midterm review
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Midterm review](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052911/559f5f0c1a28ab6f528b45ac/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Midterm Review
![Page 2: Midterm review](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052911/559f5f0c1a28ab6f528b45ac/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Prologue: Intro to Psychology
• Psychology
– Biology and Philosophy
• Wundt’s Lab
– Reaction Time(psychophysics/Atoms of the Mind
• Structuralism
– Edward Titchener
– Introspection
• Functionalism
– William James
– Charles Darwin
• American Psychologists
– G. Stanley Hall
– Mary Calkins
– Margret Washburn
• Psych Perspectives (in order of history)
– Psychodynamic
– Freud
– Cognitive
- Behavioral
• Watson, Skinner
– Humanistic
• Maslow, Rogers
– Biological
– Evolutionary
– Social-Cultural
![Page 3: Midterm review](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052911/559f5f0c1a28ab6f528b45ac/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Research Methods
• Independent vs. Dependent Variables
• Ethics in Research
• Random Assignment vs. Random Sample
• Case Studies
• Surveys
• What makes a study scientific?
• Statistical Significance
![Page 4: Midterm review](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052911/559f5f0c1a28ab6f528b45ac/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Positive Correlation:Muscle size and exercise
Negative Correlation: Smoking and health
No Correlation: Weight and GPA
![Page 5: Midterm review](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052911/559f5f0c1a28ab6f528b45ac/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
![Page 6: Midterm review](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052911/559f5f0c1a28ab6f528b45ac/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Biology and Behavior
• Sympathetic vs. Parasympathetic
• Broca’s vs. Wernicke’s Areas
• Medulla vs. Pons
• Amygdala
• Split Brain Research
• Twin Studies
• fMRI scans vs. PET scans
• Endocrine System Glands
• Lobes of the Brain
• Hypothalamus and Dopamine Rewards
![Page 7: Midterm review](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052911/559f5f0c1a28ab6f528b45ac/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
![Page 8: Midterm review](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052911/559f5f0c1a28ab6f528b45ac/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Agonist (Heroin) vs. Antagonist (Botox)
Mimic & ExciteBlock & Inhibit
![Page 9: Midterm review](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052911/559f5f0c1a28ab6f528b45ac/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
![Page 10: Midterm review](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052911/559f5f0c1a28ab6f528b45ac/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Types of Brain Scans
PET SCAN MRI
fMRI
EEG Brain Wave Activity
![Page 11: Midterm review](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052911/559f5f0c1a28ab6f528b45ac/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
![Page 12: Midterm review](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052911/559f5f0c1a28ab6f528b45ac/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Developmental
• Reflexes
• Habituation
• Maturation
• Erikson’s Stages (Adolescence and Young Adulthood)
• Fluid vs. Crystallized Intelligence
• Gender Typing
![Page 13: Midterm review](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052911/559f5f0c1a28ab6f528b45ac/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Schemas
• Assimilation
– Taking new information and fitting it into an existing schema
• Accommodation
– Taking new information and creating a new schema or changing the existing one
Accommodate it by making its own category or adjusting your schema for horse
Assimilate it by saying it is a type of horse
![Page 14: Midterm review](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052911/559f5f0c1a28ab6f528b45ac/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Longitudinal vs. Cross Sectional Studies
Longitudinal: Watch the same group grow up over time, periodically testing themPros: Eliminate difference variables between peopleCons: Expensive, time consuming and people die
Cross Sectional: Different people with similar characteristics being tested at the same timePros: Quick, less expensiveCons: Different people might have different backgrounds, which leads to confounding variables.
Year 1 Year 5 Year 10
Age 1 Age 5 Age 10
Same Day, Different Ages
Same People, Different Days
![Page 15: Midterm review](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052911/559f5f0c1a28ab6f528b45ac/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Piaget Cognitive Development
![Page 16: Midterm review](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052911/559f5f0c1a28ab6f528b45ac/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Harlow vs. Ainsworth
![Page 17: Midterm review](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052911/559f5f0c1a28ab6f528b45ac/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
![Page 18: Midterm review](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052911/559f5f0c1a28ab6f528b45ac/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Kohlberg’s Moral Development
Is his Research Biased against women?
-Coral Gilligan
![Page 19: Midterm review](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052911/559f5f0c1a28ab6f528b45ac/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Baumrind’sTypes of Parenting
![Page 20: Midterm review](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052911/559f5f0c1a28ab6f528b45ac/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Sensation and Perception
• Selective Attention
• Absolute Threshold
• Color Blindness
• Brain Plasticity
• Gestalt Psychology
• Feature detectors
• Pain
• Hearing Mechanisms
![Page 21: Midterm review](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052911/559f5f0c1a28ab6f528b45ac/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Change Blindness
• Selective Attention
• Cocktail Party Effect
• Inattentional Blindness
• Change Blindness
![Page 22: Midterm review](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052911/559f5f0c1a28ab6f528b45ac/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Feature Detectors (Hubel and Wiesel)
![Page 23: Midterm review](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052911/559f5f0c1a28ab6f528b45ac/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Color Vision Theories
Trichromatic Theory (Y-H Theory)Cones see in red, blue and green, helps explain color blindness
Opponent Processing TheoryOpponent cells get stimulated after exposure to opposite colors.
![Page 24: Midterm review](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052911/559f5f0c1a28ab6f528b45ac/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
The Ear
PLACE THEORYThe place in the cochlea where hair cells are stimulated determines pitch
FREQUENCY THEORYThe number of times per second the hair cells are stimulated determines pitch
![Page 25: Midterm review](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052911/559f5f0c1a28ab6f528b45ac/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
States of Consciouness
• REM sleep
• Sleep Disorders
• Circadian Rhythms
• Hypnosis
• Withdrawal vs. Dependence
• Alcohol
![Page 26: Midterm review](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052911/559f5f0c1a28ab6f528b45ac/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Learning
• Classical Conditioning Process
• Punishment
• Little Albert Study
• Edward Thorndike
• Positive reinforcement vs. Negative Reinforcement
• Higher-Order Conditioning
• The Garcia Effect
• Extinction and Spontaneous Recovery
• Overjustification Effect
• Observational Learning (BoBo Doll)
•
![Page 27: Midterm review](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052911/559f5f0c1a28ab6f528b45ac/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Secondary or Higher Order Conditioning:
Could pairing light with a bell cause the dog to salivate to the light alone?
Pavlov's Classical Conditioning
![Page 28: Midterm review](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052911/559f5f0c1a28ab6f528b45ac/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Watson's Classical Conditioning
Little Albert Generalized his fear to be afraid of all white furry things
![Page 29: Midterm review](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052911/559f5f0c1a28ab6f528b45ac/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Reinforcement & Punishment
![Page 30: Midterm review](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052911/559f5f0c1a28ab6f528b45ac/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Memory
• Repression
• Types of Mnemonics
• Short-Term Memory
• Procedural vs. declarative memories
• Recall vs. Recognition
• Types of Amnesia
• Long-Term Potentiation
• Proactive vs. Retroactive interference
•
![Page 31: Midterm review](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052911/559f5f0c1a28ab6f528b45ac/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
DECLARATIVE/
EXPLICIT MEMORY
NON-DECLARATIVE, IMPLICIT OR PROCEDURAL
MEMORY
SEMANTICMEMORY
EPISODICMEMORY
MEMORY
![Page 32: Midterm review](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052911/559f5f0c1a28ab6f528b45ac/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Amnesia
TimeOnset of Amnesia
Anterograde Amnesia
Retrograde Amnesia
Memory Loss
Memory Loss
Source amnesia: Forgetting where you saw or acquired the information
![Page 33: Midterm review](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052911/559f5f0c1a28ab6f528b45ac/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Forgetting
33Mr. Burnes
Encoding Failure with pennies
Sleep prevents retroactive interference. Therefore, it leads to better recall.
![Page 34: Midterm review](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052911/559f5f0c1a28ab6f528b45ac/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Thinking and Language
• Concepts vs. Prototypes
• Functional Fixedness
• Algorithms
• Divergent vs. Convergent thinking
• Availability vs. Representativeness Heuristics
• Wolfgang Kohler
• Noam Chomsky vs. BF Skinner
• Phonemes vs. Morphemes
• Syntax vs. Semantics
• Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis (Whorf)
![Page 35: Midterm review](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052911/559f5f0c1a28ab6f528b45ac/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Concepts and Prototypes
Concept“General Category”
Prototype“Specific Representation”
Why is a penguin nota typical prototype?
![Page 36: Midterm review](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052911/559f5f0c1a28ab6f528b45ac/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Representativeness and Availability Heuristics
Availability HeuristicWhat ever comes to mind quickest
Is it safer to fly or drive?More words that begin with K or
have K as the third letter?
Representativeness HeuristicWhat ever best fits our schema best
Is this man more likely a bankerOr a pro basketball player?
Gambler’s Fallacy
![Page 37: Midterm review](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052911/559f5f0c1a28ab6f528b45ac/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Whorf-Sapir Hypothesis of Linguistic Determinism