migration and demography
TRANSCRIPT
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Migration
Saturday, February 21, 2009
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Migration and Health
Saturday, February 21, 2009
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Migration and Health
Health Impact
Saturday, February 21, 2009
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Migration and Health
Health Impact
Definitions
Saturday, February 21, 2009
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Migration and Health
Health Impact
Definitions
Flawed Assumptions
Saturday, February 21, 2009
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Migration and Health
Health Impact
Definitions
Flawed Assumptions
Contributory Factors
Saturday, February 21, 2009
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Health Impact
Saturday, February 21, 2009
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Health Impact
Individual
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Health Impact
IndividualCommunity
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Health Impact
IndividualCommunityEpidemiological
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Health Impact
IndividualCommunityEpidemiologicalService Demands
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Internal Migration Out In
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Internal Migration
0 8 16 24 32 40
Manchester
Liverpool
Lancaster
S. Lakeland
Out In
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Internal Migration
0 8 16 24 32 40
Manchester
Liverpool
Lancaster
S. Lakeland
27.7
30.6
Out In
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Internal Migration
0 8 16 24 32 40
Manchester
Liverpool
Lancaster
S. Lakeland
27.7
30.6
15.8
19.0
Out In
Saturday, February 21, 2009
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Internal Migration
0 8 16 24 32 40
Manchester
Liverpool
Lancaster
S. Lakeland
27.7
30.6
15.8
19.0
8.0
6.8
Out In
Saturday, February 21, 2009
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Internal Migration
0 8 16 24 32 40
Manchester
Liverpool
Lancaster
S. Lakeland
27.7
30.6
15.8
19.0
8.0
6.8
5.3
4.5
Out In
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International Migration
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International Migration
'Legal/illegal'
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International Migration
'Legal/illegal'Asylum Seekers
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International Migration
'Legal/illegal'Asylum SeekersRefugees
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International Migration
'Legal/illegal'Asylum SeekersRefugeesEconomic Migrants
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Immigration and re-emigration
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Immigration and re-emigration
Between half and two thirds of immigrants from the EU, North America and Oceania re-emigrate within 5 years.
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Immigration and re-emigration
Between half and two thirds of immigrants from the EU, North America and Oceania re-emigrate within 5 years.
15% of those from the Indian Subcontinent re emigrate within 5 years.
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Neo Classical Economic Theory
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Macro level factors: geographical differences in age,employment and capital investment opportunities
Neo Classical Economic Theory
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Macro level factors: geographical differences in age,employment and capital investment opportunities
Push and pull factors: Place of origin- poverty, unemploymentDestinations - high standard of living standard, job opportunities.
Neo Classical Economic Theory
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Macro level factors: geographical differences in age,employment and capital investment opportunities
Push and pull factors: Place of origin- poverty, unemploymentDestinations - high standard of living standard, job opportunities.
Individual decides whether or not to emigrate: maximise of income and skillsperceived financial and psychological costs
Neo Classical Economic Theory
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New Economics of Migration (Stark, 1981)
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Expansion of macro level factors:
New Economics of Migration (Stark, 1981)
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Expansion of macro level factors:Volatility/failures of local markets.
New Economics of Migration (Stark, 1981)
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Expansion of macro level factors:Volatility/failures of local markets. Lack of livelihood risk insurance
New Economics of Migration (Stark, 1981)
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Expansion of macro level factors:Volatility/failures of local markets. Lack of livelihood risk insurance Lack of access to credit
New Economics of Migration (Stark, 1981)
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Expansion of macro level factors:Volatility/failures of local markets. Lack of livelihood risk insurance Lack of access to creditEmigrant remittances (money sent home) provides risk insurance for non-migrating household members.
New Economics of Migration (Stark, 1981)
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Expansion of macro level factors:Volatility/failures of local markets. Lack of livelihood risk insurance Lack of access to creditEmigrant remittances (money sent home) provides risk insurance for non-migrating household members.Emigration of individual is result of household decision-making.
New Economics of Migration (Stark, 1981)
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Expansion of macro level factors:Volatility/failures of local markets. Lack of livelihood risk insurance Lack of access to creditEmigrant remittances (money sent home) provides risk insurance for non-migrating household members.Emigration of individual is result of household decision-making. Emigration helps to diversify income sources
New Economics of Migration (Stark, 1981)
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Expansion of macro level factors:Volatility/failures of local markets. Lack of livelihood risk insurance Lack of access to creditEmigrant remittances (money sent home) provides risk insurance for non-migrating household members.Emigration of individual is result of household decision-making. Emigration helps to diversify income sources Remittances provide a steady source of income.
New Economics of Migration (Stark, 1981)
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Dual Labour Market Theory (Piore, 1979)
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Focus on pull factors in destination areas
Dual Labour Market Theory (Piore, 1979)
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Focus on pull factors in destination areasMain cause of emigration - structural labour needs of modern economies in destination areas
Dual Labour Market Theory (Piore, 1979)
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Focus on pull factors in destination areasMain cause of emigration - structural labour needs of modern economies in destination areas Shortage of labour in low status/low income jobs.
Dual Labour Market Theory (Piore, 1979)
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Focus on pull factors in destination areasMain cause of emigration - structural labour needs of modern economies in destination areas Shortage of labour in low status/low income jobs. Objective of host population is upward mobility away from low status/ low income jobs (then filled by immigrants)
Dual Labour Market Theory (Piore, 1979)
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World Systems Theory (Wallerstein, 1974, Massey, 1989)
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Main cause of emigration is Economic and Political Globalization.
World Systems Theory (Wallerstein, 1974, Massey, 1989)
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Main cause of emigration is Economic and Political Globalization. Globalization brings about social change and alters traditional employer/labour relations
World Systems Theory (Wallerstein, 1974, Massey, 1989)
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Main cause of emigration is Economic and Political Globalization. Globalization brings about social change and alters traditional employer/labour relations Introduction of modern means of production pushes unskilled workers out of jobs.
World Systems Theory (Wallerstein, 1974, Massey, 1989)
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Main cause of emigration is Economic and Political Globalization. Globalization brings about social change and alters traditional employer/labour relations Introduction of modern means of production pushes unskilled workers out of jobs. Market penetration in poor countries affects local aspirations increasing emigration motivation.
World Systems Theory (Wallerstein, 1974, Massey, 1989)
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The European response to migration
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• Free mobility of labour for EU nationals:
The European response to migration
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• Free mobility of labour for EU nationals:Abolition of red-tape
The European response to migration
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• Free mobility of labour for EU nationals:Abolition of red-tapeEquivalence of qualifications
The European response to migration
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• Free mobility of labour for EU nationals:Abolition of red-tapeEquivalence of qualificationsSocial security and welfare recognition
The European response to migration
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• Free mobility of labour for EU nationals:Abolition of red-tapeEquivalence of qualificationsSocial security and welfare recognitionRemoval of physical border controls
The European response to migration
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• Free mobility of labour for EU nationals:Abolition of red-tapeEquivalence of qualificationsSocial security and welfare recognitionRemoval of physical border controlsRight of vote to non-nationals in local and European elections
The European response to migration
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• Free mobility of labour for EU nationals:Abolition of red-tapeEquivalence of qualificationsSocial security and welfare recognitionRemoval of physical border controlsRight of vote to non-nationals in local and European elections
• Restrictive policies for non-EU citizens
The European response to migration
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• Free mobility of labour for EU nationals:Abolition of red-tapeEquivalence of qualificationsSocial security and welfare recognitionRemoval of physical border controlsRight of vote to non-nationals in local and European elections
• Restrictive policies for non-EU citizens Implementation of harsher national legislative frameworks both on immigration and asylum
The European response to migration
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• Free mobility of labour for EU nationals:Abolition of red-tapeEquivalence of qualificationsSocial security and welfare recognitionRemoval of physical border controlsRight of vote to non-nationals in local and European elections
• Restrictive policies for non-EU citizens Implementation of harsher national legislative frameworks both on immigration and asylumGreater co-ordination of European immigration policies
The European response to migration
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Irish Mental Health
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Irish Mental Health
Highest suicide rate for all BME and host population in England and Wales
Overall 53% excess suicide
Males 20- 29- 75% excess
Females almost 3 x higher suicide rates
Hospital admissions 1996- 22:1000 for Irish women compared to 6:1000 for white women and 7:1000 for black women
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Demographic Change
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Why demography is important
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Why demography is important
Estimation of current social needs and prediction of future social needs.
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Why demography is important
Estimation of current social needs and prediction of future social needs.
Size
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Why demography is important
Estimation of current social needs and prediction of future social needs.
Size
Distribution
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Why demography is important
Estimation of current social needs and prediction of future social needs.
Size
Distribution
Structure- age, gender, ethnicity, wealth
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Why demography is important
Estimation of current social needs and prediction of future social needs.
Size
Distribution
Structure- age, gender, ethnicity, wealth
Fertility, morbidity and mortality
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Why demography is important
Estimation of current social needs and prediction of future social needs.
Size
Distribution
Structure- age, gender, ethnicity, wealth
Fertility, morbidity and mortality
Migration
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Why demography is important
Estimation of current social needs and prediction of future social needs.
Size
Distribution
Structure- age, gender, ethnicity, wealth
Fertility, morbidity and mortality
Migration
Future trends
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‘The demographic time bomb’
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‘The demographic time bomb’
• In 1991 around 4,400 people were aged 100 yrs. compared to 600 in 1961.
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‘The demographic time bomb’
• In 1991 around 4,400 people were aged 100 yrs. compared to 600 in 1961.
• 71% of women over 75 live alone
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‘The demographic time bomb’
• In 1991 around 4,400 people were aged 100 yrs. compared to 600 in 1961.
• 71% of women over 75 live alone • The number of people aged over 85 is predicted to
increase by 138% in the next 30 years.
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‘The demographic time bomb’
• In 1991 around 4,400 people were aged 100 yrs. compared to 600 in 1961.
• 71% of women over 75 live alone • The number of people aged over 85 is predicted to
increase by 138% in the next 30 years.• One in five people between 45-64 provided care for
someone else in 1995/6
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‘The demographic time bomb’
• In 1991 around 4,400 people were aged 100 yrs. compared to 600 in 1961.
• 71% of women over 75 live alone • The number of people aged over 85 is predicted to
increase by 138% in the next 30 years.• One in five people between 45-64 provided care for
someone else in 1995/6• Only 9.6% of households where the oldest adult was
between 75-84 yrs. received home care from local authorities in 1997.
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Households% living alone lone parent
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1961 1971 1981 1991 20000
4
8
12
Households% living alone lone parent
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1961 1971 1981 1991 20000
4
8
12
1211
86
4
Households% living alone lone parent
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1961 1971 1981 1991 20000
4
8
12
1211
86
4
1010
64
3
Households% living alone lone parent
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UN Migration Scenario
To maintain the ratio of 15-64 year olds to 65+ year olds constant requires:
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Health and Illness
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Health and Illness
• The prevalence of dementia roughly doubles every five years after 65
Saturday, February 21, 2009
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Health and Illness
• The prevalence of dementia roughly doubles every five years after 65
• Less than 1.5% of 65-69 year olds have dementia
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Health and Illness
• The prevalence of dementia roughly doubles every five years after 65
• Less than 1.5% of 65-69 year olds have dementia
• But prevalence rises to10-13% for 80-84 year olds and reaches 32- 38% amongst adults over 90.
Saturday, February 21, 2009
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Health and Illness
• The prevalence of dementia roughly doubles every five years after 65
• Less than 1.5% of 65-69 year olds have dementia
• But prevalence rises to10-13% for 80-84 year olds and reaches 32- 38% amongst adults over 90.
• Less than 7% of adults over 65 have dementia.
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Images of older people
Saturday, February 21, 2009
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Images of Older People
Saturday, February 21, 2009
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Social and Cultural Factors
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Social and Cultural Factors
• The impact of ageing on physical and mental well being is significantly influenced by social and cultural factors such as:
Saturday, February 21, 2009
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Social and Cultural Factors
• The impact of ageing on physical and mental well being is significantly influenced by social and cultural factors such as:– Personal and social expectations about work,
exercise levels, dependency and autonomy
Saturday, February 21, 2009
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Social and Cultural Factors
• The impact of ageing on physical and mental well being is significantly influenced by social and cultural factors such as:– Personal and social expectations about work,
exercise levels, dependency and autonomy– The political and social influence of older
people in society
Saturday, February 21, 2009