Middle East Final Exam Review Geography

•Economic and Cultural Crossroads.•Region based on religion (Islam)•Arabic is the main language.

Geography

•Arid (Dry )•Very Little Rain•Barren Desert.

Middle East Final Exam Review

GeographyMiddle East Final Exam Review

•Little water. •Rich in oil.•Resources equals wealth

GeographyMiddle East Final Exam Review

GeographyMiddle East Final Exam Review

•Persian Gulf / Strait of Hormuz•Rivers: Tigris and Euphrates (Mesopotamia), Nile, and the Jordan.

GeographyMiddle East Final Exam Review

GeographyMiddle East Final Exam Review

GeographyMiddle East Final Exam Review

Early Civilizations

•Mesopotamia•Sumerians created cuneiform, wheeled vehicles, irrigation, and arches.•Babylonians helped create system of codified law, Hammurabi’s code

Middle East Final Exam Review

Early CivilizationsMiddle East Final Exam Review

Belief Systems

• Judaism

•Christianity

•Islam

Middle East Final Exam Review

9th – 14th Centuries

•Achievements in arts and sciences.•Higher literacy than Europe.

Middle East Final Exam Review

Ottoman EmpireMiddle East Final Exam Review

Ottoman Empire

•Extensive trading network and well-run government.•Ethnic tensions source of problems.•Became known as the “Sick Man of Europe”

Middle East Final Exam Review

European ImperialismMiddle East Final Exam Review

Human Rights Violation

•1.5 Million

•Concentration Camps in Deserts

Middle East Final Exam Review

Turkish Nationalism

•1.5 Million

•Concentration Camps in Deserts

Middle East Final Exam Review

Turkish Nationalism

•Adopt modern practices and technologies of the West.•New educational system, western law code, western clothing,

Middle East Final Exam Review

Arab – Israeli Conflict

•Fought over the same land of Palestine.•Zionists hope for homeland.•1917, the Balfour Declaration..•Britain promises self-rule to the Arabs as well.

Middle East Final Exam Review

Arab-Israeli ConflictMiddle East Final Exam Review

•War in the Suez (1956)•Six-Day War 1967 (Golan Heights, Sinai Peninsula, Gaza Strip, and West bank).•The Yom Kippur War, October 1973.

Terrorism

•Weapon of terrorism.•1987, West Bank and Gaza Strip began the Intifada.•Palestinian refugees. Rise to Palestinian Liberation Organization. (PLO).

Middle East Final Exam Review

Arab-Israeli Conflict

•1978, Camp David Peace accords.•Anwar al-Sadat was the 2nd president of Egypt•Yasir Arafat, leader of the PLO.

Middle East Final Exam Review

Islamic Fundamentalism

•Shah of Iran modernizes Iran.•Ayatollah Khomeini in 1979 becomes the leader of the fundamentalist government.•Govern according to the teachings of the Koran.•Iranians seized the U.S. embassy.

Middle East Final Exam Review

Islamic Fundamentalism

•Leader of the Islamic Revolution in Iran, which resulted in the exile of Shah Pahlavi and the creation of an Islamic State. He reversed the trends toward Westernization that the Shah had initiated and instead instituted Islamic law, or sharia, as the law of the land, making Iran a theocracy.

Middle East Final Exam Review

EconomicsMiddle East Final Exam Review

•OPEC limits the production of oil in world markets. 1973 Oil Embargo

Cold WarMiddle East Final Exam Review

WarMiddle East Final Exam Review

TerrorismMiddle East Final Exam Review