and the manor, or military service in during wars. .  and the manor, or military service in during wars. .  The lords had responsibilities also under this system.  In The lords had responsibilities also under this system.  In return for the services and taxes paid by the peasants, return for the services and taxes paid by the peasants, they provided land and protection to them.  Lords also they provided land and protection to them.  Lords also had to pay fees and give service to high lords and the had to pay fees and give service to high lords and the king.  Feudalism affected all levels of societyking.  Feudalism affected all levels of society

Page 6: Middle Ages Renaissance Reformation. Medieval Europe Background The Middle Ages were a dark age for Europe. Near constant invasions and scant resources

The Feudal System

KingsGive large land grants to Upper Lords called fiefs

Give ProtectionReceives money, military service, and advice

Upper LordsGive land grants to Lesser Lords

Give ProtectionReceives money, military service

Lesser LordsGive land grants to knights

Receives money, military service

KnightsGive land to peasants/serfs

Receives crops, labor

Peasants/ SerfsReceives land to farm Pays with labor, crops

Page 7: Middle Ages Renaissance Reformation. Medieval Europe Background The Middle Ages were a dark age for Europe. Near constant invasions and scant resources

Comparison of Feudalism in Europe and Japan

Europe Japan

Nobility King, lord, lesser lord

Emperor, shogun, daimyo

Warriors Knights Samurai

Code of Conduct

Chivalry Bushido

Both practices developed in response to the need for security and stability everyone had well-defined social roles

helped preserve law and order

Page 8: Middle Ages Renaissance Reformation. Medieval Europe Background The Middle Ages were a dark age for Europe. Near constant invasions and scant resources

The Age of CharlemagneThe Age of Charlemagne

Around 800 Western Around 800 Western Europe was briefly Europe was briefly unified. A Christian unified. A Christian pope, proclaimed him pope, proclaimed him “Emperor of the “Emperor of the Romans” reviving the Romans” reviving the idea of a unified idea of a unified Christian world but Christian world but widening the split widening the split between Eastern and between Eastern and Western ChristinanityWestern Christinanity

Page 9: Middle Ages Renaissance Reformation. Medieval Europe Background The Middle Ages were a dark age for Europe. Near constant invasions and scant resources

During the middle ages two distinct During the middle ages two distinct Christian churches emergedChristian churches emerged

Roman CatholicRoman Catholic Eastern OrthodoxEastern Orthodox

Page 10: Middle Ages Renaissance Reformation. Medieval Europe Background The Middle Ages were a dark age for Europe. Near constant invasions and scant resources

Role of the ChurchRole of the Church

Spiritual: Religion was a central part of life for Spiritual: Religion was a central part of life for medieval people from baptism to marriage. medieval people from baptism to marriage. Secular: In addition to being the social center of Secular: In addition to being the social center of the village, the church had economic power and the village, the church had economic power and political power. The Church was the largest political power. The Church was the largest landholder, gained wealth through tithing and landholder, gained wealth through tithing and had its own laws and courts which frequently had its own laws and courts which frequently clashed with King’s authority. Some parish clashed with King’s authority. Some parish priests ran schools.priests ran schools.

Page 11: Middle Ages Renaissance Reformation. Medieval Europe Background The Middle Ages were a dark age for Europe. Near constant invasions and scant resources

The CrusadesThe Crusades

In the 1050’s the Seljuk Turks invade the In the 1050’s the Seljuk Turks invade the Byzantine empire and conquered Byzantine empire and conquered Palestine or the Holy land.Palestine or the Holy land.

The Muslims and Jews also considered The Muslims and Jews also considered this their Holy Land.this their Holy Land.

The Pope called for a crusade to free the The Pope called for a crusade to free the Holy Land Holy Land

Page 12: Middle Ages Renaissance Reformation. Medieval Europe Background The Middle Ages were a dark age for Europe. Near constant invasions and scant resources
Page 13: Middle Ages Renaissance Reformation. Medieval Europe Background The Middle Ages were a dark age for Europe. Near constant invasions and scant resources

Reasons for the CrusadesReasons for the Crusades

The Pope wanted to increase his powerThe Pope wanted to increase his power

Christians believed it was their duty to Christians believed it was their duty to recover the Holy Landrecover the Holy Land

Nobles wanted to gain wealth.Nobles wanted to gain wealth.

Adventurers sought travel and excitementAdventurers sought travel and excitement

Serfs hoped to escape feudal oppressionSerfs hoped to escape feudal oppression

Page 14: Middle Ages Renaissance Reformation. Medieval Europe Background The Middle Ages were a dark age for Europe. Near constant invasions and scant resources

Impact of the CrusadesImpact of the Crusades

A major results of the Crusades, include A major results of the Crusades, include Cultural Cultural DiffusionDiffusion and an and an increase in trade.  increase in trade.  European European interest in goods from the east was stimulated interest in goods from the east was stimulated by returning Crusaders who brought back many by returning Crusaders who brought back many things. As the Crusades ended, ships that were things. As the Crusades ended, ships that were once used to carry soldiers to the once used to carry soldiers to the Middle EastMiddle East, , now carried trade goods.  now carried trade goods.  MerchantsMerchants from rich from rich ItalianItalian citycity statesstates, such as , such as Venice and Venice and FlorenceFlorence, dominated this trade.  , dominated this trade. 

Page 15: Middle Ages Renaissance Reformation. Medieval Europe Background The Middle Ages were a dark age for Europe. Near constant invasions and scant resources

Trade Fairs and Growth of CitiesTrade Fairs and Growth of Cities

Along the trade routes, Along the trade routes, trade fairstrade fairs were were established in towns with larger populations, or established in towns with larger populations, or at major crossroads.  Merchants and craftsman at major crossroads.  Merchants and craftsman settled in these towns, and some grew to be settled in these towns, and some grew to be cities of several thousand people.  This cities of several thousand people.  This fundamentally altered the way people lived in fundamentally altered the way people lived in Europe, and marked the beginning of the end of Europe, and marked the beginning of the end of feudalism as serfs began to pay their feudal feudalism as serfs began to pay their feudal obligations with cash instead of service. An obligations with cash instead of service. An economy based on money, not barter emerged.economy based on money, not barter emerged.

Page 16: Middle Ages Renaissance Reformation. Medieval Europe Background The Middle Ages were a dark age for Europe. Near constant invasions and scant resources

The Black DeathThe Black Death

The bubonic plague was a highly infectious The bubonic plague was a highly infectious disease spread by the fleas on rats. Rats were disease spread by the fleas on rats. Rats were common in the cities of this time.common in the cities of this time.

This particular outbreak first appeared in China In This particular outbreak first appeared in China In the early 1300’s with deaths of about 35 million the early 1300’s with deaths of about 35 million Chinese.Chinese.

It was a global epidemic that that spread through It was a global epidemic that that spread through the increased trade between counties.the increased trade between counties.

Between 1347 and 1353, the plague killed on Between 1347 and 1353, the plague killed on person out of every three in Europe over 25 person out of every three in Europe over 25 million.million.

Page 17: Middle Ages Renaissance Reformation. Medieval Europe Background The Middle Ages were a dark age for Europe. Near constant invasions and scant resources
Page 18: Middle Ages Renaissance Reformation. Medieval Europe Background The Middle Ages were a dark age for Europe. Near constant invasions and scant resources

Transforming from the Transforming from the Middle AgesMiddle Ages

WHAT IT WASWHAT IT WASFeudal SystemFeudal System

ManorsManors

Church is all Church is all knowingknowingBlack DeathBlack DeathFocus on the Focus on the AfterlifeAfterlifeFocus on GroupFocus on Group

HOW IT CHANGEDHOW IT CHANGEDNobles, middle class, Nobles, middle class, peasantspeasantsTrade/money/lending/ Trade/money/lending/ banking/insurancebanking/insuranceQuestioned Questioned church/secular viewchurch/secular viewCelebrate life/Enjoy the Celebrate life/Enjoy the Present/ HumanismPresent/ Humanism

Focus on IndividualFocus on Individual

Page 19: Middle Ages Renaissance Reformation. Medieval Europe Background The Middle Ages were a dark age for Europe. Near constant invasions and scant resources

The RenaissanceThe Renaissance

Renaissance means “rebirth”. It was a golden Renaissance means “rebirth”. It was a golden age in the arts, literature and sciences.age in the arts, literature and sciences.During the Middle ages, philosophers and During the Middle ages, philosophers and writers were concerned with life after death.writers were concerned with life after death.In stead of the medieval preoccupation of life In stead of the medieval preoccupation of life after death, a new way of thinking, after death, a new way of thinking, HumanismHumanism, , focused on life in the present and emphasized focused on life in the present and emphasized individual achievements.individual achievements.Ancient knowledge was rediscovered and the Ancient knowledge was rediscovered and the Classical period of the Greeks and Romans Classical period of the Greeks and Romans were glorified.were glorified.

Page 20: Middle Ages Renaissance Reformation. Medieval Europe Background The Middle Ages were a dark age for Europe. Near constant invasions and scant resources

Why Italy?Why Italy?Urban CentersUrban Centers– Large city-states in northern ItalyLarge city-states in northern Italy– Cities – breeding ground for intellectual revolutionCities – breeding ground for intellectual revolution– Cities – Florence, MilanCities – Florence, Milan– Thriving centers of trade and manufacturingThriving centers of trade and manufacturing

Wealthy Merchant ClassWealthy Merchant Class– Merchants – wealthiest, most powerful class & Merchants – wealthiest, most powerful class &

dominated politicsdominated politics– Had $ to pursue other interests – Arts/educationHad $ to pursue other interests – Arts/education– Medici Family – Medici Family –

Cosimo de’ Medici – Influenced the ruling council Cosimo de’ Medici – Influenced the ruling council (loans))(loans))

Lorenzo de’ Medici – behind the scene dictatorLorenzo de’ Medici – behind the scene dictator

Page 21: Middle Ages Renaissance Reformation. Medieval Europe Background The Middle Ages were a dark age for Europe. Near constant invasions and scant resources

Why Italy?Why Italy?Classical HeritageClassical Heritage– Return to Greek and Roman idealsReturn to Greek and Roman ideals– Arts and scholars – inspired by ruins of Arts and scholars – inspired by ruins of

RomeRome– 1300’s = Latin and Greek manuscripts 1300’s = Latin and Greek manuscripts

studiedstudied

Page 22: Middle Ages Renaissance Reformation. Medieval Europe Background The Middle Ages were a dark age for Europe. Near constant invasions and scant resources

New Outlook/AttitudeNew Outlook/AttitudeClassical - WorldlyClassical - Worldly

Patrons of ArtsPatrons of Arts– Church – spent $$$ beautifying RomeChurch – spent $$$ beautifying Rome– Wealthy families – supported artistsWealthy families – supported artists

Renaissance ManRenaissance Man– Ideal individual strove to master all areas of Ideal individual strove to master all areas of

studystudy– ““universal man”universal man”

Renaissance WomanRenaissance Woman– Inspire but not create artInspire but not create art– Less influential than middle age women Less influential than middle age women

Page 23: Middle Ages Renaissance Reformation. Medieval Europe Background The Middle Ages were a dark age for Europe. Near constant invasions and scant resources

New Outlook/AttitudeNew Outlook/Attitude

Enjoyment of Worldly PleasuresEnjoyment of Worldly Pleasures– Middle Ages – pietyMiddle Ages – piety– Humanists- can enjoy life without Humanists- can enjoy life without

insulting Godinsulting God– People were still devout Catholics People were still devout Catholics

but…but…

concerns were secular (worldly and concerns were secular (worldly and here/now)here/now)

Page 24: Middle Ages Renaissance Reformation. Medieval Europe Background The Middle Ages were a dark age for Europe. Near constant invasions and scant resources

Renaissance ArtRenaissance Art

Some of the greatest paintings, sculptures, Some of the greatest paintings, sculptures, and architecture in the history of the world.and architecture in the history of the world.

Greek and Romans styles were used for Greek and Romans styles were used for columns, arches, and domes.columns, arches, and domes.

Artists were supported by merchants, Artists were supported by merchants, popes and princes.popes and princes.

Art was detailed, realistic, and reflected Art was detailed, realistic, and reflected study of human anatomy study of human anatomy

Page 25: Middle Ages Renaissance Reformation. Medieval Europe Background The Middle Ages were a dark age for Europe. Near constant invasions and scant resources

MichelangeloMichelangelo

Page 26: Middle Ages Renaissance Reformation. Medieval Europe Background The Middle Ages were a dark age for Europe. Near constant invasions and scant resources

Leonardo da VinciLeonardo da Vinci

Page 27: Middle Ages Renaissance Reformation. Medieval Europe Background The Middle Ages were a dark age for Europe. Near constant invasions and scant resources

Raphael and RubensRaphael and Rubens

Page 28: Middle Ages Renaissance Reformation. Medieval Europe Background The Middle Ages were a dark age for Europe. Near constant invasions and scant resources

Literary AchievementsLiterary Achievements

Dante Wrote the Dante Wrote the Divine ComedyDivine Comedy

Cervantes wrote Don Cervantes wrote Don QuixoteQuixote

Shakespeare wrote Shakespeare wrote many playsmany plays

Machiavelli wrote the Machiavelli wrote the PrincePrince

Page 29: Middle Ages Renaissance Reformation. Medieval Europe Background The Middle Ages were a dark age for Europe. Near constant invasions and scant resources

Impact of Printing PressImpact of Printing Press

By 1300 papermaking By 1300 papermaking and print technology had and print technology had reached Europe from reached Europe from China.China.The invention of The invention of moveable type led moveable type led Gutenberg to print the Gutenberg to print the Bible in 1456.Bible in 1456.Books became more Books became more availableavailableLiteracy increasedLiteracy increasedIdeas spread rapidlyIdeas spread rapidly

Page 30: Middle Ages Renaissance Reformation. Medieval Europe Background The Middle Ages were a dark age for Europe. Near constant invasions and scant resources

Causes of ReformationCauses of Reformation

The Renaissance. Humanism led people to The Renaissance. Humanism led people to question Church authority as increasing faith question Church authority as increasing faith was put in human reason.was put in human reason.

Strong Monarchs. A weakened church meant Strong Monarchs. A weakened church meant strong national monarchs could increase their strong national monarchs could increase their power.power.

Problems within the church. Corruption among Problems within the church. Corruption among church leaders. Increased fees for marriage, church leaders. Increased fees for marriage, baptism and indulgences for the pardon of sins. baptism and indulgences for the pardon of sins.

Page 31: Middle Ages Renaissance Reformation. Medieval Europe Background The Middle Ages were a dark age for Europe. Near constant invasions and scant resources

ProtestantismProtestantism

In 1517 a German monk, named Martin Luther In 1517 a German monk, named Martin Luther posted his famous 95 Theses against posted his famous 95 Theses against indulgences.indulgences.Promoted radical idea that faith in God alone, Promoted radical idea that faith in God alone, not the Pope granted pardon for sins.not the Pope granted pardon for sins.Sparked Protestant Reformation.Sparked Protestant Reformation.Followers of Luther’s beliefs were called Followers of Luther’s beliefs were called Lutherans and---eventually----Protestants, Lutherans and---eventually----Protestants, because they protested Papal authority.because they protested Papal authority.A French priest, John Calvin, an influential A French priest, John Calvin, an influential reformer who also preached predestination reformer who also preached predestination started another protestant movement. started another protestant movement.

Page 32: Middle Ages Renaissance Reformation. Medieval Europe Background The Middle Ages were a dark age for Europe. Near constant invasions and scant resources

Martin Luther and John CalvinMartin Luther and John Calvin

Ideas spread to Ideas spread to Northern Germany Northern Germany and Scandinaviaand Scandinavia

Ideas spread to Ideas spread to France, Germany, France, Germany, Holland, England and Holland, England and ScotlandScotland

Page 33: Middle Ages Renaissance Reformation. Medieval Europe Background The Middle Ages were a dark age for Europe. Near constant invasions and scant resources

“Unless I am convicted by scripture and plain reason, I do not accept the authority of the popes and councils,

for they have contradicted each other, my conscience is captive to the Word of God.

I cannot and I will not recant anything for to go against conscience is neither right nor safe. 

God help me. Amen.” Martin Luther’s defense at his Catholic inquisition, April 1521

Page 34: Middle Ages Renaissance Reformation. Medieval Europe Background The Middle Ages were a dark age for Europe. Near constant invasions and scant resources

Counter ReformationCounter Reformation

A reform movement also took place in the A reform movement also took place in the Catholic Church.Catholic Church.The purpose was to strengthen the Catholic The purpose was to strengthen the Catholic Church and keep Catholics from converting to Church and keep Catholics from converting to ProtestantismProtestantism1545 Council of Trent reaffirmed Catholic beliefs 1545 Council of Trent reaffirmed Catholic beliefs and worked to end abusesand worked to end abusesIgnatius Loyola founded the Jesuits. Jesuit Ignatius Loyola founded the Jesuits. Jesuit missionaries helped spread Catholism around missionaries helped spread Catholism around the world the world

Page 35: Middle Ages Renaissance Reformation. Medieval Europe Background The Middle Ages were a dark age for Europe. Near constant invasions and scant resources

Effects of ReformationEffects of Reformation

Formation of Protestant ChurchesFormation of Protestant Churches

Loss of religious and political unity in Loss of religious and political unity in Western EuropeWestern Europe

Religious conflicts sparked wars among Religious conflicts sparked wars among the European states for over 100 yearsthe European states for over 100 years

Anti-Semitism. Religious persecution Anti-Semitism. Religious persecution increased, especially against Jews. increased, especially against Jews.

Witch HuntsWitch Hunts

Page 36: Middle Ages Renaissance Reformation. Medieval Europe Background The Middle Ages were a dark age for Europe. Near constant invasions and scant resources

SummarySummary

From the late Middle Ages feudalism continued From the late Middle Ages feudalism continued to decline as kings, nobles and the Church to decline as kings, nobles and the Church struggled for power. A growing population and struggled for power. A growing population and increase in trade led to a commercial revolution increase in trade led to a commercial revolution in Europe and a growing middle class. The in Europe and a growing middle class. The Renaissance sparked a new way of looking at Renaissance sparked a new way of looking at the world and the printing press helped new the world and the printing press helped new ideas such as the Reformation continue to ideas such as the Reformation continue to challenge the old order. Nations began to unite challenge the old order. Nations began to unite under strong monarchs and nation states under strong monarchs and nation states emerged.emerged.