migration and integration from the perspective of the western balkans - emilio cocco
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Migration and Integration from the perspective of the Western Balkans
Emilio Cocco
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Topics
• Migrations
• Balkans post IIWW
• Integration and Citizenship
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Migration graph
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PUSH and PULL model
• PUSH AND PULL FACTORS OF MIGRATION
• Push Factors—Factors that make you want to leave a place
• Economic factors:• Lack of employment Natural disasters (earthquakes, floods) Lack of food or shelter Lower standard of living
• Social Factors:• Lack of health care Lack of educational opportunities Lack of religious tolerance
• Political Factors:• Unfair legal system Disenfranchisement (Not being able to vote) or lack of governmental tolerance War and terrorism
• Pull Factors—Factors that draw you to live in a place
• Economic Factors:• Hope for better employment More money and food Better shelter Hope for family to have a higher standard of living
• Social Factors:• Encouragement from family and friends Better health care Better educational opportunities Religious tolerance
• Political Factors:• To gain protection under the law Right to vote and freedom from persecution Safety
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Balkan migrations in the decade of the cold war
• Ethnic and Labor migrations (tab. 1)
• From the 1960s : strong economic motives and supportive policies, i.e. Yugoslavia growing till the 1970s with a peak in 1973 (850.000 migrants to Western Europe: Germany, Austria, Switzerland mostly)
• 1975-1985 reverse trend: restrictive policies of hosting countries (drop to 500.000 in 1985)
• 1985-1990 new growth for the political, social and economic deterioration of in YU (550.000 in 1990)
• But if we consider family members/inactive population (countries of destination statistics) the figure reaches 1.3 million!
• Conflicting representations depending on the methodology and the way the problem is approached.
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1990s• 1) Ethnic conflicts and forced migrations.
(displacements, refugees, asylum seekers, etc.)
• 2) “spontaneous” migration flows previously controlled by the state.
• 3) Not only origin but also transit. Illegal and informal networks and lack of statistics. (negative stereotypes, “yugo”)
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Comparative outlook
• BiH greater losses in 1990-1995 (almost 1 million out of 4,3 millions) partly recovered in 1995-2000.
• Albania 700.000 “losses” in the 1990s
• Slovenia and Croatia have positive trends (countries of immigration in the 1990s)
• Macedonia and Serbia-Montenegro alternates positive and negative trends.