WORLD TRADE CENTER MIDLAND, TEXAS

A THESIS

IN

ARCHITECTURE

BY

NIDAL H= CHEHAYEB

Submitted to the Architecture Faculty Of the Col eqe o-f Architecture

0-f Te>;a5 Tech University in Partial fulfillment of The Requirements for

the Deqree of

BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE

Chairman of the Committee

Advisor

•Juror

Consultant

Proqramming Instructor CArch. 4394): Prof- Petrini Desiqn Critic (Arch. 463Î): Prof- Nowak

Approved

Dean, Colieqe of Hrchi tpctLH^

A BUILDING FACILITY FOR A WORLD TRADE CENTER

TABLE_.OF ._CONIÍNTS

A. THESIS STATEMENT Al

B. ISSUES, BOALS, OBJECTIVES Bl

C. BACKGROUND Cl

D. ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS Dl

E. SYSTEM PERFORMANCE CRITERIA Eî

F. CASE STUDIES Fl

G. ACTIVITY/SPACE ANALYSIS Gl

H. MIDLAND CONTEXT Hl

I. SITE IMAGE/ANALYSIS li

J. COST ANALYSIS . Ji

K. BIBLI06RAPHY . . , Kl

L.IST__QE...ILLysTRATIQNS.

A. LOCATIONS OF F0REI6N TRADE ZONES IN THE U. S.

B. PERMIAN BASIN MAP.

1. VIEW OF THE EXTERIOR EXHIBITION OF THE U. S. SECTION.

2. CLOSE UP STRUCTURAL DETAILS OF THE DOME.

3-6. PLANS AND SECTION OF THE U. 3. EXHIBITION IN

MONTERIAL.

7. VIEW OF THE 6ERMAN PAVILION IN THE WORLD EXH BITION.

B. STRUCTURAL DETAILS OF THE SERMAN PAVILION.

9. ARIAL PHOTOGRAPH OF THE 6ERMAN PAVILION.

10. VIEW AT NI6HT OF THE 6ERMAN PAVILION.

ii,12. SECTION AND PLAN OF THE 6ERMAN PAVILION.

13. VIEW OF THE ROOF OF THE 6ERMAN PAVILÎON.

14. STRUCTURAL DETAILS OF THE 6ERMAN PAVILION.

15. INTERIOR VIEW OF THE 6ERMAN PAVILION.

Í6. INTERIOR VIEW OF THE SPANISH PAVILION.

17. EXTERIOR STRUCTURAL VIEW OF THE SPANISH PAVILION.

13. VIEW ACROSS THE ONE OF THE PATIOS OF THE PAVILION.

19,20. PLANS OF 6R0UND AND UPPER FLOOR OF THE SPANISH

PAVILION.

21. SECTION AND STRUCTURAL DETAILS OF THE CEILING OF

THE SPANISH PAVILION.

22. VIEW OF INTERIOR OF UPPER FLOOR OF THE SPANISH

PAVILION.

23. VIEW OF THE INTERIOR FINISHES OF THE SPANISH

PAVIL ON.

C. UNITED STATES AND TEXAS MAPS.

D. T0P06RAPHY MAP FOR MIDLAND.

E. MAP SHOWING ACCESS TO THE SITE.

F. NOISE DIRECTION MAP.

6. WIND DIRECTION MAP.

H. UTILITY/WATER MAP.

1-14. PHOTOS OF THE SITE.

A. THESIS STATEMENT

THESIS STATEMENT

We are living in a world where ideologies

and social aspirations are tearing it apart,

and yet the world's coitununities have never been

closer due to the advancement in transportation

and coimtiunication. To foster this closeness

and to nourish the concept of cooperation among

the world's communities, international trade

plays a major role today, more than ever before.

As architects, we transfer into structure

the feelings and ideas of humanity; therefore,

we should bring into the scene structural desian

that reflects various and different ideas, emo-

tions and the heritage of various communities

into our world. For this reason, the proposed

building will be close to a foreiqn trade zone

or within it and will be known as the permanent

headquarters office building for a foreign

trade zone.

As badly as the United Nations is needed,

diplomacy usually is not as effective in bring-

ing the people of the world close to each other

as direct contact, and commerce plays a major

role in this area. For example, an Iraqi and

an Iranian might be enemies on the political

front, and yet when they meet each other and

conduct commercial transactions, their enmities

to each other will disappear; the same thing

might be said about an Arab and an Israeli.

A building as such will do more to bring the

world's communities together and be more

effective than all the history of the United

Nations and its predecessor, the League of Na-

tions.

Midland, Texas, is located in the Permian

Basin that is known as the petroplex. This area

is economically devastated because of tho slow-

down in oil sales. Thus, a proposed site for a

Al

foreign trade center will boost Midland's eco-

nomy and introduce the people of the world to

this central area in West Texas.

Most national and international businesses

will be exposed to worldwide buyers and visitors

through this facility. This will facilitate

the introduction of goods and services of each

and every country of the world's communities.

A BRIEF DEFINITION OF FOREIGN TRADE ZONE

According to the U.S. Department of Trea-

sury, a foreign or "free" trade zone is an area

legally outside the nation's customs territory.

As such, goods placed in these zones will be

considered outside the customs area; hence, no

duties will be levied on foreign goods brought

to these zones. Some of these imported goods

could be re-exported without being subject to

customs duties or laws. Only the part of these

goods that is destined to local market will have

duties levied on them and will be subject to

importation laws and regulations. In the mean-

time, domestic goods that are for export can

be placed in the zone, and will be considered

imported.

ECONOMIC IMPACT

The proposed foreign trade zone in Midland

International Airport is a joint effort by pri-

vate citizens and the Midland Chamber of Com-

merce to bring to the area a different and di-

versified type of industry. Because Midland's

main economic base is oil and gas, there has

been a tremendous economic disaster since 1983

due to foreign competition which resulted in

the drop in oil demand. Therefore, the Chamber

of Commerce has looked in different economic

A2

directions in order to generate capital and

entice various businesses to return to the

area. By establishing a foreign trade zone

in Midland, the entire Permian Basin will bene-

fit economically, as well as the surrounding

region all the way up to Colorado. Thus, the

geographic location of Midland as a base for a

foreign trade zone will be the perfect location

for such industry.

A3

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*Locations of foreign trade zones throuahout

the United Sta tes . (Figure a)

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A4

B. ISSUES, GGALS, QBJECTIVES

BAC.KGR0Llh4D STUDIES

ISSUES:

GOALSI

OBJECTIVES;

— A system to centralize humanity, friend-

ship, and world peace activities into a unifying

scheme.

—The interpretation of world peace issues

into new meaning to meet the ideas and ambitions

of today's contemporary world societies.

—The reinforcement of closeness and bro-

therhood among the world's communities.

—The ideas of cooperation and dependabili-

ty among all nations must be well emphasized.

—To design a facility to fulfill the

needs of the world's communities.

—To promote peace and friendship among

nations through formal and direct interaction.

—To invoke through architecture a sense

of belonging and to provide a statement of de-

pendability among the world's communities.

—To design a system that promotes the most

modern and sophisticated structural system.

—To provide spaces that will allow for

various activities to be performed.

—To design a facility which would be tech-

nologically appropriate in terms of the choice

of materials and techniques of construction.

—To provide a contextual relationship

among the world's communities.

—To design a facility that corresponds

fully to the issues and needs of the world's

communities.

Bl

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT

In the city-states of the eastern and

southern Mediterranean Sea, certain methods

were being utilized by the rulers of Utica,

Tyre, Carthage, and other places along the

eastern and southern shores of the Mediterra-

nean Sea prior to the conquest from the north.

These were free cities depending for livelihood

upon commerce with neighboring and distant com-

munities. Being surrounded by hostile people,

these shore communities were forced to set up

landmark perimeters of defense. They established

colonies with communication and political affairs

were maintained and conducted throughout the

friendly sea. Trade was closely and carefully

regulated and access was granted to foreign mer-

chants to the ports, while strongly prohibited

to all others. For example, Carthage, which con-

trolled approximately 300 African cities and

colonies in Sardinia, Corsica, and other Medi-

terranean islands, became a major transshipment

center. Such ports were "free" only in the

sense that they granted a limited freedom to

non-local trades. The effect was analogous to

that of modern free ports.

The Greeks brought the free port to a level

of development approximately comparable to that

of today. The state levied tariffs and duties

on imports, exports, and transited goods.

Within this Greek seaport, a special area for

the purpose of free port was set aside from the

rest of the harbor by a stone wall, and was

placed under the jurisdiction of officials

responsible for customs collection. However,

in Rome the gradual incorporation of Mediterra-

nean states into the Roman Empire did not result

in relative intensification of free port use

Cl

MIDLAND

because merchants and other private institu-

tions had little voice in the civic affairs.

Thus, trade and commerce in Rome itself were

left largely to neighbors from the east and

the south. However, colonies from the foreign

merchants were established in the major Roman

ports, particularly in Putueli (the leading

transshipment center for foreign merchandise

which was located 10 miles west of present-day

Naples). Later on, these ports exchanged com-

merce. with Greece, Syria, and Egypt. However,

these Roman free ports appeared to have the

principle of transshipment and temporary storage

for re-export in all lands where they were used.

In the Middle Ages, the free port device

was widespread among civilized colonies. For

instance, some form of special privilege is

known to have appeared during the sixteenth cen-

tury in the Mediterranean Sea, the natural route

of water commerce from Europe to the Middle and

Far East. For example, the town of Livorno in

Tuscany adopted the free port device as early

as 1547, and it became a toll-free city for all

incoming and outgoing commerce in 1675. Other

Mediterranean cities adopted the same concept

in the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth

centuries, such cities as Civita-Veccia, Ancona,

Villefranche (near Nice), Genoa in Italy, Mar-

seilles in France, and Fiume and Trieste in

Austria. Thus, the concept of modern free zone

or foreign trade zone is known to have been

established during this period in Genoa, Italy.

Midland was founded in 1881 when raiiroad

workers set up a construction camp for the ad-

vancing Texas and Pacific Railway. Trainmen set

C2

a boxcar off the track at a point midway be-

tween Fort Worth and El Paso. This area soon

became the center of trade for the entire West

Texas area. In 1911, the midway was incorpora-

ted and renamed Midland. Primarily, Midland

was founded as an agricultural center, but in

1923, oil was discovered near Big Lake, and the

city quickly became the administrative center

of the new petroleum area. Because of the oil

discovery, the population of Midland grew

dramatically in the 19 00's when 1500 people

lived there and established a trade center with

drug store, lumber dealers, restaurants, and

other important establishments.

In the 1920's, Midland's economic base be-

gan to change as the oil boom hit the area.

Midland became the center of the oil industry,

where major companies established headquarters

in 19 28. This step cemented Midland's role as

the financial center of West Texas. In the

1950's, the population grew as the ôil boom

continued to the point where an estimated 20%

of its work force directly depended upon the oil

industry. As the years passed by, the popula-

tion tripled; according to the 1980 census, the

population increased 18.2% over the 1970

census.

This fast growth is evidenced by the

building of establishments that took place

throughout the city. Midland presently ranks

behind only Dallas and Houston in the amount of

office spaces. According to the 198 0 census,

the office'spaces totalled 3,500,000 square feet

with a h70,000 square feet increase since 1975.

PERMIAN BASIN

Midland is located in a region known as the

C3

It is evident that the pioneering and

entrepreneurial spirit existed throughout the

Permian Basin's history, attracting ambitious

individuals who came to the Permian Basin

seeking a better life. Later on, the natural

resources of this region became a vital and

important source of economic income not only

to the state of Texas, but also to the United

States. This area is currently producing 42%

of Texas oil and 22% of the proven resources

for the United States.

THE PERMIAN BASIN

C5

D. ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS

ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS

The Permian Basin is recognized as the

largest petroplex area in the United States

due to the large oil fields. Midland-Odessa

(twin cities) is located in the heart of the

Permian Basin by an interstate highway and a

major railroad line. Many surrounding towns

in the Permian Basin depend on the twin cities

for daily supplies. Therefore, the issue of

reaching and introducing these communities to

worldwide societies through direct interaction

must be well emphasized.

The other factor that will have implication

on the design is the natural environment of

Midland. This factor will influence the actual

final form of this project. The analysis of

the natural environment of Midland should sug-

gest possibilities and opportunities of how this

area should be used to its fullest potential.

GEOGRAPHY, SOIL, VEGETATION

Mldland is located halfway between Dallas-

Fort Worth and El Paso, and south of Lubbock,

Texas. Although this area has a general eleva-

tion of 2,851 feet above sea level, there are

no terrain features that would affect the wind

flow across the plateau.

The primary soil type consists of Arvana,

which is not preferable for cultivation. Vege-

tation throughout the Permian Basin consists of

Xerophytic plants, short grasses, and lower

scrub trees.

CLIMATE/SOLAR

The Midland area's climate is classified

as semi-arid. The normal annual precipitation

usually occurs in April with an average of 14.29

Dl

Sourcé

inches. The direction of the wind is generally

from the southwest with an average speed of

11.1 m.p.h. However, the wind is very common

during the months of December through June.

Dust storms are also a major factor in the cli-

mate of this area. The annual rainfall average

is 15.6 inches, with an average of 2.08 inches

in the wettest month and 0.36 inches in the hot-

test month. Snowfall in the Midland area is

not considered a major climatic factor where

the annual snowfall average is 14 inches. The

normal annual temperature is around 60°F with

the warmest months being June, July, and August.

Midland generally has mild winters with infre-

quent snowfall and a monthly temperature average

of 39°F during the coldest months of December

and January.

Sunlight is one of Midland's main charac-

teristics, where sunlight throughout the year

averages approximately 218 clear to partly

cloudy days.

U.S. Environmental Data Service, Climatography of the U.S No-60-41, June, 1969.

\ National Weather Serivce, U.S. Climatological Data,

Washington, D.C.

United States Department of Agriculture-Soil Conservation Service, Soil Survev of Lubbock Countv. Texas. May 28, 1979.

D2

3Y3TEM PERFORMANCE CRITERIA

SYSTEM PERFORMANCE CRITERIA

In order to achieve the desired objectives

and the overall performance level of the facili-

ty, the following information is needed to in-

form the designer of the special factor require-

ments and performance criteria.

The building requires special considera-

tions in terms of its structural response to the

local environment. These reguirements should

furnish the needs of the user group. The

feeling of friendship and brotherhood must be

considered by the designer within structural

materials and other environmental systems.

The sense of brotherhood must be enhanced

not only through the building, but through the

surrounding environment as well, where the visi-

tor should feel welcomed through the overall

environment. In addition, the use of the na-

tural environmental forces must be considered.

These forces, such as water, wind and sun, should

be applied effectively to the design in order

to produce the idea of friendship and brother-

hood among the world's communities.

Interior spaces should be carefully designed

in accordance with the user's needs, and these

spaces should invite people rather than create

the feeling of fear and intimidation. Further-

more, the sense of direction must be provided

through architecture that will aid the user's

movement among various activities.

The building must not just fill the site,

but rather embrace it. Undesirable surrounding

views can be eliminated by the use of trees and

other natural planting. Thus, the performance

systems should be integrated with one another

in order to produce the highest amount of prac-

ticality and quality.

El

STRUCTURAL SYSTEM

The structural system must be designed

under city building uniform code. The designer

must allow accessibility for electrical,

plumbing and H.V.A.C. systems installations.

Also, the structure should promote the idea of

brotherhood and friendship. Since the struc-

tural symbols are very important in this pro-

ject, the designer must manipulate and integrate

structural elements in order to achieve the de-

sired goals. In addition, lots of care must be

taken in designing larger areas that require

clear span which will not interfere with any

symbolic elements which may be important to

the design statement.

ACOUSTICAL SYSTEM

Sound transition to some areas is highly

undesirable. Here, the designer should consi-

der barrier-type equipment in order to provide

privacy. On the other hand, sound control must

be well calculated in areas such as convention

and exhibition in order to provide a comfortable

atmosphere.

ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

The illumination for each space should meet

the reqúired level of foot candles. The light-

ing system will vary among various spaces. Out-

lets and different types of electrical systems

should be provided throughout the facility in

order to provide convenience. Some spaces may

require special electrical systems such as

dimmers and P.A. system.

MECHANICAL SYSTEM

The mechanical system should be designed in

E2

accordance with the requirement of each acti-

vity. The factors that could be generated

from the mechanical system, such as vibration,

should not interfere with spaces' atmosphere,

where quiet and privacy should be maintained

to achieve positive results. Therefore, the

designer should carefully locate the mechani-

cal system in such a facility in order to eli-

minate conflict.

WATER SYSTEM

The nature of the surrounding environment

is hot; therefore, water is important to beau-

tify the indoor and outdoor environment. Thus,

a water system should be provided to add comfort

and happiness among users.

LIGHTING SYSTEM

Natural and mechanical lights are very

critical elements in terms of environmental

control. Therefore, the designer must consider

the use of the natural through openings, sky-

lights, etc, as an important element in the

design. Thus, the distribution of such lights

throughout the facilities must be well designed.

Light control can affect spaces in terms of

texture; therefore, color intensity should be

provided in order to focus or disfocus specific

spaces.

SAFETY SYSTEM

Safe environment in terms of fire, secu-

rity, and natural hazards must be well designed.

Emergency exits in case of fire must be located

at different points throughout the facility for

easy exit. In addition, security devices must

be installed in various areas in the facility.

E3

CASE STUDIES

WORLD TRADE AFFAIR

Designed By:

—Architects; Wilson, Morris, Crain and

Anderson of Houston.

—Cost: $13 million.

—Owner: Port of Houston.

—History; The Port of Houston initiated th'is

project in the 1960's in order to introduce

to the area national and international re-

tailers. It was completed in 1964.

—Function; The building functions today as a

headquarters or center for various consulates

and trade-oriented companies as well as trade

research facilities.

—The building contains;

— a conference room for world traders to

meet and discuss business

—several private offices for visiting

businessmen's use

—consulate offices

—trade-oriented company offices

—auditorium seating 150 people; club

facility for 200 people at tables

—kitchen.

—Description;

The building is approximately 150 feet

high, 12 stories. Gross floor area is

130,500 sq. ft.

Floor area use as follows:

100,000 sq. ft. - offices

15,000 sq. ft. - showrooras

500 sq. ft. - auditorium

15,000 sq. ft. - general

130,500 sq. ft. - total

Building land coverage is 15,750 sq. ft.

Fl

—Port Commission building;

This building is adjacent to the World

Trade building. Its raain function is to

house the administrative branch of the Port

of Houston as well as the World Trade

Library which contains research books, di-

rectories, magazines, and various trade raa-

terials. This building functions in conjunc-

tion with the World Trade building.

—Description:

This building is approximately 60 feet

high, 5 stories, with gross floor space of

45,000 sq. ft.

Floor area use is as follows:

40,000 - offices

5,000 - general

45,000 - total

Building land coverage is 9,000 sq. ft.

F2

World Exhibition, Montreal, 1967

Architects: R. Buckminster Fuller,

Fuller & Sadao, Inc, Geometrics Inc,

Cambridge Seven Associates, Inc

Cambridge, Mass.

The space frame of the transparent, seemingly weightless

"three-quarter sphere" dome of the United States Pavilion,

a geodesic dome structure of 250 ft. diameter, covered a

vast space. The impression of grandeur was not impaired by

the indoor equipment which included exhibit platforms,

staircase towers and escalators. The light-weight structure

consisted of a double-layer frame composed of welded steel

pipes whose thickness varied with the loads in the structure.

The structure was enclosed by 19 00 transparent moulded and

framed acrylic panels which, for glare and sun protection

purposes, were given a green bronze tint gradually intensified

from bottom to top. On seven levels, the achievements of the

United States in the spheres of folk art, contemporary

painting, film and space travel were displayed informatively

and with witty self-criticism.

F3

1. At night, the filigree pattern of the space frame of

the 200 ft. high dome was clearly apparent. The triangular

system of the outer layer members and the hexagons of the

inner layer frame members were inter-penetrating. The

platforms, placed on different levels, as well as the

staircase and lift towers gave the appearance of large

sculptures within the dome. The brighter hexagons were

obtained by the provision of triangular sunshades made of

aluminum-coated fabrics. The opening and closing of these

sunshades was controlled by a program tape, governed by

the position of the sun.

2. The gradually intensified green bronze tint of the

transparent acrylic panels reduced the light transmission

from 93 per cent at the bottom to 45 per cent at the top.

F4

3. Indoor equipment, seen from the south.

4. Cross-section in the north-south direction, with the

123 ft. long escalator leading to the highest platform.

5. Plan with the four upper platform levels.

6. Plan with the three lower platform levels.

6

F5

German Pavilion at the Expo '67

World Exhibition, Montreal, 19 67

Architects: Rolf Gutbrod and Frei Otto,

Stuttgart

A tract of approximately 86,000 sq. ft. was converted by

freely developed terraces and platforms into an "exhibition

landscape" in which the visitors followed a spiral path.

The whole tract was covered by a gigantic irregularly shaped

tent, consisting of a pre-stressed inversely curved cable

net spanned over eight tubular steel masts and three low-

level restraint points. The tensile forces were transmitted

to the concrete anchor blocks by means of 30 edge cables.

Suspended from this cable net was a translucent membrane of

PVC-coated polyester fabric Inside, the combination of

the tent system with the built-in platforms (free-standing

steel structures supported by steel columns) was not

regarded as wholly felicitous. The exhibition seemed liable

to fall apart, and the space inside the tent did not seem

to be sufficiently activated.

F6

7. View from the west, with the bridge leading to the main

entrance and the projection of the tent above the small

island in the lagoon. Eight steel masts, ranging in height

from 46 to 125 ft.; greatest width of the tent roof

426 X 328 ft. The structure was designed, computed,

manufactured and erected within no more than 14 months.

Below the part of the tent in the foreground is the

auditorium which is covered by wood lattice shells.

8. Close-up. The h" thick steel cables of the load-bearing

net formed a mesh of 1/8" side length. On the right, a

2-1/8" thick edge cable which served to transmit the

tensile forces to one of the anchor points. In the cable

net, the transoms with the turnbuckles on which the roof

skin was attached.

9. Aerial photograph of the building site. At the masts

and low-level restraint points are the "eyes", covered for

lighting purposes with transparent PVC foil, at which cable

loops served to transmit the tensile forces. The narrow

projection of the tent, seen on top, covered the entrance

to the exhibition island which was added later.

10. View at night.

F7

11,12. Section and plan. The terrace-shaped platforras of

the "exhibition landscape" were arranged in steps of 2 ft.

or so. In the centre, the library and a pool of water.

13. The roof membrane was suspended, in portions ranging

from 30 to 50 sq. ft., from the open cable net by means of

spring steel cloverleaves. In this way.- the wind and snow

loads were transmitted to the cable net.

14. One of the masts with the transparent "eye" which was

tensioned by a steel cable loop.

F8

1 4

It is evident that the pioneering and

entrepreneurial spirit existed throughout the

Permian Basin's history, attracting ambitious

individuals who came to the Permian Basin

seeking a better life. Later on, the natural

resources of this region became a vital and

important source of economic income not only

to the state of Texas, but also to the United

States. This area is currently producing 42%

of Texas oil and 22% of the proven resources

for the United States.

THE PERMIAN BASIN

C5

15. Interior. View of the centre with the terraced

library- In the pool of water, the concrete block for one

of the three low-level anchor points to which the roof was

lowered. However, the built-in platforms tended to impair

the integral space effect and to break up the area horizon-

tally so that the impression of a somewhat exaggerated

fragmentation of the exhibition was strengthened.

F9

Spanish Pavilion

World's Fair, New York, 1965

Architect: Javier Carvajal, Madrid

The critics were united in regarding this pavilion as one

of the outstanding architectural features of the entire

World's Fair. Amid the ballyhoo of the World's Fair, this

pavilion was almost alone in reflecting the pursuit of

architectural quality which had also been predominant at

the Brussels Exhibition of 1958. The design was the result

of a competition. Shortage of time and the program

requirement of easy demountability called for a simple basic

structure so that it was decided to adopt a steel structure

from which prefabricated lightweight concrete panels were

suspended. Other materials included floors of ceramic

tiles, smoked glass windows, wooden ceilings, and plenty

'of aluminiiim for light fittings, claddings and showcases.

Although, in regard to materials and design, the architect

made the most of the possibilities offered by conteraporary

building construction, he succeeded in creating a specifically

Spanish atraosphere.

FIO

16

16. Arts and Crafts section on the upper floor. Daylight

access to the exhibition rooms was through glass panels

around the patios whilst artificial lighting was provided

by spotlights mounted in the square-shaped aluminium tubes

suspended from the ceiling. The flooring consisted of

conventional ceramic tiles, the ceiling of wooden blocks,

combined in sets of four.

17. The lightweight concrete panels suspended frora the

load-bearing steel structure formed a sculptured texture for

the windowless upper floor.

18. View across one of the patios. Above the aluminium-

clad ground floor ( ) is the glazed metal grill of the

top floor exhibition hall.

19,20. Plans of ground floor and upper floor. Key;

1 Entrance, 2 Patio, 3 Modern Arts, 4 Old Masters, 5 Manager,

6 Information, 7 Technical premises with electric switchboard

and air conditioning plant, 8 Restaurant, 9 Kitchen,

10 Bazaar, 11 Lecture room, 12 Stage, 13 Bar, 14 Model house,

15 Industrial museum, 16 Books, 17 Arts and crafts.

17

Fll

18

r - l

Xtm

19 20

21. Sections and structural details of ceiling, showcases and light fittings.

22. Interior of upper floor. In the industrial section,

too, the showcases were placed on sets of alurainium tubes,

of a size matching that of the fittings. In the background,

an inside view of the 'celosia' grill.

23. The wooden block ceiling above the Arts and Crafts

section was reminiscent of the carved ceilings in the

sitting rooms of many Spanish houses. Light fittings and

showcase supports were organically developed from the design

of the ceiling.

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F12

22

2 3'

•/1 5PACE ANALYSIS

SPACE SHARED BY CONVENTION AND EXHIBITION SPACES;

FUNCTION:

This facility occurs as needed throughout the design

of the convention and exhibition spaces. Thus, this space

must symbolize the meeting point among various communities,

where the idea of friendship and brotherhood must be care-

fully incorporated into this area in order to generate

positive results.

Required Spaces Sq. Ft. Total Sq. Ft,

Transitional

Lobby 200 0

Reception 60 2060

Janitorial

This space to contain

at least one sink 250 250

Restrooms

Average number of people using

the exhibition and convention

areas per day (16 Hrs.) = 1200

-I- 15% overflow factor to allow

for max. capacity = 180

Total people = 1380

No. of people per Hr.

1380/16 = 86

On a basis of equal ratio of

men to women,

Men @ 40/Hr. require:

8 urinals

4 water closets

4 lavatories 500

Women @ 4 0/Hr. require:

8 water closets

6 lavatories 500 1000

Total net sq. footage = 3310

Total gross = Total net 4- 15% = 3806.5 Sq. Ft.

Gl

EXHIBITION SPACES:

FUNCTION:

The exhibition space is one of the primary functions

of the World Trade Center. This area is the essential public

point. This area should promote the idea of friendship and

brotherhood among the world's communities through architec-

tural, structural and symbolic elements, Thus, indoor and

outdoor showrooms are preferable in order to achieve the most

comfortable atraosphere.

GENERAL LIST OF EXHIBITED PRODUCTS;

—clothing

—art, fashion

--sraall electronic equipraent

--catalogues of various products and sraall-scale derao-

products.

Required Spaces Sq. Ft. Total Sq. Ft.

Indoor

Small products, items exhibited.

Min. height of 15'. Large

doors must be provided. In

addition, partitions through

exhibition spaces must be

considered. 8,000 8,000

Outdoor

Demonstration 3,000

Exhibition 1,000 4,000

Storage

Various storage rooms must

be adjacent to exhibition

areas for service and

equipment storage 2,000 2,000

Total net sq. footage = 14,000

Total Gross = Total Net -i- 15% = 16,100 Sq. Ft.

G2

CONVENTION SPACES:

FUNCTION:

The convention spaces must promote the sense of close-

ness and brotherhood of all the world's communities. This

function includes small conventions of approximately 500-

750 people and the type of activities will include lectures

and audiovisual presentations. Another function is to accom-

modate larger convention activities for about 500-1000 per-

sons, such as large banquets, parties, etc

These spaces are in use almost every day with time dura-

tion of 8:00 A.M. to 10:00 P.M. Therefore, these spaces

must be in close relationship with all other parts of the

center.

The designer must be aware of the public use where this

activity is open to the public; therefore, an adjacent access

from circulations, office spaces and exhibition must be well

considered.

Required Spaces Sq. Ft. Total Sq. Ft.

Meeting spaces

To accommodate audience for

lectures, derao., banquets,

etc - 500-1,000 in chairs

or 750 at tables. 7,000

Performance areas to

accommodate lectures, demo.,

audiovisual presentations,

bands, etc 2,000 9,000

Storage

A. Meeting room storage:

10 carts for folding tables 250

750 stacking chairs 150

2 lecterns 10

other storage to include

10 sq. ft. of shelving 90 500

G3

Required Spaces (cont.) Sq. Ft. Total Sq. Ft,

B. Audiovisual equipment

storage to include;

5 projectors on carts 20

4 portable screens 10

sound equipment 2 0

work table and cabinet 2 0

work space with small sink 50

general storage cabinets 45 165

Reception and Information

Booth for ticket selling and

receiving, brochure

distribution 30

Cabinet storage 20 50

Special Equipraent

A 12' screen; the meeting

area must be partitioned into

4 sraaller spaces because of the

occurrence of different types

of activities at the same

tirae.

Total net Sq. Footage = 9,715

Total Gross = Total Net -f- 15% = 11,172 sq. f t.

G4

OFFICE SPACES:

FUNCTION:

The office building will house private, national and

internaticnal corapanies which are engaged in worldwide

trade; therefore, the new office area is offering only par-

titions on a sq. ft. lease basis.

Required Spaces Sq. Ft. Total Sg. Ft.

Partitionable office spaces 75,000 75,000

Restrooras

Permanent occupancy of

1,000 at a ratio of men to

women (2:3)

Men - 2 urinals, 2 water

closets, 2 lavatories per

floor or area 2,400

Women - 3 water closets,

2 lavatories per floor or

area 3,600 6,000

Main Level

Transportation, offices, lobby,

leasable shops 7,000 7,000

Storage areas 1,000

Janitorial 1,000

Snack bar (vending) 1,000 3,000

Files, stacks 2,000

Office 200

Storage 1,000 3,200

Total net Sq. Footage = 9 4,200

Total Gross = Total Net + 15% = 108,330 Sq. Ft.

G5

TRANSPORTATION SPACES;

FUNCTION;

The transportation spaces in the World Trade Center

are divided into two parts, pedestrian and vehicular.

Vehicular raovement is referred by the accessibility of

parking and service.

Required Spaces

Vehicular

Parking for 500 cars with a time span

of about 8:00 A.M. - 8:00 P.M.

(5 days per week)

Access must be provided for the

convention, exhibition and office

spaces

Access for delivery vehicles and

large trucks must be provided for

convention, exhibition and storage

spaces

Pedestrian as needed

Total Sq. Ft.

200,000

10,000

10,000

Total Required Square Footage = 220,000

Total Gross Square Footage

Area

Parking

Space shared by exhibition and

convention spaces

Office space

Exhibition

Convention

Total Sq. Ft,

220,000

3,806.5

108,330

16,100

11,172

Total Square Footage = 344,918,5

G6

i-i. n ID L A N D C U N \ E X.'

MIDLAND, TEXAS, CONTEXT

Midland is located halfway between Dallas/

Fort Worth and El Paso with a population of

94,153. Midland is a busy center with an approxi-

mate 2,851 feet above sea level. The economy of

Midland is based upon the oil and gas industry.

Midland is also the urban center for the entire

Permian Basin. The elevation and abundant year-

round breezes tend to moderate temperature ex-

treraes in both summer and winter. Huraidity also

helps in raaking Midland a comfortable place to

live. (Figure c)

C LORADO KANSAS

NEW H E X I C G

A M A R I L I O

K L A H O M A

M;DLA.NO

T E X A S

« D A L L A S

AUSTIN

REGIONAL MAP

©

Hl

TOPOGRAPHY

Midland is located on a plateau area of

midwestern Texas known as the Permian Basin.

The general elevation is about 2,8 51 feet above

sea level. The general ground elevation is to

the east about 11 feet to the mile. Because of

the topographic nature of this area, water

drainage often causes problems within the area

and flooding often occurs due to the plain nature

of the area surface. (Figure d)

E •• -

®

MIDUND BEGiONAL AIRPOHT

9 miies Xx

U S 80 ^ ' " Y J A . : - ' * ^

AZJ<

POINTS OF INTEREST S7 ChaoifTil Ceriet O Cubt Sliaium E HoQjn Part J 3 Marmn fll ÉemDr

Ptjnelanum O Midljnd Cenlir O Midlind Colle;e

[ TI Mtijland Induiinal Part b[_i Huieuni ol ine Soultiwesl

£ 2 Hiii Siewin HaieY Memonal Librarv

rr^ Pfmian Basm Pelroieum Mu eum

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9». ! _ . . „ ,

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r^

H2

CLIMATE

Midland is located in the Permian Basin

region with a latitude of 32 1' N and a longi-

tude of 102 l' W with Central Standard Time

being used. The climate of this region is semi-

arid because of the wind transition between de-

sert conditions on the west and humid climate

to the east and southwest. Precipitation with

an average of 14.29 inches usually occurs in

the form of rainfall in the spring, and yet

moisture is supplied year-round with the lowest

amount occurring in the winter months usually in

the form of snow. The area receives an average

rainfall of 15.60 inches mostly occurring in

April, May and June. Rains may fall intensively

within a short period of time with about .5" to

1" of rain accumulation. Because of the flat

terrain and slow drainage, some of Midland's

streets often experience flooding conditions.

The annual humidity is usually low with.an

average of 4 2%.

Summer thunderstorms bring brief occurrences

of hail; windstorms and tornadic winds often

occur during periods of thunderstorms. Dust

storms are also a major factor to be considered

in the climate of this region.

H3

CLIMATE DATA

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug.

Sep.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

Temp. Avg.

43.9

48.1

51.3

61.2

71.3

77.2

82.0

82.0

75.1

67.3

53.3

45.9

Rain (in.)

.4-1

.45-1

.45-1

1-1.8

2-4

2-4

2-4

1-4.5

2-4.2

1-3.8

.5-1

.4-1

Wind MPH

13

14

16

16.5

15

25

12.5

11

12

12

12.7

13

Degree Dys.

600

400

450

150

0

0

0

0

60

50

100

600

Precip.

.16

.56

.69

.85

1.16

1.49

1.82

1.52

1.54

1.20

.49

.52

H4

SUN ANGLES

Jan./Nov.

Feb./Oct.

Mar./Sept.

Apr./Aug.

May/July

June

December

8:00 A.M.

23°

56° E

12°

36°

64° E

19°

60°

72° E

26°

81°

83° E

25°

94°

92° E

37°

99°

96° E

38°

19°

53° E

10°

of S

of S

of S

of S

of S

of S

of S

12:00 Noon

36°

0

36°

46°

0

46°

57°

0

57°

67°

0

67°

77°

0

77°

82°

0

82°

34°

0

34°

4:00 P.M

22°

55° W of

13°

36°

62° W of

25°

57°

72° W of

24°

78°

83° W of

24°

78°

91° W of

35°

97°

95° W of

36°

15°

52° W of

10°

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

Profile Bearing Attitude

P

B

A

P

B

A

P

B

A

P

B

A

P

B

A

P

B

A

P

B

A

H5

IMAGE, 'd lTE

SITE DESCRIPTTON

The proposed site is located 9 miles west

of downtown Midland on highway 80. It is bound-

ed on the west by La Force Street and on the

east by Midland International Airport. Highway

8 0 runs along the south side of the site and the

north side of the site is bounded by the Warehouse

Road.

The site is presently unoccupied with a

railroad track running through it. There are no

major vegetations as such existing on the site.

The site is approximately 20 acres, relatively

flat with no appreciable contours.

SITE SELECTION

The site was chosen away from the city center

because of the location of the Midland Interna-

tional Airport. Since the airport management

has designated two sites for free trade zone pur-

pose, it is logical to locate this project in one

of these two sites in order to provide convenience

to the users. Furthermore, this site is a mid-

point between two major cities (Midland, Odessa)

in the Permian Basin.

NATURAL AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT

The site is presently empty with little

vegetation. Highway 8 0 is a major traffic line

that runs parallel to the south side of the site,

The east side is occupied by the airport which

in turn generates lots of noise. The west and

north sides of the site are occupied by TV sta-

tion, warehouses, hotel and office facilities.

Thus, the site is complex in terms of design

approach, so that the designer should consider

the surrounding elements that may influence the

final design. The vegetation existing on the

II

NOISE

This particular site poses some problems

in tems of noise. The neighboring airport

generates lots of noise because of air traffic

Next, the major highway that runs along the

south side of the site is also a noise genera-

tor due to the traffic flow. Therefore, the

designer must consider these elements when ap-

proaching the acoustical design. (Figure f)

14

PREVAILING WINDS

Wind direction is mostly from the south-

west with an average speed of 11.1 m.p.h.

This factor will be critical in terms of building

entrances and other elements that may be required

In addition, outdoor activities must be protected

from high wind velocity. In the case of passive

cooling, this factor must be well considered.

(Figure g)

UJ o cc o u.

J S l TE

prevai l ing w ind

6 0 0 .

H WY. 8 0

A!R F O ^"

15

VIEWS

UTILITIES

The adjacency of the site to the airport

and Highway 80 provides an undesirable view.

Thus, the viewable area is along La Force St.

However, the site can be enhanced visually by

landscaping the area.

The city of Midland provides certain infra-

structure services to the site, such as sewer,

water, electricity, and gas. All services run

along the western and southern parameters of

the site. The sanitary sewer is located along

the southern parameter of the site buried to a

depth of 5 feet. The water line is located along

La Force St. and is buried to a depth of approxi-

mately 4 feet. Electric power is provided by

overhead power lines along the western parameter

of the site. (Figure h)

16

® H WY. 8 0

17

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iL

J. CC5T ANALYSIS

Space

Space shared by

convention and

exhibition spaces

Main Lobby

Reception

Janitorial

Restrooms

Exhibition space

Indoor space

Outdoor space

Storage

Convention space

Meeting space

Storage area:

A. Meeting room

storage

B. Audiovisual

equipment

Reception and

information

Office space

Offices

Restrooms

Main Level:

Transportation,

offices, lobby.

shops

Storage areas

Janitorial

Snack bar

Files, stacks

Office, storage

Total Spaces

+15% Circulation

TOTAL

Size 1

45X45X20

7X7X20

16X16X8

32X32X8

90X90X20

63X63Xind

45X45X15

95X95X20

22X22X10

13X13X10

7X7Xind

274X274X8

75X75X8

84X84X12

32X32X10

32X32X8

32X32X8

45X45X10

35X35X8

Area

2,000

60

250

1,000

8,000

4,000

2,000

9,000

9,000

165

50

75,000

6,000

7,000

1,000

1,000

1,000

2,000

1,200

139,408.5

20,911.275

160,319.77

•Volume

40,000

1,200

2,000

8,000

160,000

ind

30,000

180,000

180,000

1,650

ind

600,000

48,000

34,000

10,000

8,000

8,000

20,000

9,600

1,215,450

J l

UNASSIGNED SPACE

Circulation, Toilet, Mechanical, Structure

Efficiency Ratio

1. Superb 50/50

2. Grand 55/45

3. Excellent 60/40

4. Moderate 65/35

5. Austere 70/30

Net assigned SF 139,408.5

Gross SF 223,053.6

BUDGET

See A.I.A. statement of architect's services Doc. B551 for

detail category list.

BUILDING TYPE

Group 1 - Exceptional character and complexity

Group 2 - Moderate complexity

Group 3 - Monumental and precise detailing

Group 4 - Conventional character

Group 5 - Utilitarian

J2

BUILDING COST

Quality

Superb

Grand

Excellent

Moderate

Austere

Dollars

26,766,432

22,305,360

16,729,020

14,498,484

11,526,800

$/SF

120

100

75

65

50

Group

1

2

3

4

5

FIXED EQUIPMENT

All equipment installed before completion of the building

such as service equipment, fixed seating, medical equipment,

security and sound systems.

Low 5%

Medium 10-15%

High 20%

Specially High 30%

SITE DEVELOPMENT

Total site development 1,483,762

SITE ACQUISITION

Zoning Groups Max. Lot Coverage

1. MD-2, MF-1, MF-2, MH,

P, O, NS, QR

2. IF-1, IF-2, IF-3, 2F, MD-1

3. LC, HC

4. I-l, 1-2

5. LB

35%

45%

50%

75%

100%

J3

PROFESSIONAL FEES

Building Type Group

Group 1

Group 2

Group 3

Group 4

Group 5

9%-12%

7%-10%

6%-8%

5%-7%

3%-6%

COST ESTIMATE ANALYSIS

A. Building cost

B. Fixed equipment

C. Site developmént

Gross sq. ft,

223,053.6

% of A

Lump sum

Cost:

$16,729,020

3,345,804

1,483,762

Total construction (A + B + C) $21,558,586

E. Site acquisition Lump sum

F. Moveable equipment % of A

G. Professional fees % of D

H. Administrative cost % of D

$ 836,451

1,293,515

215,585

I. Total Budget Required (D through H) $23,904,137

J4

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Wolfgang, Clasen. Expositions, Exhibits, Industrial

and Trade Fairs. New York: Frederick A. Praeger,

1968.

2. Burg, David F. Chicaao's White City of 1893. Kentucky:

The University Press of Kentucky, 1976.

3. Sibley, Marilyn McAdams. The Port of Houston. Austin,

London: University of Texas Press, 1968.

4. Armytage, Frances. The Free Port System in the British

West Indies. London, New York, Toronto: Longmans

Green and Co., 1953.

5. Thoman, Richard S. Free Ports and Foreign Trade Zones.

Maryland: Cornell Maritime Press, 1956.

6. Grubel, Herbert. Free Market Zones. Canada: The Fraser

Institute, 1983.

7. McKay, Bob. Foreign Trade Zones in Texas. Austin:

Department of Research, 1985.

8. Czinkota, Michael R., George Tesar. Export Policy.

New York: Praeger Publishers, 1982.

9. Bhagwati, Yadish N. Import Competition and Response.

Chicago, London: The University of Chicago Press,

1982.

10. Krommenacker, Raymond J. World-traded Services: The

Challenge for the Eighties. Maryland: Artech

House, Inc, 1984.

11. Dymsza, William A. Foreign Trade Zones and International

Business. New Jersey: Rutgers-The State University,

1964.

12. U.S. Environmental Data Services. Climatography of the

U.S. No. 60-42, June 1969.

13. United States Depar-tment of Agriculture-Soil Conservation

Service. Soil Survey of Midland County, Texas.

July 15, 1980.

14. National Weather Service. U.S. Climatological Data.

Washington, D.C.

Kl