middle east history review european partitioning in the middle east iraq iran afghanistan
TRANSCRIPT
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Middle East History Review
•European Partitioning in the Middle East•Iraq•Iran•Afghanistan
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The Ottoman Empire(Click the map for animation)
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European Partitioning
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European Partitioning
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An Excellent NPR Report on Partitioning of the Middle East
(Click the Graphic Below)
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History of the Middle East since the 20th Century
(Click graphic for animation)
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History of Iraq
• This region was part of the Ottoman Empire in the 1500’s.
• During WWI, Great Britain set up the Kingdom of Iraq and put a Pro-British ruler into power.
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History of Iraq
• In the 1950’s this government was overthrown.
• After a series of other governmental changes the Ba’ath Party too power in 1968.
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Iraq: Saddam Hussein
• A Ba’ath leader named Saddam Hussein became the president.
• Saddam Hussein was a harsh ruler. He controlled the press, restricted personal freedoms and killed numerous political enemies.
• Iraq was the second largest oil exporter in the world.
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Iraq: Iraq/Iran War
• In 1980 Iraq invaded Iran.
• Saddam Hussein was worried that the Shia Islamic revolution that was taking place in Iran would spill over into Iraq.
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Iraq’s Oil Fields
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Iraq: Iraq/Iran War
• Saddam Hussein decided to take advantage of the chaos in Iran and invade without being noticed.
• The Iranians fought back and the Iraq/Iran war continued until 1988. Both countries suffered.
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Iraq: Persian Gulf War
• In 1990, Iraq invaded Kuwait.
• Western world leaders were afraid to have Saddam Hussein in control of such a large share of the world’s oil.
• Western world leaders also thought Iraq had weapons of mass destruction (WMD’s) (chemical and biological weapons)
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Iraq: Persian Gulf War
• An alliance of countries (including U. S. and Great Britain) forced the Iraqis out of Kuwait
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Iraq: Persian Gulf War
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Iraq: Results of The Persian Gulf War
• Saddam Hussein remained in power in Iraq.
• Because Saddam refused to accept U. N. terms for peace, the U. N. placed an embargo on Iraq.
• Iraq’s economy suffered as a result of the embargo.
• 600 oil fields in Kuwait were set on fire with devastating environmental affects.
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History of Iran
• In 1921, an Iranian military officer took power claimed the old Persian title of “Shah”, or king.
• In 1941 the Shah’s son took control who was an ally to the United States and Britain. He also wanted to modernize Iran.
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Iran: Iranian Revolution
• Unfortunately for him, the modernization programs were unpopular.
• In 1979, he was overthrown during
the Islamic
Revolution.
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Iran: Takes American Hostages
• Iran’s new government set up an Islamic Republic.
• Relations with the United States broke down.
• In 1979, a mob of Iranian students took American’s hostage.
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Iran: Takes American Hostages
• The Iranian government gave permission for the Americans to be taken hostage.
• The Americans were held by force for over 1 year.
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Iran
• The Iranian Revolution (1979) was followed by the Iraq/Iran War which began in 1980 (and discussed earlier in this presentation).
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Iran: Government
• Iran is a theocracy – a government ruled by religious leaders.
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Iran: Government
• Iran has an elected president and legislature (chosen by the spiritual leader).
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Iran: Government
• An expert on Islamic law is the supreme leader.
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Iran: Government
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Iran: Governmental Policies
• Iran’s government has supported many hard-line policies.
• For example: call for the destruction of Israel
• For example: supported terrorist groups
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Afghanistan: The Khyber Pass
• Afghanistan is a land-locked country with very high mountains.
• The Khyber Pass is a narrow passage through the Hindu Kush Mountains that lie between Afghanistan and Pakistan.
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Afghanistan: The Khyber Pass
• Merchants, warriors, and missionaries have long used the Khyber Pass to reach India.
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Afghanistan: History
• In 1979, (around the same time as the Iranian Revolution discussed earlier), The Soviet Union sent troops to Afghanistan to help the communist government there in a civil war.
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Afghanistan: History
• This led to a long war between Soviet troops and Afghan rebels (Mujahedeen).
• The United States was supporting the Afghan rebels.
• In 1989, an alliance of Afghan rebel groups took power and the Soviet troops left.
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Afghanistan: History
• Turmoil in Afghanistan continued and in the mid-1990’s a radical Muslim group called the Taliban arose.
• The Taliban took over most of Afghanistan and ruled strictly.
• The Taliban forced women to wear veils and stop working outside the home.
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Afghanistan: History
• The September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks were traced to Osama bin Laden and his al Qaeda network based in Afghanistan.
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Afghanistan: Terrain causes Political Problems
• Why can’t we find Osama bin Laden or at least win and end the current war in Afghanistan?
• The rugged terrain makes it difficult to organize, fight, and rule people.
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