Introduction to Migration

presented by

Modified by Pamela Hammond & Standiford

Migration is History From the beginning of Humanity we have

evolved from moving from one habitat to another and the adaption to that new environment. Spread of Indo-European

Language

More Migration today or less?

In 2005, 191 million people were counted as living outside the country of their birth

If they lived in the same place, international migrants would form the 5th most populous country in the world

Transport and communication is faster in the contemporary world, but the continuing rise of nation-states made it harder for us to migrate?

Economic Causes of Migration

Migration in search of better economic conditions, employment, etc.

Migration due to famine, drought Irish immigration to America, and elsewhere, due to the

potato famine Migration to escape overpopulation and its effects Migration to expand and gain resources

Greeks, Rusification Migration may be internal as well as international

Rural to urban Region to region

Understanding Migration

Political Causes of Migration

To escape war, invasion, military takeover, etc.

refugees Puritans escaping religious persecution Defection from East Germany

To escape persecution on ethnic, political, religious, or other grounds

Diasporas/Exodus: Jews at various times in history Russian Jews escaping pogroms

To escape prosecution for crimes committed As punishment for crimes committed

Australia served as a penal colony for Britain Sentenced to “transportation”

Forced migration As a result of enslavement/human trafficking

Understanding Migration

Social Causes of Migration

To spread a religion Buddhism, Christianity, Islam Missionaries (Jesuits during Age of Exploration)

To reunite with family, friends, etc. who have previously migrated

Chain Migration is the number one pull factor To spread a political philosophy, such as

Marxism, democracy, etc. To find personal freedom, to live a certain

lifestyle, or to hold certain beliefs, not necessarily as the result of persecution

Understanding Migration

Environmental Issues Migrants are often attracted to new lands that seemed

environmentally similar to their homelands They could pursue adaptive strategies known to them Germanic Indo-Europeans chose familiar temperate zones in

America, New Zealand, and Australia Semitic peoples rarely spread outside arid and semiarid climates Ancestors of modern Hungarians left grasslands of inner Eurasia

for new homes in the grassy Alföld, one of the few prairie areas of Europe

Migration to escape poor climate conditions such as drought, el Niño, etc.

Collapse of Mayans? Movement from Indus River Valley? Migrations due to spread of disease

Urban to rural as a result of the Black Death or turn it around: the Black Death spread as a result of the migratory

patterns of traders/merchants Migration to escape natural disasters

Think about the movements after Katrina Haitian’s moving out of Port au Prince following the earthquake Have/will these people return?

How each society reacts to the culture and systems of the other Acculturation –

Some culture exchanged but the groups remain distinct Assimilation (Romanization, Americanization, Russification)

The lesser or weaker or smaller numbered society is absorbed into the stronger and is required to become like the stronger culture either by society or by force.

Syncretism (Roman-Greco society following conquest of Romans over Greeks, Creole)

A whole new society is developed from the two Red and White become Pink.

Accommodation One culture is allowed to exist within another as it is expected

than they will eventually be absorbed or assimilated. This is usually the case with a minority society and culture entering and even conquering another that has higher numbers. It is a practice in tolerance and patience. In the case of the Mongolians in South Asia, they came and conquered but left little in the way of culture that was adopted by the peoples they conquered in this region. Some of their technology was adapted but in most cases was not absorbed.

What are the effects of migration?

1. Effects on the immigrants2. Effects on the host country3. Effects on the home country

Understanding Migration

Effects on the Immigrants

Issues of identity Issues of adaptation and assimilation Differing cultural values between

generations

Understanding Migration

Effects on the Host Country

Economic impacts positive and negative real and perceived

Welfare issues Social attitudes

Understanding Migration

Effects on the Home Country

Remittances Money sent home by workers

Loss of revenue Money made outside of the country is not subject

to taxes Families left behind

Families left without both parents Traditional societies threatened

“Brain drain” Young people educated elsewhere but do not

return home, stay in host country where the money is better

Doctors that train in one country and then practice in another

Population decreaseUnderstanding Migration

Multi-National Issues

“Open border” policies European Union has a free-border policy

Immigration policies USA restricts number of immigrants allowed in

each year Every so often, a U.S. administration official

suggests amnesty for illegal immigrants in the U.S…

Security issues Especially important since 9/11

Understanding Migration

Now let’s think about migration

As you view the following maps think about Why did the migration take place? (What were

the push/pull factors involved?) What effect did the migration have on the home

region? On the host region? Can you connect the migration to major events

in history? Why might you need to know this?

Possible essay topic for the APWH exam!!!!!!!!!!

Out of Africa: Earliest Human Migration

Migrations to the Americas

Polynesian Migrations

Spread of Agriculture

Bantu Migrations (c.500 BCE-1000 CE)

What knowledge spread with the

Bantus?

Language “Migration”

Jewish Diaspora

Hun Empire threatens Europe and Asia (4th-6th centuries)

•Huns help weaken the Roman Empire under Attila•White Huns invade India during the Gupta Empire•Huns (Xiongnu) invade Han Dynasty (Mulan)

The Spread of Islam (630-1700)

Turkic Migrations (7th-15th centuries)

• Think about: Seljuks, Ottomons, Uyghers• Could they be offshoots of the Huns?

Viking Migrations (9th -11th centuries)

The Mongol Invasions (13th-

15th centuries)

Forced Migration

Forced Migration

The Trail of Tears, 1838

European

African (slaves)

Indian

Chinese

Japanese

Majority of population descended from immigrants

World Migration Routes Since 1700

Migration due to religious persecution

Current Migrations

Internal Migration Developing countries seeing shift

between rural and urban Infrastructure cannot support Housing unavailable Jobs difficult to find without education

Global Migration Millions leave developing world and

emigrate to developed nations Creates racial and ethnic problems Developed nations worried about their

cultural identity France—great influx of non-Christians US—melting pot replace with a salad bowl

Immigrants hold on to traditional values of early marriage and large families

Places burden on some societies Immigrant groups growing larger than

native groups in some countries US: fastest growing ethnic group --Hispanics

French cultural identity challenged

Global Migration

US Migration CCOT

Could you do this? http://www.pbs.org/destinationame

rica/usim_wn_flash.html